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Plants in Tropical Cities

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st Tropical in in Uvaria grandiflora Uvaria in Tropical Cities Boo Chih Min is passionate about ! She Quick Resource to the studied botany at the National University of and has a keen interest in native and exotic plants of Singapore and the South-East Asian region. She has 19 Categories of Fragrant previously worked at the National Parks Board where Plants she wrote the 1001 Garden Plants of Singapore which Grouping / Applications greatly improved accessibility of plant information to 944 many nurseries, researchers, schools, governmental entities, and the general public. Her interests in the other aspect of plants, such as ecology, conservation and propagation has led to the set up of her current company, Uvaria Tide, which specializes in providing professional services for floristic survey, plant selection, plant supply and science-based consultancy Seaside for sustainable and ecologically-orientated multi- Hedges disciplinary projects: restoration, Plants restoration, vertical greenery, rooftop greenery, 875 908 greening of waterways, floating wetlands and the use 953 of native plants in urban landscapes and forested areas. Email: [email protected]

Plants that Attract Roadside Palms Butterfly Plants Sharon Y. J. Chew graduated from University of 876 911 960 Queensland (Applied Science, major in Plants). Prior to that, she studied Horticulture and Landscape Management at Ngee Ann Polytechnic. She has a keen interest in turfgrass management. She has previously worked at the Orchid Country Club, a golf club where she managed the entire Plants for golf course and its associated landscaping needs. At the Plants that Green Singapore University of Technology and Design, Sharon Ferns and Attract Roof manages several environmental science research projects Fern Allies Birds such as the cleansing of canal waters using a selection of Planting aquatic plants and developing the greening initiatives for 880 917 Jurong island. 968 Email: [email protected] Plants for the Greening Indoor of Vertical Climbers Plants Wall 884 922 971 Jean W. H. Yong (John) finds bio-inspiration in plant diversity and adaptations! He is an Associate Professor at the Singapore University of Technology and Design and runs the Green Solutions Laboratory. John studied botany at the National University of Singapore and later, biochemistry and physiology at the Australian National University. He has written numerous Aquatic scientific papers as well as several plant-science books Trees Plants such as The Physiology of Orchids in relation to the Epiphytes Industry and A Selection of Plants for Greening of 894 930 975 Waterways and Waterbodies in the Tropics that greatly improved the availability of tropical plant scientific information to researchers, institutions, and the plant industry sectors. Email: [email protected] Mangrove Drought and Ground Tolerant Mangrove Covers Plants Associates 901 936 979 Pellicieria rhizophorae (Tea Mangrove) Boo Chih Min Sharon Y. J. Chew Jean W. H. Yong st 1Edition

in Tropical Cities

ISBN 978-981-08-8071-2

Copyright © C. M. Boo, Sharon Y. J. Chew, Jean W. H. Yong, 2014

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

Plants in Tropical Cities • I Content Acknowledgements III How to use this book? IV Key to Icons VI Preface VIII

A 1 N 561 B 91 O 575 C 127 P 593 D 251 Q 681 E 299 R 683 F 335 S 705 G 361 T 785 H 391 U 831 I 427 V 839 J 447 W 851 K 457 X 857 L 469 Y 865 M 507 Z 867

Index to categories Cycads 875 Palms 876 Ferns and Fern Allies 880 Climbers 884 Trees 894 Ground Covers 901 Hedges 908 Plants that Attract Butterfly 911 Plants that Attract Birds 917 Indoor Plants 922 Aquatic Plants 930 Drought Tolerant Plants 936 Fragrant Plants 944 Seaside Plants 953 Roadside Plants 960 Plants for Green 968 Roof Planting Plants for the Greening of 971 Vertical Wall Epiphytes 975 Mangrove and Mangrove 979 Associates

Hibiscus sp. II • Plants in Tropical Cities Commelina sp.

Acknowledgements This book was produced with the objective to enhance the level of awareness and interest in tropical plant amongst the general public, as well as to raise the standard of horticultural and landscaping industry in tropical cities to a greater height. We would like to thank the following colleagues and friends who have rendered their support to make this book possible:- Mr. Ali Ibrahim Ms. Anne Ng Ms. Chew Ping Ting Mr. Heng Ming Yuan Ms. Ng Yan Fei Ms. Ng Yok Lan Dr. Sheue Chiou Rong Dr. Tan Swee Ngin Ms. Wong Wei San This book will not be comprehensive without the additional high- quality photos to illustrate certain plant species. We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following individuals for the contribution of photographs:- Mr. Chua Jit Chen Mr. Derek Liew Mr. Derek Yap Mr. Ron Yeo Dr. S. Chin Wong Mr. Saifudin Suran Mr. Teo Nam Siang We would also like to express our appreciation to many individuals and organizations who have allowed us to take photographs of their plants and gardens or render their help in one way or another. Special appreciation to David Yeap and Alex Toh of Touche Design for their innovative and contemporary design in making this book attractive and functional. Last but not least, we would like to thank our families for their patient support and encouragement.

Plants in Tropical Cities • III How to use this book?

Uvaria grandiflora

Unona grandiflora, U. setigera, Red Hot Poker, 山椒子ˎ 山椒ˎ Annonaceae 大花紫玉盘 Uvaria purpurea, U. platypetala, U. rhodantha, U. rufa, U. setigera

‘Plants in Tropical Cities” is a pictorial reference to the vast selection of plants found in tropical cities. This book serves as a guide for horticulturists, landscapers and researchers in plant identification.

The main section of the book provides botanical information of the plant species using photos that illustrate their various morphological features. The plant species are arranged in alphabetical order according to their scientific name. Information pertaining to the individual species includes the Scientific Name, Family, Common Name and possible . Other useful botanical information and plant cultural needs are provided using various pictorial icons.

