Opium Poppy Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacology

Opium Poppy Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacology L. D. Kapoor, PhD CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business L. D. Kapoor, PhD Opium Poppy: Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacology % Pre-publication a he opium poppy (papaver REVIEWS, T somniferum) is said to be COMMENTARIES, the oldest recognized medicinal EVALUATIONS. plant in the world and is still very important, as it furnishes a most potent pain killer, morphine. In this monograph, Dr. Kapoor ex plains and develops in detail the importance of this hallowed drug. The book will be of incalculable value to anyone interested in this very important plant entity. It will be of most definite interest to the botanist, the plant physiologist, the phytochemist, the pharmacol ogist, the toxicologist, and the clinician. Every science library should have a copy on its shelves." George M. Hocking, PhD School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, USA More pre-publication REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, EVALUATIONS. his book has been written ‘ piurn poppy is a good rc- m. by an author who has view of the information nearly 50 years of extensive expe available on opium and its plant rience dealing with research and source Papaver somniferum Linn. utilization of opium poppy for Dr. L D. Kapoor has given a well- medical use in South Asia. Each documented historical account, chapter has an extensive bibliog tracing the origin of the plant and raphy for easy reference to each its spread in different parts of the cited original work in the text. world. Reference is also made to other The book is well written, and species of papaver and related the author has the benefit of genera that are phytochemically working on opium poppy for long and pharmacologically related to years in different parts of the In the opium plant Dr. Kapoor dian sub-continent Opium Poppy points out the similarities and dif will be a good source of reference ferences between them. to the research workers engaged This comprehensive monograph in the field of plant-based narcot on opium poppy will be of inter ics in general and opium poppy in est to medidnal plant researchers, particular." pharmacologists /toxicologists, and also to programs dealing with var R. 5. Kapil, PhD, FNA ious aspects of illicit trafficking of Director, this unique medicinal plant On Regional Research Laboratory, one hand, it serves immensely to Jammu, India alleviate human pain, while on the other, it causes suffering and loss of life the world over. Opium Poppy should be available as a very useful reference book on the subject in all major libraries." Bal Kaul, PhD Director, Research and Development, Kaulson Laboratories, Inc., West Caldwell, NJ, USA More pre-publication REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES EVALUATIONS. ew plants have served as by cogently assembling all avail - I both a boon and a curse at able botanical, chemical, and phar the same time. Opium poppy is macological details of this unique one such plant that alleviated hu plant of Asia Minor. The relevant man suffering, but as a narcotic, information is presented In eleven brought misery and loss of health chapters, each complete in itself and human values. Morphine, co with a comprehensive set of refer deine, papaverine, and other alka ences Extensive coverage and per loids isolated from this plant have spicuity are the hallmarks of this positive use in pharmaceutics; the invaluable reference source, which drug trafficking, however, is a will be of immense value to a wide global problem. spectrum of readers, including aca Opium poppy has been sub demicians and applied scientists." jected to intensive research throughout the world. Dr. L. D. Kapoor, a retired scientist of the Roma Mitra, PhD National Botanical Research Insti Botany-Pharmaceutici Scientist, tute, Lucknow, India, has done a National Botanical Research Inaitute, yeoman service in Opium Poppy, Lucknow, India Taylor &. Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Opium Poppy Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacology New, Recent, and Forthcoming Titles of Related Interest from FOOD PRODUCTS PRESS Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems by Miguel A. 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Kapoor, PhD CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 1995 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica tion and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To my wife, Prakash ABOUT THE AUTHOR L. D. Kapoor, PhD, is a retired scientist from the National Botani cal Research Institute, a national laboratory under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in Lucknow, India. Currently re siding in New Jersey, Dr. Kapoor is consultant to a number of pharmaceutical concerns working on natural products. He has served as an advisor in Sri Lanka and Bhutan for the commercial production of ayurvedic drugs for pharmaceutical preparations, and was invited by the government of Nepal to advise on the establish ment of herbal farms for the commercial production of herbs. A fellow of the Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore, and the Amer ican Society of Pharmacognosy, Dr. Kapoor is the author of four books and over 250 research papers. CONTENTS Foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Botanical Studies 19 General Description of the Plant 22 Distribution 24 Chapter 3: Cytology and Genetic Studies 41 Heterosis in Hybrid 52 Male Sterility 54 Mutation Breeding 55 Polyploidy Breeding 55 Chapter 4: Agricultural Studies 65 Fertilizers and Manures 66 Irrigation 69 Weeding and Hoeing 70 Harvesting 71 Yield of Opium/Morphine 75 Changes in Morphine Concentration 80 Diseases and Control Measures 80 Weather Hazards 85 Insect Pests 86 Chapter 5: Physiological Studies 95 Photoperiodic Studies 98 Respiration Studies 101 Effect of Growth Regulators 102 External Factors Affecting Opium and Morphine Content 104 Chapter 6: Anatomical Studies 111 Leaf 111 Stem 112 Peduncle 112 The Laticiferous Vessels 113 General Description of the Cultivated Plant 116 Vascular Traces in the Placenta 134 Stigmatic Rays 139 Comparative Antomy of the Capsules 140 Anatomy of the Other Floral Parts 146 Anatomical Studies of Seeds and Seedlings 153 Chapter 7: Constitution of Amphicribal Vascular Bundles in Capsule 157 Vascular Bundles of the Pedicel 157 The Nature and Course of the Vascular Bundles in the Receptacle and Gynoecium 158 Chapter 8: Chemical and Pharmacological Aspects of Opium Alkaloids 161 Powdered Opium 161 Meconic Acid 163 Pharmacology 173 Codeine 175 Heroin 175 Thebaine 176 Neopine 178 Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids 181 Laudanosoline 183 Laudanosine 183 Laudanine 183 Reticuline 184

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