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Estrellas Variables Y Su Estudio En El Observatorio Nacional Argentino

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Estrellas Variables Y Su Estudio En El Observatorio Nacional Argentino ESTRELLAS VARIABLES Y SU ESTUDIO EN EL [1] OBSERVATORIO NACIONAL ARGENTINO Santiago Paolantonio [email protected] www.historiadelaastronomia.wordpress.com El conocimiento de que determinadas estrellas cambian su brillo, algunas periódicamente otras irregularmente, se remonta a fines del siglo XVI. La cantidad de estos singulares astros conocidos a comienzos de los 1800 era de solo 16, situación que comenzó a revertirse a partir de ese momento en la medida que los astrónomos empezaron a prestarles progresivamente mayor atención, lo que se ve reflejado en el creciente número de estrellas variables identificadas. Friedrich Argelander, en el Anuario para 1844 de H. C. Schumacher, escribe "Invitación a los amigos de la astronomía", en el cual propone diversos trabajos con los que aficionados a la astronomía podían contribuir a esta ciencia, entre ellos, la observación de estrellas variables. En este texto incluye el nombre de 18 de estos objetos, todos visibles a simple vista y solo tres pertenecientes al cielo austral (Argelander, 1844; 214). Una década más tarde, Norman R. Pogson, asistente del Radcliffe Observatory de la Universidad de Oxford, lista 53 variables con sus correspondientes magnitudes máximas, mínimas y períodos, 13 de las cuales tienen declinación negativa (Johnson, 1856; 281-282). En 1865 aparece en la revista alemana Astronomische Nachrichten, un catálogo de 123 estrellas variables, recopiladas por el aficionado británico George W. Chambers, 35 ubicadas al sur del ecuador celeste (Chambers, 1865). Ese mismo año, Eduard Schönfeld, discípulo de Argelander, publica una lista con 113 estrellas (Pickering, 1903). Es en esta época que comienza el estudio sistemático de las variaciones de luz de estas estrellas. Cuando en 1870 se inician los estudios del cielo austral desde el Observatorio Nacional Argentino, se habían agregado 22 nuevas variables (Pickering, 1903). Habíamos señalado en Minniti, Paolantonio y Melia 2000 que a lo largo de la primera etapa del observatorio, hasta el año 1908, correspondiente a las direcciones de Benjamin Gould y John Thome, los extensos y detallados estudios que se realizaron primero para la Uranometría Argentina, posteriormente para los grandes catálogos y en especial para la Córdoba Durchmusterung, derivaron en el descubrimiento de una considerable cantidad de estrellas variables. En la Uranometría Argentina, aparecida en 1879, se señalaron 208 nuevas estrellas variables o sospechosas de serlo. Por otro lado, en la Córdoba Durchmusterung, se publicaron tres listas: 527 en la primera entrega, volumen 16 de los Resultados del Observatorio Nacional Argentino, 236 en la segunda entrega, volumen 17 y 774 en la tercera entrega, volumen 18 (Thome, 1892; 1894 y 1900). Totalizan la notable cifra de 1536 estrellas. S. Paolantonio Agosto 2013 ESTRELLAS VARIABLES Y SU ESTUDIO EN EL [2] OBSERVATORIO NACIONAL ARGENTINO Carta de identificación de T Monocerotis en una de las libretas originales en que se registraban las observaciones para la Uranometría Argentina (Museo OAC, digitalización S. Paolantonio). Teniendo en cuenta el número de variables conocida en la época, el número encontrado resulta ser una contribución sumamente considerable, sin embargo, son relativamente poco conocidas cuáles específicamente fueron descubiertas en estos