Subcategories Multiple Uses of Land Recognized by Land Use and Land Cover Classification System Using LISS-III and NRSC Enumerat

Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 14, No. 4, 394-412, 2020 Open Access

Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 394-412, December 2020 doi: https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2020.14.4.394 ISSN (Online) 2287-1160, ISSN (Print) 1976-6912

Technical Information

Subcategories Multiple Uses of Land Recognized by Land Use and Land Cover Classification System Using LISS-III and NRSC Enumerate Data: Case Study at Medchal Mandal, Hyderabad, India

D. Naresh Kumar*, T. Madhu1)

ABSTRACT Recognition of compound land possessions in Mandal level often produc- Department of Civil Engineering, St. es complex in precisely classifying land use and land cover (LULC) characteristics. A reno- Martin’s Engineering College, vated village, as an Infrastructure development ought to adequate information on sever- Secunderabad-500 100, Telangana, India al aspects of its performance in direct to compose verdict. LULC is merely a solitary such 1)Department of Geology, Sri aspect, to increase significance to conquer problems of declining environmental quality, Venkateswara University, farmlands, degradation of wetlands, the slaughter of wildlife territory, and water bodies. Tirupati-517502, Andhra Pradesh, India LISS-III (Linear Integrated self-scanning) images and NRSC (National Remote Sensing *Corresponding author. Centre) catalog improve LULC classification accuracy at the Mandal level. The results of Tel: +91-9133366279 this investigation reveal that five categories are occupied a large area, followed by build- E-mail: [email protected] up land, cropland, forest, industries, and water bodies, (13%, 26%, 9%, 10%, and 13%). Received: 6 June 2020 The highest contribution is cropland and the lowest contribution is forest land. The Revised: 15 June 2020 unobstructedly available a large amount of satellite data conceding for monitoring of Accepted: 20 August 2020 existing land features on a large scale. Cluster-I division contains more dominated LULC categorised villages such as Ravalkole, Gundlapochampally, Medchal, and Sreerangavam villages. LULC classification data applied for investigation of environmental sustainability and problems. This research has been recommended and support for implement rainwater harvesting structures for recharge of groundwater or collection of water in this Med- chal Mandal and develop mobile education, higher education institutes, and small-scale industries in villages. KEY WORDS Land use and Land cover classification, Medchal Mandal, LISS-III image, NRSC LULC catalogue

1. INTRODUCTION

As per population records, India is the second country in the world (1.32 billion). Telangana State stands at the 12th place for the population in India. Year by year the urban population increases because more people prefer to live in urban cities like Hyderabad. The development scenario in the fields of industrialization, infrastructure, transportation, accommodation, with high-income sources is only in such of these cosmopolitan cities (Zhang and Ro, 2017). The rapid and incessant growth of migrants in urban slum areas of large cities is creating continuous pressure on urban