IV • Plants in Tropical Cities The scientific names (also known as the ) of plants are derived using the binomial nomenclature system. This formal system of naming plants gives each plant species a name that composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms. Taking the example of Uvaria grandiflora, Uvaria is the and grandiflora is the specific epithet. Together, they form the scientific name for the species Uvaria grandiflora. The scientific name is used internationally for plant identification. Conversely, the use of common names may be ambiguous as they vary between regions and two or more unrelated plants may also share the same common name.

Pictorial icons are used to provide our readers with useful biological information about the species such as the preferred growth habitats and potential horticultural application. Full description of the symbols is provided on page VI.

The second section comprises of horticultural palettes for 19 different plant characteristics and various landscaping situations or applications.

Examples: Ferns and Fern Allies Plants for the Greening of Vertical Walls

One has to consider many factors before selecting plants for various landscapes and gardens. This section aimed to serve as a quick resource for the user. As plants are versatile organisms with adaptations to survive in a few types of habitats, certain species of plants could fall under more than one group.

Plants in Tropical Cities • V Barringtonia sp.

Key to Symbols Plant Habits Plant Care Trees — Plants which Requirements usually grow more than 3 Prefers metres in height and 10 T full-shade centimetres in trunk condition diameter. Prefers Shrub — Plants with semi-shade multiple stems and shorter condition S in height, usually under 5 m. Prefers full-sun Climbers — Plants with soft, condition flat or round stems with a Cl small diameter, which enable them to creep Requires upwards along the trunk/ occasional branches of trees or any spraying other supporting structures. Ferns — Plants that do not Requires little bear and thus water for F produce no fruits or seeds; maintenance reproduce by spores instead. Requires moderate Palms — Plants with large, watering for palmately or pinnately maintenance compound, evergreen P Requires lots of spirally arranged at water for the top of an unbranched maintenance trunk. and to be given on a regular Cycads – Palm-like plants basis with stout, woody trunk and y a crown of hard and stiff C evergreen leaves.

VI • Plants in Tropical Cities Plant Use/Characteristics Tropical natives — Plants which thrive well in the tropics, where the climate is warm and generally moist all year round. These plants are found in Singapore and the neighbouring countries.

Suitable for roadside planting — Trees or palms which require little maintenance are suitable for roadside planting. Generally, larger trees and palms are planted along main roads, whereas smaller trees and palms are planted along minor roads.

Suitable for seaside planting — These plants tend to be tolerant of salt-sprays and the periodic strong coastal winds. Some may have varying degree of salt- tolerance to sea water.

Aquatic plants — Plants which are adapted to live in an aquatic environment.

Drought tolerant plants — Also known as xerophytes with high water-use efficiency. These plants are either morphologically or physiologically (or both) adapted to periodic water deficit.

Indoor Ornamental Plants flowers

Herbs Attracts & Spices birds

Ornamental Attracts foliage butterflies

Plants in Tropical Cities • VII Acer sp.

Preface The use of plants in landscaping goes and often unseen “Ecological services” back a long way since 5000 years ago. they provide. Apart from adding colours In ancient civilisations, the choice of onto the seemingly boring concrete plants used for landscaping purposes buildings, these plants are able to reduce may take into consideration of their the negative effects of our contemporary botanical, cultural or mythological built environment. For example, recent significance. During the mid-20th studies have shown that green roofs and century and especially in urban cities, green walls can reduce the heat entering plants were primarily grown for simple and “trapped” within the buildings. Many aesthetic purposes within a man-made urban-dwellers also choose to grow environment. potted plants indoor over artificial plants, which can improve the air quality of their There are many avenues for using plants homes and offices. in our contemporary living environment. Plants can be used simply to form Plants also play a pivotal role in many canopies that provide shade for any Water-sensitive Urban Design, where desired place, such as those planted landscaping practices and selected plants along the road sides and in the parks. are carefully incorporated within modern Plants are also grown to form “green” civil engineering works in order to reduce screens which block off unsightly views flooding and even improving the water from an aesthetic perspective. The variety quality of the associated waterways and and availability of plants that can be used waterbodies. With the increasing desire for any landscaping activity is indeed among urban dwellers to have more unlimited and this is especially true for greenery within the built environment, the warmer tropical and sub-tropical city planners are increasingly naturalizing cities. At present, a broad assortment of former concrete canals with suitable plant species is used to meet the ever plants to re-create natural Waterscapes in increasing demand of compatible planting a bid to improve the livability of the area materials for urban landscapes and for the people recreational areas. With an appropriate selection of Advancement made in the fields of plants from the ecological perspective, horticulture and plant sciences had helped horticultural landscaping will help to us to better understand the immense re-introduce biodiversity back to the built potential of using plants to improve the environment by restoring the natural urban environment in which we live habitats that were previously lost as a in. Within this context, plants are no result of urbanisation. As such, the role longer cultivated solely for food, shade of plant introduction in any urban setting or aesthetic purposes but for the added has gradually evolved over the years,

VIII • Plants in Tropical Cities from its simple aesthetic purpose and landscaping. The planting of native plants towards improving the livability of the built can restore the natural biodiversity and environment using essentially the intrinsic heritage of any given area by attracting biological properties of plants. some previously lost fauna. With the intention to conserve and In order to enjoy the beauty and multiple restore the dwindling biological benefits of what plants can provide, it is diversity and natural heritage within important to first understand the biological the built environment, suitable plant features of these plants, and their basic species, especially native or indigenous growth requirements and compatibility species, can be re-introduced back with the tropical environment. This into cities through the process of urban includes understanding the interactions between the plant species and the other organisms of the ecosystem (e.g. a legume plant and its symbiotic bacteria Rhizobium in the root nodules; potential pollinator of a fruit tree), as well as the influence of environmental factors on the growth of these plants. Therefore, having good horticultural and scientific understanding of the selected plants will provide landscapers and researchers with the necessary knowledge to choose the appropriate plants for their site of interest. Plants in Tropical Cities aims to be a pictorial reference to the vast selection of plants found in many tropical and even sub-tropical cities. This book serves as a quick and easy-to-use guide for horticulturists, landscapers and researchers in plant identification. The first part of the book categorises the plants in alphabetical order according to their scientific name. In this part of the book, photos describing the plants will be shown to facilitate quick and reliable identification purpose. Each plant will then be further classified, in accordance to its

