NewsletterNational Defence College - VOLUME I COURSE 23 - 2020/21

THE DRIVERS OF CHANGE CONTENTS 113 35

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS6 ...... 2 THE79 NEW NORMAL POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC.....64 FROM THE COMMANDANT’S DESK...... 3 PICTORIAL...... 66 MESSAGE FROM THE SPONSOR...... 4 THE POWER OF INFRASTRUCTURE FROM THE CHAIRMAN OF THE EDITORIAL DEVELOPMENT...... 68 PUBLISHER: COMMITTEE...... 5 RUNNING ON THE WORLD STAGE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF KENYA’S ATHLETICS NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE THE DESIRE FOR FINANCIAL STABILITY: A BALANCE BETWEEN WORK AND PRIVATE LIFE FOR SOCIAL BRAND...... 69 P. O. Box 24381- 00502, SECURITY...... 6 THE ROAD SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN NAIROBI, KENYA GENDER ASPECT IN BURUNDI NATIONAL DEFENCE ZAMBIA: A REVIEW OF FINANCING MODELS...... 71 FORCE...... 9 Tel: +254 (020) 3883549, STATE AND GOVERNMENT IN : GETTING ONE STOP BORDER POST AND REGIONAL THE BALANCE RIGHT FOR KENYA’S NATIONAL +254 (020) 2606230 INTEGRATION: MIRAGE OR A REALITY...... 11 SECURITY...... 74 Fax: +254 (020) 3883552 ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING PUBLIC THE YOUTH BULGE IN AFRICA: A TIME BOMB OR OPINION...... 13 OPPORTUNITY...... 77 Email: [email protected] CHIEF MKWAWA OF THE WAHEHE AND THE WHEN THE UNEXPECTED BECOMES THE NORM... 79 Website: www.ndc.go.ke POLITICS OF INDIRECT RULE IN TANGANYIKA...... 15 THE ROAD TO NEW YORK: KENYA’S BID FOR BAMBOO GROWING FOR FOREST CONSERVATION THE NON-PERMANENT SEAT OF THE UNITED DESIGNED & PRINTED BY: IN KENYA...... 17 NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL FOR THE PERIOD DIPLOMACY: THE AFRICAN WAY...... 20 2021-2022...... 82 Ustawi Kenya Ltd CYBER WARFARE: REAL FACT OR JUST FICTION?... 23 VIRTUAL TEAMS: OVERCOMING CHALLENGES OF Cell: +254 (0) 722 287 297, DYNAMICS AND EFFECTIVENESS...... 85 THE SOCIAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 TO +254 (0) 732 835 151 THE TOURISM NDUSTRY IN MALAWI...... 25 BRAVING THE RAVAGING FLOODS OF BUDALANG’I...... 87 Email: [email protected] NATIONAL COHESION AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN AFRICA...... 26 BRIDGES TO OPPORTUNITIES FROM KENYA’S BRAIN DRAIN...... 90 BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: MINISTRY OF ICT, EDITORIAL COMMITTEE: INNOVATION AND YOUTH AGENDA...... 28 CHALLENGES FACING SMALL SCALE MINING IN ...... 93 Col. Peter Githinji (Chairman), Col. KNOWING HOW TO LEARN IN THE INFORMATION AGE...... 31 BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE THROUGH Gilbert Oduor, Col. S. M. Kasura, NYUMBA KUMI SECURITY INITIATIVE IN KENYA...... 94 LEADERSHIP COUNTS IN CRISIS, ROLE OF Col. Joytendra Mahat, Col. Kizito B. LEADERSHIP IN CRISIS...... 34 REVISITING THE IN-LAWS: WHY AFRICA MUST RENEGOTIATE...... 96 Mswaga, Brig. Gen Richard Tobias, DIASPORA AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA...... 36 HARNESSING SPORTS FOR DIPLOMACY AND Opening ceremony of NDC Course Number 23/2020-2021 Opening ceremony Brig. Gen. James Kinalwa, Mr. Longinus COMMUNITY STABILITY...... 99 Mulondo, Mr. John K. Sambu, Ms. ROLE OF FORENSIC ANALYSIS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS...... 39 IS COVID-19 REALLY AN EQUALIZER OF ALL?...... 101 Lenah M. Nyambu, Ms. Josephine HEALTH BENEFITS OF MAINTAINING A KENYA’S CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL MIGRATION POLICY FRAMEWORKS...... 103 Manyasi RECOMMENDED BODY MASS INDEX DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC...... 42 MY BODA BODA FRIEND AND THE LOCK-DOWN..107 SOCIO-CULTURAL CHALLENGES FIGHTING COVID LUANDA MAGERE - THE LUO LEGEND...... 109 COPYRIGHT © 2020 19 IN LUANDA VIHIGA COUNTY...... 44 MISSION READINESS IN No part of this publication may be POLICING; DISCRETIONARY POWERS AS A BREACH THE FACE OF COVID-19 AND BEYOND...... 111 reproduced in any form or by means OF TRUST...... 46 MY STAY IN CHALBI DISTRICT...... 115 UNLIMITED BY THE SKIES...... 48 without written permission of the SYOKIMAU: YESTERYEARS KAMBA HEROINE OF THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN TAX KENYA...... 117 publisher. ADMINISTRATION...... 50 YOUTH ENGAGED VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND SOFT NETWORKING: PATHWAY TO UNENDING POWER INITIATIVES IN ...... 118 HORIZON...... 52 THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN THE FIGHT AGAINST DISCLAIMER CHALLENGES IN CRIME MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF COVID 19...... 120 The views and articles contained in ...... 54 THE EFFECT OF SECULAR MUSIC AND MEDIA ON this newsletter are solely those of the RESPONDING TO ORGANIZED CRIME IN AFRICA: YOUTH DELINQUENCY...... 123 THE KENYAN EXPERIENCE...... 56 UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITY OF participants concerned. They do not in KENYA’S AN OFFSHOOT OF ORGANIZED CRIME...... 125 any way reflect the official position of BUGANDA KINGDOM...... 58 THE STORY OF Mt. KENYA AND ABERDARE MILITARY DIPLOMACY IN FOREIGN POLICY ECOSYSTEMS: THE HEARTBEAT OF KENYA...... 128 the Ministry of Defence or that of the IMPLEMENTATION...... 60 PICTORIAL...... 131 National Defence College. PROTECTION OF REFUGEES: THE AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE...... 62

NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 1 EDITORIAL FROM THE COMMITTEE COMMANDANT’S MEMBERS DESK n behalf of the National Defence College (NDC) fraternity, I wish to welcome all readers to this issue of Newsletter Volume 1 for Course 23-2020/21. Though the course started when the world was grappling with the challenges Oof COVID-19 pandemic, they have adapted well to the situation and have released their first NDC Newsletter. The Newsletter is a platform for the course participants to express their personal views on a wide range of issues including valuable personal experiences. It expands Participants reach and forms an integral college overall network to extended audience which includes potential partners and prospective Participants.

To our readers, the NDC is a premier institution established to provide Participants with the intellectual tools aimed at preparing selected Senior Military Officers and equivalent-ranking Senior Civil Servants of the Republic of Kenya and their counterparts from selected friendly countries for higher responsibilities in the strategic direction and management of security and other related LT GEN A K MULATA, areas of public policy. CBS, OGW, ‘ndc’ (K) ‘psc’ (UK) COMMANDANT NDC Excellence is the symbol of the institution and as a college, we are proud to be associated with the sterling performance of past Participants who have achieved greater heights and such is expected of the Participants of this course. I therefore encourage Course 23-2020/21 Participants to also feel inspired and raise the bar of excellence a rank higher.

FROM LEFT TO RIGHT: Col. Peter Githinji (Chairman), Brig. Gen. James Kinalwa, Ms. Lenah M. Nyambu, Brig. Gen Richard Chagonapanja As the Commandant of the NDC, I wish to congratulate the course Tobias, Ms. Josephine Manyasi, Col. S. M. Kasura, Col. S. Melanyi, Mr. Longinus Mulondo, Mr. John K. Sambu. participants and the editorial committee for their contributions, compilation and timely production of this Newsletter. I am certain that this Newsletter is but only the beginning of the creative journey and will serve to inculcate the culture of creativity as well as scientific writing.

2 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 3 MESSAGE FROM THE FROM THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SPONSOR EDITORIAL COMMITTEE he editorial Board of the National Defence College t gives me great pleasure and satisfaction that the Drivers is pleased to launch the first edition of the of Change, Course 23-2020/21 has against all odds and newsletter of course 23-2020/21 which serves as a challenges managed to release their first Newsletter. platform to highlight the literary and contribution As I write this Editorial, the Covid-19 pandemic has of the 55 course Participants drawn from seven transformed our lives. We are living through extraordinary Tdifferent Countries, pitching together for this maiden effort. The Itimes and although, by the time this reaches you, hopefully the articles cover diverse contemporary issues that have to do with lock-down may be easing, one thing is clear that we will almost professional experience, security, education, culture and sports certainly have to adjust to a ‘new normal’ both in our social and activities that affect humanity as perceived by participants. working lives.

This being their first written product, it is appreciated that course In this period, learning continues remotely and it has been 23/2020/21, the “The DRIVERS OF CHANGE”, have exploited their remarkable how well all staff and participants have reacted creativity and experiences and put their best effort in producing and adapted to our new way of working. Credit goes to all the this newsletter. I wish to congratulate them and hope that the Course participants and the College fraternity for their immense readers will be inspired by the content. It is further expected that contribution and determination to actualize this publication. the Participants will continue improving their writing skills to produce even better works in the future. I also wish to thank the Commandant for his guidance and support in the preparation and publication of this Newsletter which covers MAJ. GEN. P. A. AMOGOLA, As the sponsor, I thank the editorial team as well as all the COL. P. M. GITHINJI contemporary issues and personal experiences by 55 participants CBS, ‘ndc’ ‘psc’ (K) participants for their tireless effort in producing articles of good ‘psc’ (U) drawn from 7 countries. SDS ARMY quality in spite of the daunting workload in term one. Finally, I wish CHAIRMAN to sincerely thank the Commandant for his continued guidance, direction and support throughout the process of producing this Newsletter.

4 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 5 will allow market participants to begin bearing of financially stable nation and an putting their resources back to work in the individual. Advancement in technology has THE DESIRE FOR FINANCIAL STABILITY: areas where they are most beneficial. come in handy to embrace the social and business interactions virtually and online, Practically, very few employees are fully saving an ever busy public servant the A BALANCE BETWEEN WORK AND dependent on employee remunerations scarce resource; time. especially in the developing world where wages and remunerations are minimal. The employers’ requirements in public PRIVATE LIFE FOR SOCIAL SECURITY The advent of technology has enabled offices are viewed as a hindrance in the from their intrinsic values, and payments such circumstances. This is due to the social connectivity and eased the business personal development of employees due may not arrive on time. Major instability inability for them to engage in “extra coin” operational environment. The restriction to classical believes that employees should more debt. Your ability to handle financial can lead to bank runs, hyperinflation, or a earning business in comparison to the and determinant of success in this case will not engage themselves in other personal hardships, a job loss, or a large unexpected stock market crash. It can severely shake private sector employees who have part- be time and start-up capital. Under search income generating activities. In reality, expense is all examples of being financially confidence in the financial and economic time engagements dependent on their circumstances, we look at modalities on other than the basic human needs of food, stable. If you need to use a credit card or system. profession. The ethical conduct in the how individual employees can aspire clothing and shelter, the motivating factor take a loan to handle emergencies, then public sector prohibits diverted attention to be financially stable capitalizing on for man to perfect their line of work is an you are still not quite to the point of having On citizenry, the effects of financial of public officers into “alternative technology, the global financial trend attractive remuneration, accommodation total financial stability. instability are wide spread from loss of adventure for greener pasture”. The while satisfying the employer. and capability to meet the cost of their employment, increased poverty, surges subsequent question therefore is; with the basic needs. Personal interests are For the individual, the journey can begin in crime, lack of capability to meet basic current global trend, what is the retention secondly to institutional interest as an from working on building up a savings needs, lack of market for the produce and strategy by Governments to retain employee. However, peace of mind is a account or retirement plan. In fact, if you poor service delivery. These are effects and attract professional in the public proven principle in professional efficiency can do both, your financial situation will COL EDWARD M. O. NYAMAO, synonymous to inflation and collapse of sector? Can it be substantial package and productivity. Individual financial be even stronger. How can this be done ‘PSC’(K), CMGR, FCMI the economy. and allowances, increased terms and stability is an avenue to the peace of mind while leveraging on changing environment KENYA ARMY conditions of remuneration? Or reviewing and a public servant can only achieve that of science and technology? The financial Individuals are hit hard by the poor state the ethical regulations to accommodate through leveraging on technology. institutions have laid various platforms ccording to the World Bank of the economy in the apex of financial the changing trends? through which businesses transactions and report, a stable financial instability. Banks opt to do business Every individual, working or not, desires other communications can be employed system is one that is capable of with the states for fear of loan default by to be financially stable to sustain his/her from the comfort of your offices. Gone efficiently allocating resources, individual borrowers, industries resort needs and that of the family. In doing are the days when workers used to take assessing and managing financial risks, to downsizing or “right sizing”, closure so however, there has to be a balance day-offs to attend to bank issues. Opening maintaining employment levels close of firms and Small and Medium term between service delivery and individual bank accounts for saving purposes, to the economy’s natural rate, and Enterprises (SMEs) resort to restructuring self-development, without infringing on online business operations, money eliminatingA relative price movements to optimal levels, cost reduction methods the requirements of any sphere. The term market transactions, mobile banking and of real or financial assets that will affect by both public and private sector financial stability often refers to the state of business monitoring are online facilities monetary stability or employment levels. occasioning to individual employees an entire financial system of an economy, that an individual needs to capitalize on. The report also indicates that a financial being negatively affected and cash flow but it can also apply to the individual. In MPESA effect is the best example on how system is in a range of stability when it constraints. terms of the economy, financial stability technology has transformed the lifestyle of dissipates financial imbalances that arise On a working day, a simultaneous means that the existing climate is resistant Kenyans and the world at large. endogenously or as a result of significant Employees in public service who entirely tintinnabulation of the bell is the daily to serious shocks and that the economy adverse and unforeseen events. In stability, depend on salary, to whom majority So, what is the responsibility of norm of a public servant. The weekends can continue to fulfill its basic necessary The mobile devices, therefore can be the system will absorb the shocks primarily of us fall, will be the worst affected in Governments in ensuring their citizens are no exception for National Security functions. The use of funds, managing beneficial and a source of financial via self-corrective mechanisms, preventing have a better livelihood? According officers. That also makes a way of life risks, and arranging payments are all breakthrough as they can also be an adverse events from having a disruptive to IMF, in order to restore economic for any entrant into the public service elements of financial stability. Whether it effect on the real economy or on other stability, policymakers must focus work force, a place credited for ethical is the world economy or your household financial systems. Financial stability is on restoring the institutional role of behaviour, dedication, discipline, hard budget, understanding these components paramount for economic growth, as most governing. Government can provide a work and professionalism as the key is crucial to success. transactions in the real economy are made stable environment for economic growth virtues of a public officer. Though there through the financial system. when it can be depended upon to maintain exists levels of freedom in the private For the private individual, being financially The true value of financial stability is best the stability of the currency, enforce sector, the same self-discipline and norms stable means, not having to worry about illustrated in its absence, in periods of and defend property rights, and provide are expected to exist. In an effort to make paying for expenses, or taking care of your financial instability. During these periods, oversight that assures private citizens ends meet and attain social stability, the obligations. It does not mean that you have banks are reluctant to finance profitable that their transaction partners in the delicate balancing between personal social to be rich, but it does mean that you are projects, asset prices deviate excessively marketplace are held accountable. This security and serving the public has a direct able to handle finances without taking on

6 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 7 avenue for financial destruction if not the workplace. A stable mind is therefore well managed. Utilized for other social a productive mind and a target for all activities like WhatsApp and other internet employers. It is therefore essential to connectivity, security of financial data is a ensure that your productivity level is at GENDER ASPECT IN BURUNDI risk factor. From a constrained time of a the highest through creating a favourable public servant, the device can be utilized environment for yourself and in extension, to control your financial private life your employer. NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE extending from payment of bills, wages logic forced the military institution to aspect. An increased representation of for casual workers, money market trading Financial stability is not about being rich. reform itself not to participate in political the women is necessary to optimize the or instant remittances for retirement In fact, it is not a number at all. It is more institutions. Then, since the initiative available intellectual, technical and social packages. Social networking is also a of a mindset. When you are financially of reforming the armed, forces can only resources for the Defence of the country critical component that cannot be left stable, you do not have to stress about come from the state, the only authority and the participation in peace keeping out of the benefits accruable from mobile money and you can focus your energy willing to carry out such an action head missions. devices. on other parts of your life and work on; it has succeeded thanks to the political environment. A model geared towards docility and the absence of claims. Gender aspect consideration in the huge amount that can be at their The global financial environment and achieving the desired financial stability Burundi National Defence Force disposal. It is not the salary that makes one management are majorly turning digital. from the comfort of a public office is more Thus thanks to this reform, the military The Defence Forces are committed to rich but the spending habits. No valuable A success of an individual or institution of an individual perception that should institution became professional. By gender equality and employ a gender financial discipline there can be without a is majorly dependent on innovation be customized to a particular situation accessing internal sovereignty, on July 30, perspective in all policies and regulations. budget. The budgeting principle has only capability, be it from developing since operating environments is varied. 1960, Burundi adopted a national army in We understand gender equality to mean one rule; do not go over the budget. COL. BERNARD BIMENYIMANA 1967 strongly inspirited by contemporary the equal rights, responsibilities and technological change to harnessing on Critical consideration is making one’s BURUNDI NATIONAL DEFENCE virgin areas of technology. The successful finances Personal. This includes focusing armies and the experience of the opportunities for women and men, boys Other critical considerations in personal FORCE future entrepreneur is one who will on your situation and not worrying about institution of the troops of the kingdom of and girls. Equality does not mean women financial management include creating manage to utilize the least time on the anyone else’s situation. Adapt the strategy our country. The attitude of the military and men become the same but that women emergency fund to take care of unforeseen physical market but maximize on the of deviating from the “right way” to do he armed forces, in the course to the process of democratization is and men’s rights, responsibilities and circumstances, living within one’s means innovative technology to leverage on the things to the “personal way” of doing of history, have been the symbol largely conditioned by the attitude of the opportunities will not depend on whether by not having competitive expenditures profits accruable. Smart farming, research things. There is not one specific method of the power of Kingdoms transitional authorities. The army must they are male or female. with your mates, investment in retirement and online trading, Bitcoins and smart or timetable that is best for everyone. and Empires. Thus the armies devote itself exclusively to serving the age and paying off debts in a timely currencies may determine the future were cornerstone on which rested the institutions of the republic, if it wishes A gender perspective means being able manner. In all the above, make sure that entrepreneur, and a solution between the Secondly, there is need to understand that power of the monarchs they served for to maintain its pride, cohesion, unity and to recognize that any given situation may you have some fun; live well and ensure workplace and self-financial stability. the most important investment in personal their honours. They had the monopoly discipline which are its strength. effect men and women differently and your future is safe and stick with the financial stability is yourself. God created of legitimate violence and used it to being able to respond accordingly. Burundi proven lifestyle. Financial stability is thus T The discussion of this article is to When you are financially stable, you feel all humans on the same platform with defend the interests of the sovereign and National Defence Force is an inclusive the freedom to live life on your terms highlight the rapid response, ability confident with your financial situation. equal opportunities, but gradually, social the people. With the evolution and the organization and encourages participation without worrying about how you’ll pay to do, responsibilities in the direction You do not worry about paying your bills differences begin to emerge from the way constitution of the modern States, the of women at all levels. Actually, in Burundi your next bill. The chart below illustrates management, security and other public because you can easily plan and afford of thinking, perceptions and the groups of mass conflicts especially the two World all roles are open to women and men on a model expenditure plan policy and the part of women in the national the payment. You are debt free, you have associations. Naturally, it is believed that a wars in particular, contributed to increase merit and an equal opportunities basis. On interests. By the wishes of population, savings for your future goals and you man’s status and welfare is determined by the prestige of the armed forces. Indeed, military operations, we encourage mixed Finally, the prosperity, peace and Burundi had opened the doors of the army also have enough to cover emergencies. whom he associates thyself with. Working in the power of a nation was measured by a gender units in order to have personnel happiness of a nation is measured by the to the women since 1993. The Ministry of The same confidence is transferred to an environment that is enjoyable is critical number of the men in its army and by the available to respond to any given situation welfare status of its citizens. The ability National Defence and War Veterans has for both one’s mind and financial stability. modernity of their equipment. which can happen. When mixed gender to meet the basic needs of a person is initiated the reforms and measures aiming Leveraging on your experience at work patrols are deployed and better equipped, paramount to their welfare. As a shared At the end of the Second World War, the at the professionalization of the body, place to create a familiar financial base is they respond to a variety of situations that responsibility, nations facilitate and need for economic revival and democratic including the integration of the gender essential. An example of transferring the might occur in today’s complex security A success of an individual ensure a conducive environment for system has weakened the importance of government procurement system to the environment these include having both economic growth while individual and military organization in the socio-political or institution is majorly private enterprise has been known to be males and females available for urban enterprises create successive business landscape. This state of the affairs was very effective in the private sector. operations, search operations, working on dependent on innovation to enhance the economic growth. In the confirmed at the end of the Cold War checkpoints, when patrolling villages and long run, a stable growth ensures a stable and the fall of the Berlin wall. Indeed, the According to Will Rogers quote, too many towns, and responding to cases of gender capability, be it from economy and subsequently, a financially logic of confrontation has given way to people spend money they have not earned, based violence. endowed citizen with high productivity that of business. Then, war was not in the developing technological to buy things they do not want, to impress as a critical factor of production. Let the trenches but on the markets. The armed people that they do not like. How one change to harnessing on prosperity, peace and happiness of our forces were forced to find their place in a Equality manages the little amount at their disposal The equality aims to ensure everyone, male nation be a shared responsibility with us, world where business acumen and market Picture of Burundian Women in the peace virgin areas of technology. is a clear reflection of how they will handle the citizens. . logic were the most important. This new keeping mission “MINUSCA” in Central African or female, is treated fairly and is provided Republic.

8 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 9 with the same opportunities. We support cohesion and the social fairness, but also The involvement of the an inclusive workplace where dignity and increase the performance of the sector. respect are accorded to all, regardless of The diversity in the composition of the woman to the mission of rank, gender, religion, civil status, family defence bodies and the hold in account of ONE STOP BORDER status or sex. Burundi National Defence the specificities of the sexes in the setting peacekeeping has tendency Force encourages and supports the right of the operations allow the bodies to fulfill to increase the confidence to dignity at work. Sexual harassment and their mission better. The full integration of POST AND REGIONAL harassment in any form is not accepted woman in the armed services maximizes of the local population and is not tolerated. the capacity of the armies to honour their protective mission of the democratic towards the mission. INTEGRATION: MIRAGE Diversity societies that also supports the defence of The difference between the fundamental values such the citizenship Diversity refers to the collective mixture there are some peculiarities of their needs. OR A REALITY and the equality. The involvement of the of differences and similarities that gender’s aspect and the sex In most cases, the society will determine track custom processes in accordance with woman to the mission of peacekeeping has include for example individual and The sex, is that with what we are born, is women’s role in the military, however regional and national regimes. The OSBP is tendency to increase the confidence of the organizational characteristics, beliefs, a biological concept based on biological the gender strategy in Burundi National inherently designed to ensure accelerated local population towards the mission. experiences, backgrounds, preferences characteristics such as difference Defence Force is focused on the situation crossing time, reduced logistical costs and and behaviours. The Defence Force aims in genital. It establishes a biological of the women in the military and it improved security for people, goods and The incorporation of the women and to raise awareness of the variety of jobs difference between the woman and recommends a better account of gender on means of transport. expert in sexual specificities in military and opportunities that are available within the man. The gender determines the the legal framework, logistical aspect, and and defence institutions permits to adapt a modern inclusive military force. In order roles, the behaviours, the values and the sensitization in recruitment. The presence Experience from the Rest of the the policies and programs of defense. to reflect the society we serve, the Defence responsibilities that the women, the men, of military women personnel during peace They can contribute to an assessment World on One Stop Border Post Force aims to attract future members from the girls and the boys must play in general keeping operations presents a better of the needs that takes into account the all backgrounds. within their families, their communities, environment where a variety of challenges (OSBP) vulnerable groups concerning security. cultural perceptions and the society. These that vulnerable group confronts can be OSBP is not just practiced in the region and The increased presence of the women Therefore, managing diversity and specific roles to the gender are defined well dealt with by women. That include Africa alone but a best practice from other in the armed services and during the MS. L. M. NYAMBU promoting inclusion in response to a by the society and can be modified thus, paying particular concern to women and parts of the globe. Intra-regional trades in operations of peace keeping permits more diversified society is vital. In an since they depend on a historic, cultural, children by offering full kind of support NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE various parts of the world are increasingly a comfortable collaboration with the increasingly complex security environment political and society context. that men would. SERVICE redefining the global development agenda. a diverse military force is required to tackle organizations of the women. The State-governments have turned to strengths of peace keeping that consist of Background strategies of ‘making their countries great’ unforeseen events and threats. Other The value of the women in the benefits include having personnel who feel the women, collaborate with organisms In Africa, just like in other global by seeking to renegotiate their positions armed services and in Peace included and are empowered to contribute of women, are better to discover and to regions, interstate and regional trade in regional blocks, increasing their trade in a positive manner. Keeping Operations warn the violations of the human rights is driven mainly by legal and economic volumes by exploring new markets, and A gender strategy was adopted in 2011. and to answer the particular needs of considerations which may drive or hinder expanding their trade Corridors. These Demonstrating a respect for difference helps Thereafter, the Ministry of the National the vulnerable groups. Women can better regional trade capacity and capability strategies have given prominence to intra- create a more innovative problem-solving Defence and ex combatants included access the population, including women making it a reality if the objectives in the regional trade and the need to improve and children. They are able to build trust culture with new approaches and fresh gender in its activities from 2011 to 2013. Military women of Burundian Contingent enabling treaties are met or a mirage if it channels of trade within the economic perspectives that benefit the organization It reinforces therefore to Burundi the and confidence with local communities, celebrant the International Women’s Day, March remains unimplemented but a prolonged blocks and beyond. In Asia, the Chinese 8, 2020 in Subit in Central African Republic by creating an environment where all impetus to value the woman’s role promote serve as powerful mentors. “MINUSCA”. idea but only in documents. African have established the Belt and Road employees can contribute fully. To be more her rights and to protect the women and countries are beginning to appreciate initiative, an ambitious infrastructural Conclusion reflective of our society, the Defence Force the girls against the violence based on sex. The biggest challenges of the gender the need for a concerted effort towards project that seeks to improve the country’s Women are deployed and have made strongly encourages people from minority The gender strategy within the Burundi aspect in the Burundi National Defence lessening the custom restrictions, in an intra-regional and international trade, by a positive impact on peacekeeping backgrounds to join in order to assist others Nation Defence force is focused on the Force effort to bolster trade both regionally and linking various infrastructural networks environments, including in supporting in becoming a more effective military force. situation of the military woman and it Actually, one of the challenges is to meet internationally. One Stop Border Post in the country with the region and the role of women in building peace and recommends a better consideration of the needs of the women for a decent (OSBP) concept is ingrained in bilateral the entire world. In Latin America, 12 protecting women’s rights. In a field of the gender in the logistical matters, legal accommodation separate to the man’s and multi lateral frameworks hinged on countries including Brazil, Venezuela, peacekeeping, women peacekeepers framework, communication, sensitization one; this for reason hygiene, modesty and municipal instruments to drive intra and Guyana, and Colombia, have established have proven that they can perform the The equality aims to in the recruitment and the retention of prevention of tension or sexual violence. To interstate economic dynamics. Therefore, the Initiative for the Integration of same roles, to the same standards and the women. It is also the respect of the part the big infrastructures, the financial the concept of OSBP which refers to Regional Infrastructure of South America ensure everyone, male or under the same difficult conditions, as strength in diversity. expenses to satisfy the specific needs of institutional and legal framework, services whose purpose is to boost intra-regional their counterparts. In general, with our female, is treated fairly the women are affordable. In Conclusion, and associated procedures that essentially trade by integrating highway networks, public sector duty in Burundi, Women’s Indeed, the recognition and the the aspect of gender involvement in the seek to facilitate movement of goods, waterways, hydroelectric dams and Network is established to support females and is provided with the violation of expertise and the individual military focuses on ensuring that women people and vehicles in a single facility telecommunications links in the continent, in all aspects of their work and its aim is to experiences not only encourage the also benefit the same rights as men though operating as a joint clearance house to fast particularly in remote, isolated regions. same opportunities. develop strong female potential. .

10 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 11 African countries have also endeared to volumes from Africa to the rest of the regulation on OSBPs which eventually The OSBP is also expected to fast track the change the course of intra-regional trade world between 2015-2017 averaged at about culminated into the formulation of the realization of the benefits of the African in the continent. US $ 760 billion, while Europe accounted One Stop Border Post Act 2013, that was Free Continental Trade Area Agreement. In for $ 4,109 billion, with America and Asia followed by the EAC One Stop Border the 8th Ordinary Meeting of African Union ROLE OF SOCIAL One Stop Border Post (OSBP) in posting $ 5,140 billion and $ 6, 801 billion, Post Regulations 2013, and EAC OSBP Sub-Committee of Directors General of respectively. Intra –African trade has also Procedures Manual 2018, which essentially Custom in 2016 in Harare, Zimbabwe, Africa and the Region been generally low, at about 2% between laid out the legal framework, provisions the development of OSBP was identified Intra-regional trade has become a priority MEDIA IN SHAPING 2015-2017, compared to other regions of and guidelines for establishing OSPB in as the bridge that will deliver the dreams for many government states and indeed the the world like America, Asia Europe and the EAC region. of AfCTA to the continent. AfCTA seeks African Union, as a strategy to unlock the Oceania, where the figures were at 47%, to establish a single market of 1.3 billion continent’s economic potential. African PUBLIC OPINIONblogging to establish common ground. The 61%, 67% and 7% respectively. Conversely, in 2012 the African Union people and an economic block, valued at countries are increasingly embracing Internet enables any person to influence adopted the Programme for Infrastructure about 3.4 trillion, essentially, becoming the concept of “Economic Corridor” public opinion, creating inclusiveness and The OSBP model in Africa gained Development in Africa (PIDA) and its the largest free trade area by number of to increase regional connectivity and a new dimension for public relations. prominence in the 2000, partly due associated Priority Action Plan (PAP) countries, in the world. It is also expected access to both regional and international to the collaborative efforts of regional to address the infrastructure deficit to boost intra-continental trade from its market. The development of economic Social media has established new ways of economic communities and development that has severely hampered Africa’s current 18% to about 50% by 2040. corridor in Africa essentially covers the communicating and creating perceptions partners that developed the “OSBP competitiveness in the global market. construction and integration of multi- between businesses and consumers, Source Book” in 2001, to document the The PIDA-PAP program further laid A mirage or a reality for One modal infrastructural systems, including organizations and their audiences, political experiences and endeavours towards the emphasis on the importance of OSBP in pipelines, railway lines, waterways, Stop Border post and regional offices and their electorate. The challenge implementation of the initiative. OSBP the continent. By 2015 there were about 27 airports, as well as road networks linking however has been brought about by the was identified as part of the turnaround OSBP in the continent that had either been integration economic blocks and communities to the advent of digital media that constantly strategy in boosting intra-regional trade completed or were under-construction. To the extent that OSBP is reality depends entire continent. The drive to increase on the strength of the bilateral and multi generates a mass of circulating, disjointed Currently in Africa there are about 76 DAVID M. KARANJA intra-regional trade in Africa, has set and often contradictory information. An OSBP sites that have been identified by lateral agreements driving inter and intra impetus for the development of economic NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE effective flow of information between the the Regional Economic Blocks (RECs) for regional trade which, in essence, need corridors which have in turn cast light on SERVICE various distinct groups in the public sphere Intra-regional trade in infrastructure development, of which 10 to be executed in good faith and mutual the importance of One Stop Border Post as has historically been made possible by the in East, South and have been respect to the instruments through the bridge to improve intra-regional trade. Africa has historically he rise of the Internet has mass media, which systematically edit and completed, with another 12 still under enabling municipal laws and policies spurred the development of interpret the mass of information, making been low compared to construction and five at the planning which should be crafted in unison within Intra-regional trade in Africa has web-based communication some sense of the world for audiences. stage, while another 49 are pending design its membership to address external trade historically been low compared to other platforms. Digital platforms Most importantly, as certain knowledge other regions of the world. and construction. patterns. In Africa and the region, internal have been growing stronger throughout regions of the world. This is partly due and interstate rivalry seem to be delaying have been promoted over others, they to the elongated bureaucratic processes, the last decade, facilitating the exchange have effectively been given the privileged The establishment of OSBP on the implementation of OSBP which, if left custom controls and clearances as well as of information. Online content has status of being authoritative. in Africa particularly within the regional economic corridor has triggered increase congested, will affect the principles and tariff and non-tariff set by host countries. undergone a transformation from being economic communities or units. The in intra-regional trade in Africa. The share tenets of OSBP. Equally, other regional T According to the World Bank, poor custom a source of raw data to also becoming development of the East African Transport of intra-African exports as a percentage of treaties and initiatives on regional facilitation at the border accounts for 75% an interactive tool, enabling the public and Trade Facilitation Project, by the total African exports has increased from cooperation do affect the operations of of the border delays, with the other 25% to collaborate on projects through the East African Community (EAC) and the 10% in 1995 to about 17 % in 2017, even OSBP in one way or the other meaning that being attributed to infrastructure. The exchange of knowledge and opinions. Northern Corridor Transit and Transport though it remains relatively low compared OSBP is not hinged just on one instrument poor border facilitation, largely caused by Coordination Authority, laid the germ to the levels in Europe (69%) Asia (59%) but all instruments obtaining in a the multiplicity and duplicity of process As a result, consumers of information seed for the establishment of the OSBP in and North America (31%). In East Africa, particular trading block, region, continent from one border point to the other, as well have now also become producers of the region in the early 2000s. However, it where the cost of movement and trade and the globe as a whole since we are as the varied state agencies clearances information. People with common was not until 2009 that Africa formed the remain amongst the highest in the world, consumers of goods from across the world requirements, for one to cross the border, interests organize online groups and first OSBP at the border between Zambia the effect of the OSBP has already begun as a family. On the other hand, OSBP will have inadvertently, pushed the cost of societies in which every participant can Considerable research has gone into and Zimbabwe refereed to the Chirundu to ease movement of goods at the Busia, remain a mirage and even collapse if transport in Africa three times higher than contribute by using social tools such as examining the role of social media in One Stop Border Post, which became the Malaba and Namanga OSBP. The Chirundu there is lack of harmony, goodwill, trust in South American, and five times, more social networks, videos, blogs and photo- shaping public perceptions and opinions first fully functional OSBP, and the model OSBP between Zambia and Zimbabwe and respect to the treaties and policies than in Asian countries. about significant political and social used for the development of others in Sub- has tremendously transformed how the in force to guarantee interstate and intra issues. The popular thought is that Saharan African countries. two countries conduct trade, increasing state operations of OSBP. However, it is Africa has therefore been unable to nowadays, what we know about, think the efficiency of truck clearances per day the contention of this paper that, OSBP is competitively compete in the international about and believe about what happens in Subsequently, the concept of OSBP rapidly from 260 to 600, the turnaround clearance still at infancy and will grow to drive the market due to the high cost of movement the world, outside of personal first-hand gained wide acceptance in the continent, time from 3 days to 3 hours, as well as aspirations of the states, regions and globe and trade, which has negatively impacted experience, is shaped, and some would with the support of development partners. increasing number of declarations dealt to better heights economically. . on the continent’s contribution to say orchestrated, by how these events are In 2010 the EAC developed regional with from 380 to 700 per day. international market. The total trade reported in the social media newspapers

12 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 13 and communicated through the medium Social media plays a In a nutshell, social media has created Social media and of radio and television. new virtual worlds and new realities in critical role in informing all aspects of social life. These are new public opinion are In relation to content, a number of realities of ever-changing opinions, CHIEF MKWAWA OF privileged groups contribute to the the public about realities no one can fully control, realities interconnected, as the production of social media accounts. These happenings in the works, demanding continuous online presence to former plays a very include social and political institutions respond adequately. THE WAHEHE AND THE and other groups such as lobbyists and the particularly in areas significant role in public relations industry. Social media’s influence on society is deep. POLITICS OF INDIRECT where the target audience While short-term values do not replace communication and reflect While their role in converging to shape may not possess direct long-term ones, they are able to redefine issues of greatest concern the issues, the outcome at times tends to and reshape traditional perceptions of RULE IN TANGANYIKA Lake Tanganyika and Nyasa in the West limit the information to which audience knowledge or experience. relationships and lifestyles. They may to a particular society. and up to the Ruhinga - Kilombero river. have access. Social media has the power have little influence on long-term politics, He fortified his capital in Kalenga with an to remove some issues from public but politics manages directions of social 8-mile long 12-foot high wall, organised discussion. Social media and public opinion are development by introducing programmes Social media platforms have been utilized armed camps and military service and interconnected, as the former plays a which affect lifestyles in the long-term. as marketing tools, established to create encouraged agricultural irrigation Social media plays a critical role in very significant role in communication opinions and to persuade the public to techniques. He was to become one of informing the public about happenings in and reflect issues of greatest concern to a From an economic view point, social take particular actions. When the action the staunchest opponents of German the works, particularly in areas where the particular society. With the increasing role media have become a new model of low- is completed, the group becomes dormant colonisation and was a courageous ruler target audience may not possess direct of social media in shaping public opinion, cost production, since to post content and does not rise again until the next much revered by Tanzanians. knowledge or experience. For instance, it has steadily become commercialized online is in most cases free. At the same crisis. not many people have the experience of time, with developed directories and high and has experienced limitations and Starting in 1891, Nyamwezi Chief Isike being at the centre of a terrorist attack, traffic, producers are able to earn fortunes restrictions. Raw information evolves into But in the end, fundamental questions fought the Germans in Tabora region in or robbery with violence or some like from advertising revenues. In other words, perceptions based on that information. arise: Does democracy online reflect COL. CHARLES MJATA - the Western part of Tanganyika. Defeated calamity. However, the reality of those social media platforms offer opportunities Therefore, any opinion formed on the democracy offline, or is it a path to chaos? TANZANIA in 1892, rather than surrendering, he events and public responses to them are for high returns from low investments. basis of such content could be considered A conflicting set of opinions will never blew himself up in the armory of his fort brought closer by the visual and auditory as having been shaped under the influence be satisfied by the same action. Only etween 1860 and 1880 a in January 1893. Trouble flared up north reality of social media reports. In this From a cultural standpoint, social media of external sources. what is perceived as the opinion of the formidable clan rose to power with the Chagga and in central Tanganyika sense, social media brings simulated platforms, with their availability of majority will be taken into consideration. in the Southern Iringa Mufindi with the Gogo, but two major prolonged reality into the minds of the public and information and opinions, do not promote Public opinion is like quicksand. In some But who shapes that opinion? Are we region when the head of the wars challenged German rule for years: the later find themselves relying on those long-term values. Moreover, they erode cases, it is continually evolving; in others, approaching the moment when social- Muyinga family, Munyigumba of the Hehe Mkwawa in southern Hehe land and the sources to provide a conceptualized image traditional values by offering short-term it is more static, based on traditional media-influenced public opinion can united more than 100 clans into a single famous Maji Maji rebellion which inflamed into the real world. alternatives. thought processes. In sum, it could be dramatically influence and change society politically centralised society. Defending a quarter of the country for more than a defined as ideological consent, where itself? Or are we already past this stage his territory against constant raids by the year. Granted, the public does not always the opinion of the majority is dominant From a social perspective, the new media as many observers have claimed that the B Ngoni, whom he virtually annihilated, he swallow –hook, line and sinker- what affects relationships through changing and leading so as to influence that of the social media had played a key role in the was succeeded at his death around 1880 by The Germans had occupied Hehe country is posted in social media. However, the people’s perceptions. Individuals are community in which it exists. so called Arab Spring chain of revolutions? Paramount Chief Mkwawa who extended and following the massacre of a delegation content is critical in setting agenda and fragmented according to their interests his dominion and won more wars against sent by Mkwawa, he retaliated in 1891 by focusing public interest on particular and concerns. Users come together for Social media has enhanced persuading the With the new social media, the old limiting the southern Mshope Ngoni whilst halting ambushing in Lugalo an armed column subjects, which operates to limit the range short periods to protest or solve issues public and influencing opinions in a way factors – time, distance, nationality, and the cattle-raiding Masai from the North. headed by Lieutenant von Zeiewski. He of arguments and perspectives that inform that concern them, but once any problems that is uncontrollable. Content presented ideology – are gone. If public opinion can seized enough weapons and ammunition public debate. are solved, they disintegrate. through social media does not have to be influenced, so can societies. Social His kingdom covered 14,000 square miles to keep up resistance for nearly 3 years have approval to be published, which is media is a unique global phenomenon between lfakara and Kilosa in the East to during which the Germans prepared their positive in the sense that it can contravene whose true reach and potential to affect assault: in October 1894 a well-organised censorship and control. On the other not only short term, but also long term expeditionary force under the command hand, this freedom creates new issues change can only be understood across of Tom Prince, an English-born German for regulation of access to information time and space. In its turn, Kenya, with officer, stormed Kalenga, the court town on the State. Social media platforms have its ever growing Internet penetration and of the Hehe, defeated them and captured thus become autonomous participants usage, is among those countries where the town. Mkwawa escaped and in spite of in building and influencing democratic social media-related developments an enormous reward of 5,000 rupees, he societies. Everyone can be engaged in the are progressing with the breath-taking was not betrayed and continued harassing decision-making process. speed. . German troops with guerilla actions for 4

Chief Mkwawa of Wahehe. years until 1898. Trapped, he shot himself.

14 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 15 The Germans’ exultation at this hard- at a ceremony attended by 30,000 people. Following World War I, the British took of violence that initially produced the conquest – the severed head of a pre- won victory ran so high that they cut off The day was filled with enthusiasm and control of Tanganyika and ruled it as a skull, the British used its symbolism as a colonial king – found its meaning and Mkwawa’s head which was sent for display pageantry. Photos from the day’s events mandate. Rather than continuing the direct avenue to reconstruct “traditional” original violence both displaced and to the Bremen Anthropological Museum in show Mkwawa’s skull arriving in a glass practice of ruling through intermediaries authority. Horace Byatt, who directly transformed over time. While all British Germany, his body being returned to his case that Twining subsequently handed as the Germans had done, the British ruled northern Tanganyika upon Britain’s officials who wrote about Mkwawa’s skull people for ritual burial. In June 1954 his over to Adam Sapi, chief of the Hehe, and colonial office eventually decided, after military occupation before becoming willingly placed responsibility for the head was returned and handed over to grandson of Mkwawa. Twining delivered a 1926, to reinvigorate what they saw as Governor after the Mandate, submitted skull’s origins in the period of German Mkwawa’s grandson. Chief Adam Sapi, speech that commemorated the history of more “traditional” forms of authority. a letter to the Foreign Office in 1919 conquest, they also took great effort to who was to become the First Speaker of the Hehe and of Mkwawa; he emphasized This led to the unfolding of indirect rule describing the importance of Mkwawa’s The skull of Chief Mkwawa of Wahehe in reattach Mkwawa’s head to their own Kalenga. the independent Tanzania Parliament. that the skull’s restoration would validate in places like the Iringa District. Like all skull. some point at the beginning of the 20th running concepts about the nature of Hehe honor. At the conclusion of his political institutions, indirect rule existed Century. The skull was used as a symbol Hehe political authority. These officials, While flying across Tanganyika in February speech, following his celebration of in a dynamic form. Throughout the period Chief Mkwawa’s skull now sits on a plinth, to intimidate the Wahehe people, who the many of whom designed the daily of 1954 the British Colonial Governor, “traditional” Hehe royalty, Twining asked of British rule, the meaning and practices protected by a glass box, in a tiny museum chief had led in a fierce rebellion against operations of indirect rule, leveraged Edward Twining, was informally those present to continue their loyalty of indirect rule changed, both in terms of in a small town in central Tanzania. the German colonisers. histories of Mkwawa’s skull to establish introduced to Chief Mkwawa. Although to Queen Elizabeth II in exchange for how the British conceived of their role in But like a trophy, it once adorned the new standards for how Hehe people the political and military leader of the the “benefits of modern civilization and Tanganyika, and how subject populations house of a colonial official in Germany’s should and should not engage with the Conclusion Hehe people had died in 1898, Twining science.” understood the changing techniques of administrative centre in Bagamoyo, modern colonial state. . Mkwawa’s skull reveals, even the most continued to interact with Mkwawa’s authority. Such changes clearly surfaced before being spirited away to Germany at transparently violent emblem of colonial ghostly presence. This presence, Twining “I hope too that you and your people will in the ways in which various colonial contended, appeared through the medium continue to give your unstinted loyalty officials, from the period immediately of Mkwawa’s skull which Twining carried to Queen Elizabeth II and her heirs and following World War I through the mid- with him. The skull, Twining wrote, successor”Edward Twining, Tanganyika’s 1950s, framed their interpretations of possessed “poltergeistic qualities” which British governor As he presented the skull Mkwawa’s skull. allowed Mkwawa to act on the living world. to Chief Mkwawa’s grandson Chief Adam Twining carried the skull in a parcel on Saapi in 1954. In addition to recovering pre-colonial his plane; mid-flight, Mkwawa had blown authority to establish indirect rule, off the plane’s doors, nearly succeeding however, British colonialism in BAMBOO GROWING FOR FOREST in killing all passengers, before an Tanganyika had to additionally encounter emergency landing averted disaster. Three the preceding period of German rule. CONSERVATION IN KENYA weeks later, Twining had another equally In this regard, the implementation of t is worth recognizing that Bamboo Kenya has a total natural bamboo growing frightening visit from Mkwawa while indirect rule depended upon extensive is a versatile, multipurpose, eco- area of 138,721 hectares of indigenous they traveled together by train. In a letter historical and archival research. The first friendly plant in the grass family with Yushaniaalpina (Arundinariaalpina), sent to E.B. David in the Colonial Office, British administrators to interpret Hehe distinct and fascinating characteristics concentrated in mountain ranges. The Twining wrote that: history clearly depended upon existent which can be tapped for environmental five water towers of Aberdares range, German sources. “The earliest file found in conservation, and industrial, cultural, Mau forest, Mount Kenya, Mount Elgon The skull continued to behave very badly In theory, indirect rule intended to affirm the district store at Iringa is translation of ecological, social and economic and Cherangani hills has 50,038 ha, 30,196 while we were on safari on the train, and distinctions between African metaphysics the answers to the German questionnaire development. The plant is important ha, 35,966 ha 14,341 and 8,180 hectares we had a series of mishaps which cannot and Western science, between traditional Fragebogen which had been translated I for biomass production and plays an respectively. There are other twenty be otherwise accounted for. Our poor old African authority and British secularity by a British district officer in 1925.” This increasing role in revolutionalizing and two exotic bamboo species grown in Bandmaster, Gulab Singh, died on the train. and rights. Starting in the early days of information from German sources proved transforming the rural, local, national, highland and lowland areas of Kenya. My A.D.C. collected a sinus and had to go German colonial conquest through the especially valuable when the British regional and world economies. In Kenya indigenous bamboo areas have to hospital. The head boy had a soda water 1950s, Mkwawa’s skull stood as a distinct restored the Muyinga family line to power. been shrinking due to human activities BENJAMIN M. KINYILI bottle burst in his face and the cook was emblem of colonial politics in the Southern Bamboo farming is very popular in China cultivation, settlement, grazing and struck in the face by a flying saucer. We all Highlands of Tanganyika as colonial Along with ideas about customary law and the United States of America and many KENYA FOREST SERVICE forest plantations establishment for wood got hay fever and we all got very irritable. officials like Twining used it to establish and political institutions, the British people are talking about the growth of timber. Bamboo resources has been used So I off-loaded it at Dodoma, had the box forms of colonial governmentality. also engaged with some German ideas bamboo farming. The areas under bamboo bamboo species majority of which are all over the world since time immemorial opened to make sure that it was the skull, about the significance of Mkwawa’s skull, worldwide cover more than 22 million found in Island and only three and it can be used to substitute the slow which I now confirm, and had it dispatched Twining identified Mkwawa’s skull with eventually embracing it as an important hectares, with 1,275 species in 71 genera bamboo species are in mainland. Most growing wood tree species and provide the to Iringa to await a suitable occasion for me forms of evidence that he both selected emblem of Hehe political and religious with more than 4,000 recorded uses. of the forests in Africa, East Africa and highly needed wood products at a faster to present it and prioritized. His categories for belief. To reinforce the importance of the China is leading in terms of bamboo areas, Kenya are facing major challenges from rate. Bamboo can contribute to economic, authenticating human skulls were far skull, they added a clause to the Treaty of species and genera which are conserving demand for forest products by increasing cultural, environmental conservation, The “suitable occasion” arrived on 19 July from universal, and instead had their own Versailles that demanded the skull’s return forests landscapes with cottage industries population, poverty and unemployed youth restoration of degraded areas, climate 1954 – the anniversary of Mkwawa’s death – historical specificity. to East Africa. In addition to normalizing, improving communities’ livelihoods and leading to forest degradation, unsustainable change mitigation, community livelihoods, when Twining formally returned the skull if not altogether overlooking the acts economy. In tropical Africa only fourteen utilization and management of forests. employment, and cottage industries and