www.asianjae.org This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Medchal, Mandal Land use/Land Cover Classification cities. It insists on major changes in ecosystems from 2008; Taubenbock, 2008). Town planning engineers purities to impurities. Modifications of land features/ have to prepare and design a town-planning map for subtypes have accelerated after the industrial revolution, future generations but a sudden increase in the urban driven to obtain more resources to supply to a continu- population creates a lot of discrimination in vision and ously growing population (Cihlar, 2000; Rosenfield and planning (Jaiswal et al., 2003). Advanced survey tech- Fitzpatrick-Lins, 1986). niques of remote sensing will have to analyze census data The land is referred in a holistic way as upper layer of and segregate the people as per vision (Oleksandr and the earth’s crust combined with the troposphere (plants, Matthias, 2013; Weng and Lu, 2007). human), minerals, hydrology (lakes, rivers, ocean) and The land which is outside the forest boundary and not sediments (Anuraga et al., 2006; De Leeuw et al., 2006; utilized for cultivation is the land with or without shrubs Foody, 2002). The human settlement pattern and physi- is usually associated with shallow, stony, rocky other cal features are the results of past and present human non-bearable lands (Chi et al., 2008). There are different activity, terracing, water storage or drainage structures, techniques of classification used for detection of LULC. roads, buildings, etc. (Abdulhakim, 2019). The methods are image comparison, classified images, Land use defines the manual activities and settlement raster classification, and system for automated geo-scien- on the earth’s surface. It is managed and changed the tific analyses (SAGA) classification (Green et al., 1994). environmental aspects. Land cover explains about vegetation, rocks, soils, surface water bodies. Land use is con- cluded based on the land cover only, land cover and land 1. 1 Land Use/Land Cover Classification System use both are similar but they are indistinguishable (Her- Remote sensing obtained data mostly preserved in mosilla et al., 2018; Di Gregorio and Jansen, 2004). Agri- 1 : 250,000 now it will be extended up to 1 : 25,000. cultural and animal flourishing put pressure on land There have been a lot of changes for implication during increased by human demand. Vigorous action on the interpretation, to determine all features on the surface available land accordingly and continuous monitoring of and distinguishing them in a proper manner is necessary land resources is necessary to know not just land features, (Weiss et al., 2020). For advanced survey techniques, in but also the optimal study of land subtypes increases the year of 2006 National Remote Sensing Agency based on growing human population (Yeh and Li, 1998). released a standard LULC mapping manual for supervis- A GIS (Geographic Information System) is a discipline ing of the country’s natural resources (Ganasri and that helps to identify topographical features and is useful Dwarakish, 2015). in many applications such as land use/land cover classifi- Earlier efforts to map the theme on 1 : 50,000 scale fol- cation (LULC), determination of plantation in the forest lowed certain standards which required modifications in area, marine features, urban planning, drainage network the current day’s context (Manual for geomorphological and transportation, etc. (Butusov, 2003; Houghton et al., and lineament mapping, 2010). To this extent, an exhaus 1999; Vitousek et al., 1997; Meyer and Turner, 1992). tive topographical LULC classification was evolved to Land use data analysis, preparation of thematic maps facilitate an in-depth assessment of all categories (Nara- on different aspects such as road networks, agricultural, simha Rao et al., 2010; El-Raey et al., 2000). Categoriza- plantation and build-up land, will help to understand, tion of geographical features assists to understand the problems to resolve environmental prospects of present present scenario of the land feature, which is compared and past. People migrate from rural to urban regions. to old data or make a vision for proper development of Usually population, economy, basic amenities and urbanization (Miao et al., 2017; Abdalla and Abdulaziz, resources increase in an urban region. Thematic map of 2012). The classification should be authorized scientifi- build-up land explains urban sprawl development and cally through data applicable for all-regions and it should direction (Hasse and Lathrop, 2003; Epstein et al., 2002; be monitored every year only after which desirable results Torrens and Alberti, 2000). Cities have good infrastruc- come out (National Remote Sensing Agency, 2006). ture, industries, parks, theatres, etc., with good facilities Satellite images of IRS_P6 linear imaging self-scan- that attracted more people from the last decade, most of ning sensor LISS-III data is geometrically corrected the rural people were transported and settled in cities within the framework of the National Natural Resources and accumulated a place (Zhao et al., 2019; Jat et al., Management System (NNRMS). Specified standards are

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Fig. 1. Transport network and Settlement Locations of Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. the primary inputs for classification and mapping. In Row 61) imagery and Survey of India Toposheets (56 agricultural fields, crop monitoring plays a major role. K/6 and 56 K/10 on 1 : 50,000 scale) are used for visual Multi-temporal and spectral data gathered in all three interpretation and ASTER DEM maps used to deter- seasons such as Kharif (June-October), Rabi (Decem- mine the drainage network, waterbodies, land elevation ber/January-February/March) and Zaid (April-May) and geology of the area. NRSA standard LULC classifi- are preserved into satellite imageries. This data has a cation is used for the preparation of LULC map. good resource for calculation of crop area, growing or Preparation of LULC thematic map of Medchal Man- areas being damaged. GIS software is created layers for dal. Collected the SOI map at Survey of India office, crop monitoring. These layers are comprised all the Uppal, Hyderabad, and satellite data solicit from Nation- boundaries (village, Mandal, District, National, Interna- al Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad. The Topo-sheets tional, reserve forest and water bodies, etc.,) road net- scanned copies and satellite images were converted into works, drainage networks, built-up area, wasteland and digital mode. Geo-referenced Topo-sheets overlap on marine features (Prakasam, 2010; Clevers et al., 2004). the satellite imagery and then distinct layers for the LULC is created with layers such as boundary, water bodies, transport, built-up land (Fig. 3). In the transport 2. METHODOLOGY map, roads and road networks, drainage networks and streams are drawn by line command. Lakes, reserve for- Integration of LULC of Medchal Mandal compiles on- est, natural forest, and buildings are drawn by using poly- screen interpretation of thematic maps such as Transpor- gon command. tation map (Fig. 1), drainage networks and water bodies map (Fig. 2) which are produced LULC thematic map 2. 1 Land Use/Land Cover of Medchal Mandal by using GIS software, IRS_P6 LISS III (Path 24 and Medchal Mandal is located in NNE direction to

