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What Happened to the Temple Treasures? 1

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What Happened to the Temple Treasures? 1 Archaeology What happened to the temple treasures? 1. A remarkable journey Jeremy Thomas HE WORDS of the Lord Jesus were frighten- grown, may be the last recorded resting place of ingly clear. From the vantage point of the the treasures rescued from the carnage of July 70. TMount of Olives he revealed to his aston- ished disciples what lay in store for the gorgeous A Roman triumph buildings of Herod’s temple in Jerusalem, the What those articles comprised, first of all, is indi- proud symbol of nationhood in which all Israel cated by the one depiction we have of them from took such pride: “And as some spake of the temple, antiquity. On the underside of the Arch of Titus, how it was adorned with goodly stones and gifts, at the entrance to the Forum of ancient Rome, he said, As for these things which ye behold, the is the famous carving of the triumph awarded days will come, in the which there shall not be left jointly to Titus and his father Vespasian for their one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown victory in Judea. It clearly shows the menorah, or down” (Lk. 21:5,6). A people that had consistently seven-branched lampstand, the silver trumpets rejected the words of God’s prophets had filled and the table of showbread being carried in up the measure of their fathers’ sins by rejecting procession. The originals of these items had been His beloved Son, and there would be no escape at the centre of Israel’s system of worship since for the city which, despite God’s very Presence being manufactured for the tabernacle by Moses having dwelt there, had so signally failed to during the wilderness journey from Egypt to the recognise its promised Saviour. Promised Land. This final act of disobedience could not go There is no portrayal on the arch of the Ark unpunished, and within one generation the of the Covenant, which perhaps never survived Lord’s grim words would be fulfilled: “For the the Babylonian overthrow of Judah in 587 B.C.; days shall come upon thee, that thine enemies and indeed, both Jewish and Gentile sources shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee state that, by New Testament times, the most holy round, and keep thee in on every side, and shall place of the temple was empty. The Roman his- lay thee even with the ground, and thy children torian Tacitus describes how the Roman general within thee; and they shall not leave in thee one Pompey outraged Jewish sensibilities when, in stone upon another; because thou knewest not 63 B.C., he “entered the temple. Thus it became the time of thy visitation” (19:43,44). commonly known that the place stood empty We well understand that these prophecies of with no similitude of gods within, and that the the Lord came to pass in A.D. 70, when the temple shrine had nothing to reveal”.1 Flavius Josephus was destroyed by the Romans and the Jews were refers to the same incident, when “Pompey . scattered throughout the nations of the known went into the temple itself whither it was not law- world. What we may not be so familiar with is ful for any to enter but the high priest, and saw the subsequent story of the sacred articles looted what was reposited therein, the candlestick with from the temple by the soldiers of Titus. There its lamps, and the table, and the pouring vessels, are sufficient clues in the pages of history for us and the censers, all made entirely of gold, as also to reconstruct their movements in the following a great quantity of spices heaped together, with centuries, and the story takes us on a journey from Jerusalem to an abandoned site in Istanbul in Turkey which, although now filthy and over- 1. Tacitus, Histories, 5.9. 372 The Testimony, November 2011 The Arch of Titus in Rome (left, and detail above), which commemorated the victory of Titus and Vespasian in Judea. The lampstand, silver trumpets and table of showbread are all depicted, but not the Ark of the Covenant. Pictures: left, Jeremy Thomas; above, Gunnar Bach Pedersen/Wikimedia Commons Josephus tells us that at this time Vespasian also constructed a new Temple of Peace (otherwise referred to as the Forum of Vespasian) as part of the same propaganda campaign. An edifice so named would allow him to claim that, with two thousand talents of sacred money.”2 In each the Jews at last subdued, the Empire could enjoy reference, the Ark of the Covenant is conspicuous the peace it had long sought. Thus Vespasian’s by its absence. popularity in the eyes of the plebeians of Rome Titus’ use of this symbology on his com- would have soared. The Temple of Peace appears memorative arch was an unmistakeable claim of to have been designed as a sort of showcase for superiority over the Jews and, indeed, over their exceptional works of art looted from the nations God. A reconstruction of an inscription found at defeated by Rome, and archaeological work on its the nearby Flavian Amphitheatre (better known site on the Via dei Fori Imperiali (where one wall as the famous Colosseum, built circa A.D. 72–80), and part of the floor of the original building can tells us that “the Emperor Vespasian ordered still be seen) suggests that these artworks were this new amphitheatre to be erected from the displayed to the public in a beautiful garden of booty.” 