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An Autobiography of a Gentleman, Officer, and Writer 4.1

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An Autobiography of a Gentleman, Officer, and Writer 4.1 DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Representation of Class and the Army Officer in Literature of the Great War“ Verfasser Jürgen Kotzian angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Jänner 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 343 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Anglistik und Amerikanistik Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rudolf Weiss Table of Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. The British Class System .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1. General Considerations ........................................................................................................... 4 2.2. A Riven Society on the Eve of the Great War .......................................................................... 8 2.3. The 'Middle Class' Around 1900 .............................................................................................. 9 2.4. Disruptions ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.5. Social Class and the Military Service ..................................................................................... 13 3. The British Army Officer ................................................................................................................ 16 3.1. The School at War ................................................................................................................. 17 3.2. The King's Commission .......................................................................................................... 27 3.3. The Regimental System ......................................................................................................... 31 4. Goodbye To All That: An Autobiography of a Gentleman, Officer, and Writer ............................. 35 4.1. An Act of Liberation in Many Ways ....................................................................................... 35 4.2. The Gentleman ...................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.1. Lost Years? ..................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.2. The Prince in the Bath ................................................................................................... 43 4.2.3. Two Sorts of Christians .................................................................................................. 48 4.2.4. About The Business of Being a Gentleman ................................................................... 54 4.3. The Officer ............................................................................................................................. 56 4.3.1. Nothing Like a Hero ....................................................................................................... 56 4.3.2. A New Wart ................................................................................................................... 58 4.3.3. A 'Gallant Soldier' .......................................................................................................... 66 5. Worlds Apart ................................................................................................................................. 74 5.1. Home, Strange Home ............................................................................................................ 74 5.2. The Officer In-Between: Poems by Sassoon, Owen and Grenfell ......................................... 77 5.3. Journey's End: Prototypical Officers on Stage ....................................................................... 90 5.3.1. An 'Anti'-War Play with Autobiographical Traits ........................................................... 90 5.3.2. Osborne, the Loyal Deputy vs. Hardy, the Slack Officer ................................................ 92 5.3.3. Osborne, the 'Uncle' and Stanhope, the 'Skipper' ........................................................ 94 i 5.3.4. Raleigh, the Boy, and Stanhope, his Hero ..................................................................... 95 5.3.5. Captain Dennis Stanhope MC ........................................................................................ 97 5.3.6. Stanhope vs. Hibbert, the 'worm' .................................................................................. 99 5.3.7. Trotter, a Temporary Gentleman ................................................................................ 101 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 104 References ........................................................................................................................................... 108 Index .................................................................................................................................................... 111 Appendix .............................................................................................................................................. 114 I. Deutsche Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................ 114 Repräsentation von 'Klasse' und dem Armee-Offizier in der englischsprachigen Literatur des Ersten Weltkriegs ........................................................................................................................ 114 II. Lebenslauf ................................................................................................................................... 117 ii 1. Introduction The First World War is remembered as the Great War in the collective memory of the British people. What made it so 'great' was, on the one hand, the mechanisation and industrialisation of warfare by the wide-spread use of the machine gun and the largest number of artillery pieces ever employed in an armed conflict before; on the other hand, the War marks a turning point in history as regards social structures, conventions and traditions. The unprecedented number of over 700,000 British soldiers killed on the Western Front from 1914 to 1918 is drastic enough. However, the monstrosity of the carnage becomes even more visible when certain events come into the focus: In the Battle of the Somme (July-November 1916) alone, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) suffered over 400,000 casualties. (Travers 211) However, there was another reason for human history's first industrialised war to be remembered so vividly especially in Great Britain: The literary reactions to it were exceptional. Among the most notable literary works are those written by men who had served themselves in the war, most of them as junior officers. It would be the natural thing to do for a boy from public school or university, to apply for a commission instead of just enlisting in the ranks. In David Haig's play My Boy Jack Rudyard Kipling is strictly against his son's decision to enlist as a private soldier after his application for a commission was turned down because of his bad eyesight. (23) The exceptionally high number of young men with literary ambitions among the British junior officers is due to the fact, that the platoons and companies of Kitchener's New Army, to a great extent, were officered with boys with a relatively high educational standard. The memory of the Great War has been and still is massively influenced if not determined by the poems written by young officers such as Rupert Brooke, Julian Grenfell, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen, and by the autobiographies of ex-officers such as Robert Graves, Edmund Blunden and, again, Sassoon, who all three of them made a considerable literary career after the war. The fact that a notable part of the literature of the Great War was written by officers serving in it, gives reason to look into the social phenomenon called 'officer' and its social as well as military implications. Where does the officer come from, what are his rights and duties and what makes him such a "higher sort of being altogether" (cf. 1 Lewes-Stempel 157) in the eyes of his men? The author of this thesis, pondering on these questions, once asked an officer of the British Army, what made the British officer so special. The answer was astonishingly simple: "The officer is not respected because he is necessarily better but because he is different." Yet this raises another question to begin with: What is it that makes the officer different, and further, how is this reflected in literary works written by officers themselves? Robert Graves's autobiography Goodbye To All That seems to lend itself very well for the purpose of shedding light on the officer in literature. The reason is threefold as of an elitist approach: Graves himself was very well aware of his social rank as a gentleman and a member of the 'governing class' of Britain. Secondly, he served as a captain in the War. Thirdly, the regiment he served in was one of the most renowned in the British Army: The Royal Welch Fusiliers, who regarded themselves as the élite and 'second to none'. Another reason is the great success of Graves's war reminiscences, which Broich called a "semi-fictional autobiography" (qtd. in Stanzel 33). With so many people having read Goodbye
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