16 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 17 evaluation, documentation and reporting companies are buying bamboo to aid the studies and surveys will motivate in construction and scaffolding. Most investors to upscale bamboo growing from counties are gradually turning into the available data to set up processing bamboo cultivation with hundreds of acres bamboo factories. It is important for that were previously used for food crops ecological zone consideration for site flourishing with bamboo plantations. This species matching and selection of suitable has been due to its profitability and ready exotic bamboo species for cottage and market. Nyandarua county farmers are industrial development for livelihood Source: Google (2020) abandoning growing of potatoes to grow improvement. This will have a multiplier bamboo which is fetching more money effect to commercialization of bamboo for Bamboo products are quickly gaining and with anticipation of setting up of interest in the East African region; farmers Source: Jessebamboo, (2015) economic growth. Kenya’s gazettednatural bamboo factory; potato farming will be a bamboo has been going to waste during across the region are focusing on forming thing of the past.Nyandarua is turning into to the potting shade in the nursery for wild forest fire seasons gutting it down part of the wave to adopt bamboo growing. a bamboo county for fuel wood, charcoal, propagation, raising and replanting into to ashes and it requires sustainable The partnership with bamboo farmers in briquettes, and horticulture to support portable polythene bags and containers. management to utilize the mature culms parts of Kenya is intended to boost and flowers and legumes. It is critical to bear in mind that the roots to reduce fire hazards. To revolutionalize spur economic development and rural of the bamboo should never be disturbed bamboo growing in Kenya for forest livelihoods. In the Kenyan context bamboo The county government of Nyandarua and during the transportation, preparation Source: Jessebamboo, (2015) conservation there is need to provide is a valuable plant species. Small scale development partners are incentivizing, and planting process. support and incentives to youth groups to farmers are very enthusiastic to be able facilitating and promoting farmers at maximize its underutilization potentials. have innovative ideas on its utilization. to participate in the development of the Mirangine with supply contracts of at In addition the bamboo can sometimes be least Kshs. 400,000.00 per acre under Bamboo creates employment propagated using tissue culture to provide Nandi, Uasin Gishu and Elgeyo bamboo annually. The investment returns opportunities, improving livelihoods, suitable planting materials. Root rhizomes Marakwet counties in partnership and are lucrative for guarantee minimum making rural landscape green and are usually scooped, split and transplanted Bamboo products are association with Kenya Forest Service, investment return with minimal cost in attractive, healthy and sustainable. It into tubes as an alternative propagation National Environmental Management quickly gaining interest in terms of inputs, labour and fertilizers. is worth noting that as climate change method. To quickly raise plantable stock Authority, Kenya Water Towers Agency There is significant difference when continues its ravage on the environment bamboo stems usually known as culms are and other stakeholders are piloting the East African region; compared with the same area under and lives of people across the world, drilled with holes at alternate internodes Source: Google (2020) bamboo cultivation for commercial and potatoes giving return of Kshs. 100,000.00 Africa is turning towards the bamboo to then rooting hormones used to accelerate farmers across the region erosion in the hilly, rugged terrain and environmental conservation efforts in the per acre and high cost of inputs, pesticides, not only address some devastating effects sprouting of roots and shoots for planting. North Rift region with a National Bamboo fungicides, fertilizers and labour. of environmental degradation, but also along riverines considered prone to both are focusing on forming wind and water soil erosion. While there Propagation and Demonstration plot at improve livelihoods.Bamboo is considered Multiplying nursery are hundreds of varieties of bamboo Kaptagat forest. The initiative targets part of the wave to adopt It is not surprising therefore that the very vital in the conservation of the materialsfrom species, majority can be propagated by expansion of the bamboo into fragile commercialization of bamboo was environment and ecosystem protection. seed/tissue culture bamboo growing. vegetative cutting. This process usually ecosystems prone to landslides and have identified as a key pillar and flagship This is possible through arresting of seedlings local farmers diversify into its production project for transforming Kenya in the soil erosion, stabilizing the riverbanks, involves selecting a young, vigorous and very healthy bamboo stock, cutting off a for export market and finally setting up Vision 2030’s Medium Term Plans and improving environmental conditions, Multiplying planting little section for splitting and allowing a bamboo processing factory. Perennial bamboo sector in the country. However, current Government’s “THE BIG FOUR wide range adoption and the quick growth materialsfrom rooted growth in potting material by watering up mudslides and floods that have been many farmers do not consider farming the AGENDA” 1. Manufacturing industries, in marginal lands. The Bamboo serves a cuttings experienced in some regions of Nandi, bamboo species, which according to those 2.Affordable housing, 3.Affordable health critical role in East Africa and contextual until when roots appear from the base of Elgeyo Marakwet, West Pokot and Uasin who have ever had a chance to engage care and 4.Food security and nutrition. studies indicate that bamboo grows really the stock and shoots sprouts. Source: Jessebamboo, (2015) Gishu counties following heavy rains themselves in growing and selling the Bamboo is gaining prominence as a timber fast at an estimated rate of 1.2 metres The bamboo seedlings growing in the would be tamed once farmers embrace bamboo can give a farmer a lot of money. . alternative and economic driver. Bamboo a day, which makes it a perfect buffer The soils, altitude, weather, rainfall in forest floor wildly can be used to start a large scale cultivation of bamboo. provides valuable environmental services against climate change, global warming Kenya are some of the tropical climatic basic nursery and plantation of bamboo Bamboo and its products will never lack that are increasingly being recognized. and restoration of degraded forest areas. conditions which favours bamboo growing plants. In the case of Kenya these a market in Kenya. Earlier last year 2019, Bamboo has been used successfully to country wide. Kenya Forest Service (KFS), seedlings may be found in few areas of Bidco Africa established an initiative rehabilitate degrade lands to produce food Bamboo is thought of as a form of grass Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI) high mountains that include the Mount that would contract bamboo growers to and shelter for animals, insects, shrubs from the Bambusoideae family that is and other stakeholders have carried out Kenya region, the Aberdare ranges, Mau supply their produce to power its two and other plants that together makeup the evergreen as a flowering plant. It is worth some studies on bamboo propagation, area, Mount Elgon and the Cherangani factories in Ruiru and Thika in terms of bamboo forest ecosystem. In conclusion appreciating that the roots of nurseries, growing, management and areas. The seedlings are usually found in fuelwood, charcoal and briquettes. What’s Bamboo growing for forest conservation in bamboostructure themselves as a strong utilization. There is need to create public young clusters that can be extracted by more, bamboo kitchen products can be Kenya is well on its way to being the norm complex of fibrous roots anchoring the awareness, sensitization and provision scooping using nursery tools, jembes, supplied to supermarkets, marketplaces to help addressing matters of climate plants to the ground, and thus holding it of planting materials and documentation mattock, shovel, panga and then brought and other business dealing with culinary change. firmly and controlling any form of soil to enhance adoption. Monitoring, . Source: Google (2020) items. Moreover, some construction

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)Source: Google (2020 equality in international relations; the overriding imperative of development and peace for the continent; and the inclination DIPLOMACY: towards diplomacy that plays up African solidarity, unity, and integration. Indeed, much of the rhetoric of African diplomacy is informed by its history of marginalization: a relationship vis-à-vis Africa’s contemporary diplomacy. Among rudimentary way, by custom or taboo. THE AFRICAN WAY the rest of the world that infers continental these are a preoccupation with pan‐ vulnerability. But contemporary African African unity, insistence on sovereign The idea that African diplomacy presents a diplomacy is not just born of negative equity in the global arena, and the pursuit distinct form or style of diplomacy is rather experiences. It is also infused with of elusive security and development for the recent, because the majority of African traditional values that Africans and the continent. The diplomatic style in which states gained political independence only diaspora share: a seamless approach to these goals are pursued is predominantly during the past five decades. Indeed, the the passage of time, respect for cultural multilateral and collective, marked by youngest member of the United Nations tradition and authority, predilection for a unique activist‐like approach and (UN) is an African state, South Sudan, collective, unhurried decisions, and the emphasis on solidarity among incumbent which achieved its sovereign status as prioritization of community rather than leaders. recently as July 2011. When the UN was individuals. The latter approach finds Source: Ninkovitch, Frank. The Diplomacy of Ideas: U.S. Foreign Policy and Cultural Relations, 1938- Diplomacy has been described as the founded in 1945, Africa had the least 1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (2011), pp. 90-91. expression in concepts that promote best means devised by civilization for representation in the organization: a mere BRIGADIER G. O. OKUMU societal selflessness, such as Harambee and eastern Africa had developed conflict. The first ever codified peace preventing international relations from four (Egypt, , Liberia, and South (Swahili word for “pulling together”) and sophisticated diplomatic practices. It is agreement in human history, 1100 BCE, KENYA ARMY being governed by force alone. The field in Africa) out of 51 founding member states. Ubuntu (Nguni word for “being human”). worth acknowledging right from the onset was a treaty between Pharaoh Rameses which it operates lies somewhere between This profile has changed dramatically Thus, for example, the South African that at the Berlin Conference of 1884 to II of Egypt and the King of the Hittites. frica is a crucible of culture and power politics and civilized usage, and and, in the second decade of the twenty government’s most recent foreign policy early 1885, the European powers agreed As happened all over the world for heritage with a complex history. its methods have varied with the political first century, Africa has more sovereign document (“White Paper” of May 2011) to divide Africa formally into colonial centuries thereafter, diplomacy was often Indigenous tribal practices convention of each age. There is no lack states than any other region in the world, is titled “Building a Better World: The territories doing this according to spheres accompanied by symbolic gestures such and pre-existing values were of evidence that sending of emissaries amounting to more than 25 percent of the Diplomacy of Ubuntu.” of influence already achieved, or by the as strategically planned marriages and altered dramatically, either by force or to open negotiations was a common UN membership. expedient of drawing straight lines on high profile visits. The Bible, the Talmud, as a result of the Christian and Islamic practice among quite primitive peoples An historical perspective is essential to It is this idea of empathetic human a map. The political cartoons of the day and the Quran all mention such examples, cultures that spread throughout the and that in many cases their reception and explain the guiding themes in African interaction that correlates with the had the negotiators making merry and including the legendary diplomatic continent.A Later, the domineering forces treatment were regulated, even if only in a diplomacy: the quest for justice and of European colonial nations brought enduring value of diplomacy at the drinking spirits while carving up both relations between Israel’s King Solomon even greater change. Africa emerged international level the practice exists turkey and a continent. and the Queen of Sheba, who is widely from its colonization with an amalgam of because of the continuous and constant believed to have been a ruler of ancient diverse and conflicting traditions, culture, need for intermediation and negotiation The continent of Africa is known as the Aksum, located in the horn of Africa history, legacies, values, and languages. among human groups. Africans tend to “cradle of humanity,” home to the earliest (latter-day northern Ethiopia/Eritrea). Consequently, these developments have approach the concept holistically, and human settlements and the place where had a wide impact on the formulation and “diplomacy” is therefore a normal part of language, as a means of communication, State like entities (some of which, like Egypt execution of African foreign policy and life; even a part of death. In many parts first developed. The human instinct to and Aksum, were among the earliest in the diplomacy today. of Africa, communication with ancestors communicate, negotiate, cooperate, world) shared the diplomatic norms and is a respected tradition, regardless of the and trade across boundaries is a fair conventions that started in antiquity, and Diplomacy has its ancient roots firmly in state’s religious or political dispensation. indication, therefore, that Africa was which continue to characterize civilized Africa, the cradle of humanity. Yet the idea In Swaziland, for example, the Incwala also the birthplace of diplomacy. Oral intergroup relations across the world: of “African diplomacy” is surprisingly new, is an elaborate (and official) ritual that histories and anthropological evidence the use of intermediaries, observance because most African states are very young involves “negotiation” with ancestors in confirm this assumption, despite the lack of ceremonial protocol, presentation of compared to those in the rest of the world. order to increase the welfare of the nation. of documented sources during the Stone credentials, and respect of customary The legacy of colonialism, combined All over the continent, diplomacy is a and Iron ages. legal norms such as the sanctity of treaties with the damage caused by Cold War seamless venture, non-linear, involving all The earliest records of diplomacy on the and inviolability of envoys. The Aksumite proxy wars, has infused the continent’s levels of diverse societies including those continent are inscribed clay tablets that Empire, which reached the pinnacle of its diplomacy with a collective memory of that have departed the temporal world. date back to antiquity. The cuneiform influence during the first century BCE, subjugation and marginalization. writing on these tablets provides details engaged in diplomacy with the kingdoms African diplomacy has a long history. of Egypt’s relations with its neighbours, of the Arabian Peninsula and further An historical context is therefore essential As early as the sixteenth century many manifesting in trade agreements, political afield. The state minted its own currency to understanding the themes that guide Source: Cairncross, Frances. The Death of Distance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, centralized states of pre-colonial western alliances, and peaceful resolution of and became a major geopolitical link in the (2017), p. 78.

20 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 21 trade route between the Roman Empire Intracontinental diplomacy was as vibrant India, and Pakistan to name just a few and India. as Africa’s burgeoning relations with states cultivate their influence in Africa by explorers, missionaries, and traders inviting African diplomats to train at their CYBER WARFARE: The noteworthy point was that, at that from Europe and Asia. From coast to national diplomatic academies. stage, Africa was not considered worth coast, Africa was teeming with trade, and going to war over, and the speed and polities often benefited economically efficiency of the division was seen asan from their geographical position on a REAL FACT OR JUST FICTION? example of multilateral diplomacy at its particular trade route. Thus states such as yberspace is more than just activities include cybercrimes, cyber successful best. The outcome today’s Mali, Ghana, and Songhai (in the Western internet, information and warfare, cyber terrorism, cyber hacktivism Africa of 55 independent states which Sahel, fifteenth to sixteenth century) communications technology and and or cyber spying. A cyber or cyber follow closely the boundaries agreed at were terminals of Saharan trade routes. presents peculiar characteristics, security threat is a malicious act that seeks Berlin has meant not only a coming to But rivalry and conflict also shaped the opportunities and challenges. It is to damage data, steal data, or disrupt statehood in the impoverished years after structure of intracontinental relations. characteristics are storage, sharing and digital life in general. Cyber-attacks World War II, and amidst the turmoil of the In West Africa, the huge Oyo Empire The developing states of Africa have modification of digital information and include threats like computer viruses, data Cold War, but coming to statehood with (fifteenth to nineteenth century) at various also battled to reach levels of diplomatic Cdata using network or mobile systems. The breaches, and Denial of Service attacks. incomplete, divided, or partial nations times enforced tributary relations on representation that would enable them dimensions of cyberspace are wide since it within the state territory. other kingdoms, including Dahomey to participate equitably in global forums. has coverage that traverses all the way from At the moment, cyber-crime also known (seventeenth to nineteenth century, in Diplomacy is a costly enterprise and individuals, communities, cooperation, as computer-oriented crime is mainly The neglect, for a long time, of African the area of the present day Benin). The the maintenance of numerous resident national to international in time and space. involves computers, and that takes place diplomatic history particularly, by famed city of Timbuktu was unilaterally missions is simply not an option for the within the cyber space. Generally speaking, COL. J. K. CHERUTICH scholars of African history, and the failure incorporated by the Songhai Empire in majority of African states. The tendency cyber space is considered the fusion of all “A cyber-attack is defined in KENYA ARMY to forcefully project the history and 1468 just one of many external occupations is therefore to prioritize multilateral databases, networks, devices, and sources image of Africa, exposed the continent to of that Islamic center of scholarship. A diplomatic missions that is, accreditation to most circles familiar with the of information into a vast, tangled, and uncharitable, disparaging and judgemental later example would be the Zulu monarchy intergovernmental organizations in order topic area as an unauthorized intrusion diverse blanket of electronic interchange. Cyber warfare can also comments by Eurocentric historians who which transformed the political landscape to maximize diplomatic opportunities in a broadly be defined as a computer network attack or exploitation denied African history. of during the nineteenth single location. But multilateral diplomacy into a computer or a computer network in perpetrated at the direction, on behalf of, or in support of a century through ruthless but masterful itself has become a growth industry. In the such forms as tampering, denial of service, criminal group or an extremist ideology with the ultimate and most extreme intent being to threaten life and inflict physical. The fact is that in the 19th Century when empire building. twenty-first century global governance is data theft, and server infiltration” Europe occupied Africa, her scholars did pervasive and an ever increasing number Some specific criminals have declared desire to specialize in not attempt to research and understand One of the biggest impediments to of international organizations are tasked conducting cyber warfare. or to build on the historical traditions diplomatic capacity building has been with regularizing the world’s relations. in existence there; they sought instead the death of diplomatic training centers States that cannot afford to participate in It is important to acknowledge from the onset that technology That’s because spear phishing and other attacks allow cyber to challenge and to supplant them. The in Africa. Cameroun, Kenya, Nigeria, those forums because of limited human has changed the security landscape in the World dramatically criminals to gain sensitive personal information, such as user IDs history of European traders, missionaries, and South Africa are some of the few resources, and/or because they struggle than ever before. In addition it is critical to appreciate that the and passwords, and even physical addresses and social security explorers, conquerors and rulers exceptions, but most Sub-Saharan African to meet membership dues find themselves information revolution and related organizational innovations are numbers through channels victims trust. Spear phishing attacks constituted, in their own view, the sum states have little or no domestic capacity dictated to rather than consulted. Even seriously altering the nature, type, and approach to conflict and employee data previously gathered via social media or proceeding total of African history. This view has long to train their own diplomats, who are then where African states do maintain a the kind of military structures, systems, doctrines and strategies breaches to sharpen the tip of the spear, and can be highly been deconstructed by several research deployed abroad without career specific multilateral presence, they struggle that will be in use in the twenty-first century. effective. In a recent study, cybersecurity solutions provider Phish works centered on African history. What training. A minority gets offered the to attend to the array of simultaneous Me found that the spear-phished attack is the root cause of 91% of has received scanty academic attention chance to study at diplomatic academies committees and caucuses that characterize The information is found in the cyber system and this turns the all major security breaches. perhaps is African diplomatic history. in donor countries, and benefits from the contemporary multilateral diplomatic focus of both legal and illegal actions to cyberspace, some cyber such networking opportunities and environment. Once a victim is induced to click a link in an apparently friendly the acquisition of technical skills. But email, link or embedded links redirect victims to web pages the implication of “foreign” diplomatic It is thus clear that precolonial Africa, visually indistinguishable from their legitimate counterparts, with training can be perverse: unskilled far from being a chaotic, backward “dark the only evidence of fraud buried in a nondescript URL at the top diplomats who need to learn how to continent” (as depicted by early colonial of the browser window. From there, unsuspecting users may be represent their own states are drawn into historians), was home to sophisticated induced to release information. It is a relatively new concept, one the strategic influence realm of a foreign political organization, ranging from that scholars have only begun to see play out in the twenty-first sovereign entity. Indeed, the political empires and kingdoms to city states and century than ever before. As states move forward, it will need to advantages of training foreign diplomats chieftaincies. Diplomacy among these address many strategic and ethical questions that arise as people have prompted an increasing number centrally organized political entities work to find the line between cyber defense and humans rights of the world’s established and emerging produced a rich tapestry of relations, and violations. When thinking of a cyber threat or online threats, one Source: Ninkovitch, Frank. The Diplomacy powers to offer diplomatic training as part was facilitated by abundant trade and the often hears about credit cards being stolen, websites going down, of Ideas: U.S. Foreign Policy and Cultural of development assistance. Brazil, China, existence of customary law. or information being sold on the dark web. However, sabotage Relations, 1938-1950. Cambridge: Cambridge . Source: Luis, R. Diplomacy and its Practice: Digital Diplomacy, The University Press, (2011), pp. 90-91. International School of Protocol and Diplomacy, (2017).

22 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 23 in the cyber warfare The Stuxnet was reported to have destroyed more than a sense involves targeting thousand of the six-and-a-half-foot-tall aluminum centrifuges computers, satellites, installed in Iran’s underground nuclear enrichment. Officially THE SOCIAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 TO THE or infrastructures that Stuxnet would come to be acknowledged as the first cyber-attack people rely on. designed to directly act as an agent of cyber ware. The globe’s TOURISMalawi is a landlocked INDUSTRY country in communications IN MALAWI facilities to the outside world conception of cyber ware advanced further from the year 2010, southeastern Africa endowed and catalog of the Malawian culture to foreign The tools and modes it started when VirusBlokAda, a security firm in Belarus found with spectacular highlands with investors. The litmus test of any traveler is of cyber-attack exist. a mysterious malware that crashed the computers running its extensive lakes and occupies a the pain of leaving the tourist destination if it narrow, curving of land along the East African is so attractive and Malawi is such a country Well-known examples antivirus software, it was later found that it was a specimen of Source: Luis, R. Diplomacy and its Rift Valley. Lake Nyasa, also referred to as Lake with that value-added enticement. Malawi Practice: Digital Diplomacy, The are viruses and worms, malware dubbed advance Stuxnet, which in fact was much more Malawi, accounts for more than one-fifth of endeavors to recreate the environment where International School of Protocol and computer programs that sophisticated piece of code ever engineered for a cyber-attack. Diplomacy, (2017). the country’s total area. Tourism which is foreign visitors whisper to “The Warm Heart duplicate themselves and M Malawi’s third-largest foreign exchange earner of Africa” motto, that Malawi has the best Trojan horses. The types which usually duplicate themselves are The information revolution generally implies that the rise of after tobacco and tea respectively contribute secret in the tourism market where no one intended to annoy or inconvenience Information Communication cyber ware that is neither mass nor mobility will decide the significantly both to the level of Gross Domestic wants to leave but where everyone wants to Technology users. They can also compromise information final outcomes. Communication and intelligence have always be Product (GDP) and the country’s economic return to, hence the more reason and desire confidentiality and integrity. The Trojan horses on the other important, at a minimum cyber ware implies that conflicts will be growth. Tourism is often considered as a for COVID-19 to be eradicated. hand are programs that deceive to be benign applications and fought more by cyber networks and systems rather that by actual catalyst for economic and social development BRIG R T CHAGONAPANJA can be used to destroy information. They create a weakness of the foot soldiers. It was reported that in the years 2012 the Saudi because it tends to have a large trickle-down The government of Malawi noting that tourism systems that enables the hacker to access the system later. Often Arabian firm Saudi Aramco was attacked by a piece of malware effect in terms of poverty alleviation, boosting is a catalyst to the economy has put in place MALAWI DEFENCE FORCE system intrusion is the main goal of more advanced attacks. known as Shamoon, which affected many computer systems in the employment, creation of small business measures to create a conducive climate for the due to the closure of hospitality businesses office leaving their operations totally paralyzed. The Shamoon also entrepreneurship, etc. In monetary terms, industry to flourish. Some of the most notable in many places. The tourism industry to-date Once an intruder has fully accessed the targeted system and has known as W32 was a modular computer virus that was discovered the sector’s contribution to GDP translates to incentives include but not limited to contributing is failing to gain profits since almost all local control of it, the inner system is at their disposal without any targeting the then bitversion of the Microsoft Windows computer US$553 Million (about MK500 Billion) annually. significantly both the level of GDP since tourism and international bookings remain canceled, restrictions and they can access all stored digital information. system. The virus was notably notorious due to the destructive Investors in the tourism industry are offered is considered a catalyst for economic and similarly with conferences and meetings. The several incentives that will be discussed further economic social development because it tends They then pose a great threat to the target system since they are nature of the attack and the cost of recovery. tourism private sector captains have since in detail and this includes but is not limited to to have a large trickle-down effect in terms of able to inflict delays, they can disrupt, corrupt, exploit, destroy, engaged Government for bailout packages to waivers, benefits, and many more other related poverty alleviation that is boosting employment avoid having more vibrant facilities closed and steal, and modify’ information. The seriousness of the impact of It was claimed that after years of staging punishing denial of business relief based arrangements. levels at local and expert grade as well as retain some of the employees in the sector. damage or the threat the intruder will pose will depend on the services attacks on its favourite adversary, South Korea, the North creating a booming climate for small business It is worth noting that most of the visitors value or degree of importance or sensitivity of the information Korea hackers launched a more damaging operation in 2014 in the Malawi is popularly known as the Warm Heart entrepreneurship. Malawi Government is now to Malawi are tourists that originate from accessed. network of Sony pictures ahead of its release of a comedy movie of Africa due to the warMt.h and hospitality of diversifying economic activities from agriculture Eastern, Western, European and not forgetting called The Interview, a comedy about Kim Jong-un. the people and the beautiful natural sceneries while developing and promoting tourism. This African countries hence the pandemic has The first ever recorded incidences of what could credibly fit to including Lake Malawi which remains amongst is achieved by Customs and Excise incentives locked down all prospects for the country to be considered as cyber warfare hit Estonia in the spring of 2007, The cyber security experts will take the bet that NotPetya will the most visited places before the pre- to investors and these include free import duty, gain revenue just as it is equally unfair for those through an unprecedented series of what was thought to be remain a one-off catastrophe. The NotPetya took its name from COVID-19 era and the sector was flourishing free import excise, and free Value Added Tax that had planned to visit the country before the distributed denial of service. The attack slammed more than a its resemblance to the ransomware Petya, a piece of criminal code economically until the rise of the pandemic. (VAT). Hotels, inns, and lodges with more than pandemic. hundred Estonian websites, taking the whole state’s online banking, that surfaced in early 2016 and extorted many victims around the Unlike many other African countries, Malawi 50 rooms can also benefit from tax exemptions digital news, council services, government sites and what could world. In the same year a ransomware worn known as WannaCry adopted a moderate policy of social distancing which are available on furniture and furnishings Malawi falls into the Least Developed Countries practically be anything else that had a semblance of web presence. was launched. It actually shut down networks as far as Chinese to curb the spread of the virus. A full lockdown and two new passenger carrying vehicles (e.g. (LCD). According to the 2018 Travel and The cyber-attacks were a response to the Estonian governments’ universities, Indian police precincts, caused havoc in the United was proposed but the decree was shot down shuttle buses). Investors in the tourism sector do Tourism Economic Impact Report, the direct decision to move the country’s Russian-speaking minority and Kingdom, South Africa and even affected major companies in Kenya. when Human Rights appealed through the not pay import duty for building materials and contribution of Travel and Tourism to GDP for courts to reverse the directive and was never equipment if constructing a conference facility triggering massive protests on the city’s streets and the web Malawi in 2017 was 3.5 percent and 7.7 percent implemented due to government failure to of over 200 seating capacity. system. These attacks were later traced to be coming from botnets From my analysis the importance of Network security is becoming in 2019 and was expected to rise by 2.8 percent convince the human rights stakeholders how The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant and 4.7 percent through 2028 respectively. (a collection of Personal Computers strategically positioned of greater than it was yesteryears due to the fact that the the government will carter for the poor in times impact on tourism in Malawi being the third This refers to the total value of goods and around the world) hijacked with some form of malware that interconnectedness of the global village exposes the large amounts of lockdown. forex earner in the country but due to travel services and the sector’s economic activities allegedly belonged to organized Russian cybercriminal groups. of information be it personal, government or commercial type of restrictions within the country as well as generated by hotels, travel agents, airlines, and information to threats. With the current work from home as result Tourism has benefitted Malawi in various facets a slump in demand among travelers. The other passenger transportation services. Most The years 2009 and 2010 brought an upsurge to cyber threats, of the Covid 19 pandemic means that people have to be on the and the industry has been improving as a fast- tourism industry has been massively affected African states have moved rapidly to deepen one of the most notorious one being the Stuxnet. The Stuxnet net for longer hours hence exposure to cyber attackers. Despite growing economic industry in the country, with by the pandemic, as many other countries regional coordination, deeply health workers, is a malicious computer worm that was first uncovered in the the critical need to secure networks, the methods to be used and wide-scale income revenues, infrastructure have also introduced travel restrictions in an and enforce quarantines, lockdowns, and year 2010, primarily thought to have been in development since which need to be easily implementable are still lacking and this development, country’s improved brands’ attempt to contain its spread hence Malawi is border closures. Malawi so far has seen the lack the years 2005. The Stuxnet worm targets supervisory control came at a time when many were debating on cyber warfare, and image, source of foreign exchange earnings, affected by severe loss of revenue. Malawi has of capacity to employ sufficient health services and data acquisition systems and is believed to be responsible for whether it was real fact or just fiction. . source of employment, connectivity, and so far lost 35,000 tourism-related jobs by mid- to deal with the rise in coronavirus cases in causing serious damage to the nuclear program in Iran. growth to local, regional and even the remotest April, 2020. Malawi tourism is currently under several hotspot areas including the tourism areas in Malawi, boosting transportation and tight threat over the coronavirus pandemic sector.

24 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 25 tourism industry directly. Due to lockdowns considerable time and space, therefore, my the favoured location for exploration. During countries. Research shows a close link between worldwide, the short term future of Malawi view is that LCDs can in the meantime, retain the past decade many valuable resources the lack of cohesion and inequality in life tourism is bleak. workers and promote domestic tourism as have been discovered in previously resource- among many African countries. These factors people move to travel once lockdown measures poor African countries, often in remote areas. hindering national cohesion can be categorized Tourism is a sector with proven capacity to are relaxed, and continue to plan for more During the present decade the mines and as either political, economic or social-cultural bounce back once the multi-national main resilient, sustainable tourism sectors to retain transport infrastructure will be developed in and they include; actors respond positively to the pandemic and the much needed economic value that must order to exploit these discoveries. While natural • Weak leadership and governance of As COVID-19 aggravates long-standing this is a process that cannot clear overnight. The have been lost previous months. The economies resources have the potential to increase growth institutions inequalities and deepens hunger, malnutrition, sector is yet to recover once the communities of LCDs are being severely hit by COVID-19 due and economic development if not well equally • Failure to address historical injustices and vulnerability to disease, millions of where people live become safe for inhabitants, to erratic pandemic containment measures. managed has potential to create conflicts. • Polarization and division of a country along colleges. The ultimate aim of national cohesion Malawians could be pushed into extreme which warrants the inclusion of tourism in Employment to breadwinners in most families ethnic lines that defines political opinions and integration in Kenya was to create an all- poverty. Tourism remittances and demand for national and global recovery packages to has been lost. Government revenue has The limitations of African militaries in response and positions embracing national community that renders Africa’s commodities are already declining, support the healthcare systems. The road to dwindled. LCDs have limited capacity to deal to these threats have been all too evident. • Dishonesty and selfishness among leaders loyalty to competing ethnic, racial, regional, and the openings of the trade zones have been recovery will be longer and more difficult but with the pandemic of this scale, but the tourism Their weakness in Mali, CAR and Democratic (corruption) class, and religious communities. impacted. Due to the impact on air travel, the achievable. Unfortunately, LCDs’ economy with sector can rebound quickly if rehabilitation of Republic of Congo was probably inevitable • Inequality in access to and control of scarce travel decline has impacted the export industry a large percentage of the poor contributes little the sector is included in relief and resilient in view of their economic and geographic resources e.g. finance, land, etc. In Sierra Leone, following its brutal civil war, that depends on cargo freight space on to global GDP. The resumption of air travel building efforts at national and multinational fundamentals: these territories are basically • Ethnicity and negative ethnicity. the government integrated dialogue and citizen passenger planes as such this has affected the and the return of foreign tourism would take levels. . too poor to impose security on their highly • Cultural insensitivity input into the planning process as it sought to dispersed populations. While retrospectively it • High levels of illiteracy institutionalize a strong transitional justice is always easy to identify political weaknesses, • Corruption framework. The country’s ministry of defense prior to its collapse Mali was not on any of • Deteriorating morals and values leading initially pursued an inclusive and participatory the three independently maintained lists of to high levels of crime and anti-social process and later created mechanisms for fragile states by African standards, it was one behaviours among others civilian participation in parliament and of the better-conducted democracies. Hence, instituted procedures for civilian oversight and any solution to insecurity in these and similar Negative ethnicity, divisive politics, lack of control to gain the confidence of the public. NATIONAL COHESION AND countries will require a degree of external proper representation and regional autonomy, Sierra Leone’s national security strategy also military assistance. In contrast, the limitations and inequality in access to and control of emphasized the link between security and of the military in Nigeria and Kenya are not scarce resources have majorly contributed to development thereby identifying poverty and NATIONAL SECURITYtogether hence going beyond peacekeeping INconditions AFRICA of poverty and poor governance, fundamentally economic. In both countries the increased vulnerability of citizens of the same lack of social cohesion as a national security and conflict resolutions. It constitutes unity, can easily become disaffected. Additionally, the military tasks required to respond to terrorist nationality and even migrant groups to violence threat that requires calibrated responses that equality, freedom, democracy and absence of threat is distinctive because the organizations attacks were relatively modest. and mistreatment in some areas within the are not reliant on military instruments alone. war, social justice and the rule of law. needed to counter it effectively require a level country and foreign countries in Africa making of sophistication and cost that are beyond the Motivation, Nationalism and Democracy: protection of their rights a threat to the In Nigeria, the task of unifying the various National security or national defence is the means of most African militaries. The threat Links and tensions, two key building blocks in national securities of most African countries ethnic, religious, political, and socio-economic security and defence of a nation state, including from radical Islam has been evident in Mali, the belief system that generates and sustains e.g. the South African xenophobia, terrorism groupings has remained a daunting problem its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is the Central African Republic (CAR), Kenya and an effective military, nationalism and heroic in Somalia, Nigerian xenophobia, post-election and challenge to its national security for many regarded as a duty of government. Originally Nigeria. In Mali and CAR, it was existential: leadership. The nation is what the military violence in Kenya, the civil war in Sudan among years. conceived as protection against military attack, without timely French military intervention protects, and the nation’s leader is visibly self- others. Several African countries have devised national security is now widely understood both states would have been overrun and fallen sacrificing in the national interest. Directly, some ways to promote national cohesion Several strategies have been employed, policies to include also non-military dimensions, to radical Islamic forces. In Nigeria and Kenya, nationalism provides a shared identity, but it among its citizens to help curb their impact formulated including the institutionalization including the security from terrorism, the threat has taken the form of sensational also involves a supporting narrative, typically of on national security. Governments promote of the federal character principle, the National minimization of crime, economic security, terrorism that, while not threatening the a past struggle that has forged the nation, with national cohesion and integration by ensuring COL. GILBERT O. ODUOR Youth Service Corps, unity schools, national energy security, environmental security, states themselves, is highly damaging to their heroes of that struggle as role models. political, economic, and social stability. It is KENYA AIR FORCE symbols national orientation agency and food security, cyber-security etc. Similarly, international reputations. This difference in the sole responsibility of every government even mantras such as the “unity of the nation national security risks include, in addition to consequences is primarily due to the greater Corruption in most African are rampant. to create a stable and predictive environment is not negotiable” among others, yet the gap ational cohesion generally entails the actions of other nation states, action by military capacity of Nigeria and Kenya: both The need for enhanced counter-terrorism for its citizens to pursue their aspirations between the various groupings seem wider the existence of an integrated violent non-state actors, by narcotic cartels, countries have economies that are sufficiently intelligence, especially in East Africa, may be and endeavours. The Kenyan government for as Nigeria is still plagued with ethnic rivalry, citizenry with a sense of belonging and by multinational corporations, and also the robust to finance militaries with the capacity to more difficult to meet. Intelligence cannot example used different strategies to promote religious intolerance, political exclusions, amongst members of different effects of natural disasters. National Cohesion defeat terrorist. reasonably be shared with organizations that national cohesion such as the strategies power-sharing, and violent agitations among groups and from different regions through the and National Security in Africa is faced by are too weak to keep it secure. The pervasive adopted by the Ministry of Justice, National others. The story is the same for a majority of regulation and reconciliation of differences many threats, among them being: Radical Natural Resource Discoveries. Although Africa corruption of the African public sector Cohesion and Constitutional Affairs through African countries like Somalia, South Sudan, and competing demands. It is a process and an Islam is a global phenomenon, generated by has long been a natural resource exporter, until therefore precludes substantial sharing. the National Cohesion and Integration Botswana, Lesotho, and Congo among others. outcome of instilling and enabling all citizens in the uncontrolled dissemination of extremist recently it was only lightly prospected: resource The alternative is to finance and train self- Commission in educating and training its N The Underlying factor is, without National the country to have a sense as well as a feeling ideology, supported by vast private wealth extraction per square mile was much lower contained intelligence gathering capacity citizens thus providing a strong platform for unity, cohesion, and integration among the of belonging to the same country and facing in the Gulf, the use of which is not subject than in other regions. The high commodity country-by-country. social transformation. These training targeted citizens of a country, National security cannot shared challenges. It is anchored on the belief to scrutiny. It poses a distinctive threat to prices of the past decade have triggered a wave the youths, women groups, people with special be guaranteed. that societies and individuals can only achieve Africa partly because many African countries of investment in prospecting and, because I set to see the issues of national cohesion needs, community, and political elders, public their potentials when living and working have substantial Muslim populations that, in Africa was the least explored region, it became and its impact on national security in African servants, religious leaders, schools, and even

26 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 27 • Addressing Socio-Economic Inequalities military capacity because of lack of internal Arising from this challenge, one of the pupils, sky blue laptops for the teachers, Constituency Innovation Hubs (regional and inter-ethnic inequalities) such as cohesion and integration. While the threat from Mandates of the Kenyan Ministry of ICT, projectors, and digital content server and lack of access to education and training, water (CIH) the increasing importance of natural resources Innovation and Youth Affairs (MoIIYA) wireless router. Special needs schools also and sanitation, healthcare services, housing The initial proof of concept hubs have can best be countered by improved economic is to bridge the digital divide. It is doing have luminous green laptops and Braille among others. These forms of inequality create been successfully set up in several governance, that from Islamic extremism so through a number of programmes as embossers for special learners. a feeling of social exclusion which may intern constituencies (which also serve as Sub- probably requires international military enumerated hereafter: cause violence and hatred among citizens of a assistance, at least to the neighborhoods counties in the administrative structure). Teacher Capacity - Led by the Ministry of country of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa. In the The objective of the project is to support Education, Science and Technology building • Management of ethnic and socio-cultural longer term, African governments will need Digital Learning Programme entrepreneurs and innovators by providing teacher capacity has seen the development diversity. Cultural products serve to unify to improve domestic military effectiveness (DLP) access to free internet connectivity and people while participating in cultural and implementation of a targeted training and national cohesiveness. However, lack of The DLP uses technology to facilitate computing equipment in all the 290 activities ensures that issues of national programme for implementers of the DLP. Social cohesion is our best hope for healthy effectiveness is rooted in a more general lack of students to receive educational content. constituencies countrywide. It will also importance are profiled and a message In the initial stages 3 teachers per school are democracy worker’s motivation in the public sector. In this The Programme provides equipment enhance awareness and uptake of on-line of integration communicated thereby targeted to benefit from the digital learning In promoting national cohesion and integration case, rectifying it may depend upon resetting necessary to deliver the digital content platforms for employment and business promoting mutual coexistence and respect. training. So far over eighty thousand requires purposeful strategies to streamline the the identities, narratives and norms which including devices, internet connectivity, opportunities. The CIHs are being set up • Finally, reconciliation, conflict resolution, teachers have been trained. Digital content management of the various diversities among underpin motivation. Leaders may be able to in collaboration with the local members and prevention are also key in ensuring storage and servers, and power connection African countries. Some of the strategies that achieve such a reset through national parties, (academic material) comes in many forms national cohesion. Efforts should be made to public primary schools throughout of parliament who provide the laboratory can be adopted include but not limited to; embodying an ideology of ethnic inclusivity and including text, audio and videos files, to address conflict prevention, consolidating the country. Led by the ICT Authority facilities while the MoIIYA provides the personal sacrifice, as appears to be underway graphics, animations, and images. The DLP peace, and promoting healing among (ICTA), the technology and infrastructure data connectivity and training support. Strengthening vital institutions of governance in and Ethiopia. Such a strategy differs provides a framework for identification of conflicting communities. development includes identifying, In addition, they will support access to such as the executive, judiciary, local considerably from the preferred Western approved educational content materials to acquiring, and set up of reliable and robust government services through portal such as government, public administration, electoral approach of multiparty electoral competition. be digitized and availed in a secure digital In conclusion, Africa has been through a devices and infrastructure to support the e-citizen, i-tax and TIMS. Closely related to rules, and party composition is necessary if But in retrospect, the emphasis on the process platform for learners. The Kenya Institute successful decade of rapid growth. However, by which power is acquired, as opposed to how DLP. Eventually, it is expected that local the CIH is the Studio Mashinani. This project national cohesion and integration are to be of Curriculum Development (KICD) has it is facing new security threats that are likely it is used is considered important. . innovators and industries will be used in aims at enhancing availability of accessible achieved. led the digital content team to develop to be beyond its current or feasible domestic the assembly of the devices and accessories. recording studios and enhancement of and execute a framework for developing Consequently, the self-employment opportunities for artists content and converting it into digital University of Agriculture and Technology in the robust creative music industry. platform. KICD launched online content and Moi University in collaboration with Studio Mashinani is a key component of the for classes one, two, and three, which is the Ministry of Industrialization and Ajira Digital Program is under the theme available upon a simple registration. The Enterprise Development have established “Talent ni Kazi”, where we aim to develop DLP devices are preloaded with content the Nairobi Industrial and Technology the creative industry by enabling the youth which includes interactive digital content BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: Park Project. to tap into their natural creative curiosity in five subjects namely, Kiswahili, English, and inventiveness. The MoIIYA through Mathematics, Science and Social studies. INNOVATION AND YOUTH AGENDA In order to join the program, an the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, has Content for class four to eight should be e-readiness assessment to ensure the built five independent audio recording ccording to whatis.techtarget. some access to technology, the digital ready soon. com, Digital Divide has been divide can be evident in the form of school has a metered connection to either and creative production studios for the national grid or solar power, secure purposes of recording quality audio defined to mean the gap between lower-performance computers, lower- This program has had remarkable and well ventilated storage cabinets with music, commercials and jingle pieces. demographics and regions that speed wireless connections, lower-priced benefits with the pupils being more alert adequate charging ports, flat and wide Studio Mashinani eligibility guidelines are have access to modern information and connections such as dial-up, and limited and learning becoming more fun and desks, enough for all the students, a dust necessary to ensure the greatest access to communications technology, and those access to subscription-based content. The practical. The program has enhanced proof classroom, ample security for the the studio to as many artists as possible. that do not or have restricted access. The reality of a separate-access marketplace ICT skills amongst the teachers and has devices, with grilled doors and windows In an effort to allow equitable opportunity technology can include the telephone, is problematic because of the rise of enabled communities close to schools A where they are stored, at least 2 teachers for facility use, reservations will be limited television, personal computers and services such as video on demand, video to connect to the grid electricity. In trained per school, and a full set of devices to no more than 4 uses per month and no the Internet. In the earlier times, digital conferencing and virtual classrooms, addition, DLP provides business and for a school which includes tablets for the more than 2 hours per use. divide referred mainly to the division which require access to high-speed, high- employment opportunities such as ICT between those with and without telephone quality connections that those on the less- support centres in the counties and sub- access; in the late 1990s the term began served side of the digital divide cannot counties, and business opportunities in Ajira Digital MR. TIMOTHY WERE The Ajira Digital Program is a government to be used mainly to describe the rift access and/or afford. And while adoption digital education content development MINISTRY OF ICT, INNOVATION initiative driven by the MOIIYA to empower between those with and those without of smartphones is growing, even among and e-waste management and disposal. AND YOUTH-KENYA millions of young people to access digital Internet access, particularly broadband lower-income and minority groups, the Efforts through local collaborations and job opportunities. The program seeks network connection. in rural areas; between the educated and rising costs of data plans and the difficulty consortia to build the capacity to assemble to position Kenya as a choice labour the uneducated; between socioeconomic of performing tasks and transactions the DLP devices and accessories, will build destination for multinational companies According to the Communications groups; and, globally, between the on smartphones continue to inhibit the local industry and creates jobs. Authority, the digital divide typically more and less industrially developed closing of the gap. as well as encourage local companies exists between those in cities and those nations. Even among populations with and public sector to create digital work.

28 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 29 The government digitization projects network with the central government and which is well-covered by other internet already create lots of viable micro work is also used by leading telecommunication services, it will initially cover a region that can be completed by digital workers. firms. Metropolitan fibre civil works has spanning nearly 50,000 sq.km., including been completed in 35 of 47 counties. Iten, Eldoret, Baringo, Nakuru, Kakamega, Access to digital work has the potential of , Kisii, Bomet, Kericho, and KNOWING HOW TO LEARN building wealth and growing tax bracket County Connectivity Project Narok. Delivering connectivity to rural nationally. The guiding principles of the areas will uplift the underserved areas (CCP) Ajira Digital Program are: and see opportunities enjoyed by other The County Connectivity Project aims IN THE INFORMATION AGE 1. Private sector first - value generation developed areas availed to them. In 2015, research by McGraw-Hill showed at ensuring that county Government It is clear that we are through the private sector that globally, 81% of students in tertiary offices are connected to the internet as all drowning in a sea of 2. Sustainability - orchestrate the institutions used the internet to study. well as promoting online services using Way forward ecosystem to self-regulate and grow information. The challenge It would not be complete conjecture to telephones, emails and teleconferencing. According to the Communications organically postulate that percentage has only grown With increased connectivity in the counties, Authority of Kenya (CA), another agency is to learn to swim in 3. Eliminate brokers - generating more bigger in recent years. In the same report, there is faster delivery of services and under MOIIYA, the liberalization of that sea, rather than sink value to the youth it was revealed that 85% percent of students documents such as birth certificates and the communications sector has had a 4. Promote the domestic economy - under it. who embraced technology recorded an National Identification Cards. In addition, positive effect on the deployment of realization of a knowledge economy improvement in their grades. the public has equal access to high quality communications infrastructure and public services both from the national and services in the country. However, the universities, today there exists a flood of The components of the Ajira digital The beauty of the information age is county offices. The project specifically opening up of the sector has not availed information that is mostly accessible free program have been designed to address that it has devolved and democratized aims to connect County Commissioner communications services to all in Kenya of charge. For learners in the digital age, the main challenges that hinder the knowledge. People who would otherwise Offices, Treasury Departments, Civil as the licensed commercial operators JAMES MUNGAI WARUI, the advents brought about by technology youth on benefiting from digital job not have been able to acquire an education Registration Departments, National and service providers have tended to OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF might seem propitious. However, can too opportunities: The Ajira youth who do not can now do so with relative ease. Students Registry Bureau, Education Department concentrate operations in areas where a PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS much of a good thing turn into poison? have personal internet Infrastructure can who cannot be admitted to a university Offices, and Governors Offices. return on investment is guaranteed. The As Lyman (2001) posited, can students still use government innovation hubs, Kazi either due to financial reasons or academic Kenya Communications (Amendment) hen American engineer learn to swim in the sea of information Connect Centers, Studio Mashinani merit can now educate themselves using Act, 2009, provides for the establishment Martin Cooper invented the rather than sink under it? How can one and Y254 TV Channel. tools found over the internet. Researchers of a Universal Service Fund (USF), world’s first cell phone in judiciously separate the wheat of beneficial have long found out that the internet administered and managed by the CA. 1973, he had no idea that he knowledge from the chaff of fake news and contains tools to help even students with Presidential Digital Talent The purpose of the Fund is to support had just changed the world. The progress internet garbage? Here, I seek to explore literacy problems catch up with their Programme (PDTP) widespread access to ICT services, of technology adoption was slow at first. In and attempt to answer these questions cognitively-advanced peers. DigiTalent is the brand name for the promote capacity building and innovation the 1990s, when people were asked whether among others. Presidential Digital Talent Programme in ICT services in the country. they would consider using a cell phone or W The extent of the autonomy that can be (PDTP), an internship programme that accessing the internet, many of them said At present, nearly every learner on the achieved by learners in the information develops the ICT talent pool in Kenya The sources of the Fund include levies on these were unnecessary practices. In the planet benefits from the internet in some age became even more apparent during through a collaboration between the public licensees, appropriations from Government past twenty years, however, the use of ICT way or form. Even though traditional brick the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic. Because the and private sectors. It is borne out of the as well as grants and donations. The has increased drastically across the globe, and motor classes continue to exist, both coronavirus that causes Covid-19 is highly need for government to enhance its capacity Fund is expected to finance national culminating in a period that is widely teachers and learners cannot conduct infectious, many learning institutions to use ICT in effective public service projects that have significant impact on referred to as the digital age. their affairs without the internet’s input. across the globe were shut down to contain delivery. It also provides a training ground the availability and accessibility of ICTs the spread of the disease. In the days of for potential employees and an affordable in rural, remote and poor urban areas. Unlike in the past where knowledge was yore prior to the information age, nearly labour pool of freshly qualified individuals Google Loon Consequently, areas that are perceived often sequestered behind physical libraries all formal learning would have ground in government offices. Targeting recent Google Loon is working with MOIIYA to as commercially unviable have over time and within the grounds of schools and to a halt. However, many institutions are graduates, PDTP offers participants an bring internet access to Kenya’s remote remained either un-served or under-served. now able to carry on with the curriculum opportunity to understand government regions. Floating high in the stratosphere, The Communications Authority of Kenya activities through various online electronic services, and provides them with a chance around 20km above sea level out of range is responsible for ensuring that all in Kenya platforms. In their phones and computers, to contribute towards improving service of air traffic, storms and wildlife, Loon have access to affordable communications students can access more than enough delivery to Kenyan citizens. balloons can extend internet coverage services. The Communications Authority of information to pass their courses. over 5,000 square kilometres. The balloon Kenya undertook a National ICT Access gap National ICT Connectivity carries an antenna, which relays internet study in 2016 and has mapped out the 66 Any learner seeking to benefit from the The National Fibre Optic Backbone signals transmitted from the ground. In underserved areas, in which it has started fruits of the information age must first Infrastructure (NOFBI) has over 6,000km the case of this new partnership, Telkom installing telephone connectivity as a start. start by interrogating their objectives for transmission network that enables the Kenya will be providing the internet It will continue devoting proceeds from the USF to developing the areas on the wrong learning. Any form of learning should local government departments of the 47 signals, and Loon will spread it over Figure 6: The concept of learning has changed Figure 5: Martin Cooper invented the cell- not be geared towards merely being counties to form an efficient transmission remote areas of Kenya, away from Nairobi side of the digital divide. . since the beginning of the millennium [Source: phone. [Photo from CNN] Imgflip]

30 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 31 ‘knowledgeable’. Instead, any information that while time-limits can be placed upon books and preserving the useful ones, then Other than wasting time, the consequences that have bombarded our society) than we consume will serve us better if the pace of knowledge acquisition, this is burning the rest. of not dealing with information overload previously conveyed by the teachers? we strategically direct it towards the quickly changing. Self-directed learners can be detrimental to a learner’s health. What do citizens do when faced with many development of relevant competencies. can now do away with formal supervision What Gesner complained about centuries Speaking to The Australian, Dr. Ben Searle, informational possibilities –information and dictate the pace of their own learning. ago is a phenomenon that modern scientists senior lecturer of Psychology at Macquarie as well as misinformation? This process of interrogating one’s have come to define as “information University, said information overload has objectives might include passing up on skills The learning of today punishes overload”. Information overload, according emerged as a major cause of psychological To avoid the conundrums stated above, that have been rendered almost obsolete individualism and focuses on to the Oxford Dictionary, is “Exposure to illness. teachers and students should thoroughly in the digital age. Learning skills such as collaboration. It is said that at the cusp or provision of too much information or Both learners and teachers should take question how they receive information. manual data entry, for example, would only of the information age in the mid-1990s, data”. Futurist Toffler likened the situation great care to evaluate the credibility of It takes rigorous practice to be able to put the learner at a disadvantage since such two companies set out to digitise the to what results after over-eating, coining information received during the learning differentiate real news from satire and jobs have largely been automated. It is also encyclopaedia. One of them, Microsoft the term “infobesity”. process. Since many entities produce fake news. Learners should, therefore, not wise to focus on a line of study that Encarta, hired qualified experts who were information in today’s world, it can seek to verify sources of every bit of HENRY KIATO KISINGU involves rote memorisation of factoids that all PhD holders to produce an online be a Herculean task to separate facts information received and learn how to might not be directly applicable in real-life encyclopaedia which people would pay from fiction. Fake news and downright recognise patterns used by fake news KENYA PRISON SERVICE situations. Knowledge that is not applied is top dollar to access. The other, Wikipedia, inaccurate and misleading information peddlers. According to Nagler, fake news just but useless trivia. In the information sought to make their encyclopaedia free have proliferated in our information is characterised by grammatical errors, oments or times of crises are age, such knowledge can simply be obtained for all and relied on well-wishers to pen its sources such as the internet and having illegitimate second-level domains, generally experiences of great via a 5-second Google search. entries. Today, Microsoft Encarta is extinct newspapers. having a glaring lack of quotes, and a difficulty, danger or suffering. while Wikipedia thrives. propensity for old, recycled stories. These are also moments According to a report by data analytics A study by Stanford University found that Of importance to note is that learning of great disagreements, confusion and firm Domo, human beings produce 2.5 The above scenario lays bare the learners using the internet do not fare goes beyond merely having access to suffering. They could face an individual, quintillion bytes of information every motivations that underpin learning in well when it comes to determining truth and knowledge of how to use technology family, organization, community, or day. Clearly, we are already generating today’s age. Collaboration and joint from falsehoods. 30% of students surveyed (hardware and software) - because nation. I could not help but wonder what more information than we can reasonably learning, aided by technology, have were inclined to believe fake social technology alone does not guarantee M inspired leaders in history who made consume. What the world needs most are emerged as important values that drive media accounts that pedal inaccurate quality learning. As described in this Figure 9: No one should fail to gain knowledge greatest statements ever. Most of the people who can interpret this information the learning principles of today. A student in the digital era [Source : Imgflip]. information. A whopping 80% of students article, gaining knowledge and skills in inspiring words or quotes where made and use it to advance humankind. In the in Nairobi can easily share knowledge will read through an advertisement the information age can provide immense by men or women in moments of crises words of popular musician and USA with their counterpart in Kosovo through In the information age, learners have disguised as an informative article and benefits in form of autonomy, increased or hardship. As John Kenneth Galbraith Presidential aspirant Kanye West: mediums such as social media and internet to devise ways to combat information take it as the gospel truth. Learners were learning opportunities, and an enhanced said,” leadership is the confrontation of forums. This collaboration enhances one’s overload. As early as 2012, it was revealed more inclined to believe information that ability to collaborate with peers from the major anxiety”. For purpose of this @KanyeWest (2018, April 30). we’re in this understanding of a learning concept as well that the average person receives 63,000 is found on numerous websites as opposed across the globe. However, while enjoying article I will major more on crises of so-called information age but we’re starving as fosters a spirit of virtual camaraderie. words of new information every day. That is to information coming from credible the benefits of unprecedented access Global, regional and National magnitudes. for wisdom (sic). [Twitter Post] Retrieved about the length of a novel! To navigate this sources. to information, learners and educators Since time in memorial the world has from https://twitter.com/kanyewest/ In 1545, Conrad Gesner, a Swiss physician torrent of information, the modern learner alike must take great care to minimise suffered humanitarian calamities/crises status/990697283174858752?lang=en and scholar, complained that the world, needs to be disciplined enough to turn out The need to evaluate the credibility of downsides such as information overload ranging from war, conflicts, disasters, at that time, had too many books. He said the noise and focus solely on the relevant information is nothing new. However, until and unscrupulous data and information. . famine. Terrorism, pandemics, among After identifying one’s learning objectives, that the over-abundance of books was material. Ironically, it is technology that recently, most people dealt with carefully others. Crises are categorized by their a learner’s next step will involve selecting harming learners and confusing them. holds the key to saving learners from selected collections of information material magnitude, scale of destruction both the learning methods that will accrue Gesner called on Kings and Princes to drowning in data. Productivity apps and from academic and public libraries. There materials and loss of life. Among the most them the greatest benefits in the solve this problem by sorting through the online tools can help filter emails and was a limited range of widely accepted renown events of humanitarian crises information age. While classroom-based block certain time-wasting applications to authoritative text books in the classroom include the Spanish flu of 1918 which left and instructor-led methods are still vital, enhance focused study. and a fairly ethical and controlled mass approximately 50 million people dead, the new methods of information dispensation media. Currently, anyone can make a web first and second world wars which left over may work just as well, if not better. Just like knowing what not to eat is the page. Individuals posting information 100 million dead. Worst world disasters secret to combating bodily obesity, on the internet are not required to pass include china floods of 1931 leaving 50 A learner needs to know that in the digital knowing what information to ignore is through traditional editors or undergo million dead, HIV/aids pandemic left age, learning has been geared towards also the key to avoiding infobesity. Not any kind of fact-checking required in approximately 30 million dead by WHO a more self-directed approach. What every book about a particular topic out conventional published print media. It is records of 2010. National Humanitarian this means is that instead of waiting for there deserves to be read. An academic difficult to tell whether the information crises recorded include Yemen political instructors to provide structured curricula article ought not to be read cover to cover. is reliable or not. One can then pose Figure 8: Learners need to know how to filter information. [Source: Imgflip] conflicts leading to over 15 million people about the areas of study, learners now Learners should discipline themselves to questions like - What happens when our dead and many more calamities leading have more freedom in picking areas of only consume what they intend to apply. children get more information (from the Figure 7: Conrad Gessner is believed to have to serious humanitarian crisis to mention study and specialisation. This also means internet and other electronic technologies diagnosed the earliest instance of information but a few. overload [Source: Britannica.com]