Plants in Tropical Cities • IX Begonia sp.

probable usage, in the later sections. The We sincerely hope that this book can second segment contains 19 arbitrary increase the awareness,understanding growth habitat categories, with some brief and appreciation of tropical city plants. descriptions for each growth habitat and With greater and in-depth understanding their potential horticultural application. of tropical plants and their growth habits, Photographs and iconic labels (e.g., appropriate choice of plants can then be sun-loving; low watering frequency) are made for landscaping or any other activity used to describe each plant species involving plant selection leading to plant and their basic growth preferences. It is introduction on sites. From a broader noteworthy that certain species of plants perspective, the continual selection, can be classified under more than one introduction and integration of ecologically group as the characteristics of plants are compatible plants into urban greenery is usually not “black and white” per se, and the most ideal approach to improve the may be variable over a typical biological livability of our cities while restoring and continuum. conserving our natural heritage and living environment in tropical cities. As quoted from Baba Dioum, a well- known Senegalese conservationist: “In the end, we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand and we will understand only what we are taught.”

X • Plants in Tropical Cities Acanthus ilicifolius Abelmoschus esculentus

Lady’s-Finger, Okra, Gumbo, Bendi, 咖啡黄葵ˎ 黄苏葵ˎ 黄秋葵 Hibiscus esculentus

Abelmoschus sagittifolius

Malvaceae Tuberose Mallow, 箭叶秋葵 Hibiscus sagittifolius

Abroma augusta

Malvaceae Devil’s Cotton, Indian Hemp, 昂天莲

2 • A Plants in Tropical Cities Bixa orellana Butia capitata

Butià, Wine Palm, Jelly Palm, Butia bonnettii, Cocos capitata Pindo Palm, 冻子椰子

Byrsonima crassifolia

Nance, Savanna Serrette, Malpighia crassifolia Golden Spoon, 比尔松尼木属乔木

Byttneria maingayi

Sterculiaceae

126 • B Plants in Tropical Cities Cerbera manghas Cyrtosperma johnstonii

Araceae Arbi

Cyrtosperma merkusii

Araceae Swamp Taro, Giant Swamp Taro

Cyrtostachys renda

Sealing-Wax Palm, Pinang Rajah, Arecaceae Maharajah Palm, Lipstick Palm, Cyrtostachys lakka Red Sealing Wax, 印章棕

250 • C Plants in Tropical Cities Delonix regia lutescens

Yellow Cane Palm, Golden Cane Palm, Butterfly Palm, Golden Fruited Palm, Chrysalidocarpus baronii var. littorallis, Arecaceae Madagascar Palm, Yellow Palm, Golden Cane Palm, Pinang Kuning, Bamboo Palm, C. glaucescens, C. lutescens Yellow Palm, 散尾葵ˎ 黄椰子

Dypsis madagascariensis

Malagasy Palm, Butterfly Palm, Lucuba Chrysalidocarpus lucubensis, Palm, Mahajanga Palm, Farihazo, Arecaceae C. madagascariensis, C. oleraceus Hirihiry, Kizohazo, 马达加斯加椰子

Dysoxylum cauliflorum

Meliaceae Stem Dysoxylon

298 • D Plants in Tropical Cities Euphorbia sp. Excoecaria agallocha

Euphorbiaceae Blind-Your-Eyes, Buta-Buta, Bebuta, Milky Mangrove, 海漆

Excoecaria cochinchinensis Excoecaria cochinchinensis ’Firestorm’

Buta-Buta, Bebuta, Daun Sambang, Excoecaria bicolor Euphorbiaceae Daging, 红背桂ˎ 青紫木

334 • E Plants in Tropical Cities Fagraea fragrans Friesodielsia desmoides

Annonaceae Wedding Canange

Fuchsia Hybrids

Onagraceae Ladies’ Eardrop, 倒挂金钟

Furcraea foetida ‘Striata’

Agavaceae Giant False Agave, 黄纹万年麻 Furcraea gigantea ‘Striata’

360 • F Plants in Tropical Cities Grammatophyllum speciosum Gynura procumbens

Longevity Spinach, Sambung Nyawa, Green Harmony, Asteraceae 尖尾凤

Gynura pseudochina var. hispida

Asteraceae 紫绒草

390 • G Plants in Tropical Cities Helianthus annuus verschaffeltii

Arecaceae Spindle Palm, Palmiste Marron

Hypolytrum nemorum

割鸡芒 Hypolytrum formosanum, H. latifolium, Cyperaceae Schoenus nemorum

Hyptis capitata

Lamiaceae Knobweed

426 • H Plants in Tropical Cities Ixora congesta Ixora Cultivars

Ixora Hybrid Ixora ‘Siam Ribbon’

Ixora ‘Super Pink’ Ixora ‘Super King’

Ixora ‘Light Pink’

Ixora ‘Super Orange’

Rubiaceae

446 • I Plants in Tropical Cities Jatropha gossypifolia Jacaranda obtusifolia

Jacaranda, Green Ebony, Bignonia filicifolia, Jacaranda filicifolia, Jambol Merah, Jambul Merak, 蓝花楹 J. rhombifolia

