To Valmue-Arter På Svalbard, Og Litt Om Fjell- Og Polarvalmuer

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To Valmue-Arter På Svalbard, Og Litt Om Fjell- Og Polarvalmuer BLYTTIA NORGES BOTANISKE ANNALER To valmue-arter på Svalbard, og litt om fjell- og polarvalmuer Heidi Solstad, Pernille Bronken Eidesen, Lorna Little og Reidar Elven Solstad, H., Eidesen, P.B., Little, L. & Elven, R. 2014. To valmue-arter på Svalbard, og litt om fjell- og polarvalmuer. Blyttia 72: 187-196. Two species of Papaver sect. Meconella in Svalbard, and some notes on Alpine and Arctic poppies. Morphological investigations confirm that there are two species of Papaver in Svalbard: P. dahlianum and P. cornwallisense . The two most distinctive diagnostic characters are the number of stamens and the length of papillae on the stigmatic rays. Papaver cornwallisense has few stamens, usually 16 but sometimes as few as 4 or 8 or as many as 24, and short papillae (0.15–0.4 mm). Papaver dahlianum usually has 25–35 stamens and conspicuously long papillae (0.5–0.9 mm). In addition, P. cornwallisense has smaller flowers than P. dahlianum and these are mostly white. The fruit of P. cornwallisense is subglobular and narrow beneath the stigmatic disc, whereas that of P. dahlianum is urn-shaped and broadest immediately beneath the disc. There are also some smaller differences in leaf lobes, which are more obtuse in P. cornwallisense than in P. dahlia- num , and leaf pubescence, which is sparse and white in P. cornwallisense , denser and more yellowish in P. dahlianum . In Svalbard, P. dahlianum is the most common of the two, occurring throughout the archipelago, but P. cornwallisense is also common, particularly in western Spitsbergen (where most people visit), where it constitutes almost exactly 50 % of the collected plants in the herbaria. The two species often grow intermixed, both in Svalbard as well as in Greenland and Canada (where they are about equally common). No hybrids or transitional forms are known. A molecular investigation supports the presence of two species. Heidi Solstad, NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet, NO-7491 Trondheim [email protected] ; Naturhistorisk mu - seum, UiO, PB 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, [email protected] (f.o.m. 01.10.2014) Lorna Little, Dept. of Botany, University of Otago, 479 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016 New Zealand Pernille Bronken Eidesen, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PB 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen Reidar Elven, Naturhistorisk museum, Universitetet i Oslo, PB 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo Historisk innledning fjellvalmue. Linnaeus (1753) beskrev P. alpinum Vår innledning går langt ut over Svalbard. Begrun- fra Alpene og P. nudicaule fra Sibir, mens Rottbøll nelsen for dette er at tidligere valmue-behandlinger (1770) beskrev P. radicatum fra Grønland, Island ofte har vært geografisk begrenset og derfor har og Skandinavia. Flere forfattere oppfattet de nord- vært hemmet av nokså provinsielle erfaringer. lige plantene som ulike hybrider mellom to eller tre Våre erfaringer er at man må se valmuer i et større av disse artene (Murbeck 1894, Lundström 1914, perspektiv enn det lokale eller nasjonale, hvis ikke 1923, Ljungdahl 1922, 1924). Årsaken til dette blir vurderingene lett feil. var at noen fjell- og polarvalmuer som ble dyrket i Den gruppen som ofte går under navnet fjell- og/ botaniske hager, viste seg å hybridisere. Disse