32 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 33 During crisis, leadership provides hope Leaders must project He said the challenge is huge and that as and courage. This was demonstrated Minister he will require help of all relevant during the 2nd World War when Britain was honesty and confidence. government agencies to deal with it. attacked by Germany. The then charismatic Prime Minister Winston Churchill in some Being realistic during Leaders who never learn from history are of his powerful statements said “without crises is an important key doomed to fail. The world continues to be courage all other virtues lose their faced with astounding challenges which meaning”. He is also quote as saying “one to inspiration. require leadership to provide solutions. ought never to turn back on a threatened Among them are effects of climate change LEADERSHIP COUNTS danger and try to run away from it. If you such as floods, landslides and forest fires do that, you will double the danger. But if as those recently experienced in Australia, you meet it promptly and without flinching, you will reduce the California and USA; Terrorism by violent extremist groups; danger by half. Never run away from anything, never! “yet another Challenges of drug abuse and drug trafficking; human trafficking, IN CRISIS, ROLE OF he said “if you are going through hell, keep going”. A leader poor governance and high level corruption in Africa and Latin becomes the figure head of courage who people look up to and America. Others are Pandemics like COVID-19, poverty in Africa, still see hope and strength to carry on. The people of Great Britain conflicts, environmental pollution, threats of technological crimes where able to courageously fight against a might Germany army like bioterrorism, cybercrimes and moral decadency of society LEADERSHIPsaw INphotographic evidenceCRISIS of the deployment of Soviet Nuclear in World War Two with a leadership navigated their country to destroying tomorrow’s future generations. All these challenges, Missiles in Cuba, just some 90 miles from USA soil, the President victory. whether at global, regional, national or at community, family or said “We here again facing another crisis, and we are hungry for individual levels are requiring leadership to act appropriately. whatever the past can teach us about how to survive moments of Crises is naturally unpredictable which means that leaders have great stress and strain”. President Kennedy was rational, careful no time to prepare. Crises or moments of adversity are moments Learning from historical moments of crisis the role leadership and willing to compromise but was very much aware of the crisis of either a do or die. Leadership counts during crises to build played; when men and women who stood and saved their and its threat. In his address to the Nation, Kennedy “let no one their societies resilience during and post crisis period. During communities and provided leadership we can all look up to them doubt that this is a difficult and dangerous effort on which we crises leadership reassures the people. As is common in crises the for lessons, men like Winston Churchill of Britain, Truman of USA have set out. No one can foresee precisely what course it will take environment things could quickly degenerate in to chaos due to and Sigman Rhee of South Korea who led a country ravaged by war or cost or casualties’ will be incurred. Many months of sacrifice fear, stress and uncertainty. Leadership holds responsible those to make it world class economy with a cutting edge technology. and self-discipline lie ahead, months in which both our patience assigned responsibilities to perform so that they can execute crisis Example of leaders like Mao Tse Tung of China who led China and our will, will be tested, months in which many threats and management focused on and heighten the spirit of determination from devastating effect of communism and Sino-Japanese wars denunciations will keep us aware of our dangers”. of the people to get over it. to make a foundation for one of the leading economic giants of the world today. Not to be left are African leaders who saw their “A leader is a dealer Leaders must project honesty and confidence. Being realistic Nations rise from hopeless crises to bright new down; Jomo in hope “as Napoleon during crises is an important key to inspiration. There is need Kenyatta and struggle for independence of Kenya, Nelson Mandela Bonaparte once for calmness and assurance when stating the magnitude of a of South Africa and President Paul Kagame. observed. Some of situation. Leaders are human and they too get affected by crises. the greatest moments Leadership must be honesty first to itself and with the people. Kenya today is faced with myriads of problems ranging and times of crises Honesty demonstrates the integrity of leadership. During from corruption, tribal conflicts, unemployment, effects of history had leaders this COVID-19 Pandemic Kenya’s Cabinet Minister for Health, environmental degradation, crime, terrorism, pandemics and who played critical Kenya, Hon. Mutahi Kagwe came out honestly and admitted their socio economic effects, all looking up to leadership. It is key role in the survival that his ministry is grabbling with corruption issues which were a challenge to all in position of leadership and responsibility to Humanitarian crisis in Yemen of humanity. Just like hampering efficiency and effectiveness to deal with COVID-19. provide leadership and enable Kenyans and Africa to navigate today, humanity is faced with problems, challenges and crisis through these challenging moments. Right now the world is that threaten man’s survival. History is often written of leaders in going through one of the worst pandemic; covid-19 this has whom we see innovation and courage in crises. Nelson Mandela led to almost shut down of all economic activities and learning once said “Do not judge me by my successes, judge me by how institutions. Air and Rail transport has been shut down, Factories many times I fell down and got back again”. John F. Kennedy Actions of leaders during crises determine whether the and business hubs closed as workers are ordered to stay away during the Cuban Missiles Crisis once said “When written in organization, nation or even the community will succeed to or work from home. So many people have lost their livelihood Chinese, the word CRISIS is composed of two characters. One navigate through the crisis. Effective leadership must take good as the governments continue to tighten measures to control the represents danger and the other represents Hope” alternatively decisions very quickly and in most cases they do with limited spread of covid-19. Hope for the country to navigate through the leader must give hope. information. Leadership therefore will serve as the force to current crisis of the pandemic will solely depend on leadership. rally everyone on the right track. To lead in crisis, the leader In conclusion, I congratulate The President of the Republic of Leaders during crises must have a clear understanding of what is must remain on top of issues, take charge and in taking critical Kenya together with all the leaders for showing strong leadership facing them. In 1962, John F. Kennedy was President of USA during decisions. The leader must portray confidence and face crises during this crisis. It is my hope that we all shall remain strong the Cuban Missile crisis when his country was faced with one of head on despite the stress involved. and resilient to rebuild our economic and social institutions. For the most serious threats to Americas National Security. When he together we stand but divided we fall. . CS Health, Mutahi Kagwe, briefing on Covid-19 status.

34 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 35 abroad to participate in the transformation agenda, hence contribute to vision 2030. Ideas from the Kenyan Diaspora are vital DIASPORA AND ITS in the development of our country. The ideas that they get from abroad are later transferred directly to Kenya especially CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL when Kenyans studying abroad return when Kenyans after their education. Some come back and work with the DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA government, private sector or start their is scattered all over the world and is Excellency, , called on all own businesses hence contributing to estimated to be more than 3 million. persons living in the Diaspora to join the national development. The increased use Some of them are professionals in various government and other Kenyans in the of mobile phones, modern forms of social field such as medicine, engineering, development of the Country. He urged all media communication , including use of information technology specialist, Kenyans abroad to offer their assistance twitter, Facebook and WhatsApp among accounts and university tutors among in developing Kenya, either through others, have contributed to the exchange of others. Most of these are in the Americas remittances, skills, knowledge, innovation information and ideas between the Kenyan and the western world. Others are menial and technology transfer. Diaspora and the Kenyans at home. workers such as domestic workers. The main contribution by the Diaspora to There are vibrant Kenyan professionals Due to the importance the government Kenya National Development is through such as engineers, doctors, and technology places on Diaspora, the Government’s Cash Remittance. Remittances as cash experts who are currently working abroad. Foreign Policy of 2014 has identified inflow to the country are being directed Some of those who have returned to ROBERT KOBIA Diaspora one of the five pillars of the to increase the national income and the Kenya have already joined the Kenyan MINISTRY OF FOREIGN foreign policy. To ensure that Diaspora is GDP. In the recent past, the Kenyan GDP government in the national development significant impact on the economy ofa A large part of the Diaspora’s remittances AFFAIRS well anchored in government operations, has risen over 3% as a result of diaspora agenda in their areas of specialization. The country. The inflows mitigate against is directed to consumption, investment, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs also came up remittances. According to Migration and doctors and other professional expatriates shocks caused by shortage of foreign and human development. One of the diaspora can be described as with the first-ever Diaspora Policy in 2014 Development report of 2019, remittances should be encouraged to come back to currency in the country and helps to policies drafted by the Kenyan government a group of people who share to guide the government’s engagement also rose from 196 billion shillings ($ Kenya and start clinics, hospitals, and stabilize the Kenya shilling. The overall induces a favourable environment to allow similar heritage and origin, with Diaspora. The Kenya’s Constitution 1.962 billion) in the year 2017 to 272 billion even medical schools to assist in national growth of the economy is created as investment by the Kenyan Diaspora in having migrated from their 2010 has provided for dual citizenship shillings ($ 2.720 billion) in 2018, which was building. The untapped profession in demand for services and products increases their countries, which is later channelled the medical sector can help Kenya build mother country, but possess significant for Kenyans living outside the country. an increase of over 75 billion Kenya shillings as there is liquidity the in local markets. to homeland country through levies. interest and connection back in their The Kenyan government occasionally has ($750 million). A survey occasionally its medical fraternity and enhance its Most families living in Kenya receive cash homeland. In the last few decades, the organized national conferences for the conducted by CBK on remittances cash capacity to deal with rising health issues. from their relatives abroad. As a result, The Diaspora is now Kenyan’s 48th county world has witnessed people’s migration Diaspora to encourage them to invest back inflow monthly has shown a tremendous A their living standards are improved, being the largest and most influential.The into different countries because of politics, home. There is, however, a need for the rise in recent years. In March this year The diaspora policy was designed to reducing poverty and contributing to Diaspora have also been allowed to vote education, socialization, economics, government to harness fully the potential for example $ 228.9 million was received facilitate a favourable environment for the well-being. Remittances come in progressively during general elections and religion, and family ties. The movement that has not been fully utilized. compared to $ 218.8 million) received in the Kenyan Diaspora to participate in throughout the year and benefit all levels indeed they voted in some select countries necessitated the national government February. The diaspora remittances are the nation’s development. Among them from households, individuals, community, (e.g in East African countries and South to design strategies that have helped During his inauguration as the third now Kenyas leading source of Foreign was the development of a mechanism of to the national level. Africa) during the last general election in domesticate the benefits realized in the President of the Republic of Kenya, His Exchange earnings surpassing tourism minimizing the high cost of sending the 2017. The move to include the Diaspora Diaspora. Inputs from the diaspora group and agricultural exports. remittances to Kenya. The advancement The Kenyans in the Diaspora have vital in the national government matters has cannot be underestimated or assumed in communication and technology has contributions in areas of culture, political enhanced their participation in building because they play a significant role in Kenyan’s remittances from the Diaspora enabled many channels of transferring, Money is often sent to plans, business ventures, stability, and the nation and participating in decision contributing to the gross domestic product mainly come from the North America, which are cheap and affordable. Services of peace of the nation by providing great making. The decision by the Kenyan of the homeland country. family members, relatives European countries, and Asia among M-PESA, Tangaza Pesa, and Airtel Money, ideas and finance. The macroeconomic government to create policies that allow others. among others, are mobile-based payment crises in Kenya that arise from Kenya for voting rights and dual citizenship has The post-colonial period saw many Sub- and friends and also methods of money transfer, which are participating in international trade are encouraged Kenyans living in the Diaspora Saharan African countries encounter war Money is often sent to family members, reasonable in the current market. directly deposited to bank some of the problems solved by the to link with their counterparts in their and internal conflicts, political instability, relatives and friends and also directly Diaspora’s remittances. Remittances homeland actively. economic crises, and genocides—this accounts opened in Kenya deposited to bank accounts opened in The set to provide improve the creditworthiness of a country fueled a movement of people from their Kenya by individuals outside the country. incentives for investment opportunities in by individuals outside the hence gives a country access international The launching of the Diaspora policy in countries to other countries perceived to When remittances are used by individuals the spirit of encouraging Diaspora to direct markets in financing developmental 2015 by Kenya’s government was aimed offer better conditions. Kenya’s diaspora who are the recipients, they create a their remittances to central government country. projects and infrastructure. at harnessing the potential of Kenyans

36 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 37 and devolved counties. The constitution of abroad have bought land in the counties not available. If the well to do members Kenya commits the government to protect and plots in cities and have invested of diaspora could come and invest in the interest of Kenyans living abroad. in real estate . This has contributed industry, tourism, health, agriculture, ROLE OF FORENSIC ANALYSIS IN CRIMINAL Besides, the government had promised to to provision of housing/shelter to the transport and education among other put in place programs that will encourage Kenyans and in a way contributing to the sectors, they could create employment professionals abroad to come back home Big Four Agenda of providing affordable and reduce the current unemployment INVESTIGATIONSfibers, ANDand tool marks. PROSECUTIONS As the high-profile UK. Other countries like Austria, the and develop their country. The continued housing. The only unfortunate thing is facing the youth. This would be a great dispute between the federal government Netherlands, Germany, the United States updating of Diaspora database of the that many have also lost their saving after contribution to the nation and would and Apple over unlocking a smartphone and France have computerized crime Kenyans living abroad is aimed to improve engaging in land purchase fronted by reduce the rate of crimes occasioned by indicates, digital forensics is an increasingly labs in various stages of development. access to the timely and quality information conmen masquerading as genuine owners unemployment. Drug addiction, robbery prominent type of analysis as well. Today, crime labs are run by government about Kenya for ease of engagement. A of land only for them to produce fake land as well as usage of illegal arms would departments and law enforcement web portal for Diaspora has been created ownership documents. Others have relied substantially be reduced. Forensic science comprises a set of scientific agencies within the criminal justice sector. both at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and on relatives who have swindled them of disciplines and methodologies, whose There are over four hundred public crime at the Missions abroad for registration of hard earned savings. Most Kenyans abroad have established goal is to help in legal procedures during labs in the United States showing the each member of diaspora and provides Kenya Community Associations that bring investigations and prosecutions. These importance of forensic science as a tool in various consular services the government The Kenyan professionals abroad can people together. It is expected that the include forensic toxicology, psychiatry investigation of crimes. offers. The ministry headquarters and greatly contribute to the technological Kenyans wherever they are will be good and forensic psychology, anthropology diplomatic missions abroad enhance advancement of the country through ambassadors of the country. They could and forensic odontology, criminalistics, Forensic Science Application in efficient engagement with Diaspora technology transfer by coming in to hold events from time to time to market MARK BARASA biology and forensic genetics. This article Kenya through sharing information using the start local industries with the knowledge Kenya’s culture. They can hold Kenya Day ODPP focuses primarily on forensic genetics role Forensic Science in crime governance trending means of communication. Some acquired abroad. This could enhance or Kenya night where Kenyan Cuisine, in criminal investigations. Forensic science incorporates new ways to apply justice using Missions such as Washington DC organize not only Agricultural farm productivity attire, songs and dance are exhibited and Growth in Application of applies scientific methods to the recovery, scientific methods. This is being applied Diaspora investment conferences but also post-harvest storage of food. enjoyed. The Kenyan story can be told to Forensic Genetics analysis and interpretation of relevant in Kenya too. In Republic of Kenya Siaya where the diaspora voice is heard and We need technology for preservation the audience to increase their knowledge Whenever a crime is committed, materials and data in criminal investigations High Court Criminal Appeal no. 16 of 2016 information on the investment climate in and storage of fruits such as mangoes, about the country. If portrayed positively investigators look for traces left by the and court proceedings hence it is both an Eliud Ouma Agwara versus Republic, the Kenya shared with them. avocadoes and bananas that go to waste outside the country by Kenyans, Kenya will human body including: hair, saliva, nails, intelligence and evidential tool to assist appellant Eliud Ouma Agwara was charged most of the years as they are do not get be taken seriously not only for investment footprints and other bodily fluids. Criminal in the delivery of justice. In this article I with an offence of defilement contrary to It has been noted that Diaspora can market due to overproduction. Packaging purposes but also as an ideal place to visit. investigation is a multi-faceted challenge have discussed case law in which forensic section 8 (1) (4) of The Sexual Offences Act No. greatly assist the government wherever technology would go a long way in adding The members of diaspora should also give requiring police investigators to learn evidence was applied. I have also discussed 3 of 2006. The alleged victim, a 16 years old they are by collaborating with the Kenyan value to locally produced products which their best to their host countries and avoid investigative processes. Scholars have the legal framework under which forensic girl is purported to have been impregnated missions abroad to market Kenyan can fetch higher prices in foreign markets going against the local laws. studied the institution of the prosecutor, analysis is done particularly in Kenya. These as a result of the alleged defilement. After a products especially the main agricultural and increase the country’s foreign the public defender, and the operation of discussions clearly indicate that forensic full trial the appellant Eliud Ouma Agwara exports such as tea, coffee, flowers and earnings. In conclusion, Kenyans in Diaspora have criminal courts; and now the crime lab is evidence plays a very important role in was found guilty on the main charge, vegetables. The same applies to marketing a lot to offer in the development of the deservedly receiving academic attention investigations within the criminal justice convicted and sentenced to serve 15 years of Kenyan tourism products that we pride In the western countries, there are Kenyans country. They should take the advantage of as well. Crime labs vastly expanded their sector. imprisonment. Aggrieved by the conviction in. In Canada for example, several Kenyan working with research institutions which the government’s willingness to facilitate footprint due to the drug war, with its owned companies such as Asilia Inc. are collaborate with the government agencies them where necessary and engage for and sentence the appellant appealed to the demands for high-volume drug testing, International Perspective leading in marketing Kenyan tea especially and fund development programmes in individual gain and national good. There High Court of Kenya in Siaya. One of the and the advent of Deoxyribonucleic Scholars submit that application of the Kericho Gold brand now available Kenya. It would therefore be ideal if these are limitless opportunities for investment grounds of appeal was that The Learned Trial testing, which required expensive testing forensic science in criminal investigations in leading stores in Ontario province. officials could present the Kenyan case depending on one’s background and Magistrate erred in fact and in law in failing equipment. began in earnest towards the end of the Others are selling Ketepa brand tea and favourably in their organizations to attract interest. While abroad, they should also to take into account the result of the DNA last millennium with the registration specialty tea. During the major coffee and more funding especially for research endeavour to register with missions to test on the paternity of the Complainant’s Modern crime labs perform testing of of patents for modern processes of tea exhibitions, tourism fairs and shows and development. Foreign research facilitate interaction and provision of potential controlled substances and drug DNA profile extraction. The substantial these Kenyan companies team up with institutions like the International Centre consular assistance. The Remittances from testing constitutes the largest portion of potential of the DNA profiling methods the missions or go alone to market the for Research and Development (ICRD) Kenya diaspora in the recent past have what crime labs do. Roughly the other half created and developed in the US and products. Apart from the above, ethnic based in Canada have active portfolio in increased considerably and have helped of the work of crime labs, according to the UK at the tail-end of the 1980s to food products are also being sold by Africa and has assisted Kenya in the past. the country especially during the current these Bureau of Justice Statistics surveys, support the identification of authors of Kenyans in cities with large concentration Kenyans working for the institution have period of COVID-19 pandemic, which has relates to identifying culprits and assessing crimes led to efforts by law enforcement of Kenyans and East Africans. Such worked hand to secure some funding for led to joblessness and reduced earnings. how crimes occurred. That work includes authorities in the following decade products include Kenyan sausages, beans, projects in Kenya. Professionals abroad are encouraged to DNA testing, but despite its prominence, to develop computerized databases maize and maize floor, bananas for matoke return home and contribute in nation relatively few cases permit a DNA test. Crime containing DNA profiles of convicted and dried vegetables. Many Kenyan youths who are highly building. . labs still handle far more requests relating criminals. Computerized databases and educated are idle and unemployed as the to traditional forensic methods-such as crime labs are now a common feature It will be noted that many Kenyans living formal jobs in the government sector are comparing ballistics, latent fingerprints, Figure 1; Crime Scene Technology; SOURCE; for investigations in countries like the Miami Dade College

38 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 39 child when the same was a material issue erroneous and sometimes eye witnesses assaults but also in economic crimes where crime detected through the use of forensic forensic science in criminal investigations before him as the child was alleged to be the can be motivated by extraneous factors to chemically treated currency and proceeds of evidence has, historically, been low (less than has been growing since the 1980s but the result of the act of defilement for which the testify but scientific evidence can aid the crime are recovered from suspects. Forensic 10 per cent of all detections). However, the number of personnel needed to conduct Appellant was charged. The act of defilement court in arriving at a fair determination of science therefore does play an important growth of automated searching, alongside forensic investigations and analysis does is alleged to have been committed by the a case. The 1928 English Court of Appeal part in crime scene management especially new forensic techniques such as DNA, and not match the workload. There is need for appellant as the complainant testified before court asserted that circumstantial evidence where there are terrorism attacks and other initiatives to improve attendance rates have more personnel and forensic labs to handle the magistrate’s court that it is the appellant of which forensic science is a part “is disasters to identify victims of crime through increased the proportion of volume crime the growing cases. Whenever crimes are who defiled her. The appellant denied the often said to be the best evidence. It is the DNA profiling. offences detected using forensic evidence. committed it is common to see members of offence and put forward a defence of alibi evidence of surrounding circumstances Figure 2; Crime Scene Management; SOURCE; Forensic science application in the UK only the public rushing to the crime scene and Lawyer Monthly; https://www.lawyer- and applied for DNA testing since he claimed which by intensified examination is capable monthly.com/2018 accessed on 16/08/2020 Forensic Science Laboratory gained prominence in the 1980s as per the interfering with evidentiary material. Crime he was being unfairly accused. of proving a proposition with accuracy of This Division deals with scientific analysis literature reviewed and this article submits scene managers are interested in details can access chemical testing services from mathematics”. and other procedures for purposes of that there is need to conduct more studies to such as footprints, motor vehicle wheel The Government Chemist Department. This The complainant had testified that she administration of justice and general ascertain the frequency with which science marks, shattered glass, bullet fragments, government run Central Chemical Testing had never had intercourse before and that Similarly in another case, Charles Obonyo investigation. Officers in this unit also attend is applied in investigations. Low detections and human body parts. Interference with Laboratory in Kenya has its headquarters the pregnancy was as a result of an act of Atinga (“the accused”) was charged with the scenes of crime for technical support and using forensic science could mean low the crime scene by members of the public at Nairobi and branches in and defilement by the appellant. The appellant offence of murder contrary to section 203 as collection of samples as well as presentation uptake and use of forensic science. There can affect application of forensic science in Kisumu. The Department provides Forensic was convicted by the resident magistrate read together with section 204 of the Penal of expert evidence in courts of law. It is is need to evaluate the level of training and investigations. science services and Analytical Laboratory on the evidence of the complainant but the Code (Chapter 63 of the Laws of Kenya). The divided into specialty sections; frequency with which science is employed services besides being the National Authority conviction was set aside by the High Court particulars of the offence are that on 13th during criminal investigations. This way Which Way Forward for Forensic for the Chemical Weapons Convention and in acquitting the appellant, the High May 2016 at East Reru Sub-location, Seme we can establish the training needs for (CWC). It also serves as the Secretariat for the Forensic Toxicology Evidence? Court stated that it was the duty of the District within Kisumu County he murdered investigators in application of forensic National Chemical, Biological, Radiological This section conducts analysis for chemically With increased population growth it is prosecution to prove as they alleged that Josephine Achieng Obonyo (“the deceased”). science and come up with policy decisions and Nuclear (CBRN) Centre of Excellence toxic substances in postmortem specimens necessary to build capacity to manage the complainant has had no other sexual After the accused denied the charge, the how best to allocate resources in terms of (COE) initiative. This Division deals with like blood, the stomach and its contents, liver crime using forensic science. This will intercourse with any other person prior to prosecution marshalled 7 witnesses while personnel and materials where they are scientific analysis and other procedures for and kidney in homicide and other related facilitate access to justice for crime victims the date of defilement and that as a result the accused made an unsworn statement needed most. In the UK, it is estimated purposes of administration of justice and cases in humans, analysis for chemically and enhance efficient determination of of the alleged defilement the complainant and called one witness. There was no that forensic evidence accounts for directly general investigation. Officers in this unit toxic substances in biological specimens like criminal cases. There is need for additional became pregnant, bore the child whose eye witnesses linking the accused to the detected volume crimes in more than one also attend scenes of crime for technical blood, the stomach and its contents, liver forensic laboratories to match the growing DNA test report connected the appellant offence but after a forensic analysis during quarter of cases. Volume crimes in the UK are support and collection of samples as well as and kidney in veterinary cases, and analysis case load. There is also need to prioritize with the act of defilement. investigations revealed that DNA profiles those crimes which impact the community presentation of forensic evidence in courts for chemically toxic substances in exhibits cases involving forensic analyses to enable from blood samples on the murder weapon significantly. Traditionally forensic evidence of law. The mandate of the Department submitted alongside biological specimens. the state adduce forensic evidence in a The trial court had convicted the appellant recovered at the scene and blood samples has been used to ‘corroborate’ evidence is derived from various legal provisions timely manner. It is also necessary to under section 124 law of Evidence act which recovered from the accused’s clothes, against known offenders. The presence of namely; The Penal Code Act Cap 63, The conduct continuous professional trainings grants jurisdiction to a trial court in sexual matched the blood samples of the deceased. Forensic Biology forensic material greatly increases the odds Evidence Act Cap 80, Sexual Offences Act This section deals with DNA analysis and for police investigators to build capacity in offences to convict an accused person on The accused could not explain why the of detection where other types of evidence 2006, Cap 62, Food, Drugs and Chemical other serological procedures for purposes of crime scene management. It is pertinent the basis of sole, uncorroborated evidence deceased’s blood was found on his clothes are not available. Overall, therefore, forensic Substances Act Cap 254, The Pharmacy and administration of justice in cases involving: that further research is conducted and on a of the victim to the offence. However, in the and this led to an inference of guilt since material makes the greatest contribution Poisons Act Cap 244, The Narcotics Drugs Murder investigations, Sexual offences (rape, continuous basis. This can help us ascertain instant case, the DNA evidence on record the inculpatory facts and the circumstances to detecting harder-to-solve crimes. This and Psychotropic Substances (control) Act, defilement and bestiality), Robbery/theft, crime patterns and determine how best proved that the child born as a result of taken cumulatively, formed a chain so underscores the key role of forensic science Cap 245, Pests Control products Act, Cap Child stealing and trafficking, Identification forensic science can be effectively utilized alleged act of defilement did not belong to complete that there was no escape from the in investigations and prosecutions of crimes. 346, Alcoholic Drinks Control Act, Cap 121A, of species of origin in wildlife crimes, to achieve greatest impact in criminal cases the accused even though the complainant conclusion that within all human probability Occupational Safety and Health Act, Cap Identification of missing/unidentified in terms of crime detection, case conclusion victim testified that it is the accused who the crime was committed by the accused Challenges 514, Standards Act Cap 496, Water Act 2002, persons, Determination of parenthood, and high conviction rates where suspects defiled and impregnated her. The trial and none else and accordingly, the accused Forensic analysis during investigations is Cap 372, Anti-counterfeit Agency Act Cap Development and administration of human are culpable. This article therefore suggests court was supposed to take into account was convicted for murder. There was no not without challenges. Various challenges 130A, The Environmental Management and DNA database. that the police department in Kenya should the exculpatory, scientific, DNA evidence single eye witness to tie the accused to the are encountered by government analysts, Coordination Act, among other national work collaboratively with the department of but it wrongly exercised jurisdiction crime and without the forensic evidence of police, prosecution counsel and even legal statutes. This department therefore government chemist, the Office of Director under section 124 of the Evidence act and DNA analysis it would have been impossible Contribution of Forensic Science judicial officers. These challenges include; provides forensic science services for the of Public Prosecutions and the Judiciary believed the complainant even in the face to secure a conviction for murder against the to Police Investigations Repeated adjournments in court which criminal justice system, and scientific and compile data for cases investigated and of glaring exculpatory evidence. The High accused. This demonstrates the important Research studies have been reviewed by can render certain scientific specimens crime scene support services to the law prosecuted with help of forensic science. Court remedied the error by quashing role forensic analysis plays in criminal United Kingdom House of Lords, Science useless due to their perishable nature. enforcement agencies. Government Such data can be submitted with quarterly the conviction and setting the appellant investigations and prosecutions. and Technology Select Committee. This is in The court’s diary is always congested and chemists attend court in criminal cases returns for cases concluded and it can be free. This demonstrates the importance of relation to the overall contribution of forensic securing a hearing date for criminal cases to submit technical reports and expert useful for policy decisions. This will add to forensic evidence in criminal investigations Legal Framework for Forensic science to crime detection. According to the is not easy. Growing number of criminal evidence for the administration of justice. the existing body of knowledge regarding and prosecutions. Sometimes oral evidence United Kingdom House of Lords, Science investigations and prosecutions require Analysis in Kenya This is not just in crimes in crimes against practice and application of forensic science from primary eye witnesses can be and Technology Select Committee volume forensic analysis of evidence. Application of Criminal investigation agencies in Kenya the human person such as homicides and in criminal investigations. .

40 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 41 generally used. The time saved can be used to exercise regularly, range, in some cases weaning themselves off treatment for while the capacity built around transitions from traditional to the the obesity related health problems they may be having. It is innovative digital platforms are increasingly getting populated imperative that in addition to spacing out the meals taken, HEALTH BENEFITS OF MAINTAINING with online work-out plans. deliberate attention be paid to selecting the types of food eaten, so that the total composition is low in refined carbohydrates such A RECOMMENDED BODY MASS INDEX Over the past few months, there has been significant proliferation as white bread, sifted maize meal posho and white rice, among of digital exercise applications which are easily and freely others. downloadable from the internet, which are able to offer effective DURINGOVID-19 is here withTHE us and COVID-19 PANDEMICand depression. The three main causes of exercise plans for those who need one. The beauty about such There is a real opportunity to reap the numerous health benefits with every passing day, it is obesity are excessive food, lack of exercise plans is that they are tailored towards a rich variety of settings which are potentially achievable during this period when the becoming increasingly clear to and genetic (or hereditary) factors. so that those who are unable to take to the road for purposes of global COVID-19 pandemic is being experienced. Health problems all and sundry that important having an evening jog, can easily conduct a 30 minute to one-hour like hypertension, diabetes, and depression among other obesity adjustments must be made to almost all The stay-home advisory has led to a indoor work-out within the comfort of their homes. For an exercise related ailments can be completely reversed, courtesy of the extra aspects of day-to-day living, in what has drastic reduction in activities associated schedule to produce useful effects in so far as obesity and BMI are time created out of new approaches embraced by the ‘new normal’ been referred to as ‘the new normal’. All with the normal daily lives of a majority concerned, one has to ensure that they do a minimum of three way of transacting business. These may include but not be limited Cof a sudden, people all over the world are of the people. This means that people are 30-minute (or longer) work-outs per week. to utilization of virtual and online platforms to hold meetings as grappling with the requirement to observe subjected to more sedentary lifestyles, When coupled with a diet regime, online exercise plans are able well as time saved from removal of the need to travel to the office a raft of containment measures, as a means characterized by lack of exercise and a to produce magnificent results with regards to weight loss and and other meeting venues during the pandemic. Furthermore, of slowing down the transmission of the quick, sharp increase in body weight. BMI reduction. The predictability of one’s daily program and digital solutions which have presented themselves and are readily deadly disease. These measures have been Similarly, the sudden increase in amount consistency afforded by the stay-home advisory makes it possible available online can be acquired and deployed in supporting a new issued by relevant government authorities of time spent within the home setting as for a diet plan to be executed. Diet and the related weight-loss drive to assume health lifestyles during the COVID-19 pandemic DR SULTANI to the general public and include known well as convenience provided by these plans are premised of the basic understanding of physiology and period. public health practices such as regular MATENDECHERO circumstances and easy access to food, the knowledge of what the body does when one eats food. Food hand-washing with soap and water, or use MOH tend to promote the habit of eating at a provides the body with three macronutrients which must be However, it is important to note that close monitoring of progress of recommended, alcohol-based sanitizers much higher frequency than usual. It is obtained through diet: carbohydrates, protein and fats. These are made is key to safeguarding the gains made during the actual where prescribed hand-washing practices are not feasible. therefore imperative, that deliberate measures be taken during essential for proper body functioning, and the body requires them practice of the exercise schedules and diet regimes. Individuals this COVID-19 pandemic period, to check the likely tendency to in adequately large amounts. Carbohydrates are the body’s main targeting benefits related to cardiovascular diseases should invest Some seemingly more effective measures aim at limiting human- add body weight, develop obesity and the accompanying health source of energy. They are the sugars, starches and fibres found in in a blood pressure monitoring machine in addition to a weighing to-human contact, which is in itself the single most important problems. This can be achieved through observing a combination fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products. scale. Individuals who are already taking medication for obesity factor for transmission. One such measure of specific interest of measures involving a regular exercise schedule and controlled related health problems need to work closely with their physician to this discussion is the requirement to stay home as much as diet regime. When one eats, there is a large burst of insulin, a hormone in case a need to taper off their medication arises. possible, as means of effectively reducing the risk of coming into produced automatically and needed to dispose of all the contact with infected persons, which in effect obliterates any What is interesting is that a golden opportunity now presents carbohydrate or sugar that is getting absorbed from the meal. Finally, once a BMI within the recommended range is attained, chances of infection. Much as it is very effective in breaking the itself for those who are already overweight and obese, to leverage This hormone promotes movement of glucose, the ultimate one has to keep up with a maintenance program for the long- transmission cycle and keeping infections at a minimum, the stay- such schedules and regimes, as a means of shedding off that extra product of the carbohydrate and sugars, out of the bloodstream term. Sustainable plans which envision adjustments should be put home advisory has other impacts on the health of the concerned fat and regaining a recommended BMI. A major impediment into body cells for utilization or conversion into storage forms. in place, just in case a return to the traditional way of doing things individuals. One such impact is its potentially profound effect, to maintenance of an ideal BMI is the busy work schedules of One of the long-term storage forms of glucose within the cells is assumed after the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. . both negative and positive, on the Body Mass Index (BMI). modern day working-class individuals, who spend a bigger is in form of lipids. These lipid stores are proportion of their time at the office, working while maintaining responsible for increase in body weight, BMI is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that a predominantly sedentary mode of operation. A significant hence the corresponding increase in BMI and applies to adult men and women. In other words, it is a person’s number of these individuals are either overweight or obese and development of obesity. weight in kilograms (Kg), divided by the square of height in are already having one or more obesity-related diseases. The meters (M). BMI can be used to screen for weight categories stay-home advisory promotes a culture of working from home, A diet regime which provides for sufficient that are likely to lead to health problems, even though it is not ostensibly to promote social distancing and minimize human-to- periods of fasting allow for short periods, diagnostic of the body fatness or health of an individual. The human contact. during which very low quantities of insulin (if recommended BMI range is 18.5 – 24.9 Kg/M2, below which one any) are produced, which are incapable of a is deemed to be underweight and above which one is deemed to The wider use of information and communication technology net storage of glucose within the cells in form be overweight. Within the overweight zone, the range of which is (ICT) has resulted in the deployment of more advanced and of lipids. In fact, there is a net loss of the lipids 25 – 29.9 Kg/M2, one is not deemed to be at high risk of developing efficient digital platforms to transact daily activities. Virtual through re-conversion to glucose and use health problems. However, when one gets into the 30 – 35 Kg/ meetings, online trainings and decentralization among other in production of energy during the fasting M2 range, they are categorized as being obese and are at a high innovative approaches, have become the order of the day. The period. If the diet regime is consistent and risk of developing health problems. These include cardiovascular sum-total of this new approach is that significantly less amounts sustainable enough, individuals are able to diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke, of time are required to meet the same targets and achieve similar lose sufficient weight to enable them regain diabetes, sleep-related breathing disorders, cancer, bone disease outcomes as before, when traditional non-digital platforms were a BMI which lies within the recommended

42 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 43 been dwindled by increased population health, religious standing at 1,200 persons per square leaders and elected kilometer. Stopping them from political leaders. The SOCIO-CULTURAL CHALLENGES congregation in the markets without team is referred to as giving another opportunity of survival Sub County Corona FIGHTING COVID 19 IN LUANDA was also challenge. Markets were closed to Response committee. ensure crowding is controlled. Here, going The mandate involved to the market does not necessarily to make sensitization, contacts VIHIGA COUNTY purchases but a means of socialization. tracing of persons ‘new normal’, cultural issues have been had an opportunity of hand-washing This is the bit that was interrupted by the suspected to have raised that concerns; for instance, the without food in front of them. Corona pandemic. Now that schools are closed been in contact with relationship with the dead. Celebrating is response committee had to make decision even made the population to rise in the victims, providing high while bidding the dead last respect. to avail water. Water boozers sourced and markets and villages. Frequent funeral necessary tools like The community respect the day by supplied the commodity. facemaskCounty commissioner and vihiga governor foresee the production of ceremonies were affected as attendances hand wash, sanitizers behaving in a way to show total respect. should not exceed 15 persons yet this is the and facemasks. the village difference. Those protagonists With advent of the pandemic, the actions Economic challenges last respect of a family member. are now raising against their colleagues in are in jeopardy. Not more than 15 persons Keeping off from social places like clubs, Toll Free Calling an effort to punish, ridicule or taint their were to attend the ceremony. The new bars and other recreation facilities was a The sub county in collaboration with reputations. normal is asking the community to burry tall order, it had never happened before. Availability and Dressing of face the county device a toll free calling then celebrate. The actual reality as per It is a new normal. It has been difficult to mask center called command center where Security officers have also been misled by their norms is, celebrate then burry. Very accept. Wearing of facemask was affected by citizens were given an opportunity to suspected criminals who misdirect officers strange situation since culture change access to the device or availability, costs MR. THOMAS SIELE report, request and seek clarifications. to where the crime is allegedly committed is gradual. They must live with this new Trafficking of illicit drugs became an order where availability prevailed and durability MINISTRY OF INTERIOR A security platform was also unveiled only to realize the actual scene may be culture. The instructions included but not of the day and youths indulged in intensive of the same. The community had to content called MULIKA to allow quick intelligence elsewhere. The fight of covid-19 through limited to the following and subsequent venture that generate illicit employment with an improvised home-made mask like on possible cases in the community for tracing via the toll free MULIKA platform Introduction obstacles and challenges that in observing to cartels. Routing the drugs also involves handkerchiefs and smaller clothes. purpose of tracking suspected contacts has had challenges since the same issues Immediately after the first positive case social distancing, the regulation was navigating against law enforcing agencies. or cases flouting the regulation. The of revenge vendetta is affected. was reported in the country, panic gripped however necessary but her implementation Health care and social service providers The Vihiga county government managed technology gives confidence to the whistle the Banyore community. There was a total was a tall order to a community who started treating alcohol related ailments to produce more at affordable price blower as the author cannot be seen but Based on this situation, the government and unprecedented response from the believes handshaking is a show of respect and caring of victims of drug abuse through the local vocational and technical the message is. The beauty is that the has since taken some of the following community whose social contract involve and depicts maturity of persons. Waving though it is unproductive activity by any school. message is received by all responsible interventions that include Profiling of joint operations of doing things. This is a their hands is seen as western culture. standard. Luanda is the main highway to security commanders in the county. This most vulnerable members of the society community that always had a way of doing In African culture, shaking hands upon the neighbouring Uganda. The economic The sub county had to device a way of platform makes field officers accountable to benefit from small tokens, frequent things socially, culturally and more so the first meeting and in the process of activity of the road is enormous. The dealing with the possible effects and for any reported cases that touches the payments due to older persons, orphans economically being a business community. departing is normal between all the gateway has been in existence for drugs tracing of suspected covid situation. jurisdiction. and vulnerable children and persons living The pandemic appears to reverse the way men present. Women shake hands with traffickers. The covid pandemic has made The idea of this introducing this media was with severe disability that are periodically business is done. one another, but with men only in more it even worse as the business activity for The Ministry of Interior formed and chaired to make communication easier, accessible, reviewed for authenticity through the sophisticated contexts; very respectful income generating entrepreneurs has a multiagency committee comprising of secure and fast. To some extend it did Ministry of Devolution, supplied relief The Kenya government through a structure handshake involves clutching your right been affected greatly. Drug cartels have the members of the national police service, make some strides as messages received food to the organized clusters in the of administration who conveys policies, arm with your left hand while shaking or, compromised the security apparatus due national intelligence service, the county were being acted upon. The identity of community. programs and instructions, like conveyor in Muslim areas, touching your left hand to to the income involved from the sale of government administration, Ministry of customers and those making inquiries belt, had instructions to deliver the your chest when shaking hands. drugs. Supermarkets which have been Health, through the clinical and public were unanimous The County government has supported regulations as was reported, to the most spared because of its essentiality has creating more trust local technical and vocational school remote villages of the sub county. Despite Hand-washing challenges engaged in the illegal business of selling as the identity is to produce cheaper masks for the the advice to avoid social gatherings the Regular hand-washing to contain the this drugs behind the scene. Drugs have guarded. The media community. department had to device ways to reach spread of the corona virus. The advice rendered the youth a great deal as Luanda has however met her subjects in the whole sub county. was received from their elected leaders is a center with the greatest number of some challenges Conclusion and recommendation The sub county security and intelligence as stakeholders as it increased the level mad people. including raising It appears there was not any awareness committee made decision to use the local of conformity. Hand-washing in major alarms that are created prior. It is recommended therefore FM radio stations, road shows and units market centers faced a challenge of Police apprehended and took in those false, misleading that sensitization is key for ownership of operating from house to house. regular and flowing water as the area breaking the health protocol. A level of and those that any project of the government. The more water infrastructure is still low. The local force was applied and it resulted into are injurious. It the awareness the more the recipient of Social distance and its cultural culture denotes that immediately after another problem of youths indulging has become the the idea by the community. attachment any hand wash must be followed by a in illicit brews. The community purely medium to score As the community is faced with the sumptuous meal. They have not, therefore, depend on businesses as farming has Luanda market before Covid -19 pandemic.

44 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 45 For the little engagement with field and there the county government is livelihood has been affected due to the idea accountability. A few bad apples taint the mistreatment of the public in the guise of existence depends upon a range of factors administrative officers, it appears the recommended to make water accessible to of closing social places like markets clubs image of the vast majority of disciplined enforcing law and order. A case in point both within and outside police control. trust for the information did not resonate all residents more so the urban population. and other income generating ventures hardworking law enforcement officers, is the George FLOYD murder incident in To address the distrusts, Police reforms well with a community with some levels within the market places. hence compromising the legitimacy of the the USA that sparked outrage and protests have been undertaken to professionalize of low literacy and poverty level. It is There was abuse of security platform by policing function. across the globe, buttressing the endemic Policing and align it to the dynamic society. recommended that for proper address those misleading the security officer in an Elderly persons should be enrolled in distrust towards the Police globally. In Kenya, the reform agenda subsequent of such serious matter, the local political effort to commit a felony. There is need the government’s stipend programs Policing is an interactive function to the 2007-08 post-election was meant leadership can drive the agenda home to sensitize members of the community for persons aged above 65 years being premised on cordial relations, where to address the negativity cited and perceptions inform attitudes and trust/ restore the desired trust and legitimacy in because the community conform more to work with all security apparatus so that vulnerable to the effects of the covid distrust towards the Police. Psychologists Policing. Reform is a process, not an event when their leaders express an issue more the elements who go against the security pandemic. Other vulnerable members of refer to this as spontaneous trait Trust is key in any form in which awareness creation is key to its than the security apparatus. establishments are deal with decisively. the society should be enrolled in the same scheme. They include people living with inference. More often than not, the public of relation and cannot success. All stakeholders must be taken consider police as enemies forgetting that on board, lest it pans out as an exercise in Hand-washing is hampered by sparing Because covid-19 has dealt the small and severe disability, orphans and vulnerable they are only concerned about fighting the be taken for granted, futility. Trust building must occur inside use of water in the community. It is medium enterprise a great deal, there is children and people living with HIV and enemy (crime) and at times endangering as well as outside the Police organization, recommended that this vital ingredient need for a necessary support to cushion the aids. Those people are weak, vulnerable their lives that occasionally dictates use and trust is an abstract since the whole exercise is geared towards of fighting covid-19 is very necessary community against adverse effects. Their and deserve the state to cushions them. . of violent means to mitigate the dangers. concept but one whose changing the mindset of both parties in The media though performing a critical the way they view and interact with each role is responsible for amplifying these origins are firmly rooted other to restore confidence, legitimacy negative narratives held by the society and the vital support for Policing to thrive. concerning the police. Relations between in experience, individuals’ the police and the locals more often Further still on the Kenyan case, the POLICING: than not has not been a vibrant, because interactions with other constitution provides for internal and Police serve law abiding citizens and people and their past external accountability mechanisms in DISCRETIONARY POWERS AS A BREACH OF TRUST force criminals to conform to laws. These the form of the Internal Affairs Unit (IAU) encounters/experiences account for the experiences with the and Independent Policing Oversight detecting, and investigating criminal Remember you are officers of the law- not generalizations and stereotypes about the Authority (IPOA) respectively to foster activities as well as providing assistance merely government servants. Above all, Police. Some of these negative perceptions institutions create Police professionalism and efficiency. to the public. Crime is and will always you are servants of the public. Always erode trust which is the hallmark for The Police reform agenda focuses on remain the first priority for the Police. The be honest. Act and behave in such a way an effective Policing function. Just as in expectations about how review of structures, training curriculum world over, it is the only agency equipped that the public have confidence in your any relation, trust is core and reciprocal they will be treated in the and attitude change informing the to deal with it, created to deal with it and honesty and fairness. Unlike Soldiers in whereby both parties bank on each other police that it is in their professional also trusted to deal with it. the army, as officers of the law, you will for support and understanding. future. interests to cooperate. Enhancing police often have to act on your own. You will accountability and integrity is primarily Towards realization of this noble cause, have to make important decisions quickly Citing the historical foundations of Policing meant to establish, restore or enhance the police have been granted certain without opportunity of consulting your in Kenya, the Police as a government public trust and (re-)build the legitimacy powers, namely the power to arrest and Superiors or books. On the occasions, as institution was incepted during the that is a prerequisite for effective policing. detain and the power to use force. It is on all occasions, use your common sense. colonial era to protect the interests and This is only attainable in the context of precisely this monopoly on the use of force Whatever book knowledge you may have, property of the Imperial British East It is worth noting that Policing is a Public trust and support. MR. RONALD ELISHA OPILLI, and the power to arrest and detain that you will never be good Police Officers Africa Company that had been designated service to society, and for it to thrive and HSC, NATIONAL POLICE place the police in a unique and sensitive unless you have common sense and use it”. to administer the British East Africa benefit the society, mutual and cordial In conclusion, discretionary powers SERVICE-KENYA position within society. Police actions are Protectorate by the crown. Moreover, relations is a prerequisite in Police- public viz-a-vis public expectations is a tough constantly under public scrutiny eliciting This implies policing is centered on some Police units such as General Service interactions. They are two sides of the balancing act given the contemporary rime has always been an diverse reactions, both positive and discretion which is susceptible to abuse by Unit were founded at the height of clamour same coin. Eliminate one side, the other Policing environment where the public integral part of the human negative. They exercise a wide latitude of wayward officers. for independence, precisely during the is rendered helpless, thereby affirming is enlightened on matters civil rights and society. Frictions among discretion that demands a high sense of period when the state of emergency had that Policing does not operate in a vacuum. freedoms for Police Officers. It therefore members of society became a integrity and accountability as amplified It is a tough balancing act for Police been declared. They were used by the calls for sobriety and understanding by common occurrence as it grew in size by the speech at Police Training School Officers to exercise these discretionary colonial administration to suppress the Trust is key in any form of relation and both parties for the much needed trust and complexity. This necessitated the Kiganjo by Sir Ronald Sinclair, the Chief powers, public expectations vis-a-vis insurgency against their rule. Successive cannot be taken for granted, and trust is an to thrive in a policing context dominated formation of a body to enforce the rules/ Justice of Kenya when he spoke at a passing the idiosyncrasies occasioned by our post-colonial governments similarly used abstract concept but one whose origins are by professionalism, integrity and Claws binding community members, and by out parade on 28th February 1959 diverse genetic and environmental the Police for self- preservation at the firmly rooted in experience, individuals’ accountability. These are the essentials for this Police as an enforcement institution influence. A large proportion of the expense of civil liberties and freedoms. interactions with other people and their a trusted Policing function in which Police was born. Crime prevention and detection “Your responsibility as officers of the law officers perform their work diligently as These happenings partly informed the past experiences with the institutions Officers exercise discretionary powers has always been an integral part of the begins. This is a great responsibility and per the law in line with the above speech. negativity surrounding the police as a tool create expectations about how they will legitimately and in the process earn the policing system. Police are typically you must be worthy of it. Not only have In all training institutions, the emphasis of oppression and brutality. The Police be treated in the future. Trust is fragile much need public confidence and trust! . responsible for maintaining public order you great responsibility, but you have is on operating within the confines of globally continue to receive condemnation due to its highly contingent character in and safety, enforcing the law, preventing, great powers. Be sure you use them fairly. law with impartiality, integrity and for harassment, manhandling and most social relations. Its extent and very