Jackiopsis ornata

Rubiaceae Merbuluh Mereh, Selimbar, Selumar

448 • J Plants in Tropical Cities globularia Kaempferia elegans

Zingiberaceae Limestone Kaempferia, 紫花山柰 Kaempferia pulchra

Kaempferia galanga

Cekur, Kencur, Sand Ginger, Lesser Zingiberaceae Galangale, Resurrection Lily, 沙姜 (Rhizome), 山奈 (Whole Plant)

458 • K Plants in Tropical Cities Lepironia articulata Labisia pumila

Labisia pumila Cultivar (Pink )

Akar Fatimah, Kunci Fatimah, Rumput Siti Fatimah, Selusoh Fatimah, Primulaceae Akar Kecil Fatimah, Kacip Fatimah, Pokok Pinggan, Mata Pelandok Rimba, 卡西法蒂玛

Lablab purpureus

Dolichos lablab, D. purpureus, Lablab Fabaceae Hyacinth Bean,Lablab Bean, 扁豆 niger, L. lablab, L. vulgaris, Vigna aristata

470 • L Plants in Tropical Cities Melaleuca cajuputi Macaranga bancana

Euphorbiaceae Mahang Plant, Common Mahang Macaranga tenuifolia

Macaranga conifera

Euphorbiaceae Macaranga populifolia

Macaranga gigantea

Euphorbiaceae Giant Mahang Macaranga incisa, M. megalophylla

508 • M Plants in Tropical Cities Nymphaea cultivar Nandina domesticax

Berberidaceae Heavenly Bamboo, Sacred Bamboo, Nandina, 南天竹ˎ 天竺ˎ 兰竹

Narcissus Species

Amaryllidaceae Daffodil, 水仙

Nauclea orientalis

Rubiaceae Bangkal, Leichhardt Tree, 东方鸟檀

562 • N Plants in Tropical Cities Oryza sativa Ochanostachys amentacea

Ochanostachys bancana, Petalinia Petaling, Tamggal bancana

Ochna integerrima

Vietnamese Mickey Mouse Plant, Elaeocarpus integerrimus, 金莲木 andamanica, O. wallichii, O. harmandii

Ochna kirkii

Ochnaceae Mickey Mouse Plant, 米老鼠花ˎ 桂叶黃梅

576 • O Plants in Tropical Cities Passiflora sp. aquatica

Guiana Chestnut, Provision Tree, Shaving-Brush Tree, Malabar Bombax aquaticum, B. macrocarpum, Malvaceae Chestnut, Water Chestnut, Saba Nut, Carolinea macrocarpa, Pachira Fortune Tree, Money Tree, Oje, macrocarpa 瓜栗ˎ 马拉巴栗ˎ 发财树

Pachira glabra

French Peanut, Guinea Peanut, Bombacopsis glabra Malvaceae Money Tree, Lucky Tree

594 • P Plants in Tropical Cities Quisqualis indica Quassia amara

Simaroubaceae Bitter-Wood, Bitterwood, Surinam Quassia, 括矢亚

Quassia indica

Simaroubaceae Samadera indica, S. madagascariensis, S. tetrapetala

Quisqualis indica (Single )

Combretum indicum, Kleinia Rangoon Creeper, Drunken Sailor, quadricolor, Mekistus sinensis, Akar Dani, Akar Suloh, Dani, Ourouparia enormis, Quisqualis glabra, Q. grandiflora, Q. indica var. oxypetala, Ara Dani, Akar Pontianak, , 使君子 Q. indica var. villosa, Q. longiflora, Red Jasmine Q. loureiroi, Q. obovata, Q. pubescens, Q. sinensis, Q. spinosa, Q. villosa

682 • Q Plants in Tropical Cities Rhizophora stylosa Radermachera ‘Kunming’

Bignoniaceae Dwarf Tree Jasmine, Peep Thong

Rapanea porteriana

Primulaceae Kicar, Kicar-Kicar Myrsine porteriana

Raphanus sativus

Brassicaceae Radish, 萝卜

684 • R Plants in Tropical Cities Senna alata Sabal palmetto

Blue Palmetto, Cabbage Palmetto, Sabal jamesiana, S. parviflora, Arecaceae Cabbage Tree, Common Palmetto, 菜棕 S. viatoris

Saccharum officinarum

Poaceae Sugarcane, Tebu, 甘蔗

Saccharum spontaneum

African Fodder Cane, Asian Fodder Imperata spontanea, Saccharum Poaceae Cane, Fodder Cane, Kans Grass, canaliculatum, S. propinquum, Wild Sugarcane, 甜根子草 S. semidecumbens

706 • S Plants in Tropical Cities Tunera subulata aurea

Paraguayan Silver Trumpet Tree, Bignoniaceae Silver Trumpet Tree,Tree of Gold, Tabebuia argentea 银鳞风铃木

Tabebuia haemantha

Bignonia haemantha, Roble Cimarron, 血红风铃木 Bignoniaceae haemantha, Spathodea portoricensis

Tabebuia ochracea

Tabebuia hypodidiction, T. Gold Trumpet Tree, Cortez, neochrysantha, Tecoma heterotricha, Bignoniaceae Corteza,Guayacan, Piuva T. ochracea

786 • T Plants in Tropical Cities Utricularia aurea Uncaria cordata

Rubiaceae 叶儿茶钩藤

Uncaria longifloravar. pteropoda

Rubiaceae

Uncarina grandidieri

Mouse Trap Tree, Succulent Sesame, Pedialiaceae 黄花胡麻 Harpagophytum grandidieri

832 • U Plants in Tropical Cities Victoria amazonica Vallaris glabra

Apocynaceae Bread , 纽子花

Vanda ‘Miss Joaquim’