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Fig. 2. Drainage and Surface water bodies of Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Hyderabad with distance of 34 km in Telangana state 10. Waterbodies - Reservoir/Tanks (Fig. 4). The Medchal Mandal has 196.31 sq km of geo- 11. Waterbodies - River/Stream graphical area, for the analysis and segregation of LULC of the Medchal Mandal. Remote sensing techniques are 2. 2 Core-urban the best method, in regards to LULC map prepared by Core-urban division includes municipality, corpora- Quantum geographical information system software. tion, and cantonment, which are notified town areas and Ground truth data is also included for on-screen inter- all other areas, which has 5000 minimum population, and pretation. In this scenario, the Medchal Mandal contains out of which 75% of the male working population is non- the 11 units of the LULC characteristics. Each category agricultural (Maktav et al., 2005; Chen and Stow, 2003). has an individual color determination for clear visibility. Kistapur, Ravalkole, Atevelle, Gundlapochampalle, Med LULC of Medchal Mandal is classified based on the chal, Pudoor, Goudavelly, Kajiguda villages are in this Manual of National LULC mapping prepared by the category. This unit is observed near Ravalkole, Dabilpur, National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC, 2014). Using Pudoor, Sree Rangavaram, and Nuthankal, villages and IRS-_P6 LISS-III satellite data and analyzed the data in has an aerial extent of 4736 acres which is 10 per cent to Quantum GIS software. LULC of Medchal Mandal com- the total geographical area of the study area (Fig. 6). It prises the 11 broad categories (Fig. 5) such as comprises regions with widely used land resources cov- 1. Core-urban ered by intensive use and structures. It includes residen- 2. Hamlets and dispersed household tial, industrial, transportation, power, communications 3. Agricultural land - crop land and isolated places such as mills, and quarries (Figs. S1a, 4. Agricultural land - plantation S1b, S2a, and S2b). Shopping centers, parks, playgrounds, 5. Forest open spaces, and institutions. 6. Forest plantation 7. Wastelands - Barren Rocky/Stony 2. 3 Hamlets and Dispersed Households 8. Wastelands - Scrub land - Open scrub This category has occupied the less portion in this 9. Mining/Industrial Medchal Mandal (Table 1). It includes all the requisite

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conditions and is basically an open land. Such areas are found either lying idle or associated with buildings and other related infrastructure facilities for recreation and sport (Yin et al., 2010; Herold et al., 2003). They include playgrounds, gardens, and parks areas. However, forest, water, wetlands, and barren lands are not within the parks or recreation areas. Kandlakoya village has a park name as “Oxygen Park” nearby the national highway ring road. In satellite imagery playgrounds appear in white to yel- lowish color, regular in shape, dispersed in pattern and are mostly associated with residential areas and/or institutions (Madhu et al., 2017; Food, 2008). Gardens/ parks appear in red to brick red in color, small to medium in size, generally regular in shape, dispersed and associated with residential areas, adjacent to roads. Educational institutions such as schools (Figs. S3 and S4), colleges, universities religious places, health centers, cantonment areas, government buildings, etc. (Figs. S5a, S5b, and S5c). All buildings and grounds that comprise the facility are included within the institutional unit. In education building point of view, Medchal Mandal has many institutes like Engineering colleges, Degree colleges, High Schools, Primary Government Schools, and Medical Colleges. Vegetation land has a different planta-