3 This is generally taken to mean that the exotic plants and elaborate water features. Here, in Colosseum was financed by the vast treasures an incident powerfully reminiscent of what King taken from Jerusalem. Humanly speaking, the Nebuchadnezzar had done with the artefacts he fall of Jerusalem was a huge propaganda coup removed from the Jerusalem temple more than for Vespasian, who, as founder of the line of 650 years earlier (Dan. 1:2), Vespasian “laid up . Flavian rulers in Rome, was anxious to establish those golden vessels and instruments that were firm credentials for his new dynasty after the taken out of the Jewish temple, as ensigns of his instability of ‘the Year of Four Emperors’ which glory.” Still not quite done, “he gave order that followed the murder of Nero in 68. A resounding they should lay up their Law, and the purple veils victory over a troublesome outlying province, [sic] of the holy place, in the royal palace itself, and the glorious spectacle of a triumph on the and keep them there.”4 streets of Rome, delivered Vespasian exactly what he needed in ‘PR’ terms so soon after his 2. Josephus, The Jewish Wars, 1.7.6. assumption of the purple. 3. Hopkins, K. & Beard, M. The Colosseum (London, There is evidence of precisely what subse- Profile Books, 2011). quently became of the temple articles in Rome. 4. Josephus, op. cit., 7.5.7. The Testimony, November 2011 373 Tunisia. In Eureka, his exposi- tion of Revelation, Brother John Thomas sees in the fall of Rome to the Vandals the fulfilment of the second wind trumpet of 8:8,9, and it is interesting to note that—pre- sumably with access to the same sources—he ratifies the story so far: “The pillage lasted fourteen days and nights. Among the spoils transported from the city by the king [Gaiseric] were the Golden Table and the Seven-Branched Golden Lightstand, brought by Titus to Rome, where they were deposited in the temple of peace. Nearly four hundred years after, these spoils of Jerusalem were The Colosseum in Rome, which is generally thought to have shipped for Carthage . .”6 been financed by the treasures taken from Jerusalem. The Western Roman Empire Picture: Jeremy Thomas was by now in its death throes, Barbarian invasions and, in events prophesied by the third and fourth Rome was not to hold onto the precious trophies trumpets of Revelation 8 (again as interpreted in indefinitely, however. As foretold by the Lord Eureka), it fizzled out just twenty-one years later Jesus in his final message to his servants, eventu- on the abdication of its last emperor, Romulus ally her supremacy waned and the power of the Augustulus. It would be a mistake, however, to Western Empire was stripped away via a series understand 476 as the final end of ‘Rome,’ since of Barbarian incursions. Among these, the one the Eastern Roman Empire was alive and kicking, event which concerns the temple articles is the and it was to its Emperor Zeno that the imperial sack of Rome by the Vandals. Although they were regalia of the West were now sent as a clear sign originally an eastern Germanic tribe, by the fifth that the Eastern (or Byzantine) Empire was now century the Vandals had established for them- seen as the legitimate heir to the Caesars. Indeed, selves a powerful kingdom in North Africa, and through astonishing changes of fortune the Byz- it was from here, under their king Gaiseric (also antines held out for almost another one thousand known as Genseric), that the Vandals reached years—referring to themselves throughout as Rome in 455. The scale of the destruction they Romans—until Constantinople fell to the Ot- inflicted on the ancient city can be deduced from toman Turks in 1453, “an hour, and a day, and the fact that it is from this incident that the word a month, and a year” which the sixth trumpet ‘vandalism’ is derived. (9:13-21) anticipated.7 The Temple of Peace, with its priceless treas- The tortuous intrigues of the Eastern Empire’s ures, did not escape the attention of Gaiseric’s organisation, politics and religion have rightly led hoards, and the fate of the temple articles is re- to the word ‘Byzantine’ being used to describe corded by the ninth-century Byzantine chronicler something so utterly complex that it is impossible Theophanes the Confessor.
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