trabajos. Una detallada revisión de las estrellas marcadas en el catálogo de la Uranometría – páginas 131 a 234 – con “var”, consideradas como variables y con “var?” sospechadas de serlo, además de la revisión de las “Notas del Catálogo” – páginas 240 a 339 –, y su cruce con la última edición del Catálogo General de Estrellas Variables, listas complementarias y el Nuevo Catálogo de Estrellas Variables Sospechosas (Samus et al, 2007-2012), permitió determinar que actualmente 67 son consideradas variables y 62 sospechosas. A continuación se resumen los resultados obtenidos. Estrellas actualmente catalogadas como variables, que fueron señaladas en la Uranometría Argentina como variables o sospechosas. (Ordenadas por ascensión recta) Nu Fornacis V376 Puppis GT Muscae V2368 Ophiuchi X Tauri NSV 3708 V Hydrae U Ophiuchi R Doradus T Puppis T Carinae RS Sagittarii R Eridani NSV 4389 Epsilon Muscae V4028 Sagittarii S Eridani NSV 4492 R Sculptoris Kappa Pavonis V1085 Orionis N Velorum R Muscae V4198 Sagittarii CI Orionis R Carinae EP Virginies V5548 Sagittarii V1377 Orionis l Carinae Theta Apodis V4438 Sagittarii NSV 2918 R Velorum R Apodis Rho Pavonis T Monocerotis R Antliae CU Virginies Epsilon Pegasi NSV 3234 S Carinae R Centauri DQ Gruis NSV 3285 V337 Carinae T Trianguli Australi IOTA Phoenicis V637 Monocerotis LX Velorum R Trianguli Australi TX Piscium Sigma Canis Majoris U Antliae Delta Lupi HH Pegasi OU Puppis U Hydrae R Normae AL Sculptoris L2 Puppis V429 Carinae S Trianguli Australi NSV 13 U Monocerotis V519 Carinae KHI Ophiuchi S. Paolantonio Agosto 2013 ESTRELLAS VARIABLES Y SU ESTUDIO EN EL [3] OBSERVATORIO NACIONAL ARGENTINO En la Uranometría Argentina las magnitudes se realizaron utilizando el método fraccionario. En la imagen se muestra una parte de las anotaciones originales realizada en 1873. Cada estrella era observada al menos por dos observadores. Cuando las estimas diferían eran medidas nuevamente y seguidas a lo largo de los años por si se trataban de variables. Los estrictos controles llevaron a que la dispersión interna de las estimas fuera del orden de 0,03 magnitudes[1] (Museo OAC, digitalización S. Paolantonio). Estrellas actualmente catalogadas como sospechosas de variabilidad, que fueron señaladas en la Uranometría Argentina como variables o sospechosas. (Número correspondientes al NSV - New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars-) 446 2690 5555 11056 278 2770 5656 11557 487 3017 5729 11769 504 3777 6213 11992 711 17785 6253 12155 1337 4346 6500 12933 1556 4428 6648 13187 1731 4440 6629 13419 1755 4568 6630 13627 1826 4725 6675 14057 1837 4862 7578 14291 1872 4856 7844 14068 2240 5006 8088 14320 2261 5456 8664 14338 2549 5515 9037 14528 2641 10009 S. Paolantonio Agosto 2013 ESTRELLAS VARIABLES Y SU ESTUDIO EN EL [4] OBSERVATORIO NACIONAL ARGENTINO L2 Puppis fue una de las más notables estrellas variables descubiertas durante la realización de la Uranometría Argentina. La imagen muestra la carta de identificación realizada para su observación con Círculo Meridiano en 1881 (Museo OAC, digitalización S. Paolantonio). Estrellas que fueron incluidas en el “New Catalogue of Suspected Variable Stars” y hoy se consideran que no lo son. (Número correspondientes al NSV) 219 3689 5111 7635 540 3830 5157 7966 561 4085 5662 8062 579 4104 6043 8509 eta 1 Hyi 4142 6092 10173 911 4186 6120 11372 982 4282 6281 12088 1142 4423 6315 12201 1763 4694 6608 13064 1800 4758 6769 13113 1806 4797 6807 13208 2158 4837 6821 13660 2714 4909 7058 13662 2866 4978 7149 13692 2896 5041 7239 14049 3669 