Fig. 3. Data processing methodology for Medchal Mandal LULC tion in the Medchal Mandal (Figs. S6, S7, S8a, and S8b). classification. This unit is observed near Ravalkole, Pudoor, Dabilpur,

Fig. 4. Location map of Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

398 www.asianjae.org Medchal, Mandal Land use/Land Cover Classification

Fig. 5. Land use/Land cover map of Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Raja bollaram, and Nuthankal villages and has an aerial color to light red shade (UNESCO, 1973). Irrigated extent of 2580 acres which is 5 percent to the total geo- areas depend on the three cropping seasons, which exist graphical area of the study area. in India viz., Kharif (June/July-September/October), Transporting goods and material as a measure of acces Rabi (November/December-February/March) and sibility and connectivity is called transportation. It inclu Zaid (April-May). It is a necessary pre-requisite to con- des railways, roads, etc. (Figs. S9 and S10). The linear sult the crop season of an area. As the cropping year is features listed above appear in small width for roads, and highly region specific, before acquiring the satellite data narrow in case of the railway line, dark bluish green to light to ensure meadow irrigation on the day of temporal reso- yellow in most of the cases and at times are seen associ lution (Figs. S11, S12, S13a, and S13b) (Mathur and ated with vegetation along with them. They are more pro Foody, 2008). This unit is observed near Ravalkole, minently seen in plain areas, across water bodies, agricul- Yadaram, Dabilpur, Gaudavelly, Gundlapochampalle, tural lands connecting settlements. The regions are well Bandamadharam, and Yellampet villages and has an aeri- connected by bituminous roads. Southeastern railway al extent of 12412 acres which is 26 per cent to the total lines are passing through in Medchal Mandal. Nehru geographical area of the study area. outer ring road passes through (on NH - 65 towards Mum bai) Kandlakoya (on NH - 44 towards Nagpur) to Masi 2. 5 Agricultural Land - Plantation reddipalle village. In Telangana State, two crops dominate in agriculture. Kharif and Rabi, in that Kharif crop, is spread from June 2. 4 Agricultural Land - Crop Land to October, with precipitation merely for growing the The farmlands are more suitable for cultivation. When plants in dry-land farming, with limited or no irrigation capturing through satellite, the imagery shows a dark red and areas of rain-fed paddy and other dry crops. Second

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Fig. 6. Graphical representations of land use/land cover of Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Table 1. Percentage of land use/land cover data of Medchal Man Medchal Mandal has 9% agricultural plantation, in that dal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. Ravalkole village (1006 acres land), Pudoor village (705

S. No. Title Percentage acres), Gundlapochampalle(512 acres), and Atevelle(500 acres), remaining villages have less land acquisition (Table 1 Core-Urban 10 2 Hamlets and Dispersed households 5 2). The main crops are, maize (Ravalkole, Raja bollaram,

3 Agricultural land-Crop land 26 Gaudavelly), millets(Dabilpur, Ravalkole, and Bandamad

4 Agricultural land-Plantation 10 haram) redgram (Raja bollaram and Ravolkole) pulses 5 Forest 7 (Raja bollaram and Ravolkole) foodgrains (Dabilpur, Rav-

6 Forest -Forest Plantation 2 alkole and Pudoor) mangoes (Ravalkole, Pudoor and Raja

7 Wastelands-Barren rocky 8 bollaram) lime (Pudoor and Nuthankal) orange (Pudoor) 8 Wastelands - Scrub land 9 grapes (Yadaram, Railpur and Pudoor) guava (Konaipalle, 9 Mining/industrial 10 10 Water bodies - Reservoir/Tanks 11 Medchal and Pudoor) papaya (Raja bolaram) pomegran-

11 Water bodies - River/Stream 2 ate (Pudoor) Railapur and Ravalkole) dry fruits (Pudoor,

100 Railapur and Ravalkole) brinjal (Gundlapochampalle, Pudoor) green leafy vegetables (Pudoor) cabbage (Gundl- apochampalle) tomato (Pudoor and Gosaiguda) mirchi largest cultivation season is Rabi, extending between (Rayalapur and Kandlakoya) grass (Pudoor, Dabilpur, November/December-February/March. Black cotton Ravalkole and Medchal). This unit is observed near Rav- soil is a major source for the growth of plantation in Rabi alkole, Pudoor, Gundlapochampalle, Atevelle, and Raja months. The cultivation depends on mainly groundwa- bollaram villages and has an aerial extent of 4654 acres ter resources. Some of the fields are cultivated on rainwa- which is 10 percent to the total geographical area of the ter and canal (Rao et al., 2015; Oleksandr et al., 2012). study area.