erfa- eller polarvalmuer – Papaver sect. Meconella – ringene ble overført til ville planter. Hybridmodellen har vært vanskelig å handtere taksonomisk i over var en opplagt blindgate når det gjelder forståelsen hundre år, til tross for massiv innsats fra en rekke av valmuene. Det er 120 år siden hybridmodellen kompetente botanikere, ikke minst fra norsk side. ble lansert (Murbeck 1894), men det er foreløpig Fram til 1920-tallet ble plantene i områdene rundt ikke dokumentert én eneste slik hybridpopulasjon Nordatlanteren, dvs. de på Grønland og Island, i i naturen i de nordlige områdene, sjøl om vi har Skandinavia, på Svalbard og i Nord-Russland, kol- mistanke om at noen få enkeltplanter og kanskje lektivt oppfattet som P. alpinum L. alpevalmue, P. populasjoner vi har sett, kan være hybrider. nudicaule L. sibirvalmue, eller P. radicatum Rottb. I løpet av de siste 90 årene har det utkrystallisert Blyttia 72(3), 2014 187 Heidi Solstad, Pernille Bronken Eidesen, Lorna Little og Reidar Elven seg en oppfatning om at det i stedet dreier seg om Det å gi disse populasjonene artsrang var begrun- tre arter rundt Nordatlanteren. Dette synet bygger net i at de høyst trolig ikke kunne krysses med på omfattende undersøkelser foretatt av især tre dekaploid P. radicatum , dvs. at det var en repro- personer: Aleksandr I. Tolmachev, Rolf Nordhagen duksjonsbarriere (jfr det biologiske artsbegrepet). og Gunvor S. Knaben. Tolmachev konkluderte på Dette var situasjonen fram til 1950-tallet. I Norge 1920-tallet med at navnene P. alpinum og P. nudi- gikk valmuen på Svalbard under Nordhagens navn caule var irrelevante for nordlige planter, og denne P. dahlianum , men utafor Norge gikk den vel så konklusjonen er siden blitt akseptert av alle forskere ofte under navnet P. polare (Tolm.) Perfil., bygd på innen gruppen. Tolmachev aksepterte Rottbølls Tolmachevs underart og opphøyd til art av Perfiljev navn, P. radicatum , som det mest relevante for (1936), i tråd med retningslinjene for den sovjetiske de nordlige plantene, og han delte disse på fem nasjonalfloraen (Komarovs Flora USSR ). Komarov underarter som han navnsatte som 1) P. radicatum aksepterte ikke underarter i sin flora, et syn både subsp. ovatilobum Tolm. (Tolmachev 1923, = subsp. Tolmachev og Perfiljev lojalt fulgte fra slutten av radicatum ) i Skandinavia og på Island, 2) subsp. 1920-tallet. lapponicum Tolm. (Tolmachev 1923) i Nord-Norge Slik var situasjonen på slutten av 1950-tallet, og Nord-Russland, 3) subsp. brachyphyllum Tolm. da Knaben begynte å studere gruppen. I sitt dok - (Tolmachev 1927) på Varangerhalvøya i Finnmark, torgradsarbeid (Knaben 1959a,b) kombinerte hun 4) subsp. jugoricum Tolm. (Tolmachev 1923) i nord- undersøkelser av kromosomtall med kromosom- ligste Ural, på Vaigach (øya mellom Novaja Semlja morfologi, krysningsforsøk og fertilitet i avkom, og og fastlandet), sørlige Novaja Semlja og i områdene generell morfologi, dvs. en moderne biosystematisk omkring, og 5) subsp. polare Tolm. (Tolmachev undersøkelse á la 1950-årene. Knabens hovedtema 1923) i flere nordlige områder fra Novaja Semlja var de lokale og regionale skandinaviske popula- og Vaigach i øst, til Svalbard, Bjørnøya og Island sjonsgruppene, som hun oppfattet som distinkte un- i vest, men senere med type pekt ut fra området derarter av høg alder, men her har nok ikke senere ved Longyearbyen på Svalbard (Egorova 1998). undersøkelser støttet hennes konklusjoner (se Sol- Nordhagen (1932) tok tak i Tolmachevs inndeling stad 1998, Solstad et al. 1999). Knaben