Orchidaceae Singapore Orchid, 卓锦万黛兰

840 • V Plants in Tropical Cities Wodyetia bifurcata Wallichia disticha

Arecaceae Wallich Palm, 二列瓦理棕

Waltheria indica

Malvaceae Sleepy Morning, 蛇婆子ˎ 和他草 Waltheria americana, W. elliptica

Washingtonia robusta

Arecaceae Mexican Fan Palm, Washington Palm, 墨西哥扇形棕榈,ˎ 华盛顿葵

852 • W Plants in Tropical Cities Xanthorrhoea johnsonii flavescens

Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum affine

Xanthophyllum obscurum

Polygalaceae Kiu, Nyalin

Xanthophyllum vitellinum

Polygalaceae Minyak Berok, Nyalin

858 • X Plants in Tropical Cities aloifolia Youngia japonica

Asteraceae Oriental Hawksbeard, Asiatic Hawksbeard, 黄鹌菜

Yucca aloifolia

(Variegated)

Asparagaceae Spanish Bayonet, Dagger Plant, 芦荟叶丝兰ˎ 千寿兰

Yucca gloriosa

Asparagaceae Spanish Dagger, Palm Lily, Mound-Lily Yucca, 凤尾兰

866 • Y Plants in Tropical Cities Zingiber ottensii Zamia fischeri

Zamiaceae Fernleaf , 费切尔泽米 Zamia forsteri, Zamia tenuifolia

Zamia furfuracea

Zamiaceae Cardboard Palm, Sago , 秕鳞壮泽米

Zamia pumila

Zamiaceae Florida Arrowroot, Coontie Zamia integrifolia

868 • Z Plants in Tropical Cities Cycads Cycads (Cycadaceae) are gymnosperms as they bear seeds that are not enclosed by a structure. Although these plants resemble palms, both families of plants are taxonomically unrelated. Morphologically similar to certain palm species, cycads generally have cylindrical trunks that do not branch. Pinnate leaves will form a crown on the top of the trunk as part of the vegetative growth cycle. Cycads are either male or female and they bear reproductive cones in the centre of the crown. Unlike palms, cycads generally grow at a slower rate and they have a longer life span. Cycads are popular plants for landscaping purposes due to their interesting and unique features and low maintenance requirement.

Ceratozamia robusta Dioon edule Zamia furfuracea 174 270 868

Cycas clivicola Dioon spinulosum Zamia pumila 241 271 868

Macrozamia Cycas edentata moorei 242 513

Cycas revoluta Zamia fischeri 242 868

Plants in Tropical Cities • Plant Categories • 875 Palms Palms (Arecaceae) is a family of plants which are generally recognised for their large, palmately (fan-shaped) or pinnately (feather-shaped) compound, evergreen leaves that are spirally arranged at the top of an unbranched trunk. A palm tree can either grow as a single trunk ending with a crown of leaves, or in clusters where shoots emerge from axillary buds near the base of the trunk resulting in clustering. Palms thrive well in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate climates. In many cities, palms are widely used in landscaping as these plants are considered iconic plants and are often selected as the main aesthetic feature of a place/locality.

Acoelorraphe Arenga wrightii hookeriana Bismarckia nobilis 10 71 109

Bismarckia nobilis Adonidia merrillii Arenga pinnata ‘Silver’ 17 72 109

Arenga Borassodendron Aiphanes horrida undulatifolia machadonis 29 72 113

Archontophoenix Arenga Borassus alexandrae westerhoutii flabellifer 68 72 113

Asterogyne Areca catechu martiana Butia capitata 70 126

Beccariophoenix Calyptrocalyx Areca triandra madagascariensis micholitzii 71 105 148

Bentinckia Carpentaria Areca vestiaria nicobarica acuminata 71 107 161

876 • Plant Categories • Plants in Tropical Cities Drought Tolerant Plants

Uncarina Washingtonia Ziziphus grandidieri robusta mauritiana 832 852 873

Xanthorrhoea Ziziphus Uvaria grandiflora johnsonii nummularia 838 859 873

Vanilla planifolia Yucca aloifolia Zornia diphylla 841 866 874

Vanilla planifolia Yucca aloifolia ‘Variegata’ (Variegated) Zoysia Species 841 866 874

Vitex trifolia Yucca gloriosa 846 – 847 866

Plants in Tropical Cities • Plant Categories • 943 Fragrant Plants To further enhance the multiple roles of any gardens, fragrant plants are introduced to give an additional dimension to our senses – smell! Many fragrant plants are well known for their positive benefits in aromatherapy. Growing fragrant plants in gardens also improves the biodiversity as the scent will attract more pollinators. Based on our experiences, it is best to grow these plants at places where there is minimal external wind movements in order to retain the fragrance which are essentially natural chemicals secreted by the plants

Agelaea Anisomeles borneensis Alstonia scholaris indica 23 42 53

Aglaia Alstonia Annona duperreana spathulata cherimola 24 42 54

Amorphophallus Anredera odorata atroviridis cordifolia 24 47 55

Amorphophallus Antigonon Allium tuberosum paeoniifolius leptopus 33 47 60

Amorphophallus Arachnotryx virgata titanum leucophylla 37 47 65

Alstonia Anaxagorea angustifolia javanica Areca triandra 41 50 71

Alstonia Angelonia Aristolochia angustiloba angustifolia grandiflora 41 52 74

944 • Plant Categories • Plants in Tropical Cities Roadside Plants

Syzygium Tristaniopsis syzygioides Tectona grandis whiteana 783 799 827

Syzygium Washingtonia zeylanicum Terminalia brassii robusta 784 799 852

Terminalia Wodyetia Tabebuia aurea calamansanai bifurcata 786 800 854

Terminalia Xanthostemon Tabebuia pallida catappa chrysanthus 787 800 860

Xanthostemon Terminalia Species (Orange Tabebuia rosea mantaly Flower) 787 801 861