400 www.asianjae.org Medchal, Mandal Land use/Land Cover Classification 81 93 409 246 589 416 673 163 481 783 249 618 181 3343 1024 4615 6438 2420 2049 2802 1157 1806 3115 4520 1639 1140 2144 1374 3930 48498 19642 9 1 2 4 3 2 9 8 5 4 2 49 15 98 22 53 38 18 14 38 98 19 10 16 13 12 18 173 437 326 1079 River/ Stream Water bodies- Water 5 61 47 91 72 10 93 16 69 82 13 17 43 43 50 10 32 12 59 91 867 244 388 151 264 189 280 538 5467 2214 1630 Tanks Reservoir/ Water bodies- Water

2 0 0 4 0 0 0 32 10 78 22 36 28 120 550 240 351 107 313 646 581 476 232 494 109 101 325 126 4983 2018 Mining/ industrial 0 0 3 2 37 48 81 69 10 10 194 210 201 209 129 313 646 357 163 158 117 241 176 100 153 127 102 211 150 4217 1708 Scrub land Wastelands- Wastelands- 4 2 54 10 10 20 20 35 90 10 85 24 15 90 56 70 15 40 55 10 12 17 683 467 100 152 210 144 Rocky 3900 1580 1400 Barren Wastelands- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 52 116 484 176 205 120 275 216 1195 Forest Forest Plantation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 347 527 651 310 521 105 165 649 3275 1326 Forest 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 16 40 30 26 98 700 434 206 103 521 500 165 114 321 112 200 land- 4654 1885 1006 Plantation Agricultural 0 0 40 75 53 88 110 230 132 806 706 824 452 448 714 297 140 418 626 660 548 542 192 598 227 506 327 5027 1393 1260 land - land 12412 Crop land Crop Agricultural 9 0 34 61 88 46 79 10 81 57 93 78 88 26 65 43 68 74 59 85 40 71 19 169 264 360 218 135 160 2580 1045 Dispersed Dispersed household Hamlets and and Hamlets 37 94 88 96 13 28 40 73 38 51 71 70 93 43 78 49 45 187 372 530 119 167 296 166 296 120 441 168 867 4736 1918 Core- urban 81 93 246 409 618 481 783 589 416 673 163 249 181 1024 3348 6438 2420 2049 2802 1157 1806 3117 4523 1639 4617 2144 1374 1140 3930 area 48510 19647 Geographical Geographical Village Name of the Name Gosaiguda Raja bollaram Ghanpur Pudoor Ravalkole Yadaram Muraharipalle Sahajadiguda Atevelle Dabilpur Girmapur Railapur Gaudavelly Gundla pochampalle Kajiguda Kandlakoya Suthariguda Muneerabad Medchal Nuthankal Maisereddipalle Konaipalle Yellampet Somaram Akbarjapet Bandamadharam Bandakunta Velgalkunta Sreerangavaram 5 6 7 8 9 4 3 1 2 S. 29 27 28 26 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 13 No. Total Area in Acres Area Total Total Area in Hectares Area Total Village wise land use land cover distribution of Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telanagana State. District, Medchal-Malkajgiri Telanagana Mandal, distribution wise cover Medchal of land use 2. Village land Table