S. Paolantonio Agosto 2013 ESTRELLAS VARIABLES Y SU ESTUDIO EN EL [5] OBSERVATORIO NACIONAL ARGENTINO Información sobre cada una de estas estrellas pueden obtenerse en los siguientes vínculos: The International Variable Star Index (www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=search.top) General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS database) (www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi- bin/search.htm) Las siguientes estrellas indicadas según la codificación de la Uranometría Argentina (código de constelación y número correlativo por ascensión recta) que no se encontraron en los catálogos GCVS, Listas complementarias y NSV. Pisces 108 Puppis 74 Pisces 110 Volans 10 Pisces 111 Puppis 108 Pisces 112 Puppis 111 Leo 43 Puppis 114 Fornax 50 Puppis 157 Mensa 22 Hydra 56 Orion110 Hydra 60 Los datos de estas estrellas pueden encontrarse en el catálogo en el siguiente vínculo: http://historiadelaastronomia.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/uab_catalogo.pdf Otras variables descubiertas Durante las observaciones meridianas realizadas para los catálogos de Zonas y General Argentino, fueron halladas otras variables, relativamente pocas en comparación a los otros trabajos. Por ejemplo: R Piscis Austrini, R Indi (Gould, 1884), R Phoenicis (Gould, 1885) y S Centauri (Gould, 1890) En cuanto a las descubiertas en la Córdoba Durchmusterung, dado el elevado número de las mismas aún no ha sido posible identificar todas las variables, algunas de las cuales son las siguientes: T Sculptoris R Fornacis T Horologii S Pyxidis Y Velorum RU Hydrae T Normae SS Scorpii RR Scorpii RZ Sagittarii RR Capricorni W Sculptoris Z Sculptoris U Sculptoris U Eridani S Columbae Y Puppis R Lupi RX Scorpii S. Paolantonio Agosto 2013 ESTRELLAS VARIABLES Y SU ESTUDIO EN EL [6] OBSERVATORIO NACIONAL ARGENTINO Hoja original que fue enviada al impresor con parte de la lista de las sospechosas de variabilidad de la Córdoba Durchmusterung, conservada en el Museo del Observatorio (Museo OAC, digitalización S. Paolantonio). Nota [1] El método fraccionario consiste en la comparación de la estrella a la cual se le desea determinar su brillo con otras dos cuyas magnitudes se conocen. Una de éstas debe ser más brillante, mientras que la otra menos. El intervalo de magnitudes de las estrellas de comparación se divide en 3, 5 o 10 partes y se elige en que fracción se ubica la estrella que se está estimando. El método es aún hoy usado para estimas rápidas de brillo y por los astrónomos aficionados, por ejemplo, para el seguimiento de estrellas variables. El error promedio para una observación individual es del orden de 0,1 magnitudes, el cual se reduce cuando la estima es realizada por diversos observadores. El valor de 0,03 magnitudes es muy bueno y fue obtenido por el Dr. G. De Vaucouleurs (De Vaucouleurs 1970). Sin embargo, la escala de la Uranometría difiere de las actuales unas 0,3 magnitudes en exceso de acuerdo a estudios preliminares realizados por el autor (Paolantonio y Minniti, 2008). Referencias Argelander, F. W. A. (1844). Aufforderung an freunde der astronomie, en Schumacher, H. C. (1844) Jahrbuch für 1844, 122-254. Chambers, G. F. (1865). A Catalogue of variable Stars. Astronomische Nachrichten, vol. 63, 117- 124. De Vaucouleurs, G. (1970). The wonder star, Eta Carinae, and the Uranometría Argentina, Primer Congreso de Historia de la Ciencia, Septiembre 11-13 de 1969, Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Tomo 48, Córdoba.
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