Xanthostemon Terminalia Species (Pink Talipariti tiliaceum mantaly ‘Tricolor’ Flower) 794 801 861

Tamarindus Tristaniopsis Xanthostemon indica obovata youngii 795 827 861

Tecoma stans 798

Plants in Tropical Cities • Plant Categories • 967 Plants for Green Roof Planting A green roof is generally defined as the cultivation of plants on growth medium over a waterproof membrane on buildings. In many cities, green roofs are popular and are widely installed on many buildings due to the many positive attributes associated with improving the liveability of any urban environment. The availability of water on the roof top will determine the type of plants chosen for any green roof planting exercise. If irrigation system is absent, plants which employ Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) mode of photosynthesis are more suitable as they tend to use much less water, i.e., have higher water use efficiency. More variety of plants can be grown on green roofs if a well-established irrigation system is available.

Agave angustifolia Alysicarpus ‘Marginata’ vaginalis Callisia repens 22 44 143

Agave Carissa desmettiana Arachis pintoi macrocarpa 22 65 159

Arachis pintoi Carissa cultivar orange macrocarpa Agave potatorum flowers ‘Nana’ 22 65 159

Asparagus Carissa densiflorus macrocarpa Agave tequilana ‘Sprengeri’ (Variegated) 23 81 159

Alternanthera Axonopus Carpobrotus ficoidea compressus edulis 43 89 161

Axonopus Alternanthera compressus Chrysopogon sessilis ‘Pearl Grass’ zizanioides 44 89 186

Codiaeum Alternanthera Beaucarnea variegatum sessilis ‘Red’ recurvata Cultivars 44 104 206

968 • Plant Categories • Plants in Tropical Cities Mangrove and Mangrove Associates A mangrove area is typically characterised by muddy shores of sheltered coasts and river estuaries which are subjected to movements of tides and periodic overflow of rivers. Hence the soil is often waterlogged, anaerobic and they may have high salinity (may be fluctuating) and pH. Mangrove is a plant community which inhabit the mangrove areas whereas mangrove associates may extend its habitat colonisation further into terrestrial communities. Mangrove species are well adapted to grow and thrive in such ecologically-challenging environment with several unique biologically features which are not present in mangrove associates. Many mangrove species develop unique structures to help them to survive in this coastal environment such as breathing roots (pneumatophores) and their seeds tend to germinate while attached to the parent plant (vivipary). Some mangrove plants have succulent leaves that contain specialized glands which secrete excess salt. It is important to recognise that mangrove and mangrove associates can be planted for landscaping purposes under certain unique circumstances or special requirements for selected project sites.

Acanthus Barringtonia ebracteatus Allophylus cobbe racemosa 8 34 98

Acanthus ebracteatus (Variegated) Ardisia elliptica Brownlowia tersa 8 69 119

Acanthus Bruguiera ilicifolius Avicennia alba cylindrica 8 87 120

Bruguiera Acanthus volubilis Avicennia marina gymnorhiza 9 88 121

Acrostichum Avicennia aureum rumphiana Bruguiera hainesii 12 88 121

Acrostichum Barringtonia Bruguiera speciosum asiatica parviflora 12 97 122

Aegiceras Barringtonia corniculatum edulis Caesalpinia crista 19 98 129

Plants in Tropical Cities • Plant Categories • 979 Mangrove and Mangrove Associates

Pandanus Scyphiphora Talipariti tiliaceum tectorius ‘Sanderi’ hydrophylacea ‘Tricolor’ 600 728 794

Talipariti tiliaceum Pemphis acidula Sonneratia alba var. purpurascens 610 747 794