46 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 47 casualty evacuations, rescue missions, In 2003 I graduated Delayed Gratification and in adverse weather over mountainous espite forfaiting the chance to join terrain requiring high level of safety. with a Private Pilot and the university after high school, Lessons learnt from several air mishaps a Commercial Pilots Dmy passion for knowledge never UNLIMITEDSchool in BYKisumu, that THEI set foot in an SKIESfor an initial training as a police constable including the Space Shuttle Columbia ceased. I therefore, joined the University urban setting. This contributed towards at the Kenya Police Force. It was very rare disaster of 1st February 2003 when the Licenses certified and of Nairobi (UoN) and graduated with a the reshaping of my worldview. Working in those days, especially coming from a shuttle disintegrated as it reentered the Bachelor’s degree in Commerce in 2008. against all odds, and being undeterred in rural community, for one to sacrifice a atmosphere in its final approach to earth issued by the US Federal Three years later I was awarded a Master from the Space Station have helped in my resolve to succeed in academics, my university education for a career in the Aviation Administration of Business Administration (MBA) degree schooling progressed with lots of academic police service. The drive for decision shaping my attitude towards safety. The from JKUAT. This was not a very easy phase, achievements, a factor which significantly making in the face of these two conflicting disaster became a serious topic during our thus becoming a pioneer I had to juggle the pressure of work, family contributed towards my positive attitude prospects lay on the mere fact that I safety classes. demands and the stressing school life. I and enhanced self-confidence. detested to end up being unemployed woman pilot in the can now look back with satisfaction and like my elder sister and brother who had It is through discipline and achievements disciplined services in East recon that the pleasure of work is open to Dreams are Valid earlier graduated from Egerton University that I have earned several recognitions anyone who can develop some specialized and merited promotions from a Police oining High School was a great and Kenyatta University respectively but and . skills provided she can get satisfaction Constable to the rank of Commissioner of blessing to me. As I regularly passed had remained jobless. Given this scenario, from the exercise of her services without EUNICE A. J. DOBBY Police. by Kisumu International Airport, I I opted for the police training since it had demanding any applause. Having majored OGW NPS J kept marvelling at the mystery of aviation. an assurance of immediate employment. in Human Resource Management, I was 40 Achievers. I’m also the Secretary to the The most fascinating were the military Apparently, all my friends and most of my Career pleasantly surprised when in May 2020, I NPS Sports Committee and have been a jets that took off with ease and climbed relatives disapproved my decision. Today, I s soon as I got back into the was posted to the Personnel Directorate Early Life member of the NPS First Aid competitions unice Jevuline Anyango Dobby, is a while manoeuvring at high speeds while look back with a sense of accomplishment country as a professional pilot of the Kenya Police Service. This will committee. professional Pilot with Commercial making deafening sound, which could that indeed I made the right choice. Awith instrument and multi-engine obviously help broaden my horizon by Pilots License (CPL), a police be heard long after they had disappeared ratings in 2003, I was made in charge of acquiring new knowledge, skills, work E Challenges officer with National Police Service and into the horizon. I later came to learn Police Work flights operations at the Kenya Police Air behaviour and practically putting to work t has not been all rosy. My career a member of the International Police that the sound we were accustomed to he year 1999 defined who I am today. wing and quickly became a pilot in charge. my second profession. It is through this is characterized by various but Association. I was born in Siaya County to hearing were the sonic booms created by This is when I got the admission to The duties entailed ensuring police that I acquired sponsorship for this very surmountable challenges. These a polygamous family with several siblings. the fighter jets as they broke the sound join the Police Training at Kiganjo. aircrafts were in good flying conditions. I important course. This course will bring T include working during odd hours and in This made it practically impossible for barrier and gliding with ease beyond the Luck came calling through a special cadet This role requires utmost dedication, out the very best in me, by learning from emergency situations including holidays. me and my siblings to enjoy full parental clouds. Little did I know that one day, I recruitment at the end of the training. This diligence, dependability and expansive the rich experiences of all my colleagues. Further, operational demands could also attention. Though village life has its unique would make similar manoeuvres as a pilot conscription allowed women for the first experience. My tasks included search and I am looking forward to proudly wear the be stressful. For example, on one occasion challenges, it was mostly homogeneous, in command. These experiences created time to join the Police Airwing and I was rescue missions, casualty evacuation, and badge of honour as a National Defense during causality evacuation and in adverse where everyone belonged to a wider family a passion for flying in me, completely one of the ladies found suitable to join the communication flights, among others. College graduate and an alumnus with weather, my aircraft developed main and to the community, rather than to their changing my perspective on school. I then formation. I however, had to wait for two These I’m able to accomplish by means Master of Arts in International Studies. landing gear extension problem during the biological parents, life was considerably formed a habit of spending longer hours in years before joining the Oxford Aviation of visual references flying, or reference to landing phase. I followed the emergency enjoyable. I got used to communal and the school Library reading different types College in Texas, USA to train as a pilot aircraft instrument flying in all weather Conclusion landing procedures, but with no success. convivial nature of the small community of books. after a competitive selection process. In conditions. t is possible for one to achieve what one This is where confidence brought forth through which I grew up. The greatest 2003 I graduated with a Private Pilot and wants to achieve. As the saying goes; through experience and training pays. In danger in this type of environment is Some of these books did not have a Commercial Pilots Licenses certified In recognition for the service I have “the sky is not the limit”. I have not a repeat attempt, it managed to deploy the I its restrictive nature and the automatic immediate relevance to the school syllabus, and issued by the US Federal Aviation and continues to render to this great been limited by the unique challenges in emergency landing gear extension system, identification with the ordinary, but I considered them relevant to my Administration thus becoming a pioneer nation, I was awarded the “Order of the which I was born – the risk for anti-social pushing the landing to extend downwards. subscribing to the same ideologies thus, dream career. Looking back, my dreams woman pilot in the disciplined services in Grand Warrior of Kenya medal (OGW)” behaviours associated with large families - On seeing three landing gear green lights I limiting oneself to the normal. were valid, and I did not disappoint. The East and Central Africa. during the occasion of the 2018 Jamuhuri nor the restrictive ordinary village life. Yes, maneuvered the aircraft into the approach extra hours in the library paid off and I Day celebration by His Excellency the dreams come true, and yes, I dreaMt., but and landed safely receiving a congratulatory Despite these challenges, I chose the path attained good grades at Kenya Certificate Since, the initial training, I have President and Commander in Chief of the with the right character, confidence and remark from the control tower. In addition, of strength, hard work and craving for a of Secondary Education (KCSE). undertaken several advance courses in Defense Forces. I have also been part of the innovative mind. With these traits I lifted it is not easy to balance between work and brighter future and a better family life at aircraft type, emergency responses, and team that won the best Nairobi Trade Fair myself from that humble rural setting of family life. Supportive family and leadership a pretty tender age. My schooling began Tough Choices management developments. Being a police Stand in 2016. I have been and continues Kawuondi to a national figure. I refused to to inspire Form Fours for over a decade as while staying focused and setting priorities in 1986 in a rural setting at Kawuondi uccessful completion of high school pilot, has helped reshape my attitude and be ordinary, but to soar to greater heights to my photograph at the flight deck graces right have helped. I cannot downplay good Primary School in Bondo District, Siaya education, awarded me an admission character, enhanced my knowledge and serve my beloved country. I have been and the cover page of the Christian Religious mentorship, and quality training as being County. It was not until I passed the Kenya for a Bachelor of Science degree skills including that of decision making. will continue to be a source of inspiration S Education book. I also conduct several instrumental in my career as well as my Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) program in Pharmacy at Jomo Kenyatta Sound decision-making is crucial in to many generations to come. . motivational talks to various forums and I personal ability to cope with career and with flying colours and gained admission University of Agriculture and Technology piloting given the inherent risks while have been listed among the Top 40 under family demands. to the prestigious Kisumu Girls High (JKUAT). It also provided an opportunity flying especially in remote places for

48 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 49 THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN TAX ADMINISTRATION Introduction Artificial intelligence is currently being time updates of tax accounts which have eased reconciliations of Artificial intelligence (AI), is showing important benefits and The rapid advancement of technology in applied in different ways and forms in tax statements with the tax authority thus it has built a trust among further future advantages for customs and other stakeholders the digital world and modern economies and customs administrations processes. the taxpayers through the enhancement of transparency and in cross-border supply chains, for the purpose of securing, has shaped modes of operations in all From tax administration point of view, promotion of accountability. facilitating and boosting global trade, and ensuring proper revenue industries through creation of new the new possibilities/outcomes must be collection. Artificial Intelligence has impacted on progressing opportunities. Revenue authorities have analysed specifically in the way AI will SMART borders for seamless Trade, Travel and Transport. AI not been left behind and have had to transform tax administration and tax Artificial intelligence in tax data management has enabled Customs administration to ensure that the following leverage on modern technology as a tool to systems in different countries. AI is also Tax administrations are always looking for ways to detect new tax guiding principles are at the centre of Customs compliance, challenge the norm of tax administration. considered to affect taxpayers in order evasion behaviors and patterns, identify organized tax evasion enforcement and facilitation efforts: Secure, Measurable, The Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) has to strengthen their rights and guarantees networks or simply reduce errors. Data from diversified sources Automated, Risk Management-based and Technology-driven. undergone a series of transformation where appropriate as well as the possible has helped data-enabled tax administrations enforce compliance Use of artificial intelligence, in Customs and Border Management through technology among other aspects. new framework of relations that may arise and anti-fraud policies. This practice also provides effective tools has brought tremendous opportunities in the cross-border KRA, a recognized leading technology- between the two sides of tax relationship. to understand non-compliant behaviors, spot high-risk areas, MS. JOSEPHINE MANYASI movement of people and on the commercial side. Volumes of data driven revenue administrator, has utilized Many tax administrations and advisors are predict fraudulent taxpayers or businesses and create proactive KENYA REVENUE AUTHORITY is generated for imported goods at border points as well people technology by implementing online deploying AI to manage the ever-changing measures to avoid or deter. entering or exiting borders. AI provides the ability to make sense platforms such as i-Tax, Integrated tax landscape and Kenya Revenue Authority of this huge and ever-increasing amount of data across borders. AI Customs Management System (i-CMS), Customer Relationship has not been left out. According to the Organization for Economic A data-intelligent strategy can help tax auditors with predictive technologies are used to collect and analyze data and by so doing Management System, Cargo Scanner Management Solution and Co-operation and Development (OECD) over 40 tax administrators modelling for investigating errors and fraud or predictive the agency is able detect and predict patterns more accurately Excisable Goods Management System among others as strategic in the world are making use of AI or are planning to do so. In analytics for risk evaluation (e.g. on VAT refund claims for non- than customs officers can. instruments to improve tax compliance and minimizing operation Kenya, the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) has adopted artificial residents). Several benefits therefore can be associated with the costs. intelligence achieved extraordinary results. introduction of artificial intelligence. Specifically, Kenya Revenue Authority management of customs administration processes has utilized AI in the following areas: The current tax environment in KRA and many other tax iTax is a Kenyan based system that was invented by KRA using The agency has built AI-supported systems such as Data • Import duty collection models, ensuring that the appropriate administrators is characterized by requirement of increased the AI technology that simplifies revenue collection in the country. Warehouse Business Intelligence that attempts to predict which duties and taxes are collected at the border points; transparency across jurisdictions, sharing information with each Its results have been positive as it has shortened the time take high-risk individuals are most likely to react positively to different • Classification of goods under the Harmonized System (HS), other and applying determined approaches to the tax management to file returns and increased revenue collection. iTax has put an tax authority interventions for recovering revenue. Other systems simplifying matters for clearing agents and importers and and collection process. end to customer’s dissatisfaction and has emphasized the Kenya include Value Added Tax Automated Audits (VAA) which auto Revenue Authority’s mission to attain global best practices in tax validates invoice declarations in the respective buyers’ returns enabling greater compliance and certainty for both Customs and the private sector; Meaning of Artificial Intelligence, (AI) collection and administration on par with the nations that have and flushes out inconsistencies. The inconsistency reports are fully automated their tax system. i-Tax provide real time updates subsequently sent to taxpayers. AI in tax procedures has been a • Post Clearance Audits processes which are used to identify Artificial intelligence (AI) is an aspect of computer science that of tax accounts which have eased reconciliation of statements with successful pillar in fishing out tax fraudsters and tax evaders who misdeclarations utilize AI so as to enable post clearance deals with the creation of intelligent machines that work and react the tax authority. As a result, this has built trust among taxpayers have cost the government billions in lost revenue investigations to focus on areas of non-compliance; more like humans. AI refers to an array of systems that change through the enhancement of transparency and promotion of • National Cargo Targeting has been made possible by use behaviours without being explicitly programmed, based upon accountability. of AI. The Customs system compares passenger and cargo data that is observed, collected and analysed. Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence in Customs and Border manifests against data bases and other records for clues that is an artificial creation of a human like intelligence. Some of the operations Taxpayers can file iTax KRA returns for Pay as You Earn (PAYE), could reveal inconsistencies in declarations. To a greater traits that AI has are the ability to learn reason, perceive and Customs administration in Kenya is responsible for the Value Added Tax (VAT), Individual Income Tax Return, Corporate extent AI is utilized so as to improve risk-based targeting of process a human’s natural language. enforcement of fiscal integrity and security of movements of Income Tax, Partnership Tax Returns and Excise. Since commercial shipments, as well as to provide and analyse data goods across the country’s land and sea borders. In order to employing online systems in tax administrations, tax revenue and during shipment inspections using non-intrusive scanners in AI is developed through algorithms and the success this system verify whether the transported goods match the transport the level of compliance have improved steadily over the years. In detecting contraband and counterfeit goods; can achieve depends on the amount/volume of data captured. This declaration, X-ray imaging of containers is used at most entry the 2016/17 financial year, KRA collected a total amount of 1.366 ensures that it will provide the best results in accordance with points. The current inspection procedures are reviewed to trillion an increase of 115 billion from the previous year’s revenue All Kenyan import declarations are registered in KRA’s Integrated the data captured. Artificial Intelligence is not one technology identify risks, catalogue illegal cargo, and prioritize detection collection an increase that was largely attributed to automation/ Customs Management System (i-CMS). If any errors are found or stand-alone application but rather a combination of multiple scenarios. An integrated Customs System solution was developed digitalization of the tax collection processes around the same when an import declaration is physically inspected by a Customs technologies and applications. to provide automation, information exchange between customs period. Furthermore, this AI based technology provides real officer, a rectified version of the declaration is registered and both stakeholders.

50 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 51 versions are kept indefinitely. Integrated Customs Management Radio Services (GPRS) which enables the sending and receiving of How Leaders Use Their Networks strategic changes that may impact your This means that a mentor might train and System (i-CMS), has Artificial intelligence capability to detect compact data bursts and large data volumes across mobile phone Many business leaders leverage their role. build relationships with many individuals inconstancies and flag them out. These inconstancies include false networks professional networks and relationships to who eventually go on to work in a range of descriptions of goods, errors in harmonized system (HS) codes, identify career opportunities. By building A professional network can be a powerful positions at a variety of organizations thus mis information in relation to countries of origin, missing import Regional electronic cargo tracking system, RECTS has lately been professional relationships with individuals source of new ideas and information that creating a robust network of ambassadors documentation, inappropriate tax regimes, use of the wrong adopted by KRA to ultimately replace the existing Electronic who work in a range of organizations leaders can leverage to keep their finger on who represent the mentor’s brand. rates for the calculation of import duty and tax on imported and Cargo Tracking System where monitoring is done independently and industries, it is possible to gain a the pulse of their industry and the world exported products. through stand-alone platforms. The system envisions integrating competitive edge through advance notice at large. For this reason, leaders typically When it comes to building a robust network the transit cargo tracking platforms of Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda of openings, as well as from personal do not just connect with individuals they of external connections, professionals have Electronic Cargo Tracking System (ECTS) which form the Northern Transport Corridor consequently connections that can help you get your expect to work with one day. They instead many opportunities to connect with others ECTS is an AI technology solution that enables real-time tracking making it almost impossible to dump goods while on transit which foot in the door. This holds true whether connect with thought leaders from within in their industry. Professional associations, of cargo from point of loading to point of discharge or off-loading. was possible due to border changeover processes when each you are just starting in your career or have their industries to bring together as many for example, regularly host luncheons The system was introduced to enable Kenya Revenue Authority country uses separate cargo tracking systems. been a leader in your field for decades. If diverse voices as possible and facilitate and other events where members Customs administration, importers, clearing agents and private you do not know about an opportunity, you the free exchange of ideas. Effective are encouraged to mingle. Similarly, transporters monitor movement of goods remotely and prevent In conclusion Kenya Revenue Authority is commended for can’t act on it. networks are based on the closeness and industry conferences or trade shows can theft of goods while on transit and diversion of goods on transit the adoption in Artificial intelligence in its tax and customs diversity of the relationships within them. be an effective means of meeting new into the local market. administrations an effort that has come with unprecedented Business leaders do not simply use It is more important for your network to people. Consider speaking at an event or results in revenue collection. . their networks to pivot from one career provide new resources and have strong participating in a roundtable. In addition to ECTS uses Global Positioning System, GPS to provide co- or job to the next; they leverage their relationships that rest on a willingness to giving you the opportunity to meet others, ordinates to give cargo location on the map and General Packet networks to realize benefits in their help each other. doing so will allow you to position yourself existing roles. One of the key ways they as a resource, an expert in the field, others do this is by turning to their contacts to Development of Professional will be inclined to turn to. source talent for important jobs within Network their organization and team. A well- Whether you are a current or aspiring Networking is Critical to NETWORKING: developed professional network filled leader, taking the time to build Leadership with individuals who are highly skilled connections within your company can An effective leader understands that in their areas of expertise is a pool of open the door to many opportunities. networking is important. As such, talent that business leaders can use This can be by devoting time to sit in on building, maintaining, and interacting PATHWAY TO UNENDING HORIZON when hiring season comes around. This meetings, whether or not they directly with your professional network should “Networking is not about just a collective effort in a bid to achieve can be particularly helpful during times impact your department or initiatives, as be a key component of any leadership connecting people. It is about professional success. The success of many when an organization does not have the it can be a powerful way of demonstrating development plan. By helping you identify connecting people with people, professionals in their career can largely luxury of working through its regular your interest in the work of others. career opportunities, build a successful recruitment process, for example, after people with ideas, and people be attributed to the strong networking team, anticipate organizational changes, channels they have created over time. But a sudden departure of a key player, or Many people understand the value that and stay on top of industry trends, your with opportunities” the question of who to network with and during the rapid development of a new mentorship can provide. In a mentorship, professional network is one of the most Michel Jennae their relevance to your career is critical project or initiative. When time is of the the mentee can learn from past mistakes, powerful tools at your disposal as a leader. as you need not network with everyone. essence, having a network to rely on can successes, and experiences of their he phenomenon that everyone Rather, establish how you can contribute mean the difference between making a mentor, and apply those lessons to their A curious aspect of the network theory is connected to everyone in to their success and how you stand to good hire and making a great one. own career. Mentors can also benefit is the six degrees of separation, that the some way can best be explained benefit from their knowledge. from their relationship with mentees. distance between any two people is six through the theory of the six In line with this, strategic networking First, mentorship requires the mentor to links. But it is a truism that we often cannot degrees of separation which posits COL P M GITHINJI While networking is often enthusiastically should not consist solely of building new reflect upon their career in order to guide see beyond network horizon of two, that that any person on the planet can be KENYA ARMY embraced by individuals just entering the connections outside of your organization. the mentee a useful exercise, especially for is, we cannot see further than the people connected to any other person on the workforce or seeking to make a career While external connections are important, those not accustomed to doing so. Second, who know those we know. Social network it is just as critical for professionals to planet through a chain of acquaintances Basically, networking often begins change, it can be neglected by mid-career when the mentee is sourced from within analysis can help to reduce the six degrees T develop strong relationships within their that has no more than five intermediaries, with a single point of common ground and senior professionals who believe their the organization, the mentor stands of separation, at the same time widening organizations. Networks also foster your that is through networks. Networking and is about building and maintaining network is adequate and no longer needs to benefit directly from the mentee’s our exposure to links beyond our network learning by connecting you to people can be defined as behaviors that are relationships which may lead to a mutually to expand. Networking is important for improved performance. horizons. The National Defence College has within the organizations with different aimed at building, maintaining and beneficial exchange at some point in the everybody particularly those who are provided such an enabling environment skills, perspectives, and contexts than your using informal relationships that possess future. interested in becoming a leader in their The mentor-mentee relationship is a for the participants and the entire college the (potential) benefit of facilitating organization or industry. A well-built and own. Similarly, by building relationships powerful one which, when maintained fraternity to establish and nurture long- with decision-makers in the organization, work-related activities of individuals by The importance of the saying “no man maintained professional network could be appropriately, can last for decades. These term, mutually beneficial relationships it is possible to establish open lines voluntarily granting access to resources is an Island” has been proven to be the one of the most powerful tools for career days, individuals do not typically stay at the whose impact will reverberate in time and of communication and stay abreast of and maximizing common advantages. reason why many of us need to make advancement. same organization for their entire careers. space to the unending horizon. .

52 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 53 as intent, motivation and circumstances. up their sophistication, the security organs It could be out of revenge, profiteering have also improved their capacities and or just unintended actions either in self competences in addressing crime. One can CHALLENGES IN CRIME MANAGEMENT: defence or even accidental that in the end only imagine the potentially deadly crimes costs a life or lives. The intention could that the security apparatus has always be premeditated or even circumstantial, prevented and nipped in the bud! Those and one would be unfair to generalize and who often exaggerate accountability could been disastrous, but embarrassing and uses or threatens to use force on a victim. regard all crimes as a mere wave, without include the success as well. For instance, A CASE OF UGANDA analyzing the intent and motivation. for a moderator, during a Television degrading as well for both victims and This entails both crimes in which the offenders. violent act is the objective, such as murder The investigators usually look for finer interview or discussion, to ask how many or rape, as well as crimes in which violence details even after the crime(s) has been CCTV cameras are deployed, where they or even a pattern, if you will. Peoples’ It is difficult to isolate crime and limit it is the means to an end. Violent crimes may, committed. This is not only meant to are deployed, their coverage, how they are representatives and those with a social to a definite geographical space due to the or may not, be committed with weapons. understand the genesis, but also to draw networked, the number of patrol cars etc, status that allocates them constituents inter-connectedness of the world through Depending on the jurisdiction, violent crime lessons to prevent others or similar is rather farfetched! ought to remember that their constituents advanced and real-time communication may vary from homicide to harassment. crimes. Therefore, they need not only or followers usually take their word. One platforms via the internet and social Typically, violent criminals include aircraft time, but understanding and patience by The changing natures of crimes, can only wonder how someone feels after media. The only viable or positive side hijackers, rapist, kidnappers, torturers, both the aggrieved and the concerned. especially the violent ones, come with leaving the media house having deceived to this is that all actors can compare active shooters, murderers, gangsters, And the legal fraternity will need the bare some challenges to the legal regimes that or misguided the world for purely personal situations in distant locations, and draw drug cartels, and others. facts to determine redress. may need some upgrades as well. The gains! Some are on record to have literally lessons for better management, with sophistication brought about by modern swallowed their words when the real facts BRIG. GEN. J. KINALWA the bad guys using the same ‘free for all’ There is a category of actors, that this technology and globalization could have of a given incident come out. This column UGANDA PEOPLES’ DEFENCE information to design new tactics to beat column will carefully call insensitive, made criminal activity more common, will not forget someone who once said FORCE law enforcement. A look at some accounts that always want to take advantage of more lucrative, easier to commit or even that… “As he approached a scene of crime, in the history of mankind, some religious the circumstances to achieve ‘stardom’ harder to detect. For instance, the nature he realized that a gun had been placed in the hands of the victim” … and he still had rime has been severely defined communities regarded sin as a crime; in their professional or even private lives and content of the evidence required or his shirt on thereafter! It is not proper, according to the changing times. some even highlighted the crime of sin and others wish to gain political mileage available needs to be in tandem with the and for largely selfish reasons, to put the The Oxford English Dictionary very early in legendary or mythological by painting their country insecure due legal regimes. Incident management in population in a panic mode and lose faith defines crime as an activity that accounts of origins like the tale of Adam to crimes that happen, equally or even the era of fast changing technology, the in their security by exaggerating the actual involve breaking the law; as an illegal act and Eve and the theory of the sin. to a greater magnitude. In areas far and processing, tracking criminals, extraction situation that obtains on the ground. or activity that can be punished by law or It may be strenuous for this column to wide, the statistics are available of what of information in the face of the glaring an act that is looked at as immoral or a This column is constrained to pursue that discuss what is obtaining in our country transpires in other geographical areas public with varying intentions poses the In conclusion, we can expect changes in big mistake by the society. But simply put line! However, as humans are, indeed, at the moment, mainly because, some world over, the stories reported are really need for new tools. C scaring but one chooses to blind his/ the practices and methods of committing and for purposes of this discussion, this specie in the animal kingdom, research investigations, as part of the legal regimes profit-driven crimes and different column wishes to settle for the following: has shown that animal behaviour and and actions by the law enforcement are her own constituents for personal gain. I This column wishes to posit that as we perpetrators. Perhaps drawn from a an illegal act for which someone can be conduct is premised on the survival and still ongoing. But suffice it to say that almost mentioned selfish! confront crimes in our times and times wider spectrum of society, even hate or punished by the government, especially, procreation. Other animals and insects, generalities in the discourse could be to come, candour and basic decorum otherwise called love crimes by aggrieved a gross violation of law. Other definitions except man, depend mainly on instinct, allowed disclaimer! Whereas it is true that globalization and need to guide the discussions especially spouses that are usually committed using have tended to degrade it to call it just while plants could depend on stimuli. technology has facilitated the criminals to in reaction to a given crime incident the same means could still change in form an act against morality and as something Man with a developed brain has the Crime is not a new phenomenon to and content. Technology will also lead reprehensible, foolish or disgraceful. ability to think, plan and execute a given mankind, and one can comfortably posit to changes in techniques of prevention, But in all legality and fairness, crime is a task still in the confines of survival and that despite its metamorphosis over time, detection and investigation. Therefore, harmful act not only to some individual procreation, both for the individual, group it has always been managed as it presents. crime, especially violent crime will but also to a community, society or a state. and more. This thinking can be applied And there are factors, both natural and to various scenarios in human beings’ artificial that facilitate its prevention still prevail, but its understanding and management can only regulate the gravity The discussion will be premised on the behaviour, conduct and relations whether and management. Therefore, for some since a human mind is at the center. The happenings in my great country Uganda, as individuals or groups. sections of the society preferring to use good news is that there is always a trail with varying interpretations that are descriptive phrases like; it is a new wave, left and criminals should never get out rational and often irrational as well It is also upon this premise that this the Oxford dictionary defines crime of it alive or otherwise. It is rather time depending on what a given actor intends to column wishes to restrict the discussion wave as a situation in which there is a that man becomes his brother’s keeper portray both for information, and at times to violent crime. Time and space may be sudden increase in the number of crimes and strive to make Planet Earth peaceful misinformation. The end result often a constraint, but the discussion will be to that are committed and the security is and enjoyable for us all. It is a common tends to take a form that was not earlier the point. Scholars and other actors agree overwhelmed. knowledge and indeed a natural fact that anticipated. The social media ‘craze’ of that, a violent crime or crime of violence is “Life is lived once”. forward fast and read later has not only a crime in which an offender or perpetrator There are constants in a given crime such .

54 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 55 matter of spreading religious ideology usually triggered by extremist views. RESPONDING TO ORGANIZED CRIME IN AFRICA: These groups are of the amoral view that the means justifies the ends.

In Africa, organized crime takes many forms. These forms are usually shaped THE KENYANabbreviation of EXPERIENCEthe word narcotraficante question the legitimacy and effectiveness by the strength of a given state and or to states or state sponsors of terrorism. of the government. This action is meant to the extent the elite and state actors are foment an opposition among the masses. partakers in these illegal activities. Some It is extremely difficult to define gang Then, afterward the delivery of essential of these groups are well-established hard- member as it is a challenge to define services is compromised by this criminal core mafia style groups such as themungiki gangs. The best indicator of who is a gang class and it makes the citizenry doubt in central Kenya whose main operations often comes from self-identification or whether the government is capable of are collecting “protection” money from self-reports, which have proven to be quite looking out for its interests. This leads to the citizenry. There are other groups valid as indicators of gang membership. agitation, usually preferred in crowded that are loose and effective involving two A large number of other symbols and urban areas, where any confrontation different entities (a good example is the behavior can be used to distinguish gang with the government will lead to massive coalition between western African gangs Source: Star Newspapers, (2014) member, but there can be shortcomings in civilian casualties, hence enforcing and the Mediterranean gangs). They act as police files as information becomes dated. the belief among the people that the conduits to each other’s markets. in any country tends to fail. Island. Gaza and Spanish Sparta gangs are GEORGE ONYANGO government is no longer acting in the terrorizing residents in while It is worth appreciating that these kinds interest of the citizens. MINISTRY OF INTERIOR On the other end, are groups of criminal Violence is a key factor in holding on to power Born to Kill, Vietnam, Akili za Usiku, 64 Gang, of crimes are usually exacerbated by enterprises masking themselves as within the criminal underworld. Since no Memory Gang, Watalia Gang and Crazy Boys It is worth nothing from the onset that cultural, religious, social, political and In some cases, like with acts of international legitimate businesses. A good example state injunction can be used as a form of roam across the county extorting residents there is a definitive nexus between economic issues which have been left terrorism, which is a form of transnational is (the Guptas in South Africa). They arbitration or punishment, coercion is the and even killing with impunity. transnational organized crime and to fester usually by either a corrupt sate organized crime activity, the motives for had protection from state actors. These only way to mitigate disputes. Nevertheless, terrorism but we have to first define these or a failing state. This is why such grave such abominable acts are based on noble organizations are usually engaged in this does not mean state actors are not In the era of information technology phenomena. Transnational organized crimes as robbery, violent attacks, rape, causes. Usually the fight for social and money laundering at some level of complicit in the violence of underground criminal groups have become savvy crime according to a paper released by killing and shootings go unpunished. This economic justice. In such cases these whatever their business might happen criminal activity. In fact in many cases these users of social media and are making the white house during president Obama’s strikes fear into the heart of the citizens acts of international criminality are a way to be involved in. A serious concern by state actors make it possible by use of extra propaganda videos either to turn the administration, is “organized unlawful and invariably changes the political of acquiring enough attention and from African governments is the level of capital judicial means. This can be used in the citizens against the government in order activity across national borders involving landscape. This usually happens when the there to establish a platform to rally for outflows these groups make happen, intimidation of the general public and lead to weaken the state or to recruit the youth groups or markets of individuals working perpetrators of crimes will turn the tables their causes in the courts of international undercutting the government of its to criminal groups accumulating massive who they train to do the dirty work for in more than one country to plan and and precipitate crises in order to put in public opinion. In some cases, it is just a legitimate taxes. This affects the balance of amounts of state wealth which as stated them. This has become the new frontier execute illegal ventures.” payment of the country and weakens the earlier leads to state capture. These are for dealing with this menace and therefore currency. Such problems can be solved by some of the organized hard-core criminal proper investment must be made by all It can be of an international nature or governments over time by implementing groups in Kenya that have been outlawed governments in security information domestic. From the definitions above good governance practices and initiating and gazetted by the Kenyan government. technology packages and expert to it is clear to see that in the realm of regulatory reforms rather than by They mostly operate locally: Kapenguria Six, monitor suspicious web traffic. But it is the international terrorism and violent suppression of illegal markets through Wajukuu wa Bibi, Young Thugs and Chafu assessment of the researcher that political extremism, the definition of transnational brute force. This is why the war on drugs operating in , south of Mombasa and social solutions are much better than organized crime describes it quite aptly. military or enforcement solutions. Therefore, in this paper the mention of transnational organized crime may, in In Mombasa, the gangs are: Gaza, based some instances, be a synonymous reference in Likoni, Buffalo (Likoni), Home Boys to international terrorism. Transnational (Old Town), Chafu za Down (Likoni), Gater organized crime is a grave threat to Family (Likoni), Kapenguria Six (Likoni), international peace, good governance and Young Thugs (Likoni), Spanish Sparta development compounding an already dire (Changamwe), Mawaiyo (Majengo), Crazy situation since these sorts of phenomena Boys (Old Town) and Born to Kill, which is catalyzed by Africa’s weak systems operate between the Island and Likoni. The of state and governance. This type of rise of these groups seems to have a direct situation even allows these organizations correlation to the breakdown of the family to turn huge profits and acquire financial unit. This has led to a lot of indiscipline in muscle far superior to that of the state. the family unit leading young people to This usually leads to state capture and make bad choices and getting involved in turns countries into either narco (is the Source: Mollison, James. The Memory of Pablo Escobar, London, Chris Boot, (2019), pp. 7-1. Source: Star Newspapers, (2014) crime.

56 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 57 The extend and decline of the leading to a near collapse of the dynasty. coordinator of the House of Traditional wanga kingdom The weakened died Elders in Kenya, a unifying social KENYA’S WANGA KINGDOM The first King Nabonga Wanga was followed in 1949 and was succeeded by Nabongo organization for all traditional leaders by several successive kings with the most Shitawa who later died in 1974 passing the and their councils from the different AN OFFSHOOT OF BUGANDA prominent being Nabongo Mumia, the 12th mantle to Nabongo Peter Mumia II who is communities in Kenya. The organization king who ruled the Wanga kingdom for the reigning cultural King of the Wanga to aims to bring harmony among tribes and KINGDOM 67 years from 1882 to 1949.His reign was date. ensure peaceful co-existence. kingdom was the most highly developed characterized by power, wealth and rapid and only centralized kingdom in Kenya’s expansion. He welcomed both Muslim The current status of the wanga Source: Mollison, James. The Memory of Pablo entire history. The kingdom had well kingdom Escobar, London, Chris Boot, (2019), pp. 7-1. Arabs and Christians and later the colonial defined structures of a centralized system government. This collaboration policy of government similar to what was in the facilitated growth of the Wanga Kingdom It is worth mentioning that the presence kingdoms in the present day Uganda. which extended as far as west Buganda, as of gangs in a given area limits police Structures like parliament, judiciary, far south as Samia, as far north as Mount control and allows recruiter to take full centralized taxation system and a cabinet Elgon and as far east as Naivasha. advantage of those gray areas, as well as with a Prime Minister operated under the the fact that some areas have a history king who also had a standing army. Nabongo Mumia is regarded as the most of gang sprawling. In the past years the powerful and also the weak link that From left, Forum for Royals and Traditional government passed a law specifically Links to Buganda Kingdom brought down kingdom. His collaboration leaders Chair King Mwami Godfroid Munongo For generations, the Wanga have told of DRC, Treasurer King Peter Nabongo Mumia of intended to address the problems of gangs with both Musilim Arabs and Christian Wanga Kingdom Kenya and Vice chairman King but failed to take it to the next critical level MR. LONGINUS MULONDO their children that their kingdom is an Missionaries led to mistrust and suspicion Torgbui Amenya Fiti (v) of Ghana during a visit Nabongo Mumia during his failed trip to to the Wanga kingdom in Mumias. 2018. to dismantle them, including arresting NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE offshoot of Buganda kingdom and that with the colonial government of Britain. It England. Courtesy of and prosecuting their alleged financiers. SERVICE-KENYA it was established by a Muganda prince. is believed that the final decision to weaken The current King of Wanga is also The Wanga story is also found among the his kingdom came when he declined The Wanga still retain their King who does internationally recognized by the Organized criminal gangs are very skilled Introduction Baganda tribe in Uganda. It talks about a to travel to England in the year 1902 to not have executive governance powers British government and some African in evading security investigation, have When the British arrived in Western Baganda Prince who left during the reign attend the coronation of King Edward but acts as a lead person in sociocultural governments and other traditional low violence thresholds and are highly Kenya in 1883, they found the Wanga of Kabaka Mwanga and established a VII. He declined to board a ship that had maters. The King has a palace, an assembly monarchs across Africa. resourceful thus providing an unsettling Kingdom, the only organized state with a kingdom in present day Kenya. Migration been dispatched to collect him after being point where the council of elders conduct The story of the Wanga Kingdom and its proposition in the eventuality that they centralized hereditary monarch in Kenya. history shows that the ancestors of the dissuaded against travelling to England their business which mainly comprise links to the people of Buganda Kingdom consider having an engagement with gang In fact, the British used much of the Wanga were part of the Bantu migration by his Muslim advisors at Mombasa. interpretation of customary related is a demonstration that colonial powers groups and gang leaders. It is very delicate Wanga administrative system, which was out of western-central Africa around What followed was the progressive disputes and interpretation of cultural were indiscriminate in drawing up and challenging to address gangs, it requires up and running from the 18th century, as 1000BC and settled around the present day downgrading of his status from a king to issues. The King is recognized as the lead boundaries for East African Nations a balance of prevention, intervention and a stepping stone to territorial and political Kampala area, the capital city of Uganda. that of a Paramount Chief. This position figure of customary laws relating to the during their scramble for the Region. They suppression strategies is critical for success expansionism. This kind of organized There are many versions on the origin the of a Paramount Chief reduced both his Wanga people. He holds an office in Nairobi played a disruptive role in disorganizing/ against gangs in any community. In addition system of government was unique in the Wanga Kingdom but all converge on the influence and the size of his Kingdom supported by the Government of Kenya disregarding already established it is critical to appreciate that prevention current Kenyan and only had similarities transfer of kingship from Uganda through through the Ministry of Sports Culture governance structures of East African programs target youth at risk of gang to those that existed in the present day a Buganda Prince who migrated to Kenya. & Heritage. Mumia II is the national Nations. . involvement and help reduce the number Republic of Uganda. of youth who are actively involved in gangs Socio-cultural linkages to push them away from gang life. Law Prof. Ivor Norman Richard Davies in his The Wanga trace their origins in Buganda, enforcement suppression strategies and book, Vanished kingdoms: The forgotten but their language has changed over time intensive service target and rehabilitate the history of Europe, wrote, “All the nations and are only left with minor traces of some most violent gangs. that have ever lived have left their Luganda words. The few Luganda words footprints in the sand.” He could well that are still part of Wanga dialect include In the Kenyan perspective gang prevention have been talking about a tribe called the Olukato (smoking pipe) and Omwami (Sir) programs typically focus on discouraging Wanga, (also known as AbaWanga), the among others. In Buganda, if one commits children and youth, especially those at founders of the Wanga kingdom which was suicide he/she will not be buried in the family high-risk, from joining gangs. In addition the only historical kingdom in Kenya. cemetery. The body of the suicide victim is gang intervention programs target active even whipped. The Wanga used to practice gangs and gang members. In conclusion The Wanga, who mainly occupy Kakamega the same rituals, but have since forgotten gang suppression programs usually involve county are the descendants of a cultural them. Children and women used to kneel specialized gang units (typically led by the monarch known as Nabongo. Although before their elders as a show of respect in police), that target gang members and they distinguish themselves as a different Wanga. The same still happens among the their illicit activities through aggressive tribe, ethnically, they are classified as Baganda. The Wanga also carried with them the art of brewing a banana wine commonly enforcement of laws, it is worth noting that Luhya, who make up about 16% of Kenya’s Nabongo Mumia (seated) and Kongoti suppression does not work on its own. . total population. Before the advent of the known as Mwenge bigere or Tonto by the Anabaswa, the Prime Minister, flanked by Baganda. The Wanga call it Omwenje. Masai body guards.Courtsey of Kenya National Former President of Tanzania Jakaya Kikwete and then Vice visit King Peter British colonialists in 1886, the Wanga Archives. Mumia II’s Palace. (2005).

58 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 59 the pursuit of foreign policy objectives this form of interplay, eventually leads to Agreements: This can range from through the peaceful employment of conflict prevention through the successful mutual assistance to cooperation. defence resources and capabilities. It is exercise of diplomacy, even among fragile c. Maintaining Bilateral and Multilateral MILITARY DIPLOMACY IN FOREIGN an organized concept for defence related nations. In this regard, it can be said that Contacts at Senior Military and Civilian international activities. It emerged military play a role beyond the violence of Defense Officials: Developing relations especially in the post cold war period led warfare, hence military diplomacy seeks with a view to reducing ambiguity, IntroductionPOLICY IMPLEMENTATIONactivities such as education and training by the United States with the principles to achieve both national security and the handling crisis and increasing Foreign policy is the government’s strategy of foreign military personnel, military of protecting western countries’ security foreign policy objectives of a nation in interoperability. used to guide its actions in the international visits with significant public exposure, environment. Thus defence diplomacy is simple and transparent terms. It strives d. Appointment of Defense Attachés (DA) arena for the promotion of national interest. humanitarian assistance and disaster somehow confined to western countries. to fill the gaps as needed, albeit in concert to Foreign Countries: Necessary to Foreign policy generally passes through relief operations in foreign countries, It is understood as a peaceful application with other state instruments. Followings pursue diplomacy through negotiations four steps; articulation, formulation, peacekeeping missions and regular official of resources across the spectrum of are the goals of military diplomacy: and providing advice. US and China implementation, and evaluation. Defence, visits and military dialogues. It can also be defence. Defense diplomacy does not a. Project the Commitment of Nation for have the highest number of DAs abroad alliances, diplomacy, foreign aid, trade described as a series of activities carried include military operations but include the Cause of Global Peace: and virtually cover all the nations in the initiatives, and intelligence are the few out primarily by Defense Department some military activities such international A corner stone of military diplomacy world. significant instruments that states have representatives to pursue the State’s foreign personnel exchange program, high level is participation in UN Peace Keeping e. Participation in United Nations embraced to formulate and implement policy interests in the field of security and engagement like ministers and senior Operations, humanitarian assistance, Peacekeeping Missions: A hallmark foreign policy. While conducting and defence policy. The world’s leading power military personnel visits in defense forum, and striving to involve in joint operations. of military diplomacy and an tool for implementing the foreign policy and (United States) and many other Western exchange of bi-lateral or multilateral b. Strengthen Defence Relationships to furthering foreign policy objectives. continuing cordial relations between nations, have effectively employed military COL JYOTINDRA MAHAT senior military leaders meeting and Foster Own Influence and Access: A f. Other Methods: states, diplomacy is the foremost important diplomacy to further their interests all NEPALI ARMY, FEDERAL visits, joint training exercises, enhance healthy defence and military relationship (1) Providing training to foreign military around the globe. At present some Asian instrument through which stated goals are REPUBLIC OF NEPAL confidence and security building could provide the desired influence and and civil defence personnel. achieved. Diplomacy in foreign relations is countries are also fostering military measures, and nonproliferation activities. access to the country. (2) Provision of expertise and advice on diplomacy, making it a vital part of its multi often applied peacefully, except in the case of As the civilization progressed and nations Thus military diplomacy is a subset of this. c. Develop the Defence Capability of democratic control of armed forces, alignment strategy with different nations coercive diplomacy. Centrality of diplomacy grew, clashes or fighting started between Friendly Countries: Efforts to improve (3) Assist in defence management & across the globe. However, it would be is in the survival and independence of the groups or nations for their survival and Defence diplomacy is a process which may the defence capabilities of friendly military technical support. worthwhile to find out whether military nation. Effort is therefore made for better dominance of others. During the process include state officials; politicians, security foreign countries are also full of the need (4) Maintaining contacts with military diplomacy is a viable tool for foreign policy, diplomacy to compensate for the weakness of negotiations, it was realized that military personnel and intelligence services, some to safeguard against compromising one’s personnel trained in own country. and how it exerts its significance in shaping of other elements of national power in force also can be an effective means for NGOs, think tanks and civil society. In the own security. (5) Provision of military equipment & the foreign policy globally. international relations. diplomacy. Such efforts have long been case of military diplomacy, by its broadest d. Enhance Own Military Capability: To other aid. utilized, as stated in the great epics of sense, almost all externally oriented assess potential threats and strengthen (6) Conduct bilateral and multilateral Historical Development of The nation-state may use various elements Hinduism; Ramayana and Mahabharata, military activity may be considered one’s own capabilities engaging in military exercises. Military Diplomacy in pursuit of its foreign policy as the where the brave Hanuman and Lord military diplomacy, because it would be international military activities through When civilization developed and spread, situation may dictate and resources may Krishna were sent as military messengers an extension of national policy. Although conduct of professional military Conclusion business and commerce began, the rulers permit. For instance, it may use military adopting diplomatic initiatives to settle the the terms “military” and “defence” are exercises, development of defence and Within a country, military forces play then realized the need for defence. When intervention, diplomatic intervention and issue and maintain the peace and prevent generally synonymous in their usage, the military human resources. many roles, besides defending their the border has begun then it is more sometimes it may choose to do nothing. the war. That means the link between term “military” is primarily used to describe e. Promote Defence and Military national boundaries. Their participation essential to maintain the force to protect The decision-makers set the goals, military activities and those of diplomacy, activities undertaken by the nation’s defence Interoperability: One of the likely in multinational peacekeeping and the territory. Then after the necessity determine their relative strength, calculate economics, information, intelligence, and forces, and the term “defence” may be outcomes of defense and military humanitarian efforts is well established of maintaining an army became an the costs and benefits of each potential other elements of national power is a used to indicate the entire defense system. cooperation could be combined and is an increasing part of their work. intrinsic part following the creation of course of action, and then select the one concept going back several centuries. Most Defence diplomacy is wider in this regard operations; either in bilateral or Since military people know the true cost of nations. According to Wikipedia, the first with the highest benefits and the lowest of the great warfare leaders of the modern than military diplomacy. Both “military” and multilateral arrangements such as fighting war than anyone else, the military known standing armies in Europe were costs to dignified life and survival. Every period, like Sun Tzu, Carl Von Clausewitz, “defence” terms are generally synonymous NATO, the United States led coalition in has a vested interest in trying to develop in ancient Greece where the male citizen nation mobilizes its own national power Thayer Mahan and Kautilya, recognized in their use, but perhaps the term “military” Iraq among others and under the aegis of capacities and alliances to sustain peace body of ancient Sparta functioned as a (the sum of all resources available to the the link between the elements of national is primarily used to describe activities the United Nations. and stability worldwide. Military diplomacy standing army. The army was used as nation) to pursue its national objectives power and the need for their incorporation undertaken by the defence forces and the represents something of an opportunity hard power at that time. However, some and interests. Defence and diplomacy can of order to achieve maximum effect. These term “defence” is used to indicate the entire Methods of Military Diplomacy amid the many complex national security form of agreement was undertaken for the come to the fore in this context, and the esteemed thinkers have laid the foundation defence system. In the contemporary world, to achieve the challenges facing every country. There correspondence and settlement of disputes component of defence can play the role for understanding the role of the military above-mentioned objectives in favor of are growing security issues that need to between various groups, which was the of diplomacy in improving and sustaining beyond its principal warfare purpose. Role and Goals of Military own national interest, following methods be handled with caution. It can also work international relations. To this regard, the initial point of diplomacy. And thus the Diplomacy are applied. significantly to diffuse the political tension military element contributes, which can be political history goes back to the nation- Military Diplomacy vs Defence In peacetime, linkage of military with a. Involve in Multi-tiered Dialogues: between the two countries. In a nutshell it called military diplomacy. state origins. The diplomacy of those dates Diplomacy diplomacy advances on implementation Interfaces on political, security, and can be said that military diplomacy properly was once considered to be the element of Both terminologies found their expression of foreign policy. Positioning Defence strategic defense to understand each executed in achieving the goals set by the the state whereby the diplomats were used The term ‘Military Diplomacy’ is solely in the diplomatic field only in the 1990s. Attachés and Military Attachés (DAs / other’s areas of concern and to develop country, that surely will be an effective exclusively for negotiating purposes. related to diplomatic purpose. It includes Defence diplomacy is referred to as MAs) in the nation of each other is also an common and mutual interests. tool of foreign policy implementation in almost every externally-oriented military essential feature of military diplomacy. In b. Conduct Bilateral Defense Cooperation geopolitical complexities. .