begrenset og fant at de skandinaviske plantene skilte seg fra ikke sine undersøkelser til Skandinavia, men inklu- hverandre i flere karakterer som ikke overlappet, derte planter fra Grønland, Canada, Alaska, og til og som tilsa arter heller enn underarter. Han førte slutt også Svalbard. Materiale fra Russland ble ikke dem derfor til tre arter: P. radicatum fjellvalmue, P. inkludert på grunn av problemer med utveksling av lapponicum (Tolm.) Nordh. kolavalmue og P. dah- planter og informasjon under den kalde krigen. Noe lianum Nordh. svalbardvalmue (det norske navnet av det første Knaben gjorde, var å se på hvilken art først brukt hos Nordhagen 1940). Han inkluderte navnet P. radicatum skulle tilhøre. Rottbøll beskrev Tolmachevs subsp. brachyphyllum i P. dahlianum , planten fra tre ulike områder, hvor vi i dag vet at det men han vurderte eller kommenterte ikke spesifikt finnes tre arter. Áskell Löve (1955) argumenterte Tolmachevs subsp. polare . for at Rottbølls navn burde knyttes til en plante Nordhagens arbeid fra 1932 kom i forkant av fra Grønland, dvs. til en oktoploid plante. Knaben de første undersøkelsene av kromosomtall og var dypt uenig. Hun argumenterte for at navnet viser hvor godt taksonomisk gangsyn han hadde. skulle knyttes til den islandske og skandinaviske Da Kristian Horn (1938) fant ut at de skandinaviske dekaploiden, og spesifikt til hva hun oppfattet som valmuene lå på to kromosomtallsnivåer, var dette en underart fra Island (Knaben 1958). Hun bygde et epokegjørende arbeid for å dokumentere be- denne konklusjonen på at illustrasjonen av en hel tydningen av cytologi for taksonomi. Horn fant at plante hos Rottbøll (1770) samsvarte med islandske P. radicatum og P. dahlianum var dekaploide med planter, men overhodet ikke med grønlandske. Mer 2n = 70 kromosomer i vanlige celler, mens P. lap- utførlige omtaler av denne nokså underholdende ponicum var oktoploid med 2n = 56 kromosomer, disputten, som varte i over 10 år, og som fortsatt og at noen morfologisk litt avvikende populasjoner har ettervirkninger i ulike behandlinger av valmu- i grensefjella mellom Torne Lappmark og Troms, av ene, finnes hos Solstad et al. (1999) med mange Nordhagen (1932) kalt P. radicatum subsp. laesta- referanser. Arten P. radicatum i nomenklatorisk og dianum Nordh., også hadde 56 kromosomer. Disse biologisk betydning er, i følge Knaben (og oss), plantene ble sporenstreks beskrevet av Nordhagen begrenset til Island og Skandinavia, i og med at (1939) som en ny art – P. laestadianum (Nordh.) ingen planter som ser ut som Rottbølls illustrasjon Nordh. – på grunn av det avvikende kromosomtallet. er kjent fra Grønland eller Nord-Amerika, eller fra 188 Blyttia 72(3), 2014 To valmuearter på Svalbard, og litt om fjell- og polarvalmuer Nord-Russland eller Sibir. Elven & Nilsson i Jonsell beskrevet fra Resolute på Cornwallis Island i arktisk (2001) pekte i tillegg ut et nyere herbariebelegg Canada og antydet å være dodekaploid (med 2n = fra Nordvest-Island som en epitype (en type som 84 kromosomer i vanlige celler, Löve 1962). Senere bekrefter hvilken art et navn skal tilhøre, dersom forfattere har nesten unisont synonymisert dette originalmaterialet ikke er entydig). navnet med P. dahlianum eller med P. polare , f.eks. Når det gjelder Tolmachevs P. lapponicum fra Kiger & Murray (1997). Solstad (2009) fant at P. Nord-Russland, hadde allerede Nordhagen (1932) dahlianum og P. cornwallisense var godt skilte arter identifisert materiale som P.
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