Podocarpus Sonneratia Terminalia polystachyus apetala catappa 651 748 800

Planchonella Sonneratia Thespesia obovata caseolaris populnea 663 748 806

Rhizophora Xylocarpus apiculata Sonneratia ovata granatum 689 749 863

Rhizophora Xylocarpus mucronata Talipariti tiliaceum moluccensis 690 794 863

Rhizophora Talipariti tiliaceum Xylocarpus stylosa ‘Dwarf’ rumphii 690 794 864

Scaevola taccada 718

Plants in Tropical Cities • Plant Categories • 981 Genus Name Abelmoschus 2 Agrostis 318, 440 Anisophyllea 54 Asteromyrtus 85 Aberia 285 Agrostistachys 28 Annona 54, 55 Astyposanthes 769 Abroma 2 Aidia 28 Anoectochilus 55 Asystasia 85, 86 Abrus 3 Aiphanes 29 Anredera 55 Ataccia 790 Abutilon 3 Ajania 29 Anthactinia 15 Atractocarpus 86 Acacia 4, 300, 485, Ajuga 29 Anthocephalus 564 Averrhoa 87 569, 711 Albizia 337, 711 Anthurium 56, 57 Avicennia 87, 88 Acalypha 5, 6, 7 Alcantarea 850 Antia 204 Axanthes 834 Acanthopanax 310 Alchornea 232 Antiaris 58 Axonopus 89 Acanthus 1, 8, 9 Aletris 288 Antidesma 58, 59 Azadirachta 90 Acapillaris 76 Aleurites 30 Antigonon 60 Azolla 90 Acer VIII, 9 Allamanda 30, 31, 32 Antrophyum 60 Azukia 845 Acetosella 592, 591 Allium 33 Aphanamixis 61 Baccaurea 92 Achras 185, 522, 662, Allophylus 34 Aphelandra 61, 699 Bacopa 93 663 Alocasia 34, 35, 36 Aporosa 62, 63 Baeckea 93 Acmella 10 Aloe 37 Aporum 257 Baeobotrys 513 Acoelorraphe 10 Alopecurus 611 Aptenia 64 Baikiaea 94 Acokanthera 788 Aloysia 37 Aquilaria 64 564 Acorus 11 Balanocarpus Alphonsea 547 Arachis 64, 65 53 Acrostichum 12, 644 Ballota Alpinia 37, 38, 39, Arachnotryx 65 145 Acrotrema 12 Balsamaria 40, 321 Aralia 338 Actinodaphne 13 Bambusa 94, 95 Alsodeia 694 Aralidium 65 Actinophloeus 679 Baphia 96 Alstonia 41, 42, 296 Araucaria 66 Actinoscirpus 13 Barleria 96, 97 Alternanthera 43, 44 67 Adansonia 14 Archidendron Barringtonia VI, 97, 98 Alysicarpus 44 68 Adelaster 356 Archontophoenix Basella 99 Amaranthus 45 Adenanthera 14, 337 Archytaea 649 Bassia 513 169 Adenia 15 Ambaiba Ardisia 68, 69 Bauhinia 99, 100, 101, 254 Adenium 15 Amerimnon Arduina 159 102, 103, 104 Adenoropium 450 Amesiodendron 45 Areca 70, 71, 637 Beaumontia 104, 105 Adhatoda 528 Amherstia 46 Arenga 71, 72 Beccariophoenix 105 Adiantum 505, 16 Amischotolype 46 Arfeuillea 73 Begonia X, 106 Adina 17 Ammannia 46 Argyreia 73, 763 Beilschmiedia 107 Adinandra 17 Ammocallis 167 Aristolochia 73, 74, 75 Belamcanda 439 Adonidia 17 Amomum 872 Arrabidaea 715 Beloperone 455 Adinootrys 140 Amoora 61 Artabotrys 75 Bentinckia 107 Adipera 733 Amorphophallus 47 Artanthe 638 Berrya 107 18, 19 Ampelygonum 620 Artemisia 76, 230 Biasolettia 404 Aegiceras 19 Ampelocissus 48 Arthrophyllum 77 Bignonia 51, 448, 511, Aegiphila 603 Anacardium 49 Artocarpus 77, 78, 523, 715, 786 Aeschynanthus 20 Ananas 49, 50 79, 603 Bihai 396, 400 Aeschynomene 737 Anastrophu 604 Arum 47, 622, 624, 859 Billbergia 109 Afardisia 68 Anaxagorea 50 Arundina 79, 80 Biota 646 Afgekia 21 Andira 51 Arundo 80, 629 Bismarckia 109 Agapanthus 21 Andrographis 51 Asclepias 81, 147, 377 Bixa 91, 110 Agathis 21 Andropogon 185, 244, Asparagus 81, 82 Blechnum 110 Agati 737 440 Aspidistra 83 Bletia 79 Agave 22 Aneilema 554 Aspidopterys 83 Blighia 111 Agelaea 23 Anemopaegma 51 Aspidium 569 Blumea 111 Ageratum 23, 24 Angelica 52 Asplenium 83, 84 Blumeodendron 112 Aglaia 24 Angelonia 52 Assa 802 Bobea 814 Aglaonema 25, 26, Angiopteris 53 Aster 772 Boerhavia 112 27, 28 Anisomeles 53 Asterogyne 85 Bombacopsis 594 982 • INDEX • Plants in Tropical Cities General References Anonymous (1970) Selected Plants and Gardner S (2000) A Field Guide to Forest Poole C, Briggs E (2006) Tonle Sap - The Wee YC (1997) Ferns of the Tropics. Times Planting for a Garden City: Forty Popular Trees of Northern . Kobfai Heart of ’s Natural Heritage. Editions Pte Ltd, Singapore. Climbers. Ministry of Law and National Publishing Project, Bangkok, Thailand. River Books, Bangkok, Thailand. Development (National Development Wee YC (1998) A Guide to the Medicinal Heide-Jørgensen HS (2008) Parasitic Division), Singapore. Rauch FD, Weissich PR (2000) Plants Plants. Singapore Science Centre, Flowering Plants. Koninklijke Brill NV, for Tropical Landscapes: A Gardener’s Singapore. Anonymous (2000) Guiding Principles Leiden, Netherlands. Guide. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, Wee YC (2004). A Guide to Herbs and for Constructed Treatment Wetlands: Henderson MR (1953) Malayan Wild USA. Providing for Water Quality and Wildlife Spices of Singapore. Singapore Science Flowers Part I. The Malayan Nature Society, Seidenfaden G. and Wood J.J. (1992) The Centre, Singapore. Habitat. US Environmental Protection Kuala Lumpur, . 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University Brunei Concise Flora of Singapore, Volume II: Tan HTW, Chua KS (1995) Growing at your Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam. Bell AD, Brian A (2008) Plant Form: An Monocotyledons. Singapore University Doorstep, 35 Native Plants of Singapore Yam TW (2013) Native Orchids of Illustrated Guide to Press. (2nd edition). Singapore Environment . Timber Press. Singapore – Diversity, Identification Morphology Council, Singapore. LaFrankie JV (2010) Trees of Tropical : and Conservation. National Parks Board, Boo CM, Omar-Hor K, Ou-Yang CL (2006) An Illustrated Guide to Diversity. Black Tan HTW, Hew CS (1995) A Guide to the Singapore. 1001 Garden Plants in Singapore. National Tree Publications Inc, . Parks Board, Singapore. Orchids of Singapore. Singapore Science Yam TW, Aung Thame, Teo R, Choi YS, Larsen K, Ibrahim H, Khaw SH, Saw LG Centre, Singapore. Ali Ibrahim, Soh J (2006) Conservation Chan GL, Chang S, Chow KK, Goh KL, (1999). Gingers of Peninsular Malaysia and reintroduction of Singapore’s native Hoo KY (2000). A Guide to Toxic Plants Tan HTW, Morgany T (2001) A Guide to and Singapore. Natural History Publications Growing Native Plants of Singapore. orchids to Pulau Ubin. Gardenwise 27: of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. 10-11. Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore. Lee SK, Lum SKY (2001) A Guide to Yam TW, Tay F, Ang P, Soh W (2011) Cheifetz A, Double C, Barnard L, Imwold D Tan PY, Sia A (2005). A Selection of Plants Common Horticultural Shrubs. Singapore Conservation and reintroduction of (2002) for Green Roofs in Singapore. National Botanica’s Annuals and Perennials. Science Centre, Singapore. native orchids of Singapore – the next Laurel Glen Publishing, San Diego, USA. Parks Board, Singapore. European Journal of Environmental Mabberley DJ (1997) The Plant-Book – A phase. Chia TF, Astley D (2012) Tee SP (2009) Trees of Our Garden City: A The Essential Portable Dictionary of Vascular Plants Sciences 1: 38–47. Guide to Growing Orchids in the Tropics. Guide to the Common Trees of Singapore (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Yang YP, Yen SH, Lin CK (2004) Illustrated Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Cambridge, UK. (2nd Edition). National Parks Board, Pte Ltd. Singapore. Guide to Aquatic Plants of . Ng ABC, Ng A, Lee B, Chuah AL, Goh SG, Counsel of Agriculture, The Executive Yuan Chin SC, Chan E (1995) Skyrise Gardening Lai JTK, Tan GC, Vilma D’Rozario (2005) A Teo CKH (1995) Native Orchids of of Taiwan, Taipei, The Republic of . National Parks Board, in Highrise Homes. Guide to the Fabulous Figs of Singapore. Peninsular Malaysia. Times Book Singapore. International, Singapore. Yong JWH, Tan PY, Nor Hafiz, Tan SN Singapore Science Centre, Singapore. 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Oxford University Press Inc., National Parks Board, Singapore University New York. Ng PKL, Corlett RT, Tan HTW (2011) Singapore Botanic Gardens: An of Technology and Design, Singapore. Singapore Biodiversity – An National Parks Board, Corner EJH (1997) Annotated Checklist. Wayside Trees of Encyclopedia of the Natural Environment th Malayan Singapore. Malaya: Vols. 1 and 2 (4 edition). and Sustainable Development. Tien Wah Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Press Pte Ltd, Singapore. Turner IM, Chua KS (2011) Checklist of the Websites Courtright G (1988) Timber Press, vascular plant species of the Bukit Timah Tropicals. Ng PKL, Sivasothi N (1999) A Guide to http://www.anbg.gov.au/ Portland, Oregon, USA. 1988. Nature Reserve. The Raffles Museum of mistletoe/epiparasitism.html the Mangroves of Singapore 1: The Biodiversity Research, National University of Davison GWH, Ng PKL, Ho CH. (2008) The Ecosystem and Plant Diversity. 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990 • INDEX • Plants in Tropical Cities Boo Chih Min is passionate about plants! She Quick Resource to the studied botany at the National University of Singapore and has a keen interest in native and exotic plants of Singapore and the South-East Asian region. She has 19 Categories of Plant Fragrant previously worked at the National Parks Board where Plants she wrote the 1001 Garden Plants of Singapore which Grouping / Applications greatly improved accessibility of plant information to 944 many nurseries, researchers, schools, governmental entities, and the general public. Her interests in the other aspect of plants, such as ecology, conservation and propagation has led to the set up of her current company, Uvaria Tide, which specializes in providing professional services for floristic survey, plant selection, plant supply and science-based consultancy Seaside for sustainable and ecologically-orientated multi- Cycads Hedges disciplinary projects: mangrove restoration, rainforest Plants restoration, vertical greenery, rooftop greenery, 875 908 greening of waterways, floating wetlands and the use 953 of native plants in urban landscapes and forested areas. Email: [email protected]