60 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 61 terrorist activities are hatched, planned and launched from the existing refugee camps within the county. The prevailing PROTECTION OF REFUGEES: security situation in Kenya prompted the Government to recommend to close down one of the world largest refugee camp, The Daadab refugee camp. It was agreed with THE AFRICANfear of persecution PERSPECTIVE but have not crossed The evolution of refugee policies in post- the UN agency for refugees (UNHCR) that an international boundary which means independence Africa may be classified more should be done in Somalia to make that they are within the jurisdiction of into two periods. The first is the period return and reintegration sustainable. A their home country and continue to enjoy between early 1960s and 1990, and the conference was held in Brussels in October the rights that their country guarantees. second is the period thereafter. In the 2015 to seek support for the voluntary The state is mandated to protect the first period, African countries, both repatriation of Somali refugees and their rights of her citizens so that they are not individually and collectively, exhibited a reintegration in Somalia. violated. However, when the functions of very generous attitude towards refugees. a government of a country are impaired Through the 1969 Organization of African The map highlights the real world Refugee distribution (Source: EU Commission) Uganda Refugee Policy on account of war or other crises, it fails Unity (OAU) Convention governing specific Uganda’s Refugee Policy stands out of other to protect the rights of its citizens and aspects of refugee problems in Africa, protection takes precedence over (5.8%). Persons of concern from countries policies as discussed briefly those citizens have to run away to other African states implemented what became international protection. Kenya is under other nationalities including Sudan, below. Since achieving its independence countries to seek refuge and avoid serious known as an “open door policy”. African obligation pursuant to Art 2(5) Chapter Rwanda, Eritrea, Burundi, Uganda and in 1962. The country has been praised for SOLOMON KOMEN CHESUT violations of their rights. This is where the countries readily admitted all those in (6) of the to ensure others who make up 6.8 % of the total having one of the most progressive and MINISTRY OF INTERIOR - international community steps in to stand search of security and safety, and refugees rights of refugees are guaranteed. It is also population (494,585 as at the end of March generous refugee laws and policy regimes KENYA in the gap and prevent violation of the were hardly ever rejected at the frontier required to enact, implement legislation to 2020) as per UNHCR statistics. Almost half in the world. In fact, the 2016 United Nations rights of these people seeking asylum. or returned to countries where they might fulfil international obligation in respect to of the refugees in Kenya (44%) reside in Summit for Refugees declared Uganda’s Introduction face persecution or serious harm. Even human rights and fundamental freedoms. Dadaab, 40% in Kakuma and 16% in urban refugee policy a model. The 2006 Refugee Protection of human rights in African The origin of protection of refugees and though refugees were normally required areas (mainly Nairobi), alongside 18,500 Act and 2010 Refugee Regulations allow states takes a peripheral priority and their rights has its roots in the United to remain in camps, the standards of When countries accented to the 1951 stateless persons. for integration of refugees within host exclusively left to a handful of courageous Nations protection of human rights through treatment of refugees were adequate and Convention and the 1967 Protocol, they communities with refugees having access and beleaguered civil society activists. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights refugees enjoyed security, basic dignity agreed to protect refugees on their Political developments and the to the same public services as nationals. Refugees particularly have been relegated article 14 which reads; ‘Everyone has a right as well as self-sufficiency rights. There territory and under their jurisdiction, humanitarian situation in the region They have freedom of movement and are to the category of ‘Humanitarian” problem to seek and to enjoy in other countries was also a strong commitment to lasting in accordance with the terms of these will continue to impact upon the Kenyan free to pursue livelihood opportunities, and their rights are violated in host asylum from persecution”. In the first solutions. A number of refugees were instruments. States have also agreed operations in 2020, mainly as a result of including access to the labour market and countries astonishingly without regard to decade, global refugee population has locally integrated and legally naturalized. to extend relevant rights to refugees in the situations in the two main refugee to establish businesses. their vulnerability. Human rights are rights more than doubled with a record of over accordance with international human producing countries of Somalia and inherent to all human beings regardless of 25 million people, 67% of these population In collaboration with the United Nations rights obligations. Even States that are not South Sudan, but also the ongoing unrest The situation of many refugees living Race, Sex, Nationality, Ethnicity, language, are from only 5 countries. Amongst the Ten High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), party to the Convention or Protocolare in Burundi and Democratic Republic of in Uganda is protracted. More recently, Religion or any other status. Human Rights (10) leading countries in the world namely: African host countries worked to find are bound by the principle of non- Congo (DRC). It is anticipated that the prolonged conflict in the surrounding include; Right to life and Liberty, Freedom Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, Myanmar, protection in third countries for refugees refoulement, which is considered a norm political situation in Ethiopia will remain countries of South Sudan, Burundi and from slavery and torture, Freedom of Somalia, Sudan, Democratic Republic of which was the best solution. Wherever of customary international law and as stable and current limited influx of asylum the Democratic Republic of Congo have opinion and expression, the right to work Congo, Central African Republic, Eritrea there were fundamental changes in the such is binding on all States. The various seekers will be of short duration. Kenya led to new refugee arrivals in Uganda. and Education etc. Everyone is entitled and Burundi in that order. circumstances in the country of origin, branches of government, whether the will therefore continue to be among Uganda is now the largest refugee hosting to the aforementioned rights without states assisted refugees who voluntarily executive, legislature, or the judiciary have the top refugee hosting countries in country in Africa, and the third largest discrimination. Apart from Syria, Afghanistan, and chose to repatriate. However, these complementary roles and responsibilities Africa. UNHCR continued advocacy on globally. As the number of refugees sore Myanmar, the other seven countries are gesture was abused by greedy individuals for establishing and maintaining State behalf of stateless persons is expected in Uganda currently at 1.07 million people, Refugees and Internally based in Africa and more so Sub Saharan who saw a window to register illegally as asylum systems based on the rule of to result in the Government of Kenya the Government of Uganda’s spending on African region. Generally, almost all of refugees in host countries and seek asylum law, and for providing protection and registering 4,500 Shona people in 2020 Displaced Persons refugee hosting remains unclear. Existing Africa is involved in either producing or in “lucrative” states like United States of durable solutions to refugees. These and expected 4,000 Pemba people in A refugee is a person who owing to a studies only documented the benefits for receiving refugees or both (case of Sudan). America, Canada and Britain amongst responsibilities are not limited to the 2021, thus reducing stateless persons well-founded fear of being persecuted hosting refugees, provision of services The mass exodus of refugees across the other willing states who offered these National government but the county to 15,000 in 2020 and 11,000 by 2021. for reasons of race, religion, nationality, from reception to integration and land continent has economic consequences and purported refugees express citizenship. government also play an important part. Since late 2013, the security situation in membership of a particular social group allocation is yet to be given an aggregated impede the social economic development Kenya was adversely affected following has been forced to flee his or her country to monetary value, as information and of both the refugees and the host countries. Most asylum seekers in Kenya originate several terrorist attacks for which the seeks refuge in another country. Internally Kenya’s Obligations statistics regarding actual government A great deal of resources both human and from Somalia (53.7%). Other major Somalia-based Al Shabab group claimed displaced persons are people who have Underlying international refugee spending remain scattered and not material are wasted during conflict further nationalities are South Sudanese responsibility, unfortunately most fled their homes in search of refuge in protection system is that national well documented. Yet, in the absence impoverishing the African Continent. (24.7%), Congolese (9%); and Ethiopians security agencies believe that these

62 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 63 of such data, the Government cannot 6.8 percent, the remaining 3.3 percent been denied a nationality and access to into the country from other country which with public service vehicles demanded new health demands characterizing their accurately document the contribution are mainly from countries in the Horn basic rights such as: education, health, had reported cases of Covid-19. Further, to reduce the number of passengers future engagement. that it is making to the global response to of Africa. Uganda remains as the African employment and freedom of movement. the President announced the closure of all boarding them. For instance, a 14-seater displacement, and this may limit its ability jewel in refugee policy and an icon in UNHCR assumes function of protection of schools and institutions of higher learning Matatu is directed to ferry 8-passengers, The covid-19 pandemic has disrupted to plan appropriately since the unit cost of putting into practice Africa brotherhood. refugees under the auspices of the UN but on 20 March 2020. while a 65-bus Seater is supposed to learning for more than 1.5 billion learners hosting refugees remains unknown. This does not provide a permanent solution to ferry 35-passenger. All these adjustments worldwide which include 18 million Kenyan is especially relevant, given the pressure Conclusion the refugee and asylum menace in Africa. The government of Kenya announced that are to be adhered to in addition to hand learners and trainees who were in different sanitizing before boarding the vehicles. levels and institutions of learning. The on public resources while Uganda remains The world is witnessing some of the Myriad of problems which cuts across all public offices and businesses to start disruption to learning brought by the virus a low income economy, with an annual per highest levels of displacement in its the African continent from poverty, civil working from home except for essential services. The government further directed Another new normal entails social compromises the attainment of sustainable capita income of US$ 773 in 2016/17.1 UNDP. history 70.8 million by the end of 2018 wars, power struggle to western instigated cessation of all congressional meetings activities which have been drastically development goal number 4 on access to and Africa is a major contributor of conflict over greed for the rich African (Church, Mosque, weddings, political changed from their normality. Whereas, quality, equitable and inclusive education. Statistically majority of Ugandan refugee refugees and more surprisingly is that natural resources continue to bedevil the gatherings, parties, night clubs and Kenyans have been accustomed to giving Due to the pandemic, the government of are from conflict-affected countries of over half of this population are under continent and requires a home grown funerals). All the business premises were their friends and loved ones a befitting the republic of Kenya closed all the learning South Sudan 69.3 percent, the DRC 20.6 the age of 18 years. There are also solution which incorporates all actors to give hand sanitizers, soap and running send-off (burial/funeral-Disco matangas) institutions in the country starting the 16th percent, Somalia, Rwanda and Burundi millions of stateless people who have from state to non- state. . water to their customers before accessing attended by a multitude of mourners, the week and 20th week of the school calendar their premises. The government further norm has been altered by a directive from for the primary and secondary schools and directed the use of cashless transactions the government which demands burials higher institutions of learning respectively. over cash while also it reduced the cost of and funerals not to exceed more than 40 The government closed 90,000 schools and doing business by effecting various fiscal people in a congregation. Both weddings sent home more than 300,000 teachers. adjustment and policies. Immediately, and funerals have changed modus oparedi The disruption of education has brought THE NEW NORMAL POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC the government announced a dusk-dawn due to emergency of Covid-19. While about new innovations in learning where 2019 Coronavirus (Covid-19) as it shifted surfaces which have been infected and curfew (7pm-5am) on March 25, 2020. these were social activities characterized learners are utilizing online platforms to its spread in other cities in China and then touch their eyes, nose or mouth The announcement of the curfew meant by respective cultural inclinations, they access literacy material and for instruction. expanded globally to Republic of Korea, with the contaminated hands. Covid-19 the suspension of night travel as well as have been standardized to follow certain The new normal under this line-up is Thailand, Japan, Italy, Spain, Vietnam, has an incubation period of 5.2 days. The cessation of all economic activities carried uniform guidelines which cut across the use of online platforms which entails Philippines and eventually it reached all the infection is acute without any carrier out at night. By the time of writing this cultural and societal variations. For the increased use of laptops, computers world’s territories and states. status. Coronavirus symptoms include article (6 September 2020), there were instance, the government has decreed and smartphones to access books and nonspecific syndromes, including; fever, 35,105 confirmed cases of Covid-19 in that all bodies of deceased persons to be instruction materials. The ministry of What followed the global outbreak, was a dry cough, and fatigue. Multiple systems Kenya, with 597 reported deaths as a result buried hurriedly within a timeframe not education has threatened that due to shocking announcement on 11 February may be involved, including respiratory of the disease and 21,230 recoveries. exceeding two weeks (14 days). closure of schools, the country is likely to 2020 by the World Health Organization (cough, short of breath, sore throat, witness increased levels of school dropouts, (WHO), terming the novel Coronavirus as a rhinorrhea, hemoptysis, and chest pain), The outbreak of the novel Coronavirus The emergency of Covid-19 has brought teen pregnancies, child labor and increased global Pandemic accompanied by horrific gastrointestinal (diarrhea, nausea, and has brought about a new normal which in another new normal in relation to incidents of incest, molestation and child images broadcasted by mainstream vomiting), musculoskeletal (muscle ache), people have to live with. The new normal immigration into Kenya. All persons trafficking which result from the impact of COL. S. K. MELANYI global television channels (CNN, BBC, Al- and neurologic (headache or confusion). cuts across all socio-economic and entering the country are to be subjected to Covid-19. KENYA NAVY Jazeera) of multitude of fatalities resulting Currently, there is no known cure or political aspects of people’s lives. Upon its mandatory Covid-19 testing and issuance from people who had succumbed to the vaccine approved for the treatment of the emergency, the Covid-19 suspended the of a Covid-19 free certificate. This has The outbreak of the Coronavirus and disease. The number of people who had Coronavirus. way people interacted socially. Whereas, revolutionized the conduct of international the subsequent announcement by the n December 2019, news broke out that a succumbed to the disease in Europe rose Kenyans were accustomed to warm hand trade with a demand for a new health WHO terming it as a global pandemic new unidentified respiratory virus had exponentially to record an average of Kenya recorded the first covid-19 case to hand greetings (Hi Five), these have been regulation emerging. A case of reference has revolutionized globalization and emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province in more than a thousand deaths per day. The on 13 March 2020 when a 27-year old suspended indefinitely with no hugging, is the experience of long distance truck altered both national and individual China and was spreading exponentially number of fatalities particularly in Spain Woman travelling from the United States no kissing and other bodily exchanges drivers who are subjected to Covid-19 test conduct. While currently, a cure and to other regions in the country. Within no and in Italy shocked the entire world with via London landed at Jomo Kenyatta permanently altered. Every individual in before they cross international border treatment of the disease has not been time the government of China announced heaps of corpses lying in morgues awaiting International Airport, Nairobi. Upon Kenya has been subjected to wearing a face post in East African countries, particularly, found, the number of fatalities resulting restriction of movement from the virus for military trucks to be delivered to mass detection, the government of Kenya mask to cover both nose and mouth which Kenya and Uganda. In May and June from its spread continues to baffle Iepicenter in Wuhan Province and embarked graves. initiated a series of approaches to contain has become a new universal attire for the 2020, Truck drivers from Tanzania the international community and on mission to construct a mega hospital in the spread of the disease which entailed Kenyan populace. were restricted from entering Kenyan governments in insurmountable measure. a record ten days which amazed everyone Descriptively, the Coronavirus disease mandatory quarantine and isolation of territory unless they were subjected to The spread of the disease to every part of and left tongues wagging with question- (Covid-19) is a communicable respiratory people who had close contacts with the The outbreak of Covid-19 has brought Covid-19 tests and confirmed negative. the globe has re-organized the way people why? Little did people around the world disease caused by a new strain of victims. Two people who had sat next about a new concept of social-distance The Republic of Tanzania reciprocated used to live bringing about new methods know what awaited them. The rest of the coronavirus that causes illness to humans. to the victim also tested positive for the which entails people to stay 1.5-2 meters by restricting Kenyan Truck drivers from of coping. These new coping measures World left the Chinese to deal with their The disease spreads from one person coronavirus. The government proceeded apart in all public places. This new demand entering the country (Tanzania), a move have been initiated with assumption that problem as it was customary referred to another through infected air droplets to effect a number of directives which is aimed at ensuring physical distance is which created a diplomatic feud between they will reduce the spread and to a certain to as “Chinese Disease”. By January 2020, that are transmitted through sneezing aimed at curbing the spread of the disease. maintained and limited physical contact the two countries. Although the impasse extent curb the spread of the virus and this the virus had acquired a new name for its or coughing. It can be transmitted when Notably, the President of Kenya-Uhuru as recommended by the WHO. This new was resolved amicably, the spat left the has created a new way of life for people to reference-popularly known as the novel humans have physical body contact with Muigai Kenyatta-restricted travel of people normal has re-organized public transport two EAC countries at logger heads with abide by-the new normal. .

64 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 65 PICTORIAL PICTORIAL 1 3 4

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1. NDC Course 23 briefing at the Kenya National Archives (KNA); 2. NDC Course 23 group photo at Ole Sereni Hotel after visiting the KNA; 3. Seminar C members during the opening ceremony; 4. The Commandant NDC, Kenya, Lt Gen. A. K. Mulata addressing NDC Course 23 participants; 5. NDC Course 23 opening ceremony by the Commandant NDC, Kenya, Lt Gen A K Mulata; 6. Celebrating Burundi’s National Day; 7. Cutting the cake to mark the national day for the Federal Republic of Nepal officiated by the Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Defence, Amb. Dr. Monica Juma and the Commandant NDC, Kenya, Lt. Gen. A. K. Mulata; 8. Celebrating Malawi’s 56th Independence Day; 9. Cutting the cake to mark the national day for Malawi.

66 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 67 and residential houses are quickly employment and the improved security the road. Travel time between Moyale and sprouting by the highway, teeming with has boosted investment. Lake Turkana Nairobi has been reduced from about three fresh groceries that would hitherto Wind Power has brought an ongoing days to 10 hours. Previously, bus travellers THE POWER OF not have survived the vagaries of road program of corporate social responsibility made two, night-long stopovers during the transport. The road has increased market including provision of new water sources, journey from Moyale to Nairobi, the first at access, improved delivery of government and job creation. About 200km of roads Marsabit and the second at Isiolo, arriving INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT services, triggered a rise in land value and have also been improved making the in Nairobi on the evening of the third day. arsabit County borders and insecurity made it difficult for any created employment opportunities. provision of services to the locals much Government institutions have increased Ethiopia to the North, Wajir meaningful development to take place. easier. Since becoming operational, their response in the delivery of public County to the East, Isiolo On service delivery, In June 2019 a County electricity from LTWP has enabled Kenya services including security. Stabilization County to the South East, The Isiolo-Moyale highway is a key plank Stakeholders Consultative forum from to save costs and reduce CO2 emissions of security among communities residing Samburu County to the South West and of the Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia the region reported that maternal deaths by avoiding production from fuel oil along the road has significantly increased. Lake Turkana to the West. The county is (LAPSSET) Corridor Project. Kenya were decreasing as a result of faster plants. In addition, more than 2,500 Inter-community conflicts have since vast, with an area spawning 70,961.3Km2. upgraded this road as part of its Vision access to medical facilities. Security in people were employed during the LTWP reduced significantly. Commodity supply It has a current estimated population 2030 aimed at facilitating free movement M the county has improved significantly, construction period, 75 percent of who and economic trade into the region has of 310,000. The county comprises four of goods and services between Kenya reducing banditry and inter-ethnic were local residents. Indeed the project increased, as has market access to goods constituencies (Saku, North Horr, Laisamis and Ethiopia. The infrastructure includes conflicts. This is attributed to easy access has enormous benefits to Kenyans beyond and livestock produced from the region. and Moyale which are also sub-counties. It building an oil pipeline, construction of an and reduced reaction time by the security Marsabit County. During the inauguration Promoting equal opportunities across is home to the Borana, Rendille, Samburu, international airport at Isiolo, railway and forces. The county government on its of the project, President Kenyatta noted the country will strengthen Kenya’s Turkana, Burji, Dasanetch, Gabra and highway to South Sudan and Ethiopia. The part, has constructed schools, medical that the project will increase electricity transformation from a low-middle income Wata who are mostly pastoralists. Project aims to open up northern Kenya COL. H. CHALA facilities and paved rural roads which to other parts of the country and to wider supply, reduce our reliance on thermal to a newly industrialized, middle-income KENYA ARMY has in turn improved on education In this county, nearly 60% of residents East Africa and Horn of Africa region. Safe generated electricity and insulate Kenya country by 2030. Great potential lies in enrollment, medical services and opened live in poverty and have poor access to for the completed highway, other projects from supply constraints during periods of northern Kenya if only infrastructure and up development. basic services like medical, provision of Electricity Transmission Company are yet to commence. Commissioning of low water level. service delivery is improved. . water and electricity. Frequent droughts (KETRACO). the new road and the Isiolo International The wind project brings some development In conclusion, as highlighted above, there pose a significant threat to livestock, the Airport was done in mid-2017. too. Residents are seeking access to have been several immediate benefits of main source of food and income for the The Lake Turkana Wind Power project majority of the people who live in this is of significant strategic benefit to area. Pastoralism is the foundations of the Kenya, being one of the largest private economy, but their huge potential remains investments in Kenya’s history. It aims to unexploited. Harnessing this potential provide 300MW of reliable, low cost wind would improve livelihoods of the local energy to the national grid, equivalent to people. The major infrastructure projects over 17% of the current installed electricity RUNNING ON THE WORLD STAGE: THE in the county are the Isiolo Moyale highway generating capacity. The Project also and the Lake Turkana wind power project. includes rehabilitation of the existing road TRANSFORMATION OF KENYA’S ATHLETICS BRAND from Laisamis to the wind farm site, a thletics remains an integral widespread poverty as well as education The Lake Turkana Wind Power Project is distance of approximately 200km, as well part of the country’s sporting and healthcare inequalities relegated located in Marsabit County approximately as plant and equipment lay-down areas, The completion of this highway promoted culture, livelihood activities and sports to the margins of public policy. 50km north of South Horr Township and and access road network in and around cross-border trade and improved the lives national identity. Athletics has As a consequence, sports was regarded 8km east of Lake Turkana. It comprises the site for construction, operations and of the residents by accessing markets also provided a medium for de-escalation a leisure endeavour and reduced to an 365 wind turbines - each with a capacity maintenance purposes. for their goods and services. Moyale is of group tensions and advancement of the extra-curriculum activity for children in of 850kW, and a high voltage substation. expected to become a market center for country’s national interests abroad. An primary and secondary schools. The Wind Farm is connected to the The other major infrastructure is the Kenyan goods and services with Ethiopia. assessment of the transformation of the tarmacking of the Isiolo Moyale highway A Kenyan national grid through a 435 km A multimillion border control custom country’s athletics brand should illuminate However, the impetus for increased that links Kenya to Ethiopia through transmission line, constructed by the facilities on both side of the border with the above-identified truths, particularly interest, investment and participation Marsabit. Before the new tarmac, Government of Kenya through the Kenya Ethiopia have been established to boost the outsized influence of athletics on the in sports gained traction after Kenyan travelling to Marsabit County called for cross border trade. The planned resort city country’s social and economic wellbeing. athletes started to excel in major patience, energy and money. The road of Isiolo as well as the Isiolo International international competitions. The used to be mainly plied by huge trucks as Airport will significantly boost tourism During the pre-colonial era, Kenyans MR. JOHN K. SAMBU government’s decision to establish sports they are the only ones suited to the difficult in the county. Marsabit national park, engaged in, amongst other sports, NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE associations to manage and administer terrain. The Lorries carried cattle or goats the Lake Turkana and the annual cultural athletics, dancing, wrestling, friendly various sports also contributed and sheep. People travelled perched on event at loyangalani within the county are SERVICE - KENYA stick fights, swimming, canoe racing significantly to the development of top of these trucks making travel on this some of the tourism attraction sites and and even riding toboggans among athletics in the country. As a result, few route torturous, spending days on bumpy events expected to get a major boost. terrain prone to bandit attacks. Although children. However, the sports were largely rudimentary and countries have been able to match Kenya’s unrivaled record and the route had tremendous economic Already increased level of economic sought to strengthen social and ethnic bonds as well as inter- ability to produce world-class athletes and Olympic champions. potential, the rough nature of the road activities along the road is visible. Shops communal linkages. At independence, the urgency to redress the Kenyan athletes’ unparalleled accomplishments have enabled the

68 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 69 country to curve a niche for itself in the athletics Hall of Fame. athletes compete mostly in international circuits, they have to long distance running than any other country. In the early years, Kenya’s impeccable athletics brand is, however, coming under Currently, athletics remains a popular sport and contributes attend and participate in national championships and trials if however, this feat was achieved largely by men. At the beginning of strain amid rising cases of doping. According to open source considerably to the country’s social and economic development. they wish to be picked for major international championships the new millennium, however, Kenyan women were able to match reports, about 50 athletes have been banned between 2014 and and the Olympic Games. Top Kenyan athletes often attend these the impeccable track record of men. They started to win world 2019; and about 140 others between 2004 and 2018 for testing Strikingly, the success of Kenyan athletes in international pre-qualification in order to avoid missing slots. In addition to championships, marathons and road races all over the world. positive for performance enhancing drugs. An athlete violates competitions has earned the country pride and recognition as marathons, other popular athletic activities include track events, With these trailblazers, Kenyan women have never looked back anti-doping rule when they have any combination of three missed well as imparted a sense of patriotism among its citizens. Kenya’s cross-country and road races. Among the most captivating of in athletics success. Their track record of success ranges from tests or filing failures within a 12-month period. A banned athlete athletics achievements have also increased the country’s eminence these athletics events remain the Lewa Marathon, which takes victories across the world’s major marathons such as Boston, New may be obligated to forfeit awards, medals, points, titles and in international sports. Undoubtedly, athletics has become one of place in the wild, in the midst of the ‘Big Five’ and other wildlife. York, Berlin and London to the Olympics, particularly Beijing in appearance money. Currently, the Kenyan law stipulates a jail term the pinnacles of Kenya’s brand in the global arena. Today, Kenyan 2008 and London in 2012. of up to three years for support staff found guilty in connection athletes holds many of the world and Olympic records in middle The level of professionalism among Kenyan athletes continues to doping, but not for athletes. Legislation to criminalise doping and long distance running. A new jewel on the crown of Kenyan to rise. The athletes train days-on-ends, both on and off-season. The elevation of sports to a fully-fledged ministry has also offences is work in progress. athletics is the recent naming of Iten town, in the picturesque The athletes’ hard work, commitment, motivation, perseverance generated greater visibility and support for athletics. The Ministry Elgeyo-Marakwet County, where most of the athletes train, as an and passion continues to distinguish them from their foreign of Sports, Culture and Heritage continues to incentivise athletics In conclusion, athletics remains the truest demonstration of all International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) heritage site. competitors. Kenyan athletes are also trained and managed excellence through coordination of policy and provision of that can be and is good with the human spirit. Its unique power This highlights the contribution of athletics and the importance by some of the best managers and trainers in the world. This monetary and non-monetary awards. (AK) has also brings change to individual’s lives, the lives of family members of the sport to the country’s social and cultural heritage. has enhanced the competitiveness of Kenyan athletes and the played an important role having been charged with the onerous and impacts positively on the world. At the national level, athletes country’s track record of success in athletics. task of organising athletics competitions within the country as have succeeded in evoking national pride, prestige and unity of Kenya’s athletics talent is largely well as preparing and dispatching Kenyan teams to international purpose whenever they score success at the international arena. concentrated in middle and distance The role of sports in the conduct and championships. However, AK could upscale its contribution to This is particularly apparent every time a Kenyan athlete crosses running. Invariably, most of the illustrious The athletes’ hard work, execution of Kenya’s foreign policy the success of athletes and reduce the burden on the individual the finish line first or climbs the podium to receive a Gold Medal at Kenyan athletes typically come from or has started to gain credence. Athletics effort by scaling up investments in athletics and supporting sports the Olympic Games or the World Championships. Athletic careers train in one small geographical area of the commitment, motivation, continues to play an important role in infrastructure across the country. from zero to hero continue transforming Kenya’s athletics brand. . expansive Rift Valley region. This region, perseverance and passion the promotion of the country’s foreign which largely encompasses the counties of policy interests. Recently, some of the Elgeyo-Marakwet, Uasin Gishu, Nandi and continues to distinguish country’s athletes featured prominently Baringo, is so popular with athletics that it is during the official launch of Kenya’s bid often referred to as ‘the home of champions’; them from their foreign for the United Nations Security Council ‘the source of champions’ or ‘the county competitors. non-permanent seat. Athletics has also THE ROAD SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS of champions’. The prominence of world- increased Kenya’s visibility in the region class athletes from the Kalenjin community, and globally, more than any other sport. IN ZAMBIA: A REVIEW OF FINANCING MODELS which is predominant in the above mentioned counties, has The outstanding performance of Kenya’s athletes in international poverty reduction. One such important Background popularised highly contentious debates which condition athletics competitions has also catalysed sports tourism. In this regard, infrastructure are roads. Roads help In the 1970s, Zambia had one of the best success on genetics. Kenya has registered an increase in the number of foreign in timely movement of goods and highway networks in sub-Saharan Africa. athletes and trainers arriving into the country to train, compete services. The rural areas in Zambia are By 1991 it was estimated by the National Conversely, some attribute the success to the athletics excellence or learn from Kenyan athletes. Athletics has also become a major predominantly agricultural based, hence Road Fund Agency (NRFA) that 80 percent and pedigree developed incrementally since the 1950s. Others attraction to corporates and the country’s revenue authority due they need to bring in inputs from the of the road network had deteriorated point to co-location of vital athletics and sports infrastructure to associated business opportunities and the lucrative payoffs urban centers and transport products and out of the total road assets valued at in Rift Valley as well as the high altitude in the four counties, associated with international athletics competitions. to the urban centers. Within the urban US$2.3 billion then, US$400 million had which is conducive for training. Talent spotting from the nascent setting, supplies need to move goods and been lost due to neglected maintenance. stage, particularly in primary and secondary schools, could also Athletics has also served as a unifying and neutral tool for boosting service to and from production centers The government introduced a road account for the athletics success in the identified counties. Some national cohesion. Athletic events have provided a platform for and also import and export products. fund levy on fuel and that together with state institutions, especially the Kenya Defence Forces, Kenya people of diverse backgrounds to converge and exchange ideas. Therefore, the importance of a good road international aid began to improve the Prisons Service and Kenya Police Service, have also played a Politicians have also capitalized on the popularity of sports, network cannot be over emphasized. highway network. vital role in provision of livelihood through employment and including athletics in the country, to endear themselves to the COL. H. MWILU training opportunities. All in all, there appears to be widespread public. Indeed, some prominent politicians are known to have ZAMBIA ARMY This article highlights the background By 2001 Zambia had a total of 91,440 km of consensus that a combination of high altitude, optimal training used sports as a springboard into their political careers. Kenyan to the road sector in Zambia post 1970, road of which 20,117 km were paved. A total infrastructure, talent spotting and government incentives could athletes’ popularisation of the country in world events has also Introduction current road projects and concludes with of 6,779 km were trunk or main routes. be responsible for the exceptional success among Kenyan athletes fostered patriotism and a semblance of national unity. The Government of the Republic of an analysis of the various funding models Unpaved roads were 71,323 km (Some of the on the world stage. Zambia (GRZ) Medium Term Expenditure being used in the road sector. This article unpaved highways were graded laterite This article cannot be complete without interrogation of the Framework (Mt.EF 2014-2016) recognized is purely informative and therefore non roads). In 2004 the NRFA rated 57% of The system of selecting athletes for international competition role of Kenyan women athletes. It is an obvious fact that since that inadequate infrastructure was an provenance is urged. paved roads as good condition, 22% as fair has also been regarded as fair, thus incentivising participation of the 1960s, Kenya has produced more world class athletes, more impediment to growth and enhancement condition and 21% as poor condition. Kenyans from all walks of life. In as much as many leading Kenyan world record holders and more Olympic Medalists in middle and of competitiveness of the economy and

70 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 71 construction and rehabilitation of road funding was common throughout Africa; funded between 2000 and 2005. However, infrastructure is expected to increase few governments were able to provide following a striking jump in GRZ project access to markets, enhance social adequate funding through the budget. funding, the programme has again been inclusion and reduce travel time and cost mainly domestically funded since 2006. to the benefit of local communities and the To tackle the above issue, donors, through Other Road User Charges (ORUCs), which whole economy. The Programme has so the World Bank led Road Maintenance have been credited to the Road Fund many projects to be implemented in three Initiative (RMI), pushed for a new model since RTSA took over responsibility for phases. The first phase commenced in across Africa. Instead of relying on the their collection in 2007, have also become 2012 and focused on the regions of Lusaka budget for maintenance, governments a significant source of funding USD 45.5 and Eastern Zambia. were encouraged to introduce ‘fuel levies’, million in 2010. Great North Road (Source: Lusaka Times) the proceeds of which were credited According to the Zambia Institute of The second phase focuses on the to a ‘road fund’ earmarked for road Total road funding increased from USD Policy Analysis and Research (ZIPAR) by Northwestern and Western regions of maintenance. Earmarking the proceeds 30 million in 1996 to USD 243.5 million in 2011 Zambia had a total road network of Zambia and is currently at the feasibility was presumed to make fuel levies more 2010. The domestic share of road funding 67,523 km. A ‘Core Road Network’ (CRN) studies. The third phase focuses on specific acceptable to road users than conventional accelerated sharply from 2009, reaching of 40,454 km of trunk, main, district, major roads such as the Ndola-Chingola, taxes and a more reliable source of 88% in 2010. This is due to two main urban and primary feeder roads. The and other scattered corridors. This phase maintenance funding. Subsequently, developments. Firstly, GRZ took advantage discrepancy between the total road length is yet to reach the stages reached by GRZ drew up a Road Sector Investment of growing fiscal space to increase the of 91, 440 in 2001 and 67, 523 in 2011 is due the first two phases. Government also Programme (RoadSIP I), initially covering budget for specific road projects from USD to road classification standards applicable launched the US$389 million Lusaka the period 1997 to 2007. It included both 26.0 million in 2008 to USD 59.3 Million Toll Plaza (Source: Lusaka Times) at the time. Decongestion Project (LDP) in April 2014 rehabilitation and upgrading of parts of and USD 100.8 million in 2009 and 2010 aimed at decongesting the city by building the network and periodic and routine respectively. Road Levy is charged on These were temporary toll plazas using key questions remain, are the current Current Road Projects and expanding roads, fly-over bridges maintenance, with an emphasis on each motor vehicle and is meant for the the basic booth and boom technology with financing strategies viable or not? and a highly reduced start-up-cost for the what needs to be changed to make the The Zambian road network has undergone and overpasses by Afcons International, gradually reducing the proportion of the maintenance and construction of roads in purpose of raising much needed revenues roads self-financing with minimal funding significant improvements which has an Indian construction company. The network in poor condition. RoadSIP I was the country. to support road maintenance programs. from government and financiers? increase the total length and improve the Lusaka Decongestion Project was the basis for the substantial GRZ and donor condition of some of the existing sections. scheduled to be completed in three years funding that was required to rehabilitate Effective 1st January 2017, Statutory Among the major projects going on are by 2017. However, it is still ongoing due to the road network. The Government Conclusion Instrument No. 85 of 2016 was issued those encompassed by the Link Zambia delays in implementation. Zambia is also issued a revised Road Sector Policy in Zambia’s land expanse and sparsely by the Honourable Minister of Housing 8,000, Lusaka-Copperbelt Corridor, Pave constructing a two-lane highway between 2003 to guide expenditure. RoadSIP I was populated area’s presents a serious and Public Infrastructure which Lusaka 400, Pave Zambia 2,000 meant the capital city Lusaka and Ndola in the succeeded by RoadSIP II, covering the challenge in ensuring a good road revised toll tariffs and also introduced to pave 2,000 kilometres of urban roads mineral-rich Copperbelt region in order period 2004 to 2013. Road Fund resources network for all. From the early 1970’s the value propositions such as the Local countrywide; feeder road rehabilitation to reduce road congestion. The two-lane were to be allocated in the following road sector has faced challenges in both User Discounts (LUDs) and Frequent for maintaining feeder roads to stimulate highway is financed by the Bank of China order of priority: (a) routine and periodic expansion and maintenance. The road User Discounts (FUDs) to improve the market access for agricultural produce and other Chinese sources at a cost of $ 1.2 maintenance of all core roads classified network deteriorated from being one of experience of toll payers on toll facilities, and to improve 400 kilometres of the billion. as being in good and fair condition; (b) the best in sub-Sahara Africa at the time as regards affordability and equity of road road network in the Copperbelt Province. counterpart funding of donor-funded Temporary Toll Plaza (Source: Lusaka Times) to one with severe need for rehabilitation. use. In May 2017, the first conventional The Link Zambia 8,000 programme for Road Financing Models in Zambia and rehabilitation programmes; and (c) The central issues in Zambia’s road sector administrative costs for Road Transport The GRZ also introduced the National toll plazas were commissioned. Currently, In 1991 the GRZ re-strategized and are shaped by the country’s geography and Safety Agency (RATSA), National Road Tolling Program (NRTP) which was the inland toll stations stand at 10 and it partnered with cooperating partners and history. Zambia is one of the largest, Road Fund Agency (NRFA) and Road launched on 1st November 2013 via the is envisioned that the Agency will expand through RoadSIP I and RoadSIP II to Instead of relying on the most sparsely populated countries in the Development Agency (RDA). Tolls Act No. 14 of 2011, by commissioning the road tolling to 40 toll stations across revive the ailing road infrastructure. world. Not surprisingly, therefore, it has collection of road tolls at gazette the country of different types according to Post 2011 GRZ started financing massive budget for maintenance, one of the highest lengths of road network Initially the main source of funds was the weighbridges from all heavy goods Traffic Volumes. infrastructure projects among them, in Africa per person and per Dollar of GRZ budget, through both direct funding vehicles. During the period November Pave Lusaka 400, Link Zambia 8000, governments were GDP. One obvious implication of this is of rehabilitation projects and the Fuel Levy. 2013 to the end of December 2015, the RDA Despite all the above mentioned initiatives Pave Zambia 2000, C400 and the Lusaka encouraged to introduce that financing and maintenance of the Levy proceeds were in the range USD 7-15 was responsible for toll collections. On 1st Zambia still finances most of its road Decongestion Project and the Lusaka- network is more difficult than elsewhere. million annually up to 2003, but increased September 2015, the RDA appointed the project both new and routine maintenance Ndola dual courage way. All the projects ‘fuel levies’, the proceeds Serious attempts to restore Zambia’s roads substantially since 2004 reaching USD NRFA as the principal tolls agent to operate through loans. The country raised funds are being funded through loans. The began in the 1990s. They covered both 68.7 million in 2010. Significant progress all toll collection points in the country. On through Euro Bonds, Loans from bilateral financing of road projects through loans of which were credited to a reform of the institutional framework on restoring the network only got going 16th January 2016, toll operations at the and multilateral lenders since 2011 and has become the norm but it has slipped ‘road fund’ earmarked for and rehabilitation programmes. While from 2000 when donor funding scaled up first inland toll plazas covering all vehicle embarked on massive infrastructure Zambia into debt stress. . Zambia was an extreme case, the substantially, reaching USD 91.4 million in classifications at Manyumbi and also at projects. The loans have put the countries road maintenance. problem of inadequate maintenance 2008. The programme was mainly donor Kafulafuta toll plazas were commissioned. treasury under a lot of distress. The

72 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 73 theory of Social contract, the life of We will therefore argue that the state address. The models of government are humans in the State of nature is ‘nasty, may not be in a crisis but it is the intrinsically linked to the problems around STATE AND GOVERNMENT IN AFRICA: GETTING THE brutish and short’ because no higher government. This is from the stand point which it circulates, the failings it seeks to authority exists to impose order. That of this paper that a State is abstract while rectify, the ills it seeks to cure. Nikolas BALANCE RIGHT FOR KENYA’S NATIONAL SECURITY because of lack of order, humans therefore government is concrete. For example, and Miller contend that the history of agreed to surrender their precarious the Bush Government/Administration, government might well be a place where stable political changes in leadership, by extension allegiance to the citizenry. natural freedom to government to provide Moi Government or some people call it politicians, intellectuals, philosophers, where in this discussion we intentionally State is the means of rule over a defined harmony and order albeit on temporary Regimes. Even during the Financial Crisis medics, military men, feminists and call government. The separation of or “sovereign” territory. It is comprised of basis which can be withdrawn. Jean during the Moi Government the state of philanthropists have measured the actual Government from state may allow stability, an executive, a bureaucracy (Civil Service), Jacques Rousseau differs with Hobbes by Kenya was intact. In essence a state is a against the perfect and found it sometimes peace and security in Africa. That a non- courts and other institutions. arguing that mankind in a state of nature concept, an idea or a name used to denote deficient. In a sense governments may not executive President/Governor General like was not miserable as portrayed by Hobbes a community of persons living on a definite be the answer to all citizens problems. in Canada, if that is satisfactory will be a The missing link as argued by Mwagiru but happy and free, that over time, the territory and organized for the exercise of symbolic leader of a sate who performs a is that sovereignty can come to naught society and its institutions have corrupted sovereignty. State cannot be seen. Secondly, government is organized representative and civic role but does not if does not help a nation like Kenya to man’s better nature. This underpins the only by a portion of the population of exercise executive policy making power enter the twenty first century in as far as need for fairness and social order from Government is made by a section of the the state. Governments are formed by does not allow stability in Africa. This paper security is concerned. But, above all, a governments. people of the State. It is formed by the individual members of political parties. concludes that there is need to have a non- state levies taxes and operates a military representatives of the people. It has a For example, in Kenya we have Jubilee executive President/Governor General as and police force. States distribute and John Locke focused on the inalienable rights definite and defined organisation and Government while in the United States we Head of State and Prime Minister as Head re-distribute resources and wealth, so COL. C. G. SIMOTWO of individuals to life, liberty and property form. It can be seen as a team of people have Republican Government. These are of Government lobbyists, politicians and revolutionaries and the practical benefits of cooperation exercising the power of the State. This is organizations on contract to rule a defined KENYA ARMY seek in their own way to influence or even and by extension limited government thus where the confusion arises and the need to State for an agreed period of time. Nikolas State and Government to get hold of the levers of state power. In took a middle ground between Rousseau put the two concepts into perspectives to and Miller however argue that such a Introduction Theda Scocpol defined the State as a set all but the short term, states are in flux. and Hobbes. Consequently, there arises allow aligning the constitution and foster perspective obscures the characteristics Central to the discussion in this paper of administrative, policing and military They expand and contract as military the question – What is the problem of National Security. of modern forms of political power. Within is the issue of the crisis of Presidential organizations headed and more else well and political fortunes change. Some, like the modern state and or government to the problematics of government, one can contests in Africa and the dangerous coordinated by an executive authority…. Poland, even disappear and re-appear allow sustainable peace and security? All The distinction between State be nominalist about the state: it has no insecurity it creates during elections. It is an autonomous structure- a structure later. Or they may be divided up (sometimes the three philosophers hoped for a better and Government essential necessity or functionality. the contention of this paper that African with logic and interests of its own. On the peacefully) by communities that prefer to life for man and that government is in To start with, we take note of Hon Kiunjuri States should explore and adopt a balance other hand Krasner avers that States are go their separate ways (Czechoslovakia). contract and if they fail man is at liberty to statement of 25 June 2020 quoted in the In Kenya for example Government is between State and government drawing actors in their own right. He contends that Others, such as Iraq, may be occupied or choose another. Standard Newspaper of 25 June 2020 exercised at National and County levels examples from stable democracies of the the state is autonomous entity acting on run as a colony or protectorate. States can asserting that Parties are established to albeit with various functions as guided World. According to the International law, behalf of the national interest, and that also “fail” - their governing institutions Alford and Friedland maintain that it either form governments or influence by the Kenya Constitution of 2010. In it, a State is the political entity characterized state behaviour cannot be explained by collapse due to civil war and internal has been common to distinguish Class, government decision-making. This the President is the Head of State and by a permanent population, a defined group or class interest. This argument strife (as in Somalia) or because the state pluralist and elitist’s theories of the state statement underscores our argument Government at the National level while the territory, a government and the capacity hence buttresses the contention that State has little authority outside the capital city which are critical in the analysis and that State and Government are different Governor is the Chief Executive Officer to enter into relations with other States. and government need to be separated (Afghanistan). understanding the concept of government and should be segregated to help resolve at the County Level. During election so that there is beacon of hope for the and State. Looking at these three theories, some of the electoral contests that has period, the two personalities while still It is often assumed that the resources, citizenry who are the main shareholders Government one argues that they are grounded on been witnessed in Kenya and by extension holding power and especially during wealth, population, and so forth of a state of the Country. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary offers either Marxism, structural or realist enhances International peace and the second and last term, the contest for can be translated into the attributes of three definitions of government, first, as thinking of international relations. security. Could it therefore that parties elections along party lines sometimes the governments of states. Put slightly Levi argues that ‘Rulers” Rule and with the group of people, who control and make may not be for serving the States and creates outcry from the competitors who differently is that the attributes of states this argument one is justified to argue that decisions for a country, state, secondly, as The Class theory borrows a lot from hence underscoring the elitist theory? feel that incumbents are misusing state are used to predict behaviour which is Governments are rulers on a social contract a particular system used for controlling a Marxist which tended to reduce states The succeeding paragraphs attempts resources for personal gain. This situation undertaken by governments or agencies. with the citizenry and by extension the country, state, and thirdly as the process to economic power relations where in to give the differences between State brings in the argument of this paper This legal and general understanding State. In day today conversations we hear or manner of controlling a country, state. O’Connor emphasize that capitalism and Government to help in bringing the into perspective. A separation would be defines and sets the stage for the basis of citizens talk about regimes which in this This definition underscores the difference contains contradictions and class struggle concepts into perspective. recommended to separate this kind of this paper in so far as giving the distinction context is government. It claimed that between State and Government which which is politicized and displaced onto affairs so as to allow creation of a beacon between state and government. Governments change but states endure. was discussed at the previous paragraphs. the state as the ‘fiscal crisis of the state’. First, that Government is an agency or an of National Unity during electioneering This paper therefore argues that States This definition further resonates with To this end, the state is in perpetual crisis agent of the State where it acts for it. It is period. An office that will be non-partisan, Most African Countries that moved from exist even during elections and for stability Rousseau who argues that governments of competition and struggles. Borrowing that agency of the State which formulates party less and acting like the Queen of parliamentary to presidential system to be realized in Africa, there is need to need to organize and reflect man’s general from Mwagiru one will be justified to argue the will of the state into laws, implements England ought to be considered whose soon after attaining independence like distinguish governments and states. The will to take care of the Hobbes fears that that it is the structures of government the laws of the state and ensures conformity election of term should not be coinciding Kenya, Uganda, Ghana, and Nigeria, ended Kenyan Constitution for example identified sovereign power is the source of fear, and that in many forms generates conflict in to the laws of the state. Government with that of the government to allow up being in conflict over the so called and recognised State Officers wherein that sovereign power also uses that fear to society which needs to be fixed to create exercises power and authority on behalf of stability. winner take it all in politics. The same is they are expected to act for the interest of govern people. security. In this sense, the state is being the state. Government is a problematizing different for countries like Canada, New the state. The reason for that is primarily used synonymously with society. activity: it poses the obligations of rulers Also membership of a State is compulsory Zealand and Australia who have had more to ensure that they protect the state and According to Philosopher Thomas Hobbes in terms of the problems they seek to but not of Government this contrast with

74 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 75 the very idea that all people are citizens to live as a sovereign independent state come to agreement. However, learning of the State. They together constitute the since 1963. However, she has witnessed the from countries like Australia, Canada one population of the State. Each one normally Kenyatta 1 government from 1963 to 1978, is justified to argue that a consideration gets the membership (citizenship) of Kenyatta government from 1978 – 2002, be made for a parliamentary system a state automatically right at the time Kibaki government from 2002 to 2012 and of Government with a non-executive THE YOUTH BULGE IN AFRICA: A of one’s birth and continues to live life presently Kenyatta 2 from 2012. president who will be a father figure. as such. However, membership of the This will allow those aspiring to be Prime TIMEccording to theBOMB United Nations the youthOR are not givenOPPORTUNITY the opportunities government is not automatic. No one can Forms and systems of Ministers to run on party issues while the (UN), the ‘youth’ comprise per- needed to improve their lives the conti- be forced to become its part. Anyone can Government President remains the pillar of the State sons between the ages of 15 and nent’s development could be adversely voluntarily seek an election, get elected as To help inform the place of State and during electioneering period. 24 years. The African Union (AU) affected. Today countries in Africa are fac- a representative of the people and become Government in governance, it is prudent Charter classifies men, and women from ing numerous challenges associated with a part of the government. Only some to look at the forms and system of Conclusion the age of 15-35 as youth, an age bracket this youth bulge. persons form the government. governments. As African Countries turned The range of evidence discussed in that several countries on the continent into multiparty democracy in the 1990s, this paper, and drawn from different have adopted for this category of citizens. Africa is the poorest continent on earth Sovereignty is the hallmark of the State interest in alternative constitutional traditions, makes strong case that the A The age bracket for youth varies from with a majority of its people fighting to where sovereignty belongs to State and not forms and arrangements has expanded State and Government are two different country to country and cannot be pegged survive without even the most basic of to Government. The government exercises well beyond academic circles. Discourse entities and that combining the same on age alone as it is a social construct needs, like food, water or shelter. Re- power on behalf of the State. It acts on is ongoing and especially in Kenya on the plays an important role in determining defined by society and culture and must grettably the very poor tend to be youth the basis of the sovereignty of the State. pros and cons of Non-Executive President National Security. The paper contends that therefore be adapted to specific contexts. and rural. According to the World Bank Sovereignty is comprehensive, absolute, vis a vis, Parliamentary system of consideration be made to separate State Youth is best understood as a period of (2009) Thirty-two of the forty-eight poor- unlimited and all-inclusive supreme governance. Linz asserts that in countries functions from Government functions. It transition from the dependence of child- est countries are located in sub-Saharan COL. JOYCE CHELAN’GAT power of the State. The government as dissimilar as Chile, South Korea, Brazil, is further adduced that in countries where hood to adulthood’s independence. That Africa where approximately one person SITIENEI exercises only well-defined and limited Turkey, and Argentina, policymakers and President is both Head of Government and is why, as a category, youth is more fluid in two lives on less than US $1.25 per day. KENYA ARMY powers. constitutional experts have vigorously Head of State, it becomes difficult during than other fixed age-groups. This is aggravated by conflicts, dysfunc- debated the relative merits of different elections. tional governments, and diseases such The SDG on education recognises the crit- The State has sovereign ownership and types of democratic regimes. Developing countries, especially in Africa, as HIV/AIDS and now COVID -19. Fur- ical role of education for sustainable de- jurisdiction over its territory. Territory Suffice to note that during such times, are undergoing a demographic transition thermore, food security and livelihoods velopment, and the connection between belongs to the State. The government has Suffice to note that a country is nothing Heads of Government happens to be head that is manifesting in a large propor- are at risk as agriculture is rain- depen- education and transformative change. the responsibility to preserve, protect and but a big community and it has to be of political parties and therefore from tion of young adults and consequently a dent and is highly susceptible to weather Low levels of education deny youth a fair defend the territory of the State. The laws organized to avoid Hobbesian confusion the onset have partisan interests and rapid rate of growth in the working-age shocks. This abysmal standard of living chance to get decent jobs, escape poverty, made by the government are applicable and anarchy. Finding the right person to agenda. Therefore, needs to provide the population exacerbating unemployment, is further constrained by lack of available support their families, and to fully partici- to all parts of the territory of State but lead can be frustrating if the right person distinction of State and government to prolonged dependency on parents, di- social services, especially education and pate in national development. territory belongs to the State and not to is not elected to form government. Some reduce conflict of interest at such times minished self-esteem and fueling frus- healthcare. Under such circumstances it is the government. systems disregard local differences and needs consideration. From the paper, trations. This state of affairs is referred to apparent that, despite having the highest The problem of unemployment in Africa marginalization which creates secessionist one observation was that it is possible to as the youth bulge. United Nations Chil- youth population growth rate in the world, poses economic and social challenges for Each State has a uniform personality with tendencies and insecurity. With respect separate state and government but the dren’s Fund (UNICEF) projects that by the Africa is challenged to develop productive its youth. At the moment many African its four essential elements Population, to regime type (parliamentary vs. implementation of the same may require year 2100 one in every four people on the human capital. countries are not able to create enough Territory, Government and Sovereignty. presidential), some researchers argue proper job description. planet will be African. That the number of formal jobs to absorb the many youth en- Every State has uniformly four essential that presidential systems are more Africans under the age of eighteen may Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates tering the labour market. A 2017 Interna- elements; however, the forms and features likely than parliamentary systems to Consequently, more research needs rise to around one billion by 2050. Africa of education exclusion. Over one-fifth of tional Labour Organization (ILO) study of Government differ from State to State. experience breakdown and be replaced by to be carried out to first determine is already the world’s youngest continent, children between the ages of about 6 and showed that the continent’s youth popu- It is worth noting that, governments can an authoritarian regime; others make the the contribution of the non-executive as the proportion of youth population is 11 are out of school, followed by one-third lation is expected to double, to over 830 be of different forms either Parliamentary opposite argument; while still others argue president to peace and security and higher than in any other continent. In of youth between the ages of about 12 and million by 2050 and that the incidence of or Presidential, Unitary or Federal or a that there is no relationship whatsoever. secondly the relationship between the 2010, 70 percent of Africa’s population was 14. The countries with the highest out-of- unemployment among youth in Northern mixture of these. A government can be non-executive president (Head of State) under the age of 30. The demographics of school rates include South Sudan (62%), Africa and sub-Saharan Africa remained at monarchical or aristocratic or democratic Linz is especially keen to discourage and Head of Government. From historic the East African Community (EAC) specif- Equatorial Guinea (55%), Eritrea (47%), and 29.3 and 10.9 per cent respectively in 2016. or a dictatorship. The people can by choice presidentialism in societies with deep reflection, Canada and Australia were ically those in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania Mali (41%) (United Nations Economic, So- change the form of their government. But cleavages. As was witnessed in Kenya once British Colonies and accepted to have and Uganda, also reflect this trajectory. cial and Cultural Organisation Institute A lack of decent livelihood opportuni- the State exists independently and has a during the electoral season of 2007, Governor General representing the Queen In these four countries around 20% of the for Statistics (UIS) 2019). Education is an ties is one of the driving forces behind vi- uniform character. civic, parliamentary and presidential of England and this created is argued may population of 127 million are between the important driver of development and one olence and organized crime in devel- elections. Kenya’s presidential contest have enhanced stability. Finally, this study ages of 15 and 24. of the strongest instruments for reducing oping nations and is thus a worrying economic and security matter. According Finally, State is Permanent, Government is has been very acrimonious calling for does not submit or suggest a specific plan poverty and improving health; it enables to the World Bank, 40% of people who join Temporary. This means that governments a review of its structure. Presidential for reorganization, but to raise an inquiry Since young people represent an import- people to be more productive, to earn a rebel movements are motivated by lack come and go through general election or government requires the executive to on the matter of State and Government ant share of the continent’s population better living and enjoy a better quality of of economic opportunity. This includes even through a revolution. States on the be undivided. A split executive is the and as to whether it enhances national they have the potential to be an impetus life, while also contributing to a country’s involvement of the young and vulnerable other hand is permanent and continuously result of the assembly’s conversion into security. . for Africa’s development, if kept healthy, overall economic growth. It is for this rea- in rebel groups, electoral violence and lives so long as it continues to enjoy parliament. This debate continues to be given the requisite skills, and gainfully son that education features prominently in employed. However, there is a risk that if the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). violent extremism. Across the continent sovereignty. Independent Kenya continues divisive and it seems scholars may not