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2. 6 Forest Medchal Mandal has good resources of granite, weath- The land which consists of a huge accumulation of ered soil and barren lands (Figs. S14a, S14b, and S14c). trees, shrubs, grass, herbs and mosses growing at a per- Girmapur village has more boulders. This unit is obser manent position and includes animals is known as a for- ved near Ravalkole, Medchal, Bandamadharam, and Nut- est. This region is capable of producing food, water, fuel hankal, villages and has an aerial extent of 3900 acres and timber (Song et al., 2011; Sreenivas and Roy, 2008). which is 8 per cent to the total geographical area of the Medchal Mandal Forest regions namely Medchal reserve study area. forest, Pochampalle reserve forest, Goudavelly reserve forest, Dabilpur reserver forest, Bandamadaram reserve 2. 9 Wastelands - Scrub Land/Open Scrub forest, Kandlakoya reserve forest, Masjidpur reserve for- Scrubland is a land which is generally prone to deterio- est, Raja bollaram reserve forest and Konaipalle forest. ration due to erosion (Georganos et al., 2018; Coppin et The coniferous forest has a thick and dense canopy of al., 2004). Such lands generally occupy topographically towering trees predominantly leftover green throughout high locations. In satellite imagery it looks light yellow to the year. These forests exhibit red color progress in vary- brown in color, if moisture is combined with scrubland ing sizes, smooth to a coarse texture on crown density, then it shows in greenish blue color. The structure of this contiguous to non-contiguous in a pattern based on their category appears continuous or of spilled pattern and is location (Khatami et al., 2016). Generally, these forests located in flatted hilly terrain, the bottom of a mountain, occupy high relief areas receiving heavy rainfall. This unit or a moderate slope region. This unit is observed near is observed near Gundlapochampalle, Dabilpur, Band Bandamadharam, Gaudavelly, Nutankal, Maisereddipalle, amadaram, Kandlakoya and Raja bollaram villages and Yellampet and Railpur villages and has an aerial extent of has an aerial extent of 3275 acres which is 7 per cent to 4217 acres which is 9 per cent to the total geographical the total geographical area of the study area. area of the study area.

2. 7 Forest Plantation 2. 10 Mining/Industrial The place is filled with uniform plantation and patterns This division has the extraction of earth material (both and includes different plant bodies such as eucalyptus and surface and subsurface), either manual or mechanized. pine. The forest of canopy shades and row patterns are the Open cast mining and underground mining explicitly evidence (Franklin, 2001). In the graphical representation, source earth material and unsourced material, unsourced 2% is shown within the total area of the Medchal Mandal. material such as weathered rocks, loose soil, etc., which Forest plantation villages are Yadaram, Ravalkole, Yellam- are economically unimportant are used for dumping in pet, Dabilpur, Gaudavelly, Gundlapochampalle, Kandla- wasteland areas. In this division, Medchal Mandal has few koya and Medchal. This unit is observed near Gundlapo- mining areas namely Ghanpur village and Muneerbad vil- champalle, Dabilpur, Bandamadaram, Kandlakoya, and lage. Quartz and sand dust open cast mining is under pro- Raja bollaram villages and has an aerial extent of 1195 acres cess (Figs. S15, S16, and S17). This unit is observed near which is 2 per cent to the total geographical area of the Railpur, Gaudavelly, Gundlapochampalle, Medchal, Pud study area. oor, Nuthankal, Ravalkole, Athvelle, Girmapur, Yellam- pet, and Sree rangavaram, villages and, has an aerial extent 2. 8 Wastelands - Barren Rocky/Stony Waste of 4983 acres which is 10 per cent to the total geographi- In this category, rock materials have spread over the cal area of the study area. surface and separated from soil and vegetation cover. These lands have different color exposures for that easy to 2. 11 Waterbodies - Reservoir/Tanks distinguish the distinct surface features (NRSA, 2007; These are an accumulation of water bodies in a land Townshend, 1992). Remote sensing technology has an depression region which is either natural or man-made, excellent facility to separate the categories which are pres- like ponds and tanks (Amee et al., 2017). This Medchal ent on the surface based on characteristics of the spectral Mandal has different tanks and tributaries which are resolution of imageries (Smits et al., 1999). Enhancing the interconnected. This unit is observed near Nuthankal, different colors mainly depends on geology, weathering Ravalkole, Medchal, Atevelle, and Pudoor villages and of rock, grain sizes, structures, textures, and shapes, etc. has an aerial extent of 5467 acres which is 11 per cent to