Plants that Attract Roadside Palms Butterfly Plants Sharon Y. J. Chew graduated from University of 876 911 960 Queensland (Applied Science, major in Plants). Prior to that, she studied Horticulture and Landscape Management at Ngee Ann Polytechnic. She has a keen interest in turfgrass management. She has previously worked at the Orchid Country Club, a golf club where she managed the entire Plants for golf course and its associated landscaping needs. At the Plants that Green Singapore University of Technology and Design, Sharon Ferns and Attract Roof manages several environmental science research projects Fern Allies Birds such as the cleansing of canal waters using a selection of Planting aquatic plants and developing the greening initiatives for 880 917 Jurong island. 968 Email: [email protected] Plants for the Greening Indoor of Vertical Climbers Plants Wall 884 922 971 Jean W. H. Yong (John) finds bio-inspiration in plant diversity and adaptations! He is an Associate Professor at the Singapore University of Technology and Design and runs the Green Solutions Laboratory. John studied botany at the National University of Singapore and later, biochemistry and physiology at the Australian National University. He has written numerous Aquatic scientific papers as well as several plant-science books Trees Plants such as The Physiology of Orchids in relation to the Epiphytes Industry and A Selection of Plants for Greening of 894 930 975 Waterways and Waterbodies in the Tropics that greatly improved the availability of tropical plant scientific information to researchers, institutions, and the plant industry sectors. Email: [email protected] Mangrove Drought and Ground Tolerant Mangrove Covers Plants Associates 901 936 979 Pellicieria rhizophorae (Tea Mangrove) Email: [email protected] |Contact: +6597834814 Uvaria Tide View publication stats

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