76 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 77 political parties have and continue exploit bulge may not be altogether negative. Al- SDGs. The net enrolment rate increased nomics of many sectors by reducing the the vulnerability of the youth in destruc- though the benefits of a dividend can be from 8 percent in the period between 1990 importance of scale, facilitates an expan- tive political activities like rioting, vigilan- great, the gains are not automatic or as- and 2000 to 20 percent in the period be- sion in employment in SMEs, and creates tism and electoral violence. A 2017 United sured. In order to realize demographic tween 2000 and 2015. It is expected that new skilled employment opportunities. In Nations Development Programme (UNDP) dividend Africa must investment in human the growing numbers of educated youth the knowledge era, continuous education study, found that for youth in countries capital especially in health and education constitute a potential resource for growth and training is the only way for the youth facing both direct and spillover effects of for development of a skilled and healthy and development in Africa. Education is to find job security, especially if the edu- violent groups such Al-Shabaab, Boko Ha- labor force. A healthy, educated and skilled expected to enable upward socioeconomic cation and training is in ICT-related skills. ram and Al-Qaeda, the journey to violent young population can contribute more mobility and this is key to increasing the ICT can strengthen youth employability. extremism is marked by exclusion and significantly to economic growth. youth’s chances to escape poverty. Governments should ensure that young marginalization, lack of opportunities, and people are suitably trained to enable them grievances with the state. Despite all the challenges related to Af- Agriculture is the single most import- acquire jobs in the ICT sector and to en- rica’s youth, there is optimism that they ant economic activity in Africa providing hance their entrepreneurial opportunities. The demographic dividend, is the accel- can be a positive force for development if employment for about two-thirds of the erated economic growth that results from provided with the knowledge and oppor- continent’s working population and con- Africa is indeed undergoing a momen- rapid decline in a country’s fertility and tunities they need to thrive. In particular, tributes significantly to the Gross Domes- tous transition phase with the unprece- the subsequent change in the population young people should acquire the educa- tic Product (GDP) and value of exports of Poultry Farming is an option for Youth (picture by StartupBiz Zimbabwe) dented rise in its young population. The age structure. With progressively fewer tion and skills needed to contribute in a most countries. A possible solution to Afri- youth bulge can be an opportunity to turn utes significantly to a country’s economy. business environments, develop finan- births, a country’s working-age popula- productive economy. They need access to ca’s youth unemployment crisis is engag- around Africa’s economy for the better if Youth could be a crucial advantage for Af- cial and non-financial services and put in tion grows larger in relation to the young a job market that can absorb them into the ing more young people in the agricultural national governments implement policies rica if countries can effectively empower place supportive institutional infrastruc- dependent population. With more people labour force. There are measures that the sector. Africa holds half of the world’s un- that create opportunities for young people their involvement in SME. Through SMEs ture. in the labor force and fewer young people continent could take to better integrate cultivated arable land. Agriculture could to contribute meaningfully to society. The youth will be able to generate business op- to support, a country can exploit the win- youth into a labour market that provides create the much needed employment and expected result is a larger proportion of portunities, new skills, technologies, en- Increased investments in information and dow of opportunity for rapid economic decent and productive jobs. For instance, presents an opportunity for the youth of working age people to dependents, which trepreneurship, and eventually, also act as communications technology (ICT) has led growth if the right social and economic in- the AU’s Continental Agenda 2063 calls Africa to become the engine drivers in new will turn to economic productivity. The employers and consumers. However many to improved quality of capital and labour vestments and policies are made in health, for action to support young people as agriculture and agribusiness enterpris- capacity of this population to reach its full African Countries are yet to tap into the rising skills of the average worker in Afri- education, governance, and the economy. drivers of Africa’s renaissance. This is to es. To achieve this Africa has to invest in social, economic, and political potential in full potential of the SMEs due to a number can economies. The use of ICTs in produc- The World Bank attributes one third of be achieved through investment in their the development of business skills among the coming decades will largely depend on of constraints including unfavorable legal tion play an important role in innovations East Asia’s growth during its econom- health, education, and access to technol- youth, provide supportive regulatory key ingredients like good governance, well and regulatory frameworks, poor infra- in making science more efficient by link- ic upsurge to a growing labour force as a ogy, capital, and opportunities. Resolute frameworks and sustained administrative thought out long-term economic policies, structure, limited business development ing it more closely to business. Technol- portion of the total population. High eco- strategies to combat youth unemployment support to enable them participate in the job creation, openness to trade, and access services, challenges of SME access to fi- ogy diffusion and investment in ICT offer nomic growth of the United States and the and underemployment are needed at na- development of this sector. to credit. Better education and health care nance, ineffective and poorly coordinated a strong potential for stronger economic Nordic countries over many decades was tional and continental levels. institutional support framework etc. In growth in Africa. ICT is particularly im- are also just as important. . also linked to high ratios of workers to de- In order to tap into the full potential of its order to benefit from this sector, African portant in diversifying forces for young pendants over several generations. A high It is encouraging that many African coun- youth, Africa needs to move away state- governments will need to create enabling workers. ICT is able to change the eco- ratio of working-age people can translate tries are making progress towards univer- led, labor intensive job creation that is no into a ‘demographic dividend’ for a coun- sal primary education. Sub-Saharan Africa longer sustainable. Emerging economies try. It is thought that Africa could be go- has experienced improvement in primary of Africa are witnessing the emergence ing through this phase and that the youth education since the establishment of the of entrepreneurship as a major economic driver. There is however need for Govern- ments to invest in building the capacity of the youth in entrepreneurship through WHEN THE UNEXPECTED BECOMES THE NORM he President’s address of virus that had originated from Wuhan, technical vocational education and train- 24th March 2020 will forever China that resembled SARS-COV-1 which ing to enhance their skills. Collaboration remain engraved in the minds had infected humans in 2002 in the with different actors, including the private of Kenyans, the confirmation Guangdong province of southern China. sector, non-profit actors, Non-Govern- that indeed the virus was in Kenya, As of late February, the novel SARS- mental Organisations (NGOs) and civil so- that we would require to shut down all COV 2 was spreading like wildfire in the ciety will be crucial. non-essential businesses forcing most Savannah across the globe; severely hit businesses to move their operations from were countries in South Central Europe. Additionally, in order to benefit from its T an office set up to a work-from-home set African religious culture had the entire youth, Africa needs to create jobs much up and that the government was looking continent praying that the virus would faster for them. Research shows that Small to stop the spread of the virus in Kenya. not land here, however, as we all know and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) account The stories of other places such as China, how science works, it was an inevitable for 95% of firms in most countries. They Italy and Germany had already made our occurrence as no measures had been create jobs, contribute to GDP, aid indus- minds think of the novel coronavirus as taken in order to prevent foreigners from trial development, satisfy local demand for MS. DAISY R. K. MURIUKI the worst thing imaginable. In early 2020 visiting the country. services, innovate and support large firms MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE we read in the local newspapers as well with inputs and services. It is generally ac- LIVESTOCK FISHERIES & as on social media that there was a novel As soon as Kenya had confirmed the first Students Graduate from one of Kenya’s Universities (Photo from Business Today) cepted that a healthy SME sector contrib- COOPERATIVES

78 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 79 that our lives had been changed and it was not business as usual. placed at the entries to the ferry; this However, some good did Pollution decreased because cars were Although we were not leaving the house often; when we would, measure was enforced in order to reduce no longer in heavy use, airplanes became we would always remember to wash our hands thoroughly for 20 the rising cases of Covid-19 in Mombasa. come from people being grounded and factories were closed. In seconds at least and wear our masks at all times, while keeping other parts of the world, wild animals physical distance of at least 6 feet between ourselves and the The pandemic caused havoc in many inside their houses all the came out of hiding and began roaming the people we are speaking to. Everyone suddenly became a health different ways; but the most notable streets, Rivers and lakes became dcleaner. expert from the information; books, articles, journals and were the economic losses that followed, time; pollution levels were There was a trending phrase during that documentaries which we were consuming from the internet, because people were at home and most at an all time low all over time, “The world was healing.” different countries had various health guidelines and the World businesses and offices were closed, the Health Organization had contradictory reports on the efficiency economy came to a halt making it difficult the world. The world is now slowly beginning to of mask wearing to protect oneself from being infected. However, for businessmen to record any profits; adapt to this new virus without causing a the Ministry of Health came up with clear guidelines, which most jobs were considered redundant so second wave of rising cases by enforcing included wearing masks at all times and physical distancing and all over the world, people had to dig into measures like wearing masks, limiting not touching of mouth, eyes and nose (MEN). their savings to barely survive. Businesses number of people who can dine in like matatu and bus operations began registering significant restaurants, enforcing social distancing measures in places of case, panic gripped its citizens as was evident by the hurried The government continued to place and enforce strict measures losses because of the government directive to carry 50% capacity work and sanitizing/ washing hands and the opening of places shopping for essential items among which were quite interesting. to ensure that the virus does not spread too quickly in such a way to maintain social distance. Another business that was hit hard with the new protocols. Specific to Kenya, the curfew remained Citizens shopped for food stuffs ranging from maize flour, wheat that would overwhelm our healthcare system. These measures was bars and clubs, being the first to be closed, they have still not in place but with change in starting time to 9 pm to restrict bars flour, cooking oil, 5-minute noodles, cereals; non-food items included the cessation of movement in and out of Nairobi recovered and will probably not recover in the foreseeable future and clubs from operating because that is one of the highest risk were not spared with toilet paper, sanitizers and soaps topping Metropolitan Area and Mombasa and Counties. This order because of the curfew put in place and the government directive places to contract the virus, the transport industry too, has some the list of items that were on high demand. Within hours, shelves was enforced the same day it was announced, which left many that alcohol should not be sold to sit-in customers. Fishing was strict rules to follow such as social distancing within the trains, in most of the local supermarkets were empty and supermarket people who had travelled out of the Home Counties stranded and also affected with reports of fishing vessel crew members testing buses and airplanes. attendants were getting exhausted by the endless questions and desperate as one had to be an essential person for them to cross positive and being forced to abort fishing expeditions to return to the numerous trips to refill the shelves. Most people thought that the new borders. Another strict measure that was heavily enforced shore and isolate. Big companies registered very significant losses Lessons learnt from this pandemic is that money is important but we would be locked in our houses from dusk to dawn, as we had was the dusk to dawn curfew whose purpose was to reduce risk a good example is Virgin Atlantic which declared bankruptcy health is more important, because no matter how much money seen in many apocalyptic films; we thought that people would of spread within clubs, and bars. Contact tracing was also carried because with most borders closed, travel reduced drastically. Most that people had, money could not save them when they were start dropping dead on our streets and the only way that we would out to ensure that high risk individuals and suspected persons businesses were forced to adapt in fear of becoming redundant in the ICU, but despite this being true, the laying off of many be able to save ourselves was to remain locked in our houses. were tested and treated adequately if found positive to curb the for example most restaurants and hotels began doing deliveries people taught us the very important lesson of saving, for future spread and flatten the curve. Other government measures that because not only were they shut down, most people feared dining use. Another important lesson learnt was that life is a team effort Businesses closed, workplaces and offices closed, places of were put into place were cessation of movement into and out of in the restaurant in fear of contracting the virus. meaning that, we are all one big team and that selfishness will worship closed, students were picked from boarding school and Old Town Mombasa and Eastleigh which most people considered cost us, another key lesson that was learnt was that positivity is day scholars stopped going to school, everyone was now staying to be a very strict measure. The stay-at-home order also came with a myriad of challenges; key, because positive thinking usually leads to positive outcomes. at home waiting for the next announcement on what to do next. the cases of domestic violence within the country shot up because The other great lesson the government can draw is the need to This was the first time that many parents (especially those with On the other hand, the government kept updating us daily with of people being cooped up in their houses together for so long with connect electricity to every household, when everything was children in boarding schools) were spending entire days in the the latest number of new Covid-19 infections in the country as the added challenges of economic instability. Another social issue locked down the television transmission of church services was a house with their children, and although they moved to slow down the spread of that cropped up was increase in the number of teen pregnancies great relief to the citizens, while Zoom/internet lessons offered by this brought a myriad of challenges, it had a the virus. In the beginning, the updates around the country, some counties recorded that 4000 underage many institutions of learning enabled the scholars continue with good side too. One positive result was that caused anxiety all round the country as girls had recorded positive pregnancy tests since the pandemic a semblance of normal activity. There is need for government parents and children could build a better many people were anticipating good news began; this is a moral failing of the society as a whole because the to support innovation as seen in the manufacturing of personal bond due to their time spent together, they Businesses closed, which would mean that the numbers begin people who were impregnating these girls were mostly adult men. protective equipment’s (PPEs), ventilators, laboratory reagents played games such a scrabble, monopoly, workplaces and offices dropping, however when the numbers were because at the time of need external supply was not available as kati, skipping ropes and outdoor cycling, not going decreasing, the fear and panic There were other challenges that Kenyans faced which were not most of the countries were in need of the same supplies. Finally, these games were essential as the children closed, places of worship slowly faded away and the unexpected directly caused by the virus but were aggravated by the pandemic; there is need for the government to upgrade and refurbish the needed to use up all their pent up energy, became the normal - to receive the daily demolitions were being carried out in areas like Kariobangi which research laboratories as we are told a vaccine will be the best the parents also got to participate in games closed, students were updates from the Ministry of Health. left more than 7,000 people homeless during this pandemic. solution to the Covid-19 pandemic. that they would not normally engage in This put them not only at risk to contract the virus but also put like skipping and football. Another way picked from boarding Innovations followed; there were various their lives at risk because the police was using tear gas and live In a nutshell Covid-19 as a pandemic has not only changed my that the children and parents bonded was school and day scholars taps that were emerging all over the bullets to disperse the crowds of people who were protesting the day to day way of life tremendously but also the way i view life in general grooming as the salons and country whose operation was with a pedal, demolition of their houses. The biggest challenge that was facing in its entirety. It has exposed the fragility of life and how easy it barbershops were closed, parents had to stopped going to school, designed to ensure that its users did not these families was the lack of a place to sleep, especially because is for normalcy’ to be altered and lives changed. In its entirety take up the mantle and begin planting and accidentally contract the virus while trying the dusk to dawn curfew was still being enforced and they could covid is not an absolute negative, from it many lessons have been styling their daughters’ hair and shaving everyone was now staying to keep it at bay. Another very notable not return to their villages because of the cessation of movement learnt and the level of personal preparedness is now heightened. their sons’ hair. invention was the ventilators which were in and out of Nairobi. I have also learned to appreciate the normalcy we enjoyed before. at home waiting for the made by students of Kenyatta University; Adapting has not been easy but the very nature of being human The stay-at-home order, the sanitization next announcement on this innovation was very timely as various However, some good did come from people being inside their is made possible by ability to adapt. My Christian beliefs and and washing hands guidelines were reports stated that there was a shortage houses all the time; pollution levels were at an all time low all teaching have helped me cope with the new situation knowing followed in earnest and it was then that what to do next. of ventilators. The County of Mombasa over the world. In Kenya, photographers were able to capture that even when the unexpected becomes the normal we rely on the reality really sunk in for most people created sanitization booths which were Mount Kenya from Nairobi because pollution reduced drastically. the unchanging heavenly Father. .

80 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 81 the rotation of the three non-permanent 1973 and 1997-1998. Since its admission to hinged on the question WHY KENYA? seats allotted to them. The African the United Nations on 16th December, 1963, THE ROAD TO NEW YORK: group ensures that each of its five sub- Kenya has been a constant and committed Kenya campaigned on the platform of regions has a chance at representation contributor to the United Nations, both in building bridges and as a consensus in a rotational arrangement. In 2019, budgetary terms as well as to the substance builder among all Members of the UNSC, KENYA’S BID FOR THE NON-PERMANENT South Africa replaced Ethiopia which had of the work of the United Nations. Kenya Permanent and Non-Permanent; the represented East Africa. In 2021-2022, the has actively engaged in global and regional Security Council and other UN structures SEAT OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY seat reverts to an East African country. efforts for peaceful settlement of disputes, including the Peace Building Commission The Executive Council, the second most conflict prevention and resolutions and the United Nations General Assembly COUNCIL FOR THE PERIOD 2021-2022 powerful organ of the African Union including through mediation in line with (UNGA). Kenya promised to endeavour to (AU), has the responsibility of vetting the principles and objectives of the United strengthen the relationship between the Kenya had been a candidate in waiting the sidelines of the 35th Ordinary Session candidates for the seats and is advised in Nations. UNSC and the African Union Peace and since 2013, but exercised magnanimity Executive Council on 4th-5th July, 2019 these functions by a sub-set of ministers Security Council, the European Union and shelved its ambitions to serve in in Niamey, Niger and after listening to who sit on the Ministerial Committee on The Security Council is the premier organ Peace and Security Council (EU PSC) the Security Council in favour of her both parties escalated the matter to the Candidatures. of the United Nations and for a country to and other regional peace and security sisterly neighbours in the region. Executive Council. During serve there is prestigious and comes with organisations such as IGAD, SADC, and terminated her campaign for the 2013 – its 35th Ordinary Session held in Niamey Once Kenya received the African Union a lot of responsibility. The seat gives a ECOWAS. It will support and push for 2014 term in favour of Rwanda to allow on 5th July, 2019, the African Union endorsement, the campaign team quickly country an opportunity to bring to the table meaningful triangular consultations Rwanda’s participation at the Security Executive Council considered the report embarked on a vigorous multi prong its wealth of experience in the conduct of between the UNSC, the UN Secretariat, Council when commemorating the 20th of the candidatures subcommittee and campaign strategy. The campaign included international affairs. The United Nations and Troops and Police contributing anniversary of the Genocide in Rwanda. directed the African Union Permanent two official launches in Addis Ababa and Security Council is mandated to maintain countries to ensure unity of purpose, Kenya also dissolved her campaign for Representatives’ Committee (AU PRC) to New York on 16th September, 2019 and international peace and security in the gender sensitive peace keeping and a the 2018 – 2019 term in support Ethiopia’s meet and make a final determination. 7th November, 2019 respectively. In the International system. common commitment to the execution of candidature. It was therefore assumed that launch in New York, Kenya showcased agreed peace keeping mandates. the regional countries would appreciate The African Union Permanent DANIEL CHERUIYOT TANUI its rich cultural diversity and among According to the United Nations charter these gestures by Kenya and support Representatives Committee met on 15th the dignitaries invited were some of the Article 23 which came into force in 1965 Further, Kenya stressed that it accords MINISTRY OF FOREIGN her candidature for the period 2021- July, 23rd July and 21st August 2019 on the elite Kenyan sports men and women and the Security Council is comprised of great importance to UN peacekeeping AFFAIRS - KENYA 2022 unopposed but this was not to be as matter where it was finally decided by captains of industry. five permanent members and 10 non- and is a present and active actor and Djibouti exercised her right as a sovereign a vote in which Kenya garnered a two- he Strategic Plan of the Ministry permanent members elected by the contributor to the United Nations state and expressed interest for the seat third majority of the votes cast by those of Foreign Affairs 2018/2019- Lobbying for UN seats generally depends General Assembly to serve for a period Peacekeeping operations. It said that during the same period. present and voting. This final vote formally 2022/2023 is: “Building bridges for on personal relationships developed over of two years. According to the rules of it believes that Peace operations are made Kenya the African Union endorsed peace, international cooperation, time. In this regard, the campaign used procedure the General Assembly elects important expressions of multilateralism Kenya formally submitted her candidature candidate. global competitiveness and shared national the diplomatic arsenal it had to carry five non-permanent members to the in action and would advocate for greater for the non-permanent seat of the UNSC prosperity”. It is therefore under this out a vigorous campaign that eventually Security Council every year. The elections collaboration in Global Peace Keeping for the period 2021-2022 in 2017. Djibouti The African member states endorsed premise that Kenya offered herself as a ensured that Kenya clinched the seat. of non-permanent members are elected in and Support Operations. To showcase its also expressed her interest in the same Kenya because Africa believes Kenya will candidate for the non-permanent seat of a pattern prescribed pattern. The pattern credentials in peacekeeping operations, T seat of the Eastern African region. On 25th represent Africa in its diversity and that the United Nations Security Council for Kenya is not new to the Security Council is as follows:- Kenya demonstrated that it had been a -26th January, 2018 the Executive Council Kenya can champion Africa’s collective the period 2021-2022. having served twice as a non- contributor to peacekeeping even in 1960 of the United Nations met and called for a interests in the UNSC, at this critical permanent member of the During its campaign, Kenya leveraged long before independence. Kenya was one deferment to allow regional consultations moment in history when Africa must chart The campaign for the seat began when the UNSC in on its wide experience in international of three African countries to contribute on the matter and present one candidate. its path in fast changing world. Kenya has Ministry of Foreign Affairs received cabinet diplomacy and presented a ten to the first UN Peacekeeping Mission Consultations were undertaken but been entrusted with the solemn duty to approval in 2018 instructing the Cabinet point agenda that to the Democratic Republic of Congo. after 19 months the two countries had carry the hopes and aspirations of Africa Secretary to proceed with the modalities In this regard, it has been actively failed to agree and mutually agreed to and to make a difference to the whole world of winning the seat. Having received this engaged in global and regional refer the matter to the African Union for in the quest for peace and prosperity. approval, the Cabinet Secretary Amb. Dr. efforts for peaceful settlement of adjudication and determination. Monica Juma proceeded to ensure that disputes, conflict prevention and The campaign was grueling for Kenya. From the necessary steps were undertaken in resolution by contributing more than The initial preparations also included what was a straight forward endorsement terms of the preparedness of the ministry 40,000 troops and other personnel receiving the endorsement of the regional by the East Africa member states to be a to handle the monumental task ahead. to peacekeeping operations in over leadership of the East Africa Community candidate for the Eastern Region and later The Principal Secretary, Amb. Macharia 40 countries. At the UNSC, Kenya (EAC) which was announced on 17th by the African Union, the entry of Djibouti Kamau and the Political and Diplomatic will support and push for relevant November 2018. This endorsement now as a candidate complicated Kenya’s Secretary Amb. Tom Amolo were tasked capabilities and the reinforcing allowed Kenya to confidently present designs for the bid. Kenya viewed this with constituting a formidable team of peacekeeping performance herself to the African Union as candidate entry by Djibouti as against the principle comprising of officers at the ministry and through training, effective to represent the Eastern African Region. of consensus among African states (the those at the Kenya missions in Addis Ababa management of transitions Since the two countries had failed to Ezulwini consensus). The African member and New York to spearhead the campaign. and the fulfillment of agree among themselves, the African states have established themselves as The ground work for the campaign then outstanding pledges and Union Candidatures Committee met on the most organized group in handing began. the use of UN assessed

82 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 83 contributions to support global peace that the youth play a significant role in promises to leverage on her experience operations. the maintenance and promotion of peace and position as host country for the United and security. Kenya would promote the Nations Environmental Programme to VIRTUAL TEAMS: On regional peace and security, Kenya empowerment and inclusion of the youth highlight how climate change threatens informed that it continues to play a as agents of peace, security and support the security situation across the world and leading role in peace, security and conflict youth empowerment because the destiny will seek lasting solutions to the security OVERCOMING CHALLENGES OF GROUP management in the Horn of Africa and of humanity is inextricably linked to the implications of climate change. Great Lakes regions individually as a empowerment of the youth. It seeks to State and also within the frameworks of give the youth a greater voice in decision- Kenya has played a leading role in DYNAMICS AND EFFECTIVENESS regional intergovernmental organizations making at the local, national, regional and promoting inclusive and sustainable online tools. The resulting virtual and communication gets muddled. In such as the African Union, the Inter- international levels and to enable them development in the region and beyond. environment affects the way team addition, recent research has shown Governmental Authority on Development participate fully in peace processes and It co-chaired the 13th Session of the Open participants interact and communicate, that conflicts in virtual teams become (IGAD), the International Conference dispute resolution. Working Group that successfully adopted thereby affecting their cohesion. common as it takes longer to build on the Great Lakes Regions (ICGLR) the 17 Sustainable Development Goals consensus. Participants in virtual and the East African Community (EAC). Kenya understands that Conflict and and 169 targets, as well as the inter- Virtual teams have proven advantages. teams are more unlikely to change their It said that it acknowledges that peace disasters continue to generate crises governmental negotiation process on the In a corporate environment, initial values, biases and preconceptions, and security challenges do not respect that call for focused attention in building 2030 Agenda for Development. Kenya will geographical distance allows diversity which hinders conflict resolution. Other geographic boundaries and that there is resilience and helping to transition the work with others to prioritize issues of in teams, saves travel costs and reduces challenges of virtual teams include a deep conviction that peace is a shared affected populations from emergency development, peace and stability and will exposure to hazards. Virtual teams also operating in different time zones and responsibility. Therefore, Kenya pledged to development. Kenya is hosting over support a reformed UN system that can give participants more control over cultures. to bring its wealth of experience in 600,000 refugees and is alive to the deliver peace security and development their time and work-life balance. In preventive diplomacy, peacekeeping, challenges faced by persons unable and one that will address the challenges addition, since location is no longer Communication in virtual teams a consideration, organizations have is mediated by technology. This is conflict resolution and post conflict to return home owing to serious and of development as central to international JOYCELYN MAKENA KAARIA reconstruction to the Security Council. indiscriminate threats to life and peace and security. unlimited opportunities to hire the right a major challenge to the dynamics KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE livelihood. Keya promises to use the seat talent anywhere in the world. However, and effectiveness of virtual teams. Countering Terrorism and Violent at the Council to seek lasting solutions to It is further argued that the ten broad virtual teams have less interaction Studies show that about 90% of normal ince mid-March 2020 when Extremism is another pillar in which challenges faced by refugees and displaced themes used by Kenya in her campaign are diminishing the opportunities for both communication is non-verbal. We use measures to curb the spread of Kenya sees itself as a frontline state persons. Kenya believes in the principle of too narrow and does not cover the most conflict and cohesion our visual system to gauge feelings and the Covid-19 virus took effect, and promised to remain steadfast in non-refoulement and strives to guarantee important areas of concern to the Security attitudes conveyed by facial expressions, as course participants of the building partnerships for a strategic and the right of all asylum seekers. Council, especially on international peace A study published by the RAND tone and pitch of voice, gestures and National Defence College, we generally operational approach to prevent and and security. It is felt that Kenya should Corporation in 2011 showed that posture. In virtual meetings, videos understood that our learning experience combat terrorism and violent extremism. On Justice, Human Rights and Democracy, have leveraged more on its term at the virtual communication had a variety appear as small squares on the computer would be different. Covid-19 pandemic Kenya as a member of the Security Council Kenya holds the conviction that peace, African Union Peace and Security Council. of challenges including difficulties screen, making it difficult to read body came with many uncertainties, and would continue to push for technical security and stability cannot be enjoyed Kenya has also held Executive positions S reaching consensus; inequality in language. Furthermore, the power and disruptions to normal learning activities. assistance, capacity building and enhanced without Justice, Human Rights and at both the International Conference of participation; longer decision-making status of team participants are harder to However, we were unprepared for coordination to strengthen global counter Democracy. Kenya is therefore committed the Great Lakes Region and the Inter- processes; differences in influence based detect since context cues such as seating the sudden shift from the traditional terrorism capacities including through the to a functioning value based global order. Governmental Authority on Development on status; and polarization. Similarly, positions, authoritative stance, clothing lecture-hall learning to virtual learning. Counter Terrorism Committee Executive Africa and the world will secure peace but could not show how it had used these in an article published in 2018, on the and posture are reduced. Just when we were settling down to Directorate (CTED), the Office of Counter and security for prosperity by nurturing positions to put forward the region’s challenges of managing virtual teams college life, meeting fellow participants Terrorism (OCT) and other UN entities. ideal conditions for the promotion and agenda on peace and security. and how to overcome them, Rebecca In addition to these challenges, studies from different countries and disciplines, protection of human rights and through Bakken of Harvard Extension School on the behavioral science of online we transitioned to virtual lectures Kenya recognizes the crucial link championing a people-centered and Kenya finally won the seat to represent pointed out that if teams never meet face meetings have shown that in a virtual in compliance with social distancing between Women, Peace and Security sustainable development approach to Africa at the Security Council after two to face, trust and collaboration suffer meeting we have to pay closer attention requirements. Remote learning and has endeavoured to leverage gender peace. Kenya will continue its active role in rounds of voting on 18th June 2020. Kenya has interrupted the bonding and perspectives in seeking lasting solutions to mediation and resolution of conflict with received 129 votes against Djibouti’s 62. camaraderie. In these extra-ordinary peace and security. It said that it sought to the objective of establishing and nurturing While welcoming the victory, President times, as a virtual team, we have to adopt involve women in efforts geared towards ideal conditions for the promotion and termed the win as a new skills to effectively cohere and sustainable peace and would vigorously protection of fundamental democratic and demonstration of the country’s growing achieve our goals. pursue the promotion of the women human rights. profile and influence as a dependable peace and security agenda at the UNSC. development partner. He further said that Although the world had recently It believes that women are change agents Kenya has a long and distinguished tradition Kenya would endeavour to consolidate began warming up to remote working, and catalysts for peace. The Women, Peace in conservation and environmental and voice Africa’s position at the Security the urgency and scale of growth of and Security Agenda has the potential to protection. It cares for treasure in flora Council and advance the ten point agenda virtual teams in the past few months radically transform the global quest for and fauna in which it hold in trust for as outlined during the campaign. . due to the Covid-19 pandemic was peace. all humanity. Kenya believes in the unexpected. Teams accustomed to face sustainable utilization and management to face interaction suddenly have to Youth Empowerment is another area in of the environment and natural resources use mediated communication through which Kenya campaigned on, advocating for socio – economic development. Kenya Source: https://www.star-knowledge.com/blog/virtual-teams-are-here-to-stay/

84 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 85 to the speaker, and this consumes a lot of cognitive behaviour and best practice for sharing knowledge and interpersonal cognitive energy. Continuously looking productive meetings. Studies have found communication. out for non-verbal cues to determine that team leaders need to be aware that the credibility of statements, tone of virtual meetings are extremely taxing on Thirdly, team collaboration improves instruction or to discern participants’ participants cognitive resources. the dynamics and effectiveness of virtual BRAVING THE RAVAGING concentration is cognitively exhausting. teams. Distance bias tends to align Further, for many people, looking at For productive meetings, a team participants to the adage “out of sight, out one’s face on a screen makes us self- leader must develop and communicate of mind” since we naturally tend to value conscious because of the feeling of being online protocols and adjust the same people and things that are close to us in FLOODS OF BUDALANG’I watched. Studies have also observed that as the team evolves. Establishing pre- time and space. Effective collaboration our physical environment, for instance, meeting practices such as having a helps teams’ bond and builds trust as if working from home, acts as a cognitive clear agenda, early preparation and participants get to know each other’s scaffold since we do not attribute our advance circulation of progress reports thought processes and working styles. working space as we would a formal help to overcome difficulties that can Team participants are also able to build meeting room. interrupt communication, for instance, on each other’s ideas and leverage on interruptions in power or internet individual members strengths. Team Further challenges experienced by connectivity. Early preparation saves leaders should, encourage regular virtual participants of virtual teams are time and avoids the possibility of issues meetings to create a sense of community feelings of disconnection due to the that can cause feelings of frustration in and familiarity. loss of structure, discipline, mental participants. and emotional support. Technology Studies on virtual communication challenges may leave participants Secondly, the cohesion and efficiency of recommend a brief ice-breaker MELTUS A. WERE frustrated by lagging connections, virtual teams can be improved through session before virtual meetings where MOALF&C CROP DEVELOPMENT background noise, interference from the optimal use of technology such as participants share personal stories. AND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH children and pets, and having to keep computers, smartphones and tablets. Personal stories evoke emotions that muting or unmuting their microphones. Emails and chats are useful for sending create a human connection between DEPARTMENT files and writing out instructions. members, enhancing team cohesion. udalang’i is historically But it is not all gloom for virtual Web and video conferencing tools The tone and meaning of communication associated with destructive teams. There are ways to mitigate such as Webex, Zoom, Google Meet can be clarified during these briefings. perennial floods. A mention of challenges of virtual teams. Firstly, and Microsoft Teams are useful for Meeting protocols could require that Budalang’i in any conference in major rivers in Western Kenya namely the name of ‘Omalla’ and ‘Kechula’. experts on building dynamic teams’ meetings and conferences. Social participants’ cameras should be on at Kenya during introduction will prompt the River Nzoia and Yala. The two rivers drain advice that clear communication is media applications such as WhatsApp the start of the meeting as this creates participants to guess it right that you are a into Lake Victoria at various points in The Effects of Floods on key. For remote teams to succeed, and Telegram play an important role in closeness. Cameras can be turned off resident of the flood prone constituency Budalangi and cause repeated ravaging Settlement, Transport and Safety leaders have to be more vigilant about communicating and receiving prompt once the meeting begins, but when in Busia County. Just as the historic land floods that often lead to displacement Budalang’i (translated as lions’ den or removing ambiguity in communication feedback from team participants. Use of participants are speaking, they must B of Mesopotamia was situated between of residents, loss of property and lives. land of Conquerors in Kiluhya), is truly because team participants do not have collaboration tools such as DropBox and turn on the camera. When possible, brief River Tigris and Euphrates, Budalang’i No wonder some individuals in this a land occupied by those who braved the the benefit of hearing the tone of a Google Docs eases file sharing. There daily huddles with team participants are flood plain is located between the two area are named after the floods by destructive effects of floods including message. Clear communication leads are also software applications available a good way for informal check in, to keep threats of fierce wild animals that inhabited to better team relations and output. for work scheduling and tracking, work the team coherent and hold everyone the thick indigenous forests of the area. According to research on virtual teams, automation and project management accountable for daily and on-going tasks. Here (Budalangi) is where I was born and when communication is scant, team to facilitate the management of work bred. My parents too were indigenes of participants may start looking for output from virtual teams. In conclusion, when technology is Budalangi flood plain and courageously hidden meanings and make up negative applied for effective communication remained put in their ancestral land narratives for themselves. Frequent, Team leaders need to research the most and if deliberate measures are taken situated in Nagoba Village in Budalangi quality communication is, therefore, appropriate tools and provide training to to foster cohesion in geographically Constituency. This land had a small raised imperative in creating a dynamic virtual ensure participants use them to their full dispersed teams, virtual teams may ground on which family’s traditional grass team. Communication includes planning benefit. Participants also have to accept flourish. Team participants must try thatched huts were constructed. the expectations of each participant and that virtual teams are now the norm to understand and use the strengths the entire team. Team leaders should and make an effort to be technologically and weaknesses of individual members Whenever it flooded, this portion of land clarify assignment of tasks, the deadlines savvy. Mentorship relationships to collaboratively achieve goals. Also, measuring about half-acre served as an to completed, and the consequences for between seasoned and younger team participants must learn new skills island of hope for the entire family while not fulfilling the tasks. participants can rub essential skills and adopt technology to improve work the rest of the nearby homes and villages both ways. Experienced participants productivity. Team leaders will need were submerged by the raging floods of Virtual meetings are an important part of would learn technology skills and tips to clearly communicate individual and River Nzoia. The frequent floods witnessed communication. In the recent past, the while passing on unwritten wisdom team expectations and innovatively build in the Ward has led to relocation of most area of virtual meetings has evolved from to younger participants. Technology cohesion to successfully lead virtual residents from the fertile Nzoia flood plain simple online protocols with do’s and can help replicate some of the results teams. This is the new normal. . to the less fertile higher grounds at the foot do nots, to the scientific assessment of of face-to-face interaction through

86 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 87 a very young age. The swimming training Sorghum, Maize, Bananas and Bean crop believe that with hard work, determination is undertaken in shallow waters under are rarely realized due to the floods that and by the grace of God, one can overcome the supervision of the adult members of occur normally at the peak of Long and all odds and succeed in life. the family. Occasionally, men would dare short Rains (Usually around the month riding on calm cows’ back to swim them of April and August). With exception of The plight of Budalang’i Flood Residents across the deep flooded streams. Cassava which may be uprooted upon Although I have waded successfully flooding, the rest of the crops are swept through many life challenges to reach Cases of death due to boats capsizing and away and eventually rot in the flood water where I am today, my heart feels troubled displacement from the cows’ backs were causing a choking stench after four days. when I look back into Budalang’i flood plain often reported. I once witnessed such In order to have an assured crop harvest, and see very few schools (Both Primary horrific episode in 1978 when my paternal the families in the flood plains usually and Secondary) and majority of which are cousin drowned following the excessive hire agricultural land on the upper sides under staffed. There is a very high school leakage and sinking of the canoe they of the sub-county along the hills. Here drop-out rates in the area coupled with were using during fishing. I helplessly the crop yields are relatively low due to low examination performance. Floods are shouted for help from the stream bank as shallow, stoney and exhausted murram still being experienced in the area leading I was too young to wade into the stream soils. I occasionally during school holidays to crop destruction and displacement of to rescue my cousin and brother whose used to wake up at 5am to accompany my residents from their homes. This was even of Bunyala hills. Families during heavy lives were in danger. My Brother, who mother to the hired farms located overs witnessed early this year in Bunyala South floods are evacuated to safer grounds was a little older than my cousin tried 6Km from our flood prone village. Here we when dykes were submerged by the River by their relatives, government and swimming along with her to the shore to would farm till 1Pm before returning home Nzoia waters and by the water backflows humanitarian organization. Temporary no avail. Sadly, my cousin dropped off as exhausted. While on the farm, fire would from Lake Victoria. flood camps are erected on Government my brother feebly gasped for breath while be lit using rubbish and dry firewood to office lands, public schools, shopping attempting to swim to the shore. By special roast Cassava. The cassava would serve and swim across deep streams to the while looking after his cattle. I had a rare There is urgent need for finding a centres and earth dykes for provision of grace of God, a villager who was herding as a wonderful lunch away from home school. Occasionally the uniform would opportunity of living in school and having permanent solution to the devastating temporary shelter and essential basic his goats in the nearby bushes heard my with a sip of water. The hired farms lacked accidentally hung and soak into the water. a reliable lunch therein. It also enabled me perennial floods of Budalangi by damming needs to the displaced families. call for help. He rushed into the water, security of tenure as a short termination This would mean reaching the school with to avoid trekking long distance daily from of excess River Nzoia waters or otherwise. swam towards my brother who was now notice would be verbally served to the dripping wet clothes. It was even worse home to school. But this was short-lived as Construction of more public schools, During Flooding, roaring water torrents sinking down the river bed. He picked him lessee in spite of one having toiled to clear whenever the exercise books would drop my father returned home after two months adequate deployment of teachers, are seen flowing rushedly down the dry up and swam along with him to the shore the bushes and ploughed the virgin land into water with the teachers of the time when the floods subsided. The experience upgrading of road network and aggressive stream valleys from River Nzoia before where water was pressed out of his body for only a single season. insisting that all writing was to be done by of staying in school compound however Electricity Connectivity in the area is eventually marooning the entire table- until he gradually recovered. We spent by use of a fountain pain. You would lose all planted in me the urge of studying hard so also of great essence. These development flat flood plains of Budalang’i. Ironically, the stream side overnight as it was the My father had a herd of about 35 heads the notes due to spreading of the fountain as to succeed joining a boarding secondary interventions will render the area floods in Budalangi occur even when the tradition until the body of my cousin was of cattle which in times of floods would ink. Woe onto you if the class assignment school far away from home to avoid long accessible and habitable. The academic area is experiencing a dry spell. This is retrieved for burial the following day at be moved to higher grounds in search of that was to be handed in for marking that morning and evening trek to school. The standards of the schools in the flood plain due to the inability of Lake Victoria to noon. pasture. Because of the strong attachment morning was soaked. No subject teacher dream came true when I emerged the will progressively improve and so will contain the massive inflows of river Nzoia to my father, despite my tender age, I would take that kindly. He would assume best candidate in my primary school the Economic investment opportunities. emanating from the high rainfall upper My father once survived narrowly from would demand to go along with him and that it was deliberately done to conceal Examinations and was offered admission My humble appeal and prayer to all catchments of Cherengani hills and Mt.. drowning when the boat they were using put up in temporary accommodation ones inability to complete the assignment. to Kakamega High School Provincial stakeholders; Public and Private, Local Elgon where the river has its source. to cross river Nzoia capsized. They were offered by his friends away from our home. You would be caned unjustly for presenting School in Kakamega County. The exam and international, Elected and all well- crossing the river when the cow they were Here my father and I would graze animals, soaked exercise books. performance record I set in my primary wishers is to collaboratively develop The floods would spread to all villages in ferrying violently shook the boat leading milk and cook the meals away from the rest school that year has never been broken to Sustainable flood mitigation strategies the flood plain cutting them off from the to its capsizing. They swam towards the of the family members who had remained Due to long distance covered to school, date. Thanks to the flood challenges that and avail the much needed resources for rest of the community. To a non-resident shore before they were rescued by the behind in the flooded village. the pupils residing in far off flood prone propelled me into such success. transformation of Budalang’i. This will visiting the area for the first time, one other boat that was nearby. Thanks to villages could not afford to rush home for lead to improved socio-economic status would confuse the flooded area with a the National government of Kenya for the Schooling Challenges caused by lunch. There were no bodabodas (Bicycle The memories of my village without of the residents as envisioned in the large natural lake with no sign of life. construction of modern Sigiri Bridge that Perennial Floods or Motorcycles Taxi) those days to ferry permanent houses and devoid of essential Constitution of Kenya 2010 and Kenya Flooded crop lands, homesteads and trees has guaranteed safe crossing of residents There were only two Primary schools in one to school. We relied on packed roasted infrastructures and essential amenities Vision 2030. would be seen submerged by flood water. from Bunyala North to Bunyala South the neighbourhood namely Mundere and sweet potatoes and cassava tubers for motivated me to working extra hard while across River Nzoia at that point. Budalang’i Primary schools. The schools lunch. Whenever the wild edible fruits in in high school in order to escape the Conclusion The mode of transport during flood were approximately 6 kilometers away the nearby hill were in season, we would horrendous life occasioned by the floods. Budalang’i flood plain has great economic period include; swimming across the The Destruction of Crops and from our village. One was to wade through all rush into the bush to partake of the By the grace of God and encouragement and academic potential. The residents flooded streams, use of canoes and Pasture the streams and incase of floods, boats natural God given fruits during school of my parents and siblings, I made it are resilient and industrious. What fabrication of temporary ‘boats’ made The Budalang’i flood plains are the most would be used to ferry pupils to school. lunch break. to university. Upon Employment, I they desperately require is financial, from Fresh banana stems or dry maize fertile lands in Bunyala Sub-county due to A long route of over 10 Km through constructed a descent house for my infrastructural and Technical support for stalks bound together by sticks and ropes. River Nzoia water sediments originating Budalang’i shopping centre would be used During 1980 floods, my father was granted parents in the Village as a reward to them effective and sustainable Development. . It is mandatory, for survival sake that from well fertilized Maize farms of Trans to avoid deep streams in the absence of permission by the head teacher of Mundere and a fulfillment of my childhood dream. every kid in Budalang’i learns the skills of Nzoia, Bungoma and Kakamega Counties. boats. For the brave school going pupils, Primary school where I was schooling to The experience of my early life in the flood God Bless Budalang’i. God Bless Kenya floating on water by way of swimming at The promising harvests of Cassava, one would wrap the uniforms on the head use an idle classroom for his residence plain of Budalangi, conditioned me to

88 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 89 position since there are many accruing Development Assistance (ODA). According and the physically challenged persons. benefits associated with movement of to the , Kenyans professionals from Kenya. It is now certain abroad remitted to the country USD 2.546 Positions of Influence. Some of the that the brain drain is actually a bridge to billion in 2019. Kenyan professionals abroad have BRIDGES TO OPPORTUNITIES international opportunities. ascended to powerful positions in those Business Incubators. Working in foreign host countries and also in organizations Brain Circulation. Migration of countries exposes the talented diaspora where they have the ability to work with, FROM KENYA’SKenyans living andBRAIN working abroad. Kenya DRAIN became conspicuous in exporting professionals set a foundation on which members to new business platforms, motivate, and inspire people around However, there is no statistical evidence skilled and semi-skilled labour force exchange of knowledge and ideas become business ideas, information and skills them and those they are connected to about the skill mixture of the diaspora such as health care personnel to Britain, visible and possible. With time, it creates transfer as well as experience sharing. This directly or indirectly. The Art of influence population. Despite lack of available data, United States of America, North and South a critical mass of talent that is beneficial enables incubation of new business ideas offers insightful underpinnings to others it is certain that survival of the Kenyan America, Western and Northern Europe for globalization as well as transforming which can be easily transferred to home who aspire to achieve greater success diaspora across the global strata requires as well as in Australia. A substantial successive talents from the home country. country for domestication, execution and in life. In most cases, their insights are that they should be endowed with some number of ICT professionals have taken The country opens up to new realities implementation. practical and easy to apply in everyday skill for a living. This may easily translate lead positions within the global major and citizens constantly look at issues life. The professionals abroad can provide into an approximation of one out of five powers. A critical number of Kenyan skills from an informed global perspective. The Science, Technology and Innovation mentorship opportunities as well as Kenyans in diaspora being skilled or semi- and semi skills were exported to Middle population that migrates become conduits (ST&I). Some of the ICT professionals become role models to the population in skilled. East, Asia, Far East countries and the of transmission and infusion of skills leaving Kenya have ended up working the home country for purposes of raising Arab world. Russia and the East European across the globe. in environments and in developed their levels of aspirations so much so Global Distribution of Kenyan countries were never left behind as they countries or regimes embracing latest that they desire to build own businesses, ROBERT WASIKE Professionals. Over a period of time, have absorbed a critical population of Economic Development. Kenya’s technologies and innovations. This creates strengthen career growth or enable them MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Kenya’s schools of higher learning Kenyan professionals. It is not a wonder economic development agenda is an avenue for further opportunities reach any position in the world. Former including tertiary and technical schools that Kenyans are driving the economies anchored on trade patterns, investment towards strengthening their competencies President Barack Obama of the United have consistently incubated critical mass of different countries across the globe. opportunities and diaspora remittances occasioned by exposure to latest and next States of America was born out of Kenyan Introduction of skilled graduates. Subsequently, these Some of the best brains in strategic and as well as transfer of skills, knowledge and generation use of Science, Technology and descend and became President of the Brain drain is the movement of persons have moved to different countries leadership positions are certainly people network sharing among others. Because Innovation. Subsequently, the acquired USA. He inspired many to believe that it is people with particular talent, skills, and taken up strategic positions enabling of Kenyan descent. They have excelled in of the trade and contacts established, skills and competencies make them key possible to achieve the desired aspirations competencies, and education from one host countries to benefit from their all socio-economic, political and religious facilitation of the same is easily achievable transmitters of the sophisticated skills and in one’s life. particular geographical region to another. competencies. In some areas, they have spheres. In addition, their contributions by matching producers of goods and competencies acquired. Absorption of the For example, the physicists, engineers, championed the strategic transformation keep growing in skill, influence and services in Kenya and consumers of same by Kenyans in the home country relies Knowledge Networks. The Kenyan doctors, business managers, technicians, of the host countries. Some of the competencies. the same in the receiving countries. In on established contacts and networks as diaspora has established professional technologists, service personnel and professionals across the globe belong essence, contacts of diaspora provide well as the framework enabling such skills associations and business networks. economists among other professionals are to the second and third generations of Transition. The transition period of market intelligence, information sharing transfer and knowledge sharing. Some of them exist at local, national educated and trained locally but with time, Kenyan descent. Regionally, the talent the brain drain is often riddled with and opportunities for producers and or international levels. Some of them they move to other geographical regions from the Information, Communication and uncertainty, anxiety, expectations and fear consumers. Diaspora Savings. The Kenyans working may be informal and weak while others in search of better opportunities. They Technology (ICT) sector was instrumental of the known. While the past and present is abroad have opportunities to make are formal and strong. With varied ICT often acquire competitive skills and excel in the establishment of vibrant ICT well known and can be accounted for, the Investments. The diaspora community financial savings. This often enables them platforms, professionals across the globe in their competencies but end up living sector in Rwanda. The professionals future opportunities remain in the realm often play a dual role in investments. This to build critical monetary base and credit are able to engage regularly on different and working in market environments were part of the team that championed of the unknown. There is always physical is achievable by either engaging in direct facilities. Whenever the money is put to topical issues. Therefore, there is good that meet their desired expectations of the setting up and transformation of and emotional separation with loved ones. investments in their countries of origin prudent use and investment, it translates opportunity for the Government of Kenya high pay and good living standards. The Rwanda into a regional and world class There is also hope and optimism at the or linking up with potential investors to into significant monetary base that the to tap into these knowledge networks for human movement is always instigated and ICT hub. Similar situation was witnessed point of departure from home country to influence their decisions and grow their diaspora utilizes towards transforming the exchange of information and collaborative accelerated by a mixture of push factors when a section of professional Kenyans the host country abroad. interests to invest in Kenya. In addition, economy of the home country. Therefore, research and development projects from the sending state to pull factors by migrated to the Southern African they often lobby non diaspora investors the savings could easily facilitate capital between these networks and actors in the the receiving state. The movement could Development Community (SADC) Opportunities in Brain Drain in receiving states to consider investing markets and impact significantly on the home country. be prompted by lack of opportunities in countries especially Malawi and Namibia The wealthy states and organizations directly in countries of origin. The socio-economic development of Kenya. the sending state and/or availability or where they tremendously transformed offering best job opportunities with well- diaspora has an advantage of information Technical Assistance. The professionals perceived availability of opportunities in the agricultural and health sectors and equipped working environment end and market intelligence that is crucial to Humanitarian Assistance. It is a common are able to provide technical assistance to the receiving state. in Botswana where they took lead in the up attracting highly trained and skilled potential investors. practice to have some professional each other and also to relevant disciplines health and teaching sectors while in South citizens of Kenya. As a result of such an groupings coming together to pool from their countries of origin. This can Migration Waves. Kenya has had her Africa where they were instrumental in arrangement within the international Diaspora Remittance. Remittances from resources towards a certain cause in the be done on individual or collective basis. own share of brain drain from a pool of varied sectors of the service industry. Many system, it is highly assumed by one school of the talented persons working in countries home country. Some groups pool resources They often organise conferences and migration waves that have occurred at nursing professionals from Kenya have thought that Kenya is deprived the critical abroad are the most tangible, traditional to support particular communities such as investment forums with their counterparts varied intervals. This was accelerated found opportunities in the health sector of skill that would otherwise contribute and visible link between migration in the construction of schools, churches, globally and at home. Given the nature further during the post-independence Namibia while English speaking teachers to socio-economic development of the and quick benefits from the migrant. community projects as well as providing of exposure, these professionals often period. According to the Ministry of from Kenya have moved to Mauritius and country if the skill was retained locally. Remittances is an essential resource flow supplies to schools or hospitals, helping coalesce together to pool together Foreign Affairs, there are over three million Seychelles to take up teaching jobs. However, this does not reflect accurate and it has gradually exceeded the Official vulnerable population like youth, women the knowledge and provide technical

90 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 91 assistance, mentorship and become role Government Incentives and Related encouraging their participation in different models to the population in the home Policies. Government support and programs like humanitarian assistance, country. The contributions range from facilitation of the talented diaspora, their housing, pension and microfinance trade, investments, and businesses as well professional associations and networks programs. This is a one window shop that CHALLENGES FACING SMALL SCALE as financial investments, skills, knowledge is what enhances and attracts more conveniently facilitates accessibility to and network transfers. participation. This builds professional available opportunities and information of confidence and recognition of the Kenyan the home country. MINING IN TANZANIAdifferentiated from artisanal mining by the to achieve. Absence of formalization also Kenyan Diaspora Alliance (KDA). The diaspora. presence of permanent, fixed installations makes improvements in environmental Kenya diaspora community with support Kenya Development Plans. The Kenya that are established once an ore body is performance much more problematic. from the Government of the Republic Strengthening Professional Networks. Vision 2030 embeds prominent role confirmed. Throughout this publication, Many of the potential economic benefits Kenya established a Kenya Diaspora Government engagement through of the diaspora in the economic pillar the terms artisanal and small-scale mining of the small-scale mining sector are Alliance. The Diaspora Investment Club common platforms or through as a flagship project. The recognition are used interchangeably. lost through poor practice in mining, (DICL) is a business and investment conferences and meetings strengthens prompted the Ministry of Foreign Affairs processing and marketing the target arm for Kenya Diaspora Alliance. KDA is networks and promotes more common to generate a blueprint called Diaspora In many developing countries, Artisanal minerals. The absence of adequate registered as a limited liability company, activities on transfer of knowledge and Diplomacy which has become a key pillar and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) is largely legal frameworks and secure rights for presently with start-up businesses sharing of ideas. This kind of engagement of Kenya’s foreign policy. In addition, a poverty-driven activity which plays an miners and communities exacerbates this nominally worth US$ 4 million in real reinforces harmonised contributions of Kenya Constitution 2010 recognises important economic role. It is estimated problem. Local governance structures and estate, capital markets, tech-novation time, experience, contacts, knowledge Kenyan nationals across the globe and that in the order of 13 million people in institutions are typically underdeveloped. (mobile apps), and business/investment and skills for broader achievement of gave constitutional recognition for dual about 30 countries are directly engaged Artisanal and small scale miners are often in small-scale mining, a significant marginalized and there can be very serious consultancy. DICL and KDA are desirous the network mandate. The networks citizenship. According to the Second COL. KIZITO B. MSWAGA to up-scale their online presence through boost human capital in the home country Medium Term Plan (Mt.P) 2013-2017, the proportion of who are women and disputes with communities, government TANZANIA children. A further 80 to 100 million innovative, content-rich, interactive, and and this augment productivity as well government has a duty to mainstream and agencies and large-scale mining interests. people across the developing world could Conflicts over access and land-use can be a captive internet as well as web platforms. as promotes technology transfer and integrate into the national development roadly speaking, small-scale depend on small-scale mining for some particular issue in areas where indigenous knowledge sharing. agenda, the diaspora activities leading mining refers to mining by aspects of their livelihoods. Small-scale or tribal peoples have traditional land Change Agents. Professional Kenyans to the crafting of the National Diaspora individuals, groups, families or mining can be extremely environmentally rights or land-use patterns. These and working and living abroad are a recipe Diaspora Bonds. The Government can Policy. Consequently, a National Diaspora cooperatives with minimal or damaging and often has serious health other problems commonly associated for change of the home country. They use specific investment incentives such Council of Kenya (NADICOK) was no mechanization, often in the informal and safety consequences for workers with ASM (such as child labour, access have international exposure and have the as diaspora bonds to trigger Foreign established to be an advisory body to the (illegal) sector of the market. Despite many and surrounding communities. This to health care and education) present a ability to assist the population in the home Direct Investments as a means towards government on diaspora issues. attempts, a common definition of Artisanal is generally due to poor practices in major challenge to the government and country to transform in many aspects of generation of wealth. This can also be and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) has yet mining and processing target minerals. regulatory authorities in countries where life. They are catalysts for change and they looked at as an instrument for savings that B Conclusion to be established. In some countries a Governments in many countries regard these activities take place, as well as to the are capable of making changes happen taps effectively in the diaspora wealth. For purposes of harnessing full benefits distinction is made between ‘artisanal ASM as an illegal activity. The consequent wider development community. through inspiring and influencing others. from the brain drain, the Government mining’ that is purely manual and on a very lack of an adequate regulatory and policy Such personalities often promote, enable, Government Institutions Abroad. Kenyan of the Republic of Kenya should explore small scale, and ‘small-scale mining’ that framework can prevent formalization Tanzania is among the countries having support and champion changes in their Embassies and Consulates abroad are strategies that integrate and mainstream has some mechanization and is on a larger of this sector. This, in turn, makes abundant mineral resources. The data home countries based on experiences strategically positioned to build bridges contributions of skilled and semi-skilled scale. In some West African countries improvements in the livelihoods of miners base indicates that the minerals found in gained abroad. Using their contacts as between the country and professionals professionals living and working abroad. (for example, Mali), small-scale mining is and their dependent communities difficult Tanzania are grouped into the following well as networks among themselves and across the globe. Therefore, these This contributes directly to the country’s major categories: Metallic Minerals, which with the home country, the change agents government offices should be equipped development agenda in all sectors where include gold, iron ore, nickel, copper, cobalt with the right and competent staff, relevant abroad interact, inspire and influence such diaspora competencies could and silver. Gemstones, which include key individuals to make appropriate information and adequate leadership be deployed. From the discussions, diamonds, tanzanite, ruby, garnets, pearl changes necessary for the transformation. for effective facilitation in all outreach professionals migrating from Kenya have etc. Industrial Minerals, which include Such may include desires, attitudes and programs. Government institutions become bridges to opportunities. The limestone, soda ash, gypsum, salt and behaviors. abroad must also be well serviced by brain drain is indeed a bridge to filling phosphates; Energy source Minerals, such dedicated Ministries, Departments and the brain gaps that may be in existence. as coal and uranium; and Construction Role of Government in Reversing Agencies in the home country such as Certainly, the potential of professionals minerals, such as aggregates, gravel, sand Brain Drain Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of with Kenyan descent across the globe and dimension stones. However, these The Government of the Republic of Kenya Interior, Ministry of Finance, Ministry has not been fully embraced and there resources have not been transformed into has an obligation to create favourable of Trade, Ministry of Labour and Social is no reason to lag behind when the low wealth and welfare of the citizens. The environment towards maximising from the affairs, Ministry of Youth and Department hanging opportunities exist. It is therefore contribution of the mining sector to the reverse benefits of Brain Drain. Creating of Immigration, among others. incumbent upon the Government of the national economy and social development an enabling environment is instrumental Republic of Kenya to fully harness, attract has not met the expectations of the people. and it is an exceptional determinant in Governments Initiatives. Kenya and facilitate professionals living abroad maximising benefits brought about by the Government should constantly design to effectively contribute to the national Access to credit and finance to small scale brain drain. strategies to mobilize resources from development agenda of the country. . miners has also become a big challenge to the professionals across the globe by them. In Tanzania small scale miners are Small Scale Miners in Nyarugusu in Mara Region-Tanzania unable to secure loans from banks and other

92 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 93 financial institutions for their starting capital a way that they are easily concealed. In labour, working conditions and selling that people and the ways they come to Our communities are also complex systems legitimate authority based on moral and this is especially the case for female many countries across the world, including arrangement. rough consensus are necessarily at the in their own right, with innumerable leadership, as well as a broad-based miners and for miners who operate without Tanzania, measures for prevention of center of community resilience building. components constantly changing and composition. licenses. This is also due to lack of collateral mining accidents and other fatalities either Conclusion Although many resilience frameworks and interacting with each other, the larger and the possible inability and unwillingness do not exist or are not properly enforced. The isolation of SSM in Government policy tools for building community resilience whole, and outside systems. Local Transformability; some challenges of the miners to pay back their loans. Lack and actions from development planning, are now available, no single approach economic activity, relationships among are so big that it is not possible for the of equipment and machinery; one of the Lack of skills on the mining sectors, and from wider social and environmental will likely work for all communities and different social groups and local cultural community to simply adapt; fundamental, reasons why small scale miners are classified has also been seen as a big challenge to policies such as health care and natural their varied social and economic contexts. patterns all influence the community from transformative changes may be necessary, as small-scale miners is because of the kind small scale miners. Most miners lack the resource management is quite significant. However there are six foundations that the inside out. Over the years, there has The Nyumba Kuma Initiative is guided by of equipment and machinery they use. In technical know-how to improve their The Government and its development are essential in building community been a paradigm shift with regards to principles inter alia equal representation most mining sectors in Tanzania, small- capacity in this specialized economic collaborators (particularly the civil society) resilience, rather than achieving resilience policing in many countries in the world. of members. As its name suggests it is scale miners use traditional techniques and area. As a matter of fact most activities to needs to facilitate a change in attitudes as a fixed goal as resilience building is an This is as a result of the developments as a combination of two Swahili names low level equipment in excavation or digging support mining sectors have focused on and perceptions and thus a change in ongoing process. well as challenges faced in the security roughly translated to ten households. while as in South America, miners use large scale mining operations, mainly to Government practice towards SSM. Also, sector. This has necessitated the need for This was conditioned and framed by ideas rudimentary tools, manual devices or simple improve their productivity, legal status or ensuring that AS miners access training People; the power to envision the future new approaches to deal with insecurity of decentralization and the delegation portable machines. These tools are often environmental performance. As a result and efficient working tools including of the community and build its resilience such as community policing. The Nyumba of responsibilities from the state to the not sufficient to carry out their activities the small scale miners earn very little raw equipment by increasing site-based resides with community members. The Kumi Community policing initiative was community level. The initiative encourages and thus, they often do not perform to materials. Lack of market information demonstration centres (a process that has people living within a community are the introduced in Kenya in 2013. It is a strategy locals to interact and share information their maximum capabilities. This lack of and access to it is another challenge already been initiated by Government), to crucial of social resource that drive local of anchoring community policing at the about each other. They are also expected equipment is worsened by the fact that facing small scale miners in different cover most AS mining areas. Related to this relationships and that make things happen. household level. It is borrowed from the to monitor security threats and provide miners do not have starting capital in order mining regions in Tanzania. Most miners is supporting the Vocational Education They are often the most knowledgeable Tanzanian Usama Policy informed by information to the local administration to acquire the tools they require. More so, lack education hence have inadequate Training Agency (VETA) in its plans to about the community’s opportunities the African Ubuntu philosophy of social and security organs. Using measured miners have no access to credit from formal establish a training programme aimed knowledge of pricing their products, and challenges, and best-suited to act connectedness epitome in the saying, ‘I levels of neighborhood, this was to ensure financial institutions for them to finance this can clearly manifest itself in how the at training artisans that can service the on them through existing economic, am because we are and because we are so safety and public satisfaction. Although their operational requirements. Poor miners sell their stones and the prices ASM sub-sector and small-scale miners. political, and social relationships. Citizen I am ’. the police are still responsible for vigorous technologies used by small scale miners they sell it for, in comparison to the real Also, encourage miners to establish participation is widely believed to be a and impartial enforcement of law and life also pose a danger to the miners themselves value of the stones. Apart from ‘obtaining “Miners Associations” that they can easily fundamental element for community Adaptability; a community that adapts threatening emergencies, community who are constantly harmed and even killed finance’ as the number one issue affecting associate with rather than the current resilience. Citizen Participation is the to change is resilient. But because policing is a joint police and society wide due to poor occupational safety standards. small scale miners. Environment, regional organizations that hardly cater engagement of community members in communities and the challenges we face focus. The absence of machinery means work safety, technical assistance, obtaining for their needs. Smaller organizations formal organizations, including religious are dynamic, adaptation is an ongoing has to be done manually, thus resulting in equipment, need for training, obtaining whose members have similar interests can congregations, school and resident process, Communities generally adapt as Sustainability, Community resilience fatalities. Also, many mines are not carefully permits and occupational health. Their are organize training through interaction with associations, neighborhood watches, and the world around them changes. Nyumba is not sustainable if it serves only us, planned due to the fact that they are illegal also some other challenges facing SSM like various institutions. . self-help groups. Nyumba kumi initiative Kumi Initiative is a strategy implemented and only now; it needs to work for other and therefore, structures are made in such transport, tax regime, job security, child involves community in decision making. by the government to complement communities, future generations, and the The membership includes representatives community policing initiatives. County ecosystems on which we all depend, The from the community, resident associations, and national governments work together Nyumba kumi initiative has embedded Community Based Organizations, Faith- with the citizens in groups of 10 houses. police officers to the community where Based Organizations, the Private Sector- In cases where security problems arise, they became more understanding of the BUILDING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE THROUGH NYUMBA and law-enforcement agencies. The lowest the 10 neighbors come together to local situations and promotes a positive KUMI SECURITY INITIATIVE IN KENYA cluster is the block, which brings together solve them before the issues get out of image of the police that is credible and a number of households, generally hand. Information of serious human can be trusted by the community. This Introduction not only new structures and relationships recommended at between 5-10 households security threats are forwarded to the dynamic association between the police Resilience is the ability of a community, within the system but also new functions. (Nyumba Kumi). The block and the village/ administrative leaders from the village officers and citizens to battle crimes of any people, state, or region to adopt new Resilience is the ability of a system (like zone only comprised of community to national level. The requirements to nature and improve group security, which processes, norms, and strategies for a community) to absorb disturbance and members without any representation of lead and to participate in the committees is core of the Nyumba kumi initiative. conducting their lives and new societal still retain basic function and structure. the law enforcement agencies or other are solely based on moral characteristics relationships in response to a violent shock Building resilience means intentionally stakeholders. The committees at the block of an individual in the community such Courage; as individuals and as a or uptick in aggression and brutality in guiding the system’s process of adaptation and sub-location levels are to meet twice as high integrity and respect. People community, we need courage to confront order to prevent, mitigate, or recover from in an attempt to preserve some qualities a month, while those at higher levels meet who hold political and elected positions challenging issues and take responsibility violence. These innovative ways of relating and allow others to fade away, all while once a month. are specifically prohibited from holding for our collective future. Individuals and functioning demonstrate the capacity retaining the essence or “identity” of positions at different levels of the need courage to speak out about their of a social system to self-organize, the the system. In a human community, Systems thinking; Systems thinking is Committee. This is meant to emphasize the views and needs, and make themselves implication being that certain parts identity is essentially determined by essential for understanding the complex, apolitical characteristic of the committees. personally vulnerable. Communities, or subsystems may become irrelevant what people value about where they live. interrelated crises now unfolding and Furthermore, the committees are required too, need courage to create space for or transform as a community seeks to MARY MUCHENE, However, what a community of people what they mean for our similarly complex to be sensitive to the representation of difficult conversations and make changes. establish a new peaceful equilibrium. MINISTRY OF INTERIOR collectively values is open to interpretation communities. Communities are subject to youth, people with disabilities and women. The nyumba kumi initiative needs to Adaptation in the face of change may drive and subject to disagreement. This suggests larger sociological and economic forces. is is expected to give the committees the cultivate courage in both individuals and

94 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 95 the community as a whole to confront well contented and satisfied with it way of change. Resilience policing also signifies independence. It was as though Africa challenging issues and take responsibility operation. With increased acceptance by a shift in the mentalities of the police, had fought for independence without fully for their collective future. Courage to the people, Nyumba Kumi initiative style community and other security agencies grasping the true nature and demands of work with other people, share in taking will thrive. The best form of awareness to something that is more collaborative independence or self-governance. Africa responsibility for the community to tackle will equally come when the people witness and underpinned by self-organization. was in bed with the wrong bride. the complex, systemic issues we face. changes from the police service officers The relevance and adaptability of nyumba Courage to learn from experience and conduct and operations within their kumi structure has been seen in the Through the years, numerous studies adapt our thinking and methods. community. However there is need to wake of COVID 19 outbreak whereby the would point out that Africa had fallen strengthen the initiative to address other communities have become deliberate in into the traps of classical modernization Conclusion emerging challenges that could face the terms of ensuring their members comply frameworks, which prescribed a linear Resilience is, in a way, the original communities. with government guidelines on prevention development path modelled after aspiration of human communities. and control of the pandemic. European experiences and preferences. Since the dawn of civilization we have Recommendations Development strategies for Africa were banded together for long-term mutual The recognition that police cannot do Crime prevention through building determined by the economically and well-being and betterment in the face everything, be everywhere and must community resilience encompasses technologically powerful European of future stresses and shocks. Nyumba rely on the support of the public to approaches for dealing with everyday metropoles. So too was the financing – kumi initiative has been a great strategy tackle complex issues and increasing stresses as well as greater policing needs in form of aid. According to Babu (1972), in combating crimes and has provided sophistication, diversity and pace of related to catastrophe. Resilience policing Africa blindly and religiously bought into feasible solutions on problems relating to change in threat and in communities’ focusing on establishing community development ideas prescribed by its own the safety of residents in various parts of calls for a rethinking of community resilience through, for instance, oppressors. These counterproductive the country. It has also enhanced resilience policing strategies. Community policing community and volunteer involvement, “solutions” included increased exports among communities to withstand forces as a philosophy provides organizational capacity building and technology of primary products, increased aid and and pressures that could have led to strategies that support the systematic transfer, in order to make communities loans from the “developed” countries and population control in the African criminal activities. Nyumba Kumi initiative use of partnerships and problem solving stronger in protecting themselves from © Simla Chandigarh Diocese (https://simlachandigarhdiocese.wordpress.com/) countries. Aid in itself spawned a multi- was actually introduced to be a mechanism techniques to proactively address the or recovering from disasters. Resilience actually brought his other daughter, Leah, social, political and economic prosperity billion dollar industry overly beneficial for local surveillance and it has proven to immediate conditions that give rise to adaptive capacity for communities could and not Jacob’s beloved Rachel. in Africa. However, after a rather long to European enterprises, which Hancock be instrumental to its course and indeed public safety issues such as crime, social also be enhanced through disaster drills, wedding night, Africa appeared to have (2009) called “Development Incorporated”. built a society that is resilient on matters disorder and fear of crime. Building risk mapping, evacuation planning and It was the height of duplicity, the kind that awakened to the realization that it took But no matter how good, this aid could not of security threats. resilience has become relevant especially risks communication. . could start a bitter fight. In today’s world, the wrong bride. A skewed development deliver development (Bolton, 2008). in relation to setbacks that are difficult it would possibly result in a headline- agenda in the post-colonial era meant The fact that the initiative relies much on to predict, such as harms associated grabbing lawsuit, and we would read that Europe continued to develop, while Prescriptions for ways out of Africa’s citizen involvement, a lot of people are with terrorism, pandemics and climate books and watch films about it. Without a Africa with its growing population predicament also came early. According doubt, it was scandalous even in the mid- remained underdeveloped and gravitating to Rodney (1972), the way out of neo- 18th Century BC, and Jacob must have been towards economic stagnation. Thus newly colonialism was through revisiting pre- in a dilemma. On the one hand, he had “independent” African countries found colonial foundations and formulating already consummated his marriage with themselves going back to their former deliberate strategies and tactics for REVISITING THE IN-LAWS: Leah and he could have accepted his fate colonial oppressors for financial aid. African emancipation and development. A and settled in life. On the other hand, he This kind of relationship – characterized decade before Rodney, Frantz Fanon had suffered the agony of getting shortchanged by dependency and neo-colonialism – made a call to Africa to arise and shrug WHY AFRICA MUST RENEGOTIATE and would have been raring to fight for was not what Africa had bargained for. off victimhood. He decried any attempts t has been dubbed the Bible’s original Jacob, also known as Israel, is a significant his right. Jacob was pragmatic and he This was not the ‘happily-ever-after’ the by Africans to imitate or “catch up” with love triangle (Isbouts, 2019), dating figure in Abrahamic religions, including courageously returned to his father-in- continent had dreamed about. It was not Europe by creating states, institutions and back to the second millennium BC. Christianity, Islam and Judaism. He law to renegotiate. The fresh deal ended Africa’s Rachel. societies that drew their inspiration from It is the story of a man named Jacob was the grandson of Abraham and is up costing him seven more years of labour, the former colonial powers. Fanon (1963) and two women named Rachel and Leah. regarded as the patriarch of the Israelites. but Jacob got what his heart had desired. The reality of Africa’s raw deal at believed that Africans could invent new Found in Chapters 29 and 30 of the book Nonetheless, long before this greatness in He got his first love, Rachel. independence was articulated five decades concepts to inform their own development. of Genesis, the story tells of deception history was recognized, the man had fallen ago by the Pan-Africanists Walter Rodney Both Rodney and Fanon were calling for and unjust exploitation, but it also tells victim to the trickery of his uncle-turned- After centuries of laborious struggle, and A.M. Babu, in the seminal discourse Africa’s break with the exploitative neo- I African countries jubilated in the late 1950s titled “How Europe Underdeveloped of the courage to pursue restitution and father-in-law, Laban. As the story goes, colonial system and the establishment of restore pride and glory. It is the story of Jacob fell in love with Laban’s daughter and early 1960s at the prospects of self- Africa”. Rodney and Babu (1972) argued that a new order favorable to the continent’s a man who got a raw deal, but went back called Rachel, and he laboured seven years governance. Indeed the European “uncle”, Africa had lost its power to Europe (and development. They were challenging to his father-in-law to seek redress. A for Laban in exchange for Rachel’s hand under whose oppressive regime Africans later the Unites States of America) due to Africans to ask, and answer, the question story with striking parallels to the African in marriage. And when the seven years had hitherto labored, threw the continent a a wealth drain, lopsided terms of trade of how Africa would re-develop itself. On post-independence experience, as well were over, Laban threw a feast, and in string of parties and offered the continent and debilitating loans. These conditions his part, Babu (1972) called for a process of M. N. NJERU as critical lessons for the continent’s the night he handed Jacob his bride. But its bride – independence. The decline were responsible for perpetuating the mental decolonization. KENYA REVENUE AUTHORITY renaissance. alas, morning came and Jacob discovered of European colonialism represented colonial relationship between the West that he had the wrong bride. Laban had a promise of peace and the hope for and Africa long after Africa’s perceived Back to the biblical story. The manner

96 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 97 of discovery was in itself a serious The successes made in a difficult benefit export-ready countries. Since strategies to overcome perceptions of indictment on Jacob’s state of mind on his global environment must be protected, but majority of African countries have few unequal gain among countries in external wedding night. It is baffling that Jacob only then regional integration and trade among exports, greater efficiency in goods trade deals. discovered he had the wrong bride in the African countries must be enhanced movement would only result in increased HARNESSING SPORTS morning. After seven years of anticipation, in order to scale back the continent’s imports, thereby worsening trade balances Negotiations are ongoing for an agreement could he not tell the difference between economic and political dependence on for African economies (Kanyimbo, 2013). to replace the Cotonou Agreement, FOR DIPLOMACY AND Leah and Rachel for a whole night? the manipulative West. Intra-Africa trade These initial attitudes represented a which lapses in December 2020. This is Could it be that Jacob did not fully is a major avenue towards the continent’s reassuring development on the continent. an opportunity for Africa to reclaim its COMMUNITYports is indisputably one of the STABILITY comprehended what his heart desired by economic development. However, even as African countries resisting trade deals lost right to determine its own path to world’s most popular leisure the end of his seven years of hard labour? the continent adopts prudent development based on perceived disadvantages to the development. The continent must not activities and it describes a Some possible explanations advanced by agenda and begins taking concrete steps local economies was a refreshing change miss an opportunity to reclaim its rightful fascinating phenomenon. People scholars and commentators include that to grow from within, it must also consider from the hitherto witnessed wholehearted bride and pride. This will be achieved by from all over the world play, attend, watch, it was dark and Jacob could not see Leah, emulating Jacob’s bold step to confront acceptance of foreign prescriptions. uniting the continent and negotiating as listen to, talk about and experience sport at that Jacob was drunk following a night of the devious in-laws. Just like Jacob, Africa Nonetheless, the continent was unable a bloc for substantially improved terms. all levels of performance from amateur to feasting, and that there had been limited finds itself in an extraordinary context, to put up a strong fight against European It is particularly important that the AU professional. Sports is often described as interaction between Jacob and Laban’s where reverence to the in-laws must be and American pressure due to divisions in makes deliberate efforts to bring on S a language that everyone in the world can daughters. Whatever the true reason for momentarily desecrated. To effectively Africa’s position (Ighobor, 2014). board the North African countries that understand and can bring together and Jacob’s seeming ineptitude, we find in this secure the original bride, Africa must have hitherto not participated in the EU- unite groups and communities. Hence, it incident one of the conspicuous parallels confront he who robbed it of its right in Whereas increasingly individual African ACP protocol, but which already have is safe to say that Sports diplomacy can with the African situation. the first place. It must robustly negotiate political leaders have spoken out against bilateral agreements with the EU. An tap into areas where traditional forms of new trade agreements with major trading unfavourable trade deals with the West, all-of-Africa standpoint will no doubt diplomacy do not reach because sports In spite of the early warnings, it was not partners, particularly Europe and the USA, they have been unable to consolidate these carry greater persuasive power than the COL. S. W. KARANJA has the further advantage of a worldwide until the dawn of the 21st Century that and demand concrete benefits to African views into a unified African voice that current segmented approach. A call to this audience and speaks a universal language. KENYA NAVY the full awakening for Africa came. The countries. would be more compelling in the global effect was made by the AU Commission’s most vivid signs of the continent’s drive trade arena. African countries and African Chairperson Nkosazana Dlamini- War between Honduras and El Salvador, The United Nations notes that community towards renewal were the establishment In 2000, 48 Sub-Saharan countries Regional Economic Communities (RECs) Zuma in June 2014. Dr Zuma called for a and Ping Pong Diplomacy between the US security is an effective approach to of the African Union (AU) in 2002 and were among 79 African, Caribbean and have made separate attempts to secure transformation of Africa’s partnerships and China in the 1970s. Pakistan and India greatly enhancing human security and the adoption of the aptly named “Agenda Pacific (ACP) countries that signed the binding financial commitments from with the rest of the world, in order that the often forget their political differences when contribution to greater development and 2063: The Africa We Want” in 2015. Looking Cotonou Agreement with the European the EU in return for opening up African continent would reap better benefits from engaged in cricket matches. However, first peace goals.1 The idea of sporting activities at the seven aspirations of Agenda 2063, Union (EU). This set in motion new trade markets, but to no avail (Ighobor, 2014). them. In her words, “when we are clear we must examine how sports can be used as a way of promoting social cohesion it is evident that Africa is fully cognizant agreement talks at regional level, referred Differences among African countries and about what Africa wants and we coordinate to carry out the foreign policy of a country. and peace amongst the community is that it had been shortchanged and it is to as Economic Partnership Agreements perceptions of unequal gain, including our efforts, we can ensure that we have The following example shows how sports gaining currency and has the potential of now looking for home-grown solutions to (EPAs). In the two decades ensuing from among countries in the same Regional outcomes which do not undermine our diplomacy was used during apartheid in increasing opportunities for governments its development challenges. This inward the Cotonou Agreement, it has become Economic Communities (RECs), have continental agenda” (African Union, 2014). South Africa and how it contributed to the to engage openly with other stakeholders looking approach crystallized further at evident that Africa has its work cut out often denied Africa the chance to test dismantling of the apartheid regime. from private sectors to upstage security the signing of the African Continental if it is to secure a reversal of oppressive the effectiveness of a unified continental In spite of his tribulations at the hands of the and development aspirations. Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in March 2018. and exploitative trade terms with Europe. voice. Thus trade agreements have largely exploitative father-in-law, Jacob prospered Football was a highly contested space In promoting production for the African The European Union has been pushing been implemented – either fully or and ultimately became a Hebrew patriarch. during the struggle for national liberation Developed nations have used sports as a market, AfCFTA will be nurturing capacity for “reciprocal” trade preferences, which provisionally – with no obvious remedial His story is a great lesson for Africa on the in South Africa. The anti-apartheid representation of their might and power for for a self-sustaining growth, which require African (and other ACP) countries to gains for African countries. value of sticking to the goal and staying movement campaigned for the exclusion nearly 100 years. Triumphs at the Olympic according to Babu (1972), is a precondition open their markets to EU exports in return the course. More importantly, it is a lesson of South Africa from global sporting Games, holding the title of the fastest man, for development. Just like Jacob of Genesis, for tariff-free access to the EU market. The In some cases, ratification has stalled on not settling for less. There is one last events and won an early, crucial victory or victories over rivals on the football Africa had chosen the pragmatic path. Not EU also aggressively pushed the 2013 World due to rifts among African countries. An remarkable facet in the biblical account when South Africa was suspended from pitch were used for propaganda in the a path of fighting back or merely crying Trade Organization’s Trade Facilitation example is the East African Community to prove that Jacob’s struggle was worth FIFA in 1961, which kept the country out of last century to promote a nation’s image. foul, but acting decisively to build on the (TF) Agreement, which primarily aimed (EAC), where discordant positions held by his while. After a long wait, the coveted international football until 1992. Sports provides an important dimension existing achievements and attain that at minimizing regulations and other non- member states have prevented conclusion Rachel bore Jacob a son named Joseph, who Football is gaining greater currency, that appeals to everyone involved and which was the original goal. tariff barriers (NTBs) thus easing the cross- of the EPA with the EU to date. Whereas became Jacob’s favourite and eventually the especially considering the fact that sport can be a means for promoting unity and border movement of goods and services. Kenya and Rwanda have already signed the most powerful of his 12 sons. Joseph rose to has comparison to principles necessary peaceful relations in communities, as well deal, Tanzania, Burundi and Uganda have become the second most powerful man in for peace and conflict resolution. Football as a way to express and promote peace. Generally, Africa did not immediately refused to sign it for various reasons. With Egypt – right in Africa – during which time provides a game with rules which are both In spite of the early embrace the EPAs, due to the fear of this kind of disharmony at REC level, it is he also relocated his father’s starving family an unbiased towards individuals and each Notable examples of sports and politics cheap European products destroying improbable that Africa as a continent can from Canaan to Egypt. Just as pride came other thus ensuring to an extent they work warnings, it was not until colliding was seen at work in the Olympics young industries on the continent, and command a strong voice in global affairs. To at last for Jacob, it is not too late for Africa together. It can provide a framework for boycotts of the 1970s and 1980s, the Football the dawn of the 21st Century the significant loss of revenue due to tariff turn the tide, African countries must close to salvage its opportunity to procreate a teaching people about ways of improving cuts (Ighobor, 2014). Neither was there ranks and approach trade negotiations prosperous offspring. The continent must on conflict resolution. United Nations Development Pro� 1 that the full awakening for much enthusiasm about the TF Agreement from a bold and united standpoint. The not relent until it secures fair terms and gramme. UNDP Support to the Implementa- on the continent. The perception was continent must fast-track continent- equal-partner status. For that is Africa’s tion of Sustainable Development Goals, United Football Club Barcelona announced in Africa came. that trade facilitation would immediately wide integration and prioritize deliberate beloved Rachel. . .Nations, (2016), p. 15

98 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 99 In addition, through for children and youth to participate from football tournaments all over the country. An example is the and competitions, people Copa Coca-Cola and the KPL under 20 have a chance to interact tournaments, which enables teams from IS COVID-19 REALLY AN with members of other each part of the country to participate. communities. Sport Through these initiatives, youth have equal constitutes an easy, low- chances in competion even if they come EQUALIZER OF ALL? he Corona Virus Disease of cost opportunity for from different or warring communities. 2019 (COVID-19) was first Source: Andreff, Wladimir. Sport in Developing people to socialize and Countries, Edward Elgar Companion to the identified in Wuhan, China strengthen community In the Kenyan perspective the subsequent Economics of Sports, (2006). in December 2019 and has ties thereby stabilizing adoption of the National Sports Policy 2007 that the club would print and put the since spread to all continents communities. combined with the enactment of the Sports UNICEF logo on their team’s match day of the world. World Health Organisation Act 2013 were meant to bring in new ways playing shirts, therefore moving away from Source: Draper, Catherine. Impact of the Little Champs programme (WHO) declared COVID-19 a Public Health Africa’s inability to on Cognitive Function in Preschool Children in Alexandra Township, of running the sector in the country. The the normal norm of top football clubs using Emergency of International Concern on compete in military Johannesburg, UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and new legal regime was intended to assist the logo of commercial sponsors such the Sports Medicine, (2010). 30th January 2020 and a pandemic on 11th power beckons the need the country harness football as a resource Fly Emirates. Barcelona Football Club’s March 2020. As of 14th August 2020, there to acquire and use soft power such as from Mali where the Football for Peace for enhancing community stability and association with UNICEF is well renowned Twere a total of 21.3 million cases in the sports to gain international prestige. South Methodology (Metodología Fútbol por la national development. and the contributions made have focused world with 767000 deaths as per the John Africa’s success in the bidding process Paz) has been instrumental in creating on ways football can help in disagreement Hopkins University of Public Health. In to host the FIFA 2010 World Cup was a opportunities for dialogue via sport, It is worth appreciating that Kenya as a and peace building. The Barcelona Kenya, which reported its first case on 13th remarkable achievement in itself. African among at-risk youth in disadvantaged democratic country can utilize football to DR. ZEINAB GURA ROKA Foundation pays 1.5 million Euros annually March 2020, the current data as per the states have over time been using sports to communities. retain its place of strategic importance MINISTRY OF HEALTH to UNICEF to facilitate and support its Ministry of Health stands at 29,849 cases promote their ideas and to express their between the acting and target nations, programs around the world. Cornell and Football plays a major role within the daily and 472 deaths. displeasure over issues. Despite their and within each nation individually. definitely not the same for every one Hartmann argue that while the Olympics is lives of the many of the just about one billion strategic use of sports in international Relationships therefore make culture based on various factors and the most often the biggest political example of using folks in the African continent. From the COVID-19 has been said to be equalizer relations, studies have shown that they feel human, and therefore more credible outstanding one being the socio-economic sports for diplomatic means, cricket and tiny areas between mud huts in Nairobi’s of all, that it does not discriminate based did not use it as a diplomatic tool but it and compelling than an isolated cultural status. For someone with low income, association football, as well as other sports Mathare slums, to the historic grounds of on socioeconomic status, race, sex, was purely coincidentally. Over many experience. Football can offer a counter- living in one of the informal settlements in the global arena, have equally been used the eighty-year recent Alexandria arena, religion or colour. Globally, the disease decades Kenyan athletes have shone all narrative in which diverse citizens of and working in informal (Jua kali) sector, in this regard. In the case of apartheid, to the brilliant lights and technology of has been reported among presidents, over the world thus increasing Kenya’s Kenya and their traditions can co-exist, there is no much space for social or physical football was used to isolate South Africa Johannesburg’s tournament final arena, prime ministers and here in Kenya, among prestige at the world stage and affording strengthening each other through mutual distancing. Compare this to someone with and bring about a major change in the spectators across the continent have high ranking government officials, key an opportunity that could be used for understanding, and building new values middle to high income, living in their country’s social structure. While ethnicity shared within the highs and lows of their community and religious leaders and positively projecting the country’s image. together. houses or apartments, and working in and race can cause division, sports can also sporting heroes. As fans of Cameroon’s media personalities. The fact that the virus Few if any of the African states has sports offices with proper social distancing. The help blend differences. Roger Milla have passed the baton to can be transmitted to anyone is the basis diplomacy outlined in their foreign policy The KDF, Police, Prisons, National Youth first individual has more opportunities for those following Gabon’s Aubemeyang, of the idea that it equalises everybody, but document and it is for this reason that Service and other government parastatals exposure which he or she may not be able Sport has the power to attract large the planet of sport has developed into an does it? sports diplomacy is under used if used at that are actively involved in football to modify immediately. audiences and can play a major role all by these states. arena for displaying talent. Sport teaches activities have fairly well established in communicating positive cultural African youths the importance of cultural Infectious diseases are transmitted sports facilities and organization in which One may argue that common places like through various ways of exposure to the awareness messages on key issues. 2 identities in a language that exists outside Football for Peace coaches have introduced many people are employed as sports and shopping malls, supermarkets and open- the boundaries of race and faith. Sport infecting agent. For COVID-19, the virus the concept recreational managers, coaches, and air markets are areas with equal chances provides society with a platform, formed by is transmitted through droplet from an of ‘teachable trainers. Neibouring communities to of exposure for everyone irrespective the intrinsic values of honest play, equity, infectious person within six feet reach moments’, a space encourage sporting activities can utilize of social economic class. Even so, these respect for others, respect for rules, and or touching a contaminated surface and to encourage these facilities. Sports is linked with are modifiable exposures where one can cooperation, to push and defend diversity. transferring the virus to one’s mucosal children to learn politics and both are mutually linked decide when to go, which one to go to lining in the mouth, eye or nose. With how to solve with each other, to the extent that some or opt to buy online which reduces the In the Kenyan context, devolution has exposure to the right dose of viable virus, disputes in a countries now use sports as part of foreign opportunities for exposure while people seen football being introduced to most if irrespective of who you are, based on the constructive way. policy. Countries vie with one another to living in the informal settlements may not not all counties in the country and most disease probability of transmission, one is Another example host sport events as sports evolves and be able to change their living conditions football clubs in Kenya are also moving likely to get infected. of the use of sport becomes part of community stability. The immediately. In Nairobi, 60% of the their base of operations to the Counties. to foster peaceful Kenya Government ought to draft and population live in the informal settlements. The question therefore is, is the likelihood resolution of For example Gor Mahia in Kisumu County, adopt a Sports policy, which will provide AFC Leopards Kakamega County, Tusker of exposure equal for everyone? Exposures conflicts comes legal and practical framework to promote During the pandemic period, WHO and FC to Meru County, Sofapaka to Machakos happen in places where people get close the use of sports as an instrument for Ministry of Health have advised people county. Through this, many youths get to each other for example workplaces https:� 2 enhancing community security, especially to stay home and save lives. Most formal footballforpeace- involved with these teams at the youth with no social distancing, markets, living at the County level. . employers who are not providing essential Source: Annan, Koffi. Universal language of sport brings people together, global.org accessed level. The FKF in itself has stated youth environments, eateries, meetings among teaches teamwork, tolerance, Secretary General says at launch of International on 10 Aug 20 at services have allowed their employees to tournaments in the various age categories others. The chance to get exposed is Year. UN Press Release SG/SM/9579, (2004). 2024 work from home. This is not applicable

100 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 101 to workers in informal employment who where amenities like bathroom and toilets internet connectivity in addition to lack of men get sick or lose their lives, then the on job even during lock downs, lack of joining online classes. For low income have to work daily in-order to get the are shared among several households. necessary equipment and electricity. This burden of fending for the family also falls health insurance and high prevalence of earners, ability to protect themselves payment for the day and put food on the Being a disease spread via droplet, in is made worse in areas with low literacy on the women. underlying diseases. from COVID-19 is severely restricted, as table for their families. This was illustrated the long run, there will be more cases of levels among parents with no capacity to resources are needed to support social during the lock down of Eastleigh, one of COVID-19 in these crowded areas thus supervise the learning of their children at Looking beyond Kenya, for example, in the From the above, it is clear that COVID-19 distancing, stay at home and put food on the business areas of Nairobi, between 7th affecting the low-income earners more home. United States of America, COVID-19 has is not equalizer of all. The likelihood of the table for their families among other May and 7th June 2020. Most complaints than the middle to high income earners. affected Blacks, Asians and Hispanics more exposure depends on where you live, needs. The effect of COVID-19 is more were from the low-income earners who The situation is not better in the urban than the Caucasians both in the number where you work and your income level. pronounced among the poor. The only had no savings to fall back on and due to As the number of cases increase, there are informal settlements. Most of the children of cases, deaths and socioeconomic The individuals in moderate to high thing equal for all is that once exposed, the prevailing circumstances, could not fewer beds available both in public and in public schools have not benefited from effects. This is attributed to low income income brackets have means to modify irrespective of your status, one can get move, find work and put food on the table private hospitals. Most health insurance online learning due to these challenges. leading to poor living conditions, informal their chances of exposure by staying home, infected with the virus and that is where for their families. This exemplifies how companies are not willing to pay for A university student in a remote village employments where they have to be working from home, shopping online and the equality ends. . COVID-19 disrupted the livelihood of low- COVID-19 related expenses in private in Northern Kenya may not be able to income earners. hospitals. This means that most people will access all available online lessons. There rely on care provided at public hospitals is a likelihood that when school resumes In addition to social distancing, the other apart from the few who can afford to pay in January 2021, there may be two sets of first line of defense against COVID-19 is the cash for care at the private hospitals. There students with different levels of syllabi washing of hands. Again, in the informal are also reports of various individuals coverage in the same class, solely because settlements and businesses in these areas, buying ventilators and Intensive Care Unit they belong to households with different KENYA’S CONTRIBUTION TO REGIONAL access to running water daily is hard to (ICU) beds to set them up in their houses economic capabilities. Public schools also come by. Even with provision of containers just in case they get infected and need provide other basic needs for the children. MIGRATION POLICYfamily of population FRAMEWORKS health, mortality and region. It admitted the first cohort of and soap from various Non-Governmental critical care. Again, COVID-19 continues These include feeding programme which migration. participants from the IGAD region on full Organizations, the community may not to expose the differences in purchasing allow children to have access to meals scholarship in May 2019. be able to keep the containers filled with power among Kenyans of different social and a programme that provides sanitary It is an irony, therefore, to imagine that the The broad objective of this initiative adequate water for use all the time, keeping economic status. Not so equal after all. towels for girls. The closure of the schools thought and the initiative to develop and (curriculum development and in mind that COVID-19 is projected to be has made children in arid, semi-arid areas introduce curriculum for Post Graduate introduction of Post-Graduate Diploma around for the near future. In households and urban informal settlement to miss out Diploma in Migration Studies at the in Migration Studies) was to promote the and communal plots where more than on these basic needs and hence may suffer (PSRI) originated from the industry (The positive contribution (opportunities) of one family lives in a shared compound, nutritional deficiencies. In addition to social Directorate of Immigration Services) to migration to national, regional and global the common areas and surfaces may not find its way to the University of Nairobi. development and to reduce the negative be washed or cleaned in between users or distancing, the other first The economic capabilities of households The Kenya Institute of Migration Studies consequences (challenges) of migration as frequently as required. Buying and use have been made worse by COVID-19. (KIMS), currently hosted by the PSRI such as unplanned, irresponsible, of hand sanitizers then become a luxury line of defense against People working in informal sector and under the auspices of the University of disorderly, chaotic and irregular migration when you cannot even afford daily meals. small businesses are affected more than COVID-19 is the washing Nairobi and Kenya Ministry of Interior and riddled with exploitation, human rights In the informal settlement, COVID-19 people with formal employment and DAN ODHIAMBO OPON (PHD) Coordination of National Government, abuses and transnational criminal containment measures are considered established businesses. Job losses are more DIRECTORATE OF of hands. acting through the Directorate of enterprises (human trafficking, migrants secondary to primary needs by the common in informal sector making the IMMIGRATION SERVICES Immigration Services, is a regional smuggling, international terrorism, families. day to day livelihood difficult while small migration training center for the IGAD proliferation of small arms, money businesses are reported to have closed igration has been a neglected Once an individual is confirmed to have COVID-19 does not have equal effect on down especially during the cessation of realm of study not only by COVID-19, it is critical to isolate and everyone in the society. Education is movements out and into Nairobi. its major field of academic treat. With the increased number of one of the most affected sectors where discourse, Demography, asymptomatic patients, the government academic year was cancelled and learning While the number of infections among but also by the wider social science has put in place a homebased care institutions closed. Various private male is twice that of female, during this researchers seeking solutions to protocol where the asymptomatic cases schools and universities have developed pandemic period, girls and women are population opportunities and challenges. are expected to isolate in one room in remote learning modules where pupils affected more in many ways. This is In Africa and many other developing their households at least for fourteen days. and students learn using various online illustrated by the increased reports of M countries, there are few, if any, universities The low-income earners living in informal platform. For public schools, Kenya teenage pregnancies in various counties in with distinct departments dedicated to settlements do not have the luxury of a Institute of Curriculum Development Kenya, reported increase in gender-based migration studies, some of which include spare room to isolate themselves or not to has developed various curriculum on violence with women being the victims the Center for Migration Studies (Ghana) go out and work to put food on the table for radio with an assumption that each and reported increase in application for and the Population Studies and Research their families. This increases probability child in Kenya has access to one. Parents divorce. Ministry of Health has reported Institute (University of Nairobi) with a of viral transmission to others living and have to buy a computer or smartphones reduction in seeking of the essential health thriving research area in Demography, working in the same environment. Once for their children to follow the lessons services by women including vaccination Moi University also has the Institute of one household member is positive with online. Several parents may not afford for their babies, antenatal care, child birth, Forced Migration, but still, migration the virus, the rest of the members are a separate computer for each child and post-natal care among others and this will remains what Professor John Oucho refers expected to also quarantine themselves this is pronounced in rural areas where have effect on their health and that of their to as the stepchild of Demography in the but this may not be practical in an area there are no reliable and affordable babies in future. In the households where Source: United Nations Migration, (2018)

102 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 103 laundering among other clandestine illicit to the international community mainly migration governance within the state. member states on the best way to manage cross border criminal activities). Human because it is coming more sophisticated It is worth noting that there are several and address migration challenges affecting beings are born (population health), they and complex in pattern with bigger impact policy frameworks related to matters of the continent. For instance labour move to meet their wants (migration), and of many states, corporations, households, migration within the African continent. migration is one of the areas covered in they finally die (mortality). A deliberate facilities, clans and the community as Some of the migration policy frameworks the framework, border management, affirmative action is required to elevate a whole. Migration which is a global have been originally birthed by the African irregular migration, forced displacement, migration to the highest level of academic phenomenon is currently having an Union member states, in conjunction with human rights migrants, internal scholarship in Africa and this is part impact on the national security status of the European Union and other concerned migration, migration data management, of what Kenyan contribution, through many nations, since when migrants are stakeholders. migration and development and state its national institutional coordination perceived as a security threat they put cooperation plus partnerships on matters mechanism. social and economical pressures to the It is worth postulating that in recent migration. The border management in the host country. It is a copying mechanism time’s deterioration the social, political Kenyan side shows the one stop border The twenty first century human mobility against adverse effects of climate change, and economic realm, together with post, border management secretariat and from place of domicile and to settle in marginalization and disenfranchisement environmental conditions, as well as state border management committees. This is a new lands is considered to be as old as of all kinds including wanton human and non-states conflicts, displacement multiagency border governance approach mankind which is continuously becoming rights abuses. It is worth noting that the plus forced displacement have been on an Kenya has contributed as best practice an important element of study in Migration Policy Framework for Africa upward trend in the African continent. It to the East African Community, IGAD International Relations. This is due to the aims to actively promote the absolute is because of these emerging trends that Regional Migration Framework and to the fact that the concepts of asylum, migration (free) movement of people within Africa to migration is a serious concern in the Migration Policy Framework for Africa. and refugees are thought of as phenomena reverse the negative impact of brain drain 21st Century. Migration has increasingly growing in scope, complexity and impact. and to reduce the catastrophic migration become a key phenomenon in the African Owing to its location on irregular migration It is worth appreciating from the onset across the Sahara Desert. The map below continent and the African Union has route, Kenya is a destination country for that international migration can be viewed shows the key migration routes in Africa. been at the fore front in recognizing the both regular and irregular migrants and both as an opportunity and a challenge, conspiring the continental body to adopt hosts large population of asylum seekers depending on the stakes, states involved The increased immigration is further the Migration Policy framework for Africa. and refugees. Kenya has thus ratified and and the reigning international political fueled by inadequate human and economic domesticated ILO Convention No. 143 on economy. Thus any good migration development of the origin state unplanned In recent years Africa has witnessed Migrant Workers, and Convention 97 on policy must be able to strike a delicate urbanizations, demographic increase, changing patterns of migration, a Migration for Employment. In addition, the balance between national security and prolonged conflicts, dictatorship, social phenomenon that has become both country is a signatory to the East African development interest of the state. unrest and environmental degradation. dynamic and extremely complex. This Community Common Market Protocol The migration policy is considered a is reflected in migration issues paying among other regional and international Global migration has become a priority tool on key policy inputs that enrich attention to female migrants, due to an migration conventions. increase in youth migrants, combined with an upsurge in irregular migratory It is worth acknowledging that in order flows that include child trafficking, human to address the emerging migration trafficking and migrant smuggling. Yet if issues within the East and Horn of managed in a coherent manner, nations African region, Kenya maintains strong and regions can reap the benefits of partnerships and seeks cooperation on the linkages between migration and Source: United Nations Migration, (2018) migration issues with other states through development as the continent strives Regional Consultative Processes (RCPs). Africa has had its fair share of migratory with a great opportunity to achieve towards the ideals of Agenda 2063; and For instance, the East African Community movements, both voluntary and forced, its development aspirations through the Migration Policy Framework for (EAC) adopted the EAC Common Market that have contributed to its contemporary migration and, in particular, labour Africa (2018 – 2030) is one the Continental Protocol, which came into force in 2010, demographic landscape. Migration has migration as captured in target 10.7 of the frameworks that provide the Continent and allows the free movement of EAC increasingly become a key phenomenon Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). with a great opportunity to achieve nationals across member states’ borders. in the African continent and the African Explicit reference is made to migration its development aspirations through Kenya is also a member of the Northern Union has been at the fore front in in Target 10. 7 calling for safe, orderly and migration. Corridor Integration Programme (NCIP), encouraging the AU member states to regular migration while it remains implicit which allows the use of identity cards for adopt the Migration Policy Framework is many other Goals. The emerging issues of immigration have travel within the partner states of Kenya, for Africa (MPFA) at national and regional shaped the ever-growing debate on free Uganda and Rwanda. Kenya subscribes migration level and to make efforts for its The migration Policy Framework for movement across the member states to the cross-border regional migration implementation in accordance with their Africa (2018 – 2030) reflects on the current borders. Whereas, regional integration arrangements in the Common Market for own priorities and resource capacities. migration dynamics in Africa and offers a envisions a community where people can Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), revised framework to the African Union move and establish residence in their the Intergovernmental Authority on It is work acknowledging that the revised member states on the management of partner state territory, policy challenges Development (IGAD). In early 2020, the Migration Policy Framework for Africa emerging issues in migration. In addition inherent in immigration continue to IGAD member states held a high level (2018 – 2030) is the overarching continental it provides comprehensive and integrated hamper the realization of meaningful ministerial meeting in Khartoum, Sudan, framework that provides the continent policy guidelines to the African Union Source: United Nations Migration, (2018) integration. to adopt the Free Movement of Persons

104 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 105 Protocol in the IGAD Region. issues and how to mainstream them into National Coordination Mechanism on development processes at the national Migration convened a national validation- It is postulated that through its National level. consultation meeting on its draft Coordination Mechanism on Migration Migration Policy. The draft policy provides (NCM), a government-led inter-agency Kenya has sound migration policy, legal and a form of guideline on how best to mitigate MY BODA BODA FRIEND AND coordination platform, the Government regulatory frameworks, among which are: migration effects and challenges and is of Kenya enhances both horizontal and the draft national migration policy, Kenya informed by the relevant international, vertical policy coherence on migration. The Citizenship and Immigration Act 2011, regional, national and local frameworks THE LOCK-DOWNto the local market to make ends meet. He the responsibilities hitherto held by his NCM facilitates inter-agency coordination, the Kenya Citizenship and Immigration including the Strategic Development Goals had big dreams of saving the proceeds. In deceased father. The only asset left by regional and global cooperation, Regulations, 2012, the One Stop Border Post by the United Nations, the Big Four Agenda, the first harvest, Dennis did not earn much. his father was the piece of land. He had collaboration and information-sharing Act, 2016 which are implemented by the the Kenya Vision 2020, the Global Compact There was a long dry spell which affected sixteen siblings that depended on that on migration at the local, regional and Directorate of Immigration Services and for Migration, Migration Governance his crops. In most of our African societies, land for their survival. Besides, his step global levels. The NCM also includes over the Kenya Diaspora Policy, administered Framework and the Intergovernmental it is unfortunate that we still depend on the mothers were still around and culture 30 membership from state (Ministries, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Authority on Development regional dictates of nature to practice agriculture. gave them permission to stay for as long Departments and Agencies) and non- Kenya Citizenship and Immigration Act, migration policy framework intended Most times, the weather will do us in with as they wished but only if they chose not state actors (International Organizations, 2011 was amended in 2014 with a view to at promoting safe, secure, orderly and dire consequences. Dennis thus suffered to remarry. Dennis had his own dreams; Non-governmental Organizations, Civil to establishing the Border Control and humane migration. a major setback in his first attempt at work hard and acquire a piece of land of his Society, the Academia, and the Private Operations Co-ordination Committee forging a future; a future in which he had own, enjoy a good life with beautiful wife Sector). Representatives from the Council (BCOCC), which aims to enhance inter- The Directorate of Immigration Services only been partially educated, imparted and a home. After the burial of his father of Governors, who are from County agency coordination for effective and issues various categories of work permits with little or no life skills; a future so and after fulfilling the cultural obligations Governments, are also included in the efficient border management. and passes for different aspects of the uncertain now having seemingly hit a dead required of an heir, Dennis had to make a BRIG. J.M. SSSEMWANGA NCM to facilitate outreach programmes labour force, including prospecting end with the poor harvest. choice. A hard choice; continue farming on to raise awareness around migration The Kenyan Government through the for minerals and mining, investing in UGANDA PEOPLE’S DEFENCE the small piece of family land and hope that agriculture and animal FORCES When Dennis father fell ill one day, it the weather would be favourable for him to husbandry, investing was the ‘normal’ cough and fever that is grow and harvest a good crop or look for in specific trades ennis is a young man in his normally associated with the period of some employment in some town or city. or businesses, and early thirties who dropped out harvesting maize. The people associated His friends had told him about Kampala missionary work. A of school just after completing the harvest season with such illnesses and the job opportunities therein. He major provision in the his Ordinary level grade citing which go away with a little concoction of could easily get a job at a supermarket as Kenya Citizenship and hard economic times. His relatively local herbs or even nothing at all. Harvest an attendant or as a pump operator at one Immigration Act, 2011 is large monogamous family had become seasons were always associated with of the numerous fuel stations in the city’s dual citizenship which burdensome to his aging father. By merry making. Falling sick was therefore outskirts. He spent the next few weeks allows Kenyans to retain DAfrican standards, a family of seventeen more of an inconvenience that would mulling over this new and exciting idea. their foreign acquired children from three wives and one normally pass unnoticed. But this time, But the task of managing his father’s small citizenship besides father can be taken as large especially so the old man became gravely ill. The whole estate was bothering him. their birth right. On when the head of the family is a peasant hamlet was concerned. When the local the same vein, Kenya is farmer. Peasant farming is the fending for medicine man was consulted, he assured Could he do it while in the city? Who would a champion in the fight home consumption and if there are any the folks that Dennis’ father would be take care of his mother? What about his against statelessness surpluses, selling them off to meet other alright in three days’ time but only after younger siblings? Would they continue by its recent generous pressing domestic requirements. This was fulfillment of some demands from the with school? Hard questions for a young gesture to register over Dennis’ background. His father had argued ‘angry ancestors’. The usual demands soul reminiscent of many young people 1,000 members of the he could only afford him an education thus included provision of a white cock, a in African societies growing up in poorly Makonde community far to create room for his other younger he goat and some money. There was no developed communities, deprived of the as citizens of Kenya. siblings. need for taking the ailing senior citizen basic social amenities, devotedly believing In conclusion, Kenya to hospital. The folks complied with the in archaic voodoo to cure ailments, has made immense His father gave him a small piece of land medicine man’s directives. Dennis’ father compelled to take an education that is contribution of good to try and cultivate some crops for sale to died the following day. He had succumbed literally inconsistent with their needs practices in the regional help support the family and to also help to severe malaria which would have and finally getting exposed to the harsh migration framework by Dennis forge a future. In Dennis’ culture, been easily diagnosed and treated in any realities of life to which they have very few looking at migration in it is a norm for the father to provide some medical facility. The fallacy of traditional answers for. its totality, harnessing its form of start-up for the boys coming of voodoo appears to still reign supreme in associated opportunities age. But this practice is only relevantly many rural communities even today. Dennis moved to the city in search of and mitigating its possible with availability of land. With a blue collar job. On the day he left the challenges. . the exponentially increasing population The death of Dennis’ father was village, he bade farewell to his mother in many African countries, the practice devastating. It hit the young man like a who had connected him to her brother. is slowly dying. Dennis earnestly began numbing blow that sent him landing with The uncle was a resident in Katanga, one cultivating the piece of land, growing a a heavy thud. Being the heir apparent, of the notoriously dangerous slums on Source: The Ministry of Labour, (2017) variety of vegetables which he hoped to sell Dennis was expected now to shoulder the outskirts of the city. Only the uncle