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Fig. 7. Clustrer division fo village wise Medchal Mandal LULC Classification. the total geographical area of the study area. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2. 12 Waterbodies - River/Stream Medchal Mandal has divided into eleven categories of In this category, the feature consists are surface water, LULC areas, using remote sensing and GIS techniques. ponds, lakes, and reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers, It provides a good understanding of the topographic fea- and canals, etc. These are seen clearly in the satellite tures. LULC combined with GIS produces high-quality image in blue to dark blue or cyan color depending on maps that will be helpful for future generations through which contain sediment in water (Fernández-Prieto, easy to understand recent scenarios (Goodin et al., 2015; 2002; Swain and Davis, 1978). This Medchal Mandal DeFries and Chan, 2000). has different lakes and tributaries which are intercon- Built-up land includes hospitals, houses, shops, com- nected. This unit is observed near Sree Rangavaram, plexes, and apartments, etc. The buildings in Medchal Ravalkole, Medchal, Atevelle and Pudoor villages and Mandal are constructed with concrete material instead of has an aerial extent of 1078 acres which is 2 percent to sand. The availability of sand is very less portion in this the total geographical area of the study area. Medchal Mandal for that civil engineers preferred to use stone dust. Stone dust mines also are available in this

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Medchal Mandal and it’s surroundings. direction of Hyderabad, it is an Industrial sub hub and Medchal Mandal has 48,510 acres of land and in that District headquarters’ of the Medchal-Malkajgiri region cropland occupies 12,312 acres. Pudoor and Ravalkole Telangana State, India. Major industries, mining areas, villages have a major portion of cropland, and Velgalkun- Medical colleges, and Engineering colleges have existed ta, Akbarjapet, Kaziguda, and Suthariguda villages have here. As such from the observation of water conditions less portion. Medchal Mandal has cropland of 26% and is the quality of water in 60% of the villages is good but in shown in the graphical representation. People have to 40% of the villages is in a very bad condition. acquire awareness to develop cropland. Medchal Mandal normal rainfall is 835.7 mm. Rain Uncultivated lands, barren land, boulder region and drained from southwest monsoon and it’s covers the area wastelands are about 3272 acres in this Medchal Mandal. between June and September months. It starts from the Some of the wastelands converted into anthropogenic north Kerala State and enters into the Hyderabad regions. activity areas. Dangerous toxic chemicals have accumu- Recharge of groundwater is essential for Medchal lated in anthropogenic area, therefore natural resources Mandal because of groundwater level. Rainfall and sur- especially aquifers are polluted at a high level. Anthropo- face water bodies are not sustained the socio-economical genic activity villages are Girmapur, Gosaiguda, Ghan- values. Each individual houses, industries, parks, com- pur, Ravalkole, and Kandlakoya. mercial buildings, and education institutes have to imple- Medchal Mandal has an adverse stage of surface water ment rainwater harvesting structures for recharge of resources. Most of the lake’s water is filled with rainwater groundwater or collection of water. only. The lakes become dry when scarce rainfall takes LULC of Medchal Mandal comprises the 11 broad cat- place. Few of the region’s lakes have been taken over for egories, which covers 196.3 sq.km. in this five division are building apartments, cultivation lands, and other purpos- occupied large area, followed by build-up land, cropland, es. Reservoir and lakes have 5,136 acres land, 112 lakes forest, industries, and water bodies, with percentage 13%, are located in and around the national highway ring road 26%, 9%, 10%, and 13%. The study area dominated by and lakes are interconnected with each other, while water the industries. The highest contribution is cropland and flows in the northeast direction depending on the slope. the lowest contribution is forest land. Cluster-I division Village wise LULC classification categorised by Cluster have more dominated villages such as Ravalkole, Gundl- analysis, Cluster-I 4 villages are more dominated in all apochampally, Medchal, and Sreerangavam villages. sectors, Cluster-II and Cluster-III villages have near by Cluster-V have 7 villages in second place remain 3 clus- equal priority at lowest level division, Cluster-V villages ters have low to moderate in all LULC sectors. less below dominate compare to Cluster-I viallages and Medchal Mandal has an adverse stage of water resourc- Cluster-IV villages have moderate by remain clusters es. Most of the lake’s water is filled with rainwater only. (Fig. 7). Medchal Mandal has different lakes and tributaries which are interconnected. The lakes become dry when scarce rainfall takes place. Few of the region’s lakes have been 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION taken over for building apartments, cultivation lands, and other purposes. Suggestion from in this study, that the Medchal Mandal is located in Medchal-Malkajgiri Dis- government initiates mobile education, higher education trict of Telangana State. It is present in the northeastern institutes, and small-scale industries in villages Murahari- part of Hyderabad region. The study area has 196 sq km palle, Gosaiguda, Maisereddipalle, Konaipalle, Shahaj- area at a distance of 35 km from Hyderabad city. Medchal adiguda, Somaram, Ghanpur, Suthariguda, Railapur, Mandal has an annual average rainfall of 848 mm. The Yadaram, Bandamadharam, Muneerabad, Nuthankal, population in this Madal is rapidly growing as most busi- Girmapur, and Yellampet for healthy development. ness people are interested to invest and establish the indu stries in this region. The geology of the area has hard compacted nature CONFLICTS OF INTEREST with peninsular gneissic complex of Archean age. This rock type has predominantly granite and alkali feldspar The authors declare that they have no conflict of int granite rock. Medchal Mandal lies in the North East erest.

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ETHICAL APPROVAL ry/wurpubs/fulltext/139566 Coppin, P., Jonckheere, I., Nackaerts, K., Muys, B., Lambin, E. This article does not contain any studies with human (2004) Digital change detection methods in ecosystem monitoring: A review. International Journal of Remote Sens- participants or animals performed by the authors. ing, 25(9), 1565-1596. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160 31000101675 DeFries, R.S., Chan, J.C. (2000) Multiple criteria for evaluating INFORMED CONSENT machine learning algorithms for land cover classification from satellite data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 74, For this type of study, formal consent is not required. 503-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00 142-5 De Leeuw, J., Jia, H., Yang, L., Liu, X., Schmidt, K., Skidmore, A.K. (2006) Comparing Accuracy Assessments to Infer REFERENCES Superiority of Image Classification Methods. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27(1), 223-232. https://doi. 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SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Fig. S1a. Cold storage factory in Kandlakoya village, Medchal Man Fig. S2b. Ceramic Factory in Raja bollaram village, Medchal Man dal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. dal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S3. District High school in Goudavelly village, Medchal Man Fig. S1b. Cold Storage Factories in Somaram Village, Medchal Man dal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. dal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S4. Dwakra bhavan in Koinapalli village, Medchal Mandal, Fig. S2a. Ceramic Factory in Raja bollaram village, Medchal Man Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. dal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

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Fig. S5a. Panchayat offices of Goudavelly and Muneerabad villages in Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S5b. Panchayat offices of Atevelle and Raja bollaram villages in Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S5c. Panchayat offices of Gundlapochampalle and Pudoor villages in Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

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Fig. S6. Mirchi Farm, Misereddy village, Medchal Mandal, Med chal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. Fig. S8b. Mango farm in Raja bollaram village, Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S7. Brinjal crop in Misereddy, Medchal Mandal, Medchal- Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. Fig. S9. Medchal Mandal Railway station, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S8a. Mango trees in Lingapur village, Medchal Mandal, Med chal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. Fig. S10. Nehru Outer Ring Road & Radial Roads beside good growth large trees in Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

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Fig. S11. Kharif cultivated harvesting land in Maisereddipalle village, Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. Fig. S13b. Grass land in Koinapalle village, Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S12. Rice Crop land in Goudavelly village, Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. Fig. S14a. Wasteland in Muraharipalle village, Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S13a. Grass land in Sutariguda village, Medchal Mandal, Med chal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S14b. Wasteland in Raja bollaram village, Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

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Fig. S16. Cement bricks preparation in Somaram village, Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District Telangana State. Fig. S14c. Wasteland in Pudoor village Medchal Mandal, Medchal- Malkajgiri District, Telangana State.

Fig. S17. Wastage purified tanks of Potato chips factory in Som Fig. S15. Stone Crusher in Muneerabad village Medchal Mandal, aram village, Medchal Mandal, Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Tel Medchal-Malkajgiri District, Telangana State. angana State.

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