106 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 107 knew this. Back home he had made people information was kept away from Dennis. Here was a young man who social and economic effects of the global believe that he was living in up market All he knew was that the proceeds from the pandemic were taking their toll. Kampala. Whenever he would go to the sale were to buy a motorcycle. His family had received very little village, he would be revered. He was a was embarrassingly evicted from the Here was a young man who had received LUANDA MAGERE - THE village hero. In the first few days, it was land and although there was a protracted formal education that could very little formal education that could job hunting on the menu and when Dennis attempt by the family court division in the barely help him face the realities of finally landed himself a job as a fuel pump Police to try and save the family, it failed. barely help him face the life. When I asked him if he could apply IntroductionLUO LEGEND operator, he was elated. When he broke Fast forward and Dennis starts a new life realities of life. anything he studied in school to the The Luo are interrelated to Nilotic the news to his mother later in the day, the in the transport industry, guilt written all current predicament that he was faced ethnic groups culturally and by entire homestead jubilated. Their own had over him as his family were now destitute. with, he couldn’t. Here was a young man language who reside in an area starting made it in the city. Or had he? Soon Dennis He soon forgot about them and found who had sold his ancestral land in order from South Sudan and Ethiopia, through had made a few friends at his work place. himself a young wife. She moved in with to come to the city and ride a motorcycle. Northern Uganda and eastern Congo Timothy, their supervisor became his best him and in their first year of cohabiting, degradation, chronic ailments like AIDS, In doing so, he had displaced his family (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara friend. Timothy had listened to Dennis’ the young couple got their first child; a are global risks whose effects are felt far further depriving them of the only factor Region of Tanzania. Their story and deviously knew that he would baby girl. and wide. of production they had at their disposal. languages belong to the western branch of exploit Dennis’ naivety to his advantage. When the situation got really bad, he could the Nilotic language family. The Kenyan Dennis was earning enough money to When the government announced not even think of returning to the village Luos migrated from lower savanna ‘Timo’, as his peers used to fondly call him, sustain his young family. On a good day, measures to try and curb the marauding because he had no village home to return grasslands of Sudan over 500 years ago to convinced Dennis to join the bodaboda he could make over $25 as take home. He disease, Dennis and his colleagues had to. This points to so many vulnerabilities their present location around the eastern industry and earn good money. When worked hard every day. Life seemed to be hopes that the transport industry could be in our young population. shores of Lake Victoria. CAROLYNE A. OGUTU spared. They were in for a rude shock when Dennis pointed out his inability to raise getting better. The daily earnings for which NIS the $1200 needed to buy a motorcycle, he wasn’t paying any ‘visible’ tax blinded two weeks later, the government decided Is the corona pandemic going away Timo had the answers. Land was the ideal him ignoring the practice of ‘saving for the on a total lock-down that brought the anytime soon so that Dennis and his Luo warrior 1800 commodity which could be sold to buy the rainy day.’ After all, he could make more transport sector to its knees. The chilling colleagues can return to the road? Is As a result of the migration, their languages, the two national languages of motorcycle. Since he had some land, he money every other day. He could afford truth, as Dennis narrated to me his story, life ever going to be the same again? traditional emphasis on cattle was Kenya i.e. Kiswahili and English and their was as good as having a motorcycle. What to pay his landlord in time and fend for was that he only had $18 on him. He was No. Certainly a ‘new normal’ is upon us supplemented with farming and an indigenous language, Dholuo. convinced Dennis even the more was that his family. He lay in that comfort zone for however optimistic that sooner than later, and this implies the need to instigate a increasing importance of crops in their he could earn enough money in record quite a while. His colleagues in the same the situation would return to normal. He paradigm shift in governance, education, economy. The Luos gradually interacted Like most Kenyans, the Luos are steeped time and buy back his land whilst retaining industry held similar beliefs and seemed was wrong. The lock-down was hard and social services provision and mentoring with the Bantu agriculturalists with whom in their culture. Their children are given the motorcycle to make more money. This not to worry about savings. The transport frustrating. Dennis had not saved any of the young minds in order to remain they exchanged many customs. Most Luos names that correspond to where they were was too tempting for the young naïve industry is one of the most vibrant in Africa money, he didn’t have any other source of relevantly safe and productive. The biggest uphold strong economic, cultural and born or even the time of day. Additionally, peasant mind. Timo didn’t allow him to ask employing a big number of young people income to turn to and he had no village to challenge today that the corona pandemic social links to western Kenya and practice the names given to children often reflects any more questions. Instead, he tutored with assurances of the next meal. This go to. When the government provided a is leaving in its wake is unemployment fishing as an economic activity even as they the conditions of the mother’s pregnancy him on how to sell the family estate and has been so until recently when reality hit window of opportunity for those willing amongst the young people. Dennis and his engage in farming for food and cash crops. or delivery and sometimes they are named buy the motorcycle. Such manipulations Dennis and his ilk real hard. to return to their village homes to do so, ilk are a big security threat to any country. They are conversant with at least three after the seasons in which they were born. are a common occurrence to which many Dennis wasn’t one of them. He had to stay They must be incorporated again into the of our young people fall prey. The ability It started as a rumor that a certain ailment put in the rented house in the city and money economy otherwise countries will to differentiate between assets and was hitting China and the Chinese were hope against hope that the country would run into serious trouble. liabilities when determining investment dying in their numbers. It made no sense to open again. These were desperate times opportunities wasn’t Dennis’s cup of tea. Dennis then. China was very far and hence indeed. Are we doing enough to mentor the young And Dennis is not alone. There are many none of his concern. This was December brains in order for them to be ideologically young culprits out there. 2019 and in that festive season of merry I was on my way to a security meeting when upright and hence think big? Are we ready making, Dennis strove to make enough I found Dennis hustling to line up and to act in conformity to the dictates of the The land buyer was quickly procured by money to take his young family for a day get some free food that the government ‘new normal and harness nature using Timo. The price was way above the $1200 out to the source of the Nile in Eastern was distributing to the vulnerable the innovative and technologically savvy required to buy a motorcycle but this Uganda. Then in March of the coming year, communities in the city and its suburbs. environment around us?’ Or should we he planned to start a small business for his I had known him for quite a while since wait for things to get better for life to wife. Somehow the rumors persisted and he used to do some errands for me. I only continue normally. These are questions soon cases of the ‘Chinese’ disease were got to know him better when he narrated I pondered over as I listened to Dennis’ reported in Uganda. It would be foolhardy his ordeal. He needed food to take to his story; a story that represented the fate of ‘Timo’, as his peers used to to think that Dennis had ever heard of the starving family. His little daughter could many young people whose future is being fondly call him, convinced term ‘globalization.’ How could the poor do with a little porridge albeit without threatened by this global pandemic. The chap have ever known that the world had sugar. Such was the young man’s fate struggle to disentangle ourselves from this Dennis to join the bodaboda now become increasingly interconnected that the helplessness and hopelessness in new global threat lingers on. Is the end in such that events in one part of the world him spoke volumes about the humongous sight? . industry and earn good can have effects on people and societies tasks that governments face in liberating money. far away? It had never occurred to him their people from the abyss of ignorance, that things like pollution, environmental poverty, dependence and hunger. The Luo warrior 1800.

108 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 109 Others are named after their grand or to single handedly tear apart an entire his strength was in his shadow. From that Chemelil road and you come across a great grandparents, who more often than army. The known Luo enemies at the time vantage point, the Nandi warrior flung brownish rock shaped like a curved back not, are long dead. Proverbs, riddles, were the joLang’o (Luo reference for the his spear at Luanda’s shadow and Luanda of a human being which is partly sunk into legends and stories are an important part Nandi community), the Highland Nilotes, Magere fell down and died. He disappeared the ground, then you are by the Luanda of Luo culture and these are traditionally who traditionally engaged them in fierce from the battlefield after he was stabbed Magere Stone. recited in the grandmother’s hut, where bloody battles, most of which emanated and the Kano people, for whom he fought, boys and girls gather in the evenings after from the stealing of their livestock. The went home wailing terribly as their hero It is claimed that skeletons of warriors dinner has been taken. This is where tactful Nandi warriors, always came to the had been killed. killed in the wars fought here around the th they are taught life lessons, morality, battlefield with victory in their minds, not Source: kenyageographic.com/Luanda-Magere- 18 century are still being found. The discipline and more often than not, these imagining at any one moment that they stone-legend The Aftermath villagers also claim to see a spear and teachings are infused with folklore and could be defeated by the Luos. his shadow, which was made of flesh and When Luanda died, there was a strong wind shield placed under a native tree adjacent other interesting tales. As a result, the therefore, vulnerable to attack. everywhere with a thick cloud covering to the rock which they say belonged to legend of Luanda Magere and several As earlier mentioned, Luanda was in the sky over the whole of Kano plains and Luanda Magere. There is a traditional other traditional stories, have been told possession of unearthly powers and no The news spread quickly among the Nandi hills. There was a two-year drought smoking pipe on the same tree which, and retold in several Luo households. weapons could pierce his body. He was a Nandi and they knew that the Luo would in the land before Luanda appeared in according to the people, is the one that ferocious warrior who could not be killed not expect them to attack as Luanda had a dream to two old men giving them Magere smoked in times of war while a in the battle field and thus, the Nandi were married their daughter, therefore making directions to where he was. However, they clay pot and a calabash that always has very afraid of him. Luanda would tear each them kinsmen. Among the Luos, the family could not reach him as he was in a bush water, is also said to be at the site. It is not Nandi warrior apart without any assistance from where a man marries is held in high a few metres from River Nyando, where known who draws water but it is believed from his fellow warriors. When they went esteem, and therefore, it is unheard of for nobody could find him. It rained heavily the water comes from a stream near River to war and found that Luanda was in the one to attack his in-laws. The Nandi’s took after Luanda Magere’s body (the rock) was Nyando. battlefield, the Nandi’s would retreat back Nandi Warrior advantage of this and attacked the Luo discovered and the community offered home and plan the fight for another day. The Luo elders advised Luanda not to on a moonlit night. Even though it was a sacrifices to pay their respect. There are residents who claim that Magere Luanda would go to the Nandi homesteads accept the girl’s hand in marriage but he surprise attack, the Luos fought fiercely appears to them in dreams where he tells after victory, take their cattle and other did not heed their advice and she joined his and Luanda killed many of the Nandi Legacy them to prepare for planting well ahead of items without any resistance. This he did homestead. She performed wifely duties warriors who decided to retreat back A site in Sidho with a stone is still revered bumper harvests. Rainfall and fertility of during the day and those who attempted obediently, acting as a second wife who home as they thought they were not going as the spot where Luanda Magere died and this area is testimony that it is a referred to stop him were killed as they could not had little say in the home. The Nandi, on to win the war. people come from far and wide to conduct and sacred place. It is here that they pray match his power. their part, had a hidden agenda. The girl’s rituals and prayers. Hunters around this for rain, wisdom and strength. Luanda Source: africanexploremagazine.com2018 role, after being accepted by Luanda, was One of the Nandi warriors, realized that place believe that they would be easily Magere is still celebrated among the Luo The story of Luanda Magere The Nandi tried on several occasions to to find out his weakness and report back they were going to lose the battle again successful in their hunting haunts if they through song and dance. This folktale has Folklore of the Luo talks of a mighty spear him but their weapons only got bent. to her people so that they could strategize and by sheer luck while standing atop a sharpen their spears on the rock. While been told to generations and is still being warrior known as Luanda Magere. Luanda This is when they started wondering what on how to defeat him in battle. hill, saw Luanda and remembered that travelling about 12km from the Awasi- told to children up to date. . belonged to the Sidho clan, which lives substance Luanda was made of as they had in the area called Kano, on the shores of tried all they could to kill him but failed. Luanda Magere’s Downfall Lake Victoria. This is part of the sugar After some time, they concluded that he Luanda Magere’s ultimate downfall belt at the foot of the Nandi escarpment. was God’s creation and therefore they came at the hands of his Nandi wife. It He was born in about 1720, to Abonyo could do nothing about it. happened that whenever he was sick, his Wuod Omolo and his mother Nyabera first wife would care for him, bring herbs KENYA DEFENCE FORCES MISSION READINESS who, the story says, died during Luanda’s The Nandi Strategy and administer these so that he could get birth. He was therefore, brought up by his The Nandi were now tired of being healed. On this particular day, the first IN THE FACE OF COVID-19 AND BEYOND he Coronavirus Disease phenomenon causing huge strains on grandmother Rapondi. Luanda Magere, defeated by the Luos in every other war wife was away and so he called the Nandi (COVID-19) outbreak was first health systems and widespread economic loosely translated means “the rock that and decided to make peace with the Luos wife to prepare his medication. Luanda detected in Wuhan, China in downturn has attracted concerted world builds”, “the rock on which I shall build” by giving Luanda Magere, one of their instructed her to cut his shadow with a December 2019. Due to effects responses aimed at eradicating the or ‘the fierce rock”. Indeed, he lived up daughters’ hand in marriage. They looked knife and apply the medicine on it. It of globalization, the disease continues disease whilst containing the spread. As to his name, standing as an inspiration of for the most beautiful girl in the land was certainly a strange way to cure an to exponentially spread across borders unrelenting efforts in medical research, hope to the Luo community. It is told that and chose one who was indeed, a sight illness but she did as instructed and was leaving in its wake devastation and monitoring and surveillance progress his father died in one of the frequent wars to behold, with her smooth calves and surprised when she cut his shadow and dire socio-economic consequences to alongside enhancement of mitigation and with their Nandi neighbours when Luanda beaded ears and neck – regal amongst her saw it bleed. T states. As a result of various containment containment measures, rising infections Magere was barely a teenager. tall proud people. They then took her to measures in place to curb its spread with steadily rising numbers in fatalities Luanda telling him that they had accepted In no, time Luanda was well and strong including but not limited to confinement, remains a stark reality. Luanda Magere’s Potency defeat and the only price they could pay again and his wife was impressed by his closure of businesses, institutions of Luanda Magere was possessed of was to offer him their beautiful daughter complete recovery. Unbeknown to him, learning and discontinuation of social According to the World Health unearthly powers and his flesh was said to in marriage so that he could stop raiding she sent word to her people and thereafter, gatherings to limit human contact that Organization (WHO), transmission occurs be as hard as stone. Arrows, spears and their homes and taking their cattle. Given she ran away from Luanda’s home and was COL. Y. K. KIRUI has been found to accelerate spread of the between people through direct, indirect clubs simply bounded back from his body, that cows were sacred to the Nandi, a received with elation when she narrated disease, uneasy anxiety over the uncertain KENYA AIR FORCE (contaminated objects or surfaces), or making him indomitable during war. He person who could take their cows was seen to them what had happened. She told future piles on. The unfolding COVID-19 close contact (within one metre) with was famously known for his capability as sacred. them that her husband’s weakness was

110 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 111 infected people via respiratory droplets of saliva or and nasal social distancing measures and curfews to facilitate contact mission readiness and capabilities to detrimental vulnerabilities. camps to essential services as well as production and issuance secretions released from the mouth or nose when the infected tracing. Similarly, militaries globally are now contending with Chief of the Defence Forces (CDF), General Robert Kibochi, places of masks. The protection measures are augmented by various person coughs, sneezes, speaks or sings. The highly infectious the challenges surrounding safely operating and maintaining a premium on re-energizing KDF’s mission readiness. To this medical assistance activities such as, mass and targeted tests, use disease is caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome mission readiness in the new-normal; the COVID-19 inundated end, effective and efficient continuous joint training, equipping of telemedicine protocols, designating isolation and quarantine Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) named as such by the International with various restrictions. personnel appropriately, providing comprehensive healthcare centres to process personnel that test positive, resuming duty Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) on 11th February as well as adoption of an appropriate defence posture have from leave or have a history of contact with infected persons. 2020. The ICTV constitutes a panel of virologists and scientist KDF soldiers on, determined to surmount the bottlenecks aimed at been identified as enablers. The CDF affirms support towards The medical interventions incorporate deliberate aspects to take responsible for naming viruses based on their genetic structure the very least, mitigating the possible negative effects on mission achievement of mission readiness for all the three Services through care of the mental wellness and health of KDF personnel and to facilitate the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines and readiness and capability. The current protocols limiting public filling of gaps in capabilities and welfare matters so that personnel their dependants. Efforts to building capacity for mental health medicines. The nomenclature SARS-CoV-2 was selected because human interaction, imposing mandatory social-distancing devoid successfully undertake all tasks as assigned, envisaging mission workers and complementary psycho-social support personnel the virus was found to be genetically related to the coronavirus of touch and partially restricted movement complicates matters. readiness that prioritizes sharpening of the arrowhead, that is, the are underway. Further, two fully equipped COVID-19 treatment responsible for the SARS outbreak of 2003. The ICTV observes Majority of KDF’s operations and engagements such as training and troops fighting in Somalia and across Kenyan borders. centres have been established in Nairobi and Mt.ongwe, Mombasa that while related, the two viruses are different and SARS-Cov-2 logistics are not only contact-heavy but involve group interactions to reinforce the treatment centres at each Unit. continues to mutate. at close-quarters as well as movements both domestically and KDF’s mission readiness and capability to deliver on assigned across borders. With the ongoing pandemic, routine activities such missions and tasks in the present unprecedented times, demands To manage occupation health in line with COVID-19 containment Taking into account cases of human to human transmission beyond as recruitment, deployment, manning of duty stations, training, swift implementation of readily available strategies with the measures, regular temperature checks are undertaken at various China and concerns over the impact of the virus spreading to occupation of quarters in barracks and procurement processes can future in mind. The sensitization campaign; #Komeshacorona key points of entry and exit, reconfigured dispositions of routine countries with weaker health care systems, on 30th January 2020, potentially spread the virus on a massive scale with adverse effects educating personnel on COVID-19 and advocating recommended work stations, accommodation, feeding and messing areas, WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International on KDF’s personnel and medical resources. practice of sanitization, wearing of masks and maintaining social guard duties, meeting and training facilities to enforce social Concern (PHEIC). On 11th March 2020, COVID-19 was categorized as distance in shared spaces has successfully roped in all personnel distancing. All non-essential group activities such as ceremonies a pandemic cognizant that it stretched beyond a public health crisis The KDF’s primary constitutional mandate articulated at Article on board the preventive measures. In championing strict incorporating families, sports and social events are temporarily as it was affecting all sectors. WHO urged countries to adopt whole- 241(3) of the Constitution of Kenya (CoK) is responsibility for adherence to basic hygiene and sanitation, scientifically proven halted while information and communication technology of-government and whole-of-society approaches to formulate all- the defence and protection of the sovereignty and territorial as effective in neutralizing the virus, KDF continues to avail hand incorporating relevant cybersecurity measures is being harnessed inclusive strategies to prevent infections, save lives and minimize integrity of the Republic. Additionally, in situations of emergency washing facilities, provision of at least 70% proof alcohol-based to enable virtual activities substantially reducing cases on new impact through detection, testing, treating, isolating, tracing and or disaster, KDF is required to assist and co-operate with other hand sanitizers and regular fumigation of common user areas in infections. mobilizing populations to fortify response. authorities; and report to the National Assembly whenever all units, formations, bases, training institutions and extended deployed in such circumstances. In the midst of the raging to family quarters within barracks as well as all other shared Institutions undertaking collective training involving huge Kenya’s first COVID-19 infection was confirmed on 14th March 2020. COVID-19 pandemic and the obtaining PHEIC status, detailed spaces within KDF precincts was implemented from the onset. numbers requiring close physical contact such as the Kenya In anticipation of likely spread of COVID-19, Kenya stayed ahead plans with foresight incorporating lessons learnt so far as well Detailed guidance to field missions on COVID-19 containment Military Academy and the Recruits Training School, in addition to of the game, promptly instituting various response strategies. His as current and future operations must be developed in order was implemented and is being practiced. strict practice of sanitation and hygiene, stringent restriction of Excellency the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Kenya to generate proactive solutions to enhance mission readiness movement measures and routine testing is undertaken in order to Defence Forces (KDF) established an ad hoc Cabinet Committee capabilities. It is imperative, now more than ever, to project KDF’s Force protection measures focused on containing COVID-19 have contain the virus. Personnel resident in the training institutions on Health and an Inter-Ministerial Technical Committee on mission capability at its optimal readiness to execute tasks in been fully instituted including kitting medical personnel with camps who for any reason require to leave, upon return, they Government Response to the Coronavirus Outbreak. Vide support of the ongoing whole of Government, nation-wide and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), limiting access to military are subjected to testing and mandatory quarantine to ensure the Executive Order No. I of 2020 dated 28th February 2020, the global efforts to curb the spread of the COVID-19, preserve the National Emergency Response Committee on Coronavirus (NERC) health of Kenya’s populace and restore affected sectors of the was established subsuming the two committees. economy, that are core to Kenya’s national interests.

The Ministry of Health led NERC, was assigned the responsibility The Defence White Paper 2017 identifies emerging and re- of coordinating Kenya’s preparedness, prevention and response emerging infectious diseases as a threat to national security. to the threat of the Coronavirus. The Committee was further The policy recommends strengthening national surveillance and tasked with the responsibility to coordinate capacity building of response systems to effectively control outbreaks. The policy medical personnel and related professionals to enable the country envisages Ministry of Defence collaborating with both local and respond efficiently to cases of infection. The Cabinet Secretary, international healthcare agencies and research institutions to Ministry of Defence, Dr (Amb) Monica K Juma and Director of develop appropriate capacity for intervention. KDF is assigned Medical Services Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) are members of the responsibility of assisting in the management of crisis, during NERC. Further, KDF personnel constitute a substantial part of the which, the expectation is to robustly demonstrate their immediate National Multi-Agency Command Centre answerable to the NERC readiness to execute the assigned tasks. KDF has supported the tasked with coordinating Kenya’s counter COVID-19 strategy and nation-wide efforts by providing additional healthcare workers, development of protocols to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. assistance to civil authorities in evacuation of its citizens, contact tracing, water distribution and fumigation of vulnerable areas and Kenya continues to impose and review various containment neighbourhoods such as ambulances and police stations. measures that constitute a different way of doing things referred to as; the ‘new-normal’. The raft of measures in place have As the multi-sectoral fight against COVID-19 continues unabated, seriously disrupted routine operations for most organizations. KDF remains cognizant of the fact that other prevailing threats They range from temporary closure of territorial borders, partial to Kenya’s sovereignty, peace and security such as terrorism and lockdowns in specified counties, temporary closure of businesses, violent extremism remain imminent. This pandemic raises pertinent restriction of movement, limitation of social gathering, imposing concerns as its effects, if not well contained, may expose KDF’s Source: KDF Public Affairs

112 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 113 MY STAY IN CHALBI DISTRICT halbi district is one of districts which was formed by damming from lava of Marsabit County, it borders flowing from volcanic activities in the Mt.. the Republic of Ethiopia to Marsabit area. The plains around this area the North, Wajir to the South consist of an extensive lava plateau and East, Loingalani District to the South, volcanic hills. sand dunes, grey ridges, Lake Turkana to the West, Moyale to the broken clusters of tiny huts and inselbergs North East. It is inhabited mainly by the of varying sizes and shapes dot the CGabra community, a small section of the landscape. Dasanash community, who live in Illeret ward on the shores of lake Turkana. It The bleached stretch of coarse sand has a population of 125744 inhabitants enlivened up with immense clay and pure according to the Kenya population rocks are frequent with desert storms. and housing census 2019 and covers The temperature conditions of Chalbi an area of 38,953km square. The main STEPHEN KAVULU Desert vary from over 36 degrees in economic activity is rearing of livestock, February the hottest month to as low as MINISTRY OF INTERIOR Source: KDF Public Affairs mainly camels, goats and cattle. The 18 degrees during July the coldest month. trainees and their instructors are not exposed to the virus which accessories to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Ensuring swift socio-economic and cultural way of the Temperatures are very high during the would be fertile ground for wide spread transmission. and seamless management of the procurement under the inhabitants is greatly influenced by the We were spoiled for choice of a hotel to day and get extremely chilly at night. You circumstance must uphold transparency and accountability in the environmental conditions. spend the night but settled for an out can find herds of Oryx, ostrich or even the KDF’s recruitment attracts huge attention of the public that utilization of public funds. Likely disruptions are to be expected of town. After breakfast of camel milk endangered gravy Zebra in Chalbi area. throng recruitment centres in masses with hopes of getting in supply chain management owing to containment measures that In my tour of duty I was posted to Chalbi tea and anjera we went looking for the enlisted. Cognizant of the rising trend of community infections in general slowed down production globally. The Ministry must from Migori County in the month of March County Commissioner’s office. It had Of the people who live in Chalbi district and the statutory requirement espoused at section 28(2) of the therefore anticipate inflated prices, scarcity of essential goods 2018. The journey from Nairobi to Isiolo, rained heavily during the night so it 90% are Gabras, a small tribe of nomadic Kenya Defence Forces Act to undertake recruitment across the and consumables as well as contracts being frustrated. Leveraging which is the gateway to northern Kenya was chilly and cold. I reported to the pastoralists living on the Kenya-Ethiopia forty-seven , the recruitment may have to be existing contracts and continually engaging contractors for is uneventful. From Isiolo the journey County Commissioner’s office and given border, others being Dasanach and the restructured. Typically, recruitment entails constitution of several flexible terms could assist in mitigating pitfalls. Renegotiating to Marsabit, a distance of 255 kilometres, the go ahead to report to Maikona the Wayu who are remnants of a hunter mobile recruitment teams comprising at least twelve personnel prices, deliveries timelines, payment terms and where exigencies starts on the newly tarmacked Isiolo headquarters of Chalbi District, a distance gatherer tribe and who have since been that move around recruitment centres designated in respective permit terminating non-essential contracts should be considered. Moyale road. The road is in very good of 100 kilometers. assimilated by the Gabra. The Gabras counties to select recruits. The process presents fertile ground for Similarly, procurement undertakings have financial implications condition and the traffic is light, one is are able to survive in these very harsh cross-infections likely to exacerbate the spread. The United States and especially when terminating contracts and accordingly must tempted to cruise but road signs reminds We were provided with a guide who conditions; by having a well-knit social of America, the United Kingdom and India, have opted to suspend be factored in the financial allocations. one of crossing domestic and wild animals advised us to buy supplies since some system that allows each person to regular recruitment substituting it with online recruitment. and if lucky you may see some elephants commodities are not readily available in gradually assume responsibilities and play For virtual recruitment to be considered as an option for KDF Heavy reliance on technology to maintain social distance will and giraffes. Young Samburu herds boys Maikona. their role in the society. They have some should the pandemic persist various requirements will have to be increase exposure to cyber-attacks. Upgrading security measures and girls stand on the roadside asking culture rich in a complex body of rituals, considered and addressed. First, appropriate legislative and policy and reinforcing the culture of good practices in internet use will motorists for water even during the rainy Five kilometres from Marsabit you leave songs and ceremonies full of symbolism adjustments will have to be made. Further, limited internet reach be key intervening measures. There is also need to secure remote season on the stretch between Archers the greenery and start seeing some near- and poetry. coupled with connectivity challenges in remote recruitment areas connections, put in place redundancy measures and counter- Post and Merille trading centres. After desert conditions, the temperatures rise, may be counterproductive to the national security principle that measures against cyber-criminals’ gimmicks. In circumstances three hours’ drive you get to Marsabit the road becomes dusty rocky. After four Most of the land in Chalbi is furrowed with requires regional and ethnic diversity be reflected in recruitment. where technology cannot be harnessed such as specific training Town on the slopes of Mt. Marsabit, 1,825m hours we got to Maikona tired and dusty. sandy and strong water courses known as such as field exercises, the protocols in place on sanitization and above sea level. Lagas –dry river bed, some short and steep To bridge the gap in maintaining optimal strength of mission distancing will have to be meticulously followed through. Maikona is an oasis town at the edge of while others are long and broad. The most ready personnel and management of natural attrition, options The town is surrounded by Marsabit Chalbi desert. Chalbi is a Gabra word important of these is Laga Balal which to be considered should the pandemic endure to temporarily In conclusion, the old adage ‘extraordinary times call for National Park which is home to Ahmed, meaning bare and salty and is the only true carries water from the Tertale mountains bridge the gap include interventions such as extension of service extraordinary measures’ has never been more appropriate as in the only individual elephant to have desert in Kenya. It covers an area of 948km in Southern Ethiopia to the Chalbi desert. and engaging personnel on retired re-employment contracts or the present COVID-19 times. However, with well thought through been protected by a presidential decree square, a large depression of a drainage A laga by definition only has water during existing reserve liability. Accurate statistics and careful planning contingency plans in place and the culture of resilience in problem pronounced by the late President Mzee system that receives runoff from the the rainy season and becomes a dry bed in will be required to forecast shortfalls, as should the need arise, solving, the pandemic shall be contained and rendered to the past. Jomo Kenyatta. He ordered the protection surrounding lava and basement surfaces the rest of the year. As there is not a single the financial implications of extension of service and contracting The foregoing notwithstanding, to contain the pandemic in order of an elephant with giant tusks named of Mt.. Marsabit, Hurri Hills, Mt.. Kulal permanent river in the whole of the district, services will require financial allocation. to deliver defence, the KDF’s role in the plan is to avail a mission Ahmed in 1970. Ahmed of Marsabit was, and the Ethiopian plateaus. (Ministry of the people have traditionally relied upon ready and capable force in support of the ongoing responses in and still is, the most famous elephant ever Agriculture, Livestock & Fisheries, 2017: springs and hand-dug wells, often very Procurement processes are at the heart of both acquiring the country. It is therefore incumbent each and every one to stay to have roamed the African continent. Climate Risk Profile for Marsabit County: deep. Most of the land is arid and barren capabilities to enhance mission readiness particularly urgent safe, vigilant and maintain the aim in sharpening the arrow head. It was very cold having passed through Kenya County Risk Profile Series) The vast save for Badda Hurri where lush trees and purchases of vital medical supplies, laboratory reagents and #Komeshacorona. . some near desert conditions after Isiolo. desert was formerly covered by a lake grass abound and the vast rubble-strewn

114 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 115 Thus they have a way of where they conduct their prayers and day. Thus there are fourteen very common rituals. The Gabras are divided into names; seven for boys and seven for girls. reckoning time based on five phratries; Algaana, Gaara, Galbo, Beginning from Sunday; the names for Odoola and Shaarbana which are also boys are Ibrae, Mamo, Isaaqo, Ali, Umuro, SYOKIMAU: YESTERYEARS KAMBA the earth’s regular 365- socio-political units. Each phratry has its Aadano and Abudo while those for girls own sacred village called Yaa where the are Aado, Midina, Taalaso, Arbe, Kame, day circuit of the sun, an custodians of that phratry and their sacred Gumaato and Sabdio. (The Gabra Camel HEROINEhe Akamba people are considered OF Syokimau KENYA dedicated her life to the Kamba unwritten solar calendar. objects live. Nomads of Northern Kenya, (1999)., Paolo a Bantu ethnic group that is warriors as she could predict an attack by Tablino). predominantly found in East the Maasai long before they came, giving Seasons follow the rhythm of the year, and Africa. It is generally considered her backyard community ample time to are of utmost importance to the Gabra; The Gabras value the camel so much that that the Kamba live mainly in Kenya in get ready for defense. As result, Akamba how much longer will the dry season go on, camel raids are common against other an area stretching from Nairobi to Tsavo would take the war to the enemies and plains are virtually treeless, save for water how soon can the rains be expected. Thus neighbouring communities and even and north to Embu in the southern part stage attacks to as far as Magadi. Such raids courses that pass through them, which they have a way of reckoning time based beyond into southern Ethiopia. When Tof the former Eastern of Kenya. The were used as a way of acquiring cattle that have trees outlining them. During the dry on the earth’s regular 365-day circuit of Gabra camels are raided, it becomes a land occupied by the Akamba is called at the time were a form of currency and season a visitor cannot help think they the sun, an unwritten solar calendar. tribal affair and measures are quickly Ukambani and mainly constitutes of symbol of wealth. She is also remembered have landed on a lunar landscape, but once Ceremonies too are of great importance put in place to recover them. Camels are Makueni, Kitui and Machakos Counties for correctly predicting of the coming of the rains fall the tumultuous rushing of to the Gabra and they link most of their transferred from one person to the other respectively. It is worth noting that apart the colonialists and the establishment of streams in full flood, the sudden, almost ceremonies to the months and to the as gifts, on a basis of short term loan, from Kenya, the are also the railway, saying she had foreseen and miraculous, shooting up of grass and found in some parts of Uganda, Congo and forewarned her people about the coming phases of the moon. Thus they have a lunar through trade or long term loan known SAMMY MUTHAI myriad colourful flowers, the hillsides and calendar, consisting of twelve moons. But as ‘trust’. In this trust system, a camel Tanzania. of the white man. NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE plains are suddenly clothe in a cloak of the twelve moons do not make a solar year, owner trusts out most of his camels to many greens. the Gabra use both calendars together, other Gabra and he lives on camels trusted The Kamba are best known as very skilled In the African context in those days, SERVICE calculating them perfectly independently, in from the other Gabra. Trustees can, in craftsmen with special interest in iron fortune telling was valued, and taken as The Gabras are pastoralists who keep without any attempt at coordinating them. turn, trust out offspring to another Gabra. and metals, in drum making, ornaments, a very important practice of predicting she stated that people with red colored camels, cattle, sheep and goats, gathered Trustors and trustees are recognized as a as well as their knowledge in herbal information about a person’s life. The skis would be coming. in small groups usually of ten to fifteen There are ceremonies for the rites of jal, connected through trusting of camels. medicine. In addition the Akamba people scope of fortune telling is in principle families they live day and night with their passage both on a social and personal This jal chain creates multiple networks traded in commodities such as sugarcane, identical with the practice of divination. Syokimau the heroine is highly credited herds and flocks moving whenever it levels. There are transition rites for in the Gabra society. In the trust transfer, brass amulets, ivory, skin, tools, weapons, Fortune telling grows out of folkloristic with predicting (foreseeing) a long snake becomes dry to search for fresh pastures the generation-sets and the rites of the owner transfers his personal camel to millet and cattle in the 17th and 18th Century reception. This was critical for the belching fire and smoke, moving from and water in their vast semi desert passage for the individual and there are someone without the right of possession. (Kenya National Museum, 2019). It is worth community at that time, especially when it water to water. In it she also said to have territory. These mobile villages are called ceremonies for the calendar themselves. Therefore, ownership of the camel does appreciating that long before Kenya as a came to the Kamba people, the terms for a seen people with light skin who spoke Foora and they are constructed in a line Important events are held in certain not change from the trustor to the trustee country came into existence and any of person who sees the future is considered unintelligently and carried fire (guns) in called Dir, all facing west so the incessant months consequently often referred after having trusted. Trustees can keep a her land had been surveyed and registered to be a prophet. For instance one day after their pocket. It is thus worth postulating wind is to their backs, behind the houses as sorio months. The celebrations of trusted camel as long as the owner does as titled property, the bearer of the name supper, Syokimau was sitting on her three that her prophecy came to pass in are camel kraals. The Gabra movements marriage and memorial rites for the not ask for its return. Syokimau ruled supreme. Although facts, legged stool. People were gathered around the twentieth century after the final are predicated on balancing the need for dead, circumcision and clitori dectomy fiction and myths have intermixed to create her. They loved listening to her stories. completion of the original Kenya-Uganda grazing the livestock with the need for are performed in the sorio months, as are The trustee has the right of use of the a legend, there is universal agreement Within no time she started screaming as Railway that ran all the way from Mombasa water, indispensable for both humans branding and castration of camels, their trusted camel and what it produces, most that the name refers to an ancient Kamba to Kisumu. and animals. During the rainy season gifting and loaning. Certain days of the importantly milk. The rights of possession medicine woman, Syokimau who lived in when pasture and water are available moon, whatever day of the week they fall of female offspring’s of a trusted camel the 1800s. In her vision, she saw a long snake belching everywhere, the villages move away from on determine important events such as belong to the owner of the trusted camel. fire and smoke as it moved from waters to the wells to certain traditional grazing marriage and moving a village takes place However, the rights of possession of male Syokimau was a traditional Kamba other waters. In it, there were people with areas. Other factors intervene in the only on auspicious days. offspring’s of trusted camel belong to the medicine woman (foreseer) who was also a skin like meat who spoke unintelligibly decision of where and when to move: fear trustee of the trusted camel. As a result, all witch and a prophetessThe Kamba people like birds and carried fire in their pockets. of attacks by rival tribes, infestation by When giving a child a personal name, it is trusted camels are female. believed that her ability to prophesize The people she saw were white people who ticks and flies, the proximity of trading formally announced by the father on the came when she was attacked by a maimu spoke English and carried matchboxes in and administrative centres among others. morning after its birth having performed While in Chalbi one can enjoy car drives (a benevolent spirit when she was just a their pockets. Among the Kamba people, When a marriage scheduled to take place, prayers and conducted sacrifices. The across the desert, hiking the sand dunes, young girl). The Akamba warriors listened she was also credited with the continuous the whole village of the groom or at least name will have been selected according cool springs of Kalacha and if lucky attend to her and prepared for the battle well victory among the warriors because she a considerable part, will move to the to definite ideas as to what constitutes the Kalacha festival where the different in advance, increasing their chances of predicted impending attacks from other bride’s village, which may be hundreds of a suitable name. The Gabra feel that cultures of the different communities victory against the enemy (Kenya National communities such as the Maasai and kilometres away. The Gabras also move the most proper name to be given to a found in Marsabit county are show cased, Museum, 2019). She would conduct prayers Gikuyu giving Kamba warriors ample time when making pilgrimage to their sacred child is the name of the day of the week visit the Dasanach at Illeret and take a dive for the warriors under a designated tree to prepare for the defense. For her great sites where they do prayers and rituals. on which he/she is born. The reason for at lake Turkana and at the same time visit that acted as a shrine, called the ithembo, prophecy, Syokimau Railway Station and This is done after seven years and marks this preference is the belief that each Sibiloi National park to see the cradle of where she would also make sacrifices for Syokimau estate in Machakos County were the transition of one age set to another. child has got its own Ayyana, a spiritual mankind at . . the warriors to come home unhurt. named after her ( Group, Each section or phratry has its own site 2017). quality, which passes to the child on that Source: Kenya National Museum, (2019)

116 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 117 Syokimau the heroine always took time horn of Africa region. In many countries to part in various community rituals and countering violent extremism strategies offered sacrifices plus advise on behalf are one of prevention but rarely is there of the Akamba warriors whenever they any country with a policy on how to de- were about to go for war far away from radicalize those who have already fallen home. Sometimes the Kamba warriors for extremist ideology. Since terror groups would stage wars to enemies as far away nowadays operate using cells which for the as Magadi. Thus such raids were used as a most part are autonomous, neutralizing strategy for the community to accumulate the heads of these organizations is not wealth, through cattle raids and other sufficient to inflict defeat. heroic communal activities. The ‘soft’ approach aims to neutralize Syokimau healed the sick using herbs and terror groups by debunking their exorcised evil spirits. She unfortunately ideology. Soft power is a persuasive died without any children, as nobody approach through appeal, persuasion and could marry such a powerful woman. The attraction, in dealing with challenging Source: Kenya National Museums, (2019) echoes of her past will haunt Akamba land Source: Nye, Joseph. Power in the Global Information Age: From Realism to Globalization. London situation. It is worth noting that there Syokimau told her people that foreigners One of the primary reasons why Syokimau and New York: Routledge, (2014), p. 19. many years to come: inspiring awe and are many definitions to radicalization and would come travelling in the bowels of is highly venerated by the Kamba despair in equal measure, for anybody them chances are that counter terrorism to a new report by the United Nations extremism but almost all of them tend to birds (aeroplanes) and would speak like community is her ability to predict the whose property was demolished recently legislation are bound to be on the increase Development Programme. In addition end with the fact that radicalization’s end birds (in English) Tihihihi. While on land, future. The prophetess predicted several will find the name unspeakable. Such is and governments are likely to squeeze civil any states are confronted by a myriad of result is terrorism. Defining radicalization they would ride on a snake with many legs known historical events which came to the power of a name liberties in the name of protecting their challenges in dealing with extremism like is difficult since defining terrorism is (a train). In Athi River, a local prophetess, pass years after her death. The story of citizens. More government agencies are first of all detecting potential hotspots for difficult too. When a state’s policies are Syonguu, was so impressed by Syokimau Syokimau the heroine clearly illustrates likely to be created just to combat terrorism extremism to emerge topping attacks and perceived as legitimate by others, it is that she named a village in her territory that fortune telling is a old as mankind and this will add to the complexity of the rehabilitating those who have already been soft power and thereby, acceptance, are after her. To date, Syokimau in Athi River and it is used to predict fortunes, harvest, system. The soft power approach so far radicalized. Addressing different aspects enhanced. where the colonialists had constructed a charts a baby’s future and even to correct has been dominated by the United States of these vices has been a priority for states, railway station still bears the prophetess’s certain circumstance. This “art” and models but a localized understanding of including United States, United Kingdom, Soft power could be used to debunk name. This gave birth to the inauguration “science” has crossed all cultures at all the problem of terrorism is needed before Switzerland, Serbia, Germany, Austria, extremist beliefs and attitudes. It is of Kenya’s first commuter train in Nov times in many strange, wonderful and tackling it in any form of way in order not Italy and Turkey. crucial for governments to understand 2012- The Syokimau Railway Station along curious ways, some far more charming to alienate the citizens or create sympathy the thought process an individual Mombasa Road. This train came as a than others. . for the perpetrators of these crimes. The In light of the growing threats from violent goes through to become radicalized in savior to many commuters who have over common hard power approach to counter extremism around sub Saharan Africa order for a government to be able to the years dreaded the long traffic jam on terrorism has not had much success as (SSA), Counter-terrorism is focused on nip radicalization in the bud because Source: Kenya National Archives, (2016) Mombasa road. has been seen in the past in places like eliminating the causes of terrorism as well eventually it leads to terrorism, which Somalia, Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya. In as on preventing it through use of various has scarred and traumatized individuals this chapter an evaluation of soft power approaches. Counter-terrorism basically and families around the world. In the will be undertaken as the researcher looks is the efforts employed by security Kenyan context the National Strategy on into the role of education, religion and agencies to neutralize threats. Countering Radicalization and terrorism YOUTH ENGAGED IN VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND international cooperation in making it is intended to be a “flexible framework possible Governments’ failure to undermine the to guide countering-based initiatives SOFT POWER INITIATIVES IN EAST AFRICA ideology’s appeal to youth stems from its towards resisting radicalization. In he youth violent extremism have experienced some form or morphing Violent extremism is borderless in its failure to mount a serious and sustained particular, the strategy is adaptable to that afflicts communities in the forms and different degrees of threats effects; thus almost all states consult and strategy. Preventing extremism in sub an environment where the threat of world today is generally thought linked with terrorism. Governments are work continuously to counter violent Saharan Africa is of crucial importance, terrorism is constantly changing, as well to be fuelled by radicalization confronted by a myriad of challenges in extremism to stifle it from maturing into not only because of the often serious as the means through which the threat is and extremist tendencies. Though there dealing with violent extremism like first of terrorism. At the moment violent extremist consequences of an attack in terms of expressed.” It is supposed to educate the is no universal definition of violent all detecting potential hotspots for violent and terrorism is on the increase, many loss of human life and material damage, public on how to recognize danger signs extremism, it is fundamentally considered extremism to emerge topping attacks and states, institutions, societies, households but equally because of the damage which of youth being radicalized and countering Tas the repudiation of values for tolerance, rehabilitating those who have already been and individuals have experienced some an attack or a threat can cause to the such efforts in their early stages. inclusion and diversity that underpin radicalized. Addressing different aspects form or morphing forms and different democratic process, peace, stability and modern human life in the twenty first of these vices has been a priority for states, degrees of threats linked with terrorism. legal order. In the Kenya perspective security is at a century. including United States, United Kingdom, cross-road as it is considered a defining Switzerland, Serbia, Germany, Austria, Young people are critical to the prevention Violent extremism challenges emanating feature of economic, community, social, It is worth noting that at the moment Italy and Turkey. of violent extremism and must be from the Horn of Africa should be of political, stability and national cohesion. COL SWALEH NZARO SAIDI, violent extremist and terrorism is on involved as partners in developing and special concern to every East African Therefore the increase in domestic, KENYA ARMY the increase, many states, institutions, In countries that have experienced implementing policies which effectively state. A big part of the reason that al- regional and transnational conflicts have societies, households and individuals terrorist attacks or countries neighboring counter the growth of extremism, according Shabaab exists is the instabilities of the outstretched the security situation posing

118 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 119 major challenges to stability of the Kenya studies done on soft power conducted by of someone who has the disease, or by However, in instances where it has been transport emergency supplies, provide and Somalia. In additions the counter the Kenya and Somali government on Al- touching a contaminated surface and then deployed, the military is making effort limited sealift for emergency supplies and violent extremist programmes in Lamu Shabaab activities. touch one’s eyes, nose or mouth. to combat COVID 19 through emphasis production of essential food commodities. County are based on theories of change on on teamwork, advanced protective gear, In the COVID-19 crisis, almost every how people transform from being peaceful A ‘soft’ approach to Counter-terrorism Since the onset of COVID-19, the pandemic innovation, creativity and protecting country has brought the military to bear in citizens to becoming extreme in their “seeks to undo the radicalization process continues to spiral globally, regionally and personnel. The use of new technology some capacity. ideology and vice versa. by engineering the individual’s return to in individual countries. According to World and building coalitions with various moderate society, usually by providing Health Organization, (2020), the number stakeholders involved in addressing the It is acknowledged that while armed forces them with a stable support network, of infections globally is approaching pandemic. Defence forces differ widely in may find it difficult to distance themselves probing their original reasons for thirty million, deaths are approaching terms of capacity, capability and, perhaps from what is perceived as their primary Source: Smith, James. Strategic Analysis, radicalizing, and divorcing them from one million while over ninenteen million most importantly, their relationship mission, the coronavirus pandemic WMD Terrorism, and Deterrence by Denial, in their extreme beliefs in order to defeat cases have recovered. This calls for urgent with the government. Some will be Deterring Terrorism: Theory and Practice 159, largely challenges society’s vision of their Andreas Wenger and Alex Wilner eds., (2012), radicalization and violent extremism intervention focussed on containing more involved than others in countering role. This has been showcased through p.9 it is necessary to and.social contacts.” the spread to enable the world return to COVID-19. But in most cases, the the vital contributions of the military to briefs is to stop it in its tracks. Still, many Therefore understand and refute the normalcy. governmental response is unlikely to be civilian authorities’ responses to contain Kenyans have kept on asking whether it ideology behind it, rather than simply military-led, except in countries already and stop the spread of the corona-virus strive to eliminate every terrorist on sight. In China, Italy, USA and other countries, under military rule. In the East Africa (COVID-19). Exchanging guns for bags Source: Ministry of Interior, (2019) poses a credible threat to Kenya. national security forces have been context the military is likely to remain in of food supplies and disinfectant spray, Counter violent extremism involves policy In Kenya in order for soft power In conclusion it is generally assumed that mobilized to engage in activities that a supporting role during the pandemic military personnel have been among programs and interventions which are programmes to work government must the best way of reaching youth to keep them defend the population against COVID-19. In except in countries where weak civilian the first responders in the coronavirus intended to stop people from committing closely engage with community leaders and away from violent extremism is through China the army constructed hospitals and institutions, sometimes compounded by pandemic. Trained to react quickly in violent acts which are linked to radical civil society and their engagement must programmes involving sports, arts, deployed medical experts and volunteers poor political leadership, have failed to highly dangerous conditions, the military ideologies either of the political social or be seen to be sincere. Spread of violent cultural events, social media, broadcast in hospitals and treatment centres to fight prevent the uncontrolled spread of the carried out missions of evacuation of ill religious kind. From past experiences it extremism might as well be explained by media, and peer-to-peer groups. But it the virus. In Italy, the military was called in virus. citizens and transported medical supplies seems to appear that soft power might theory of contagion and thus soft power must be remembered that the security to enforce the lockdown in the hardest hit and protective equipment. be a more effective tool to counter attempts to counter it by focus on breaking of the activists doing these outreach areas to ensure people’s compliance with The COVID-19 pandemic is first and radicalization. the cycle of its ideological spread. The soft programmes is paramount. For soft power national executive orders. foremost a public health crisis, whatever In Kenya, national laws impose severe power approach to counter terror does programmes to work government must its immediate strategic knock-on effects, restrictions on defence forces intervention Branded a violent extremism organization not get much attention from the media closely engage with community leaders It is worth noting across the Africa or longer-term geopolitical implications. in internal affairs during peace time, more by several United Nations members, and which always seems to sensationalize and civil society and their engagement continent, the military has not been very In the Kenyan perspective, the fight so in the security realm than in that of known to be the Somalia affiliate of Al- terrorist activities and counter terror must be seen to be sincere. Spread of active when it comes to matters to do with against the virus has adopted a whole of safety. Defence forces are hindered from Qaeda, Osama bin Laden’s global terrorist activities for ratings. Neither has soft terrorism might as well be explained by the pandemic. This could be because the government approach with the Ministry of enforcing domestic laws. This situation network, Al-Shabaab has gained sufficient power approach to countering terror been theory of contagion and thus soft power military is sometimes not best designed to Health as the lead agency. might change during a state of emergency, notoriety to merit the deployment of an studied nor researched as much as hard attempts to counter it by focus on breaking respond to the scale of the pandemic of a but parliament must authorize it. So far, African Union military force, one of whose power approaches. There have been a few the cycle of its ideological spread. . magnitude as that of the Corona virus. In The Kenya Defence Forces remains police forces have been able to cope with spite of this, the military is still capable focused on its core mandate of protecting the deterioration of the security situation, of bringing in expertise, important the country’s sovereignty and territorial even in the most pressing situations like capabilities and competences including integrity and is fully seized on protecting those that occurred in the north of Italy. disaster planning, command and control, the country’s airspace and maritime So far, there is no information on soldiers’ logistics, surveillance and specialized space, is ready to assist civil authority engagement in the control of civil unrest THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN THE FIGHT medical support. on order, provide limited capacity to and maintenance of public order. But if lockdowns continue, governments may have to rethink their options. AGAINST COVID 19he Coronavirus was first reported infected persons and is highly contagious. in the City of WUHAN, CHINA The symptoms of the disease manifests Disaster response activities provide in December 2019. The disease after an incubation period of between 1-14 assistance to maintain life, improve health is associated with animals and days. The main symptoms are coughing, and support the morale of the affected has high rate of transmission in human sneezing, runny nose and fever among people. The Government of Kenya has beings. The virus that causes that causes others. put in place multi-sectoral systems, the COVID-19 comes from a family of tools and mechanisms to ensure disaster viruses called Coronviridae. It is believed The Corona virus that causes COVID-19 T preparedness and timely response. to have zoonotic origins and has close is generally transmitted through droplets genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses, spread when a person who is infected Operating in a supplementary role, suggesting it emerged from a bat-borne sneezes, coughs and or exhales. These defence forces’ participation in internal virus. There is no evidence yet to link an droplets are usually too heavy to hang security tasks aims at mitigating the intermediate animal reservoir, such as a in the air and quickly fall on the surface. shortfall of security forces’ manpower, pangolin, to its introduction to humans. A person can be infected by inhaling COL. S. M. KASURA releasing them for more demanding tasks. COVID-19 is spread through contact with the virus if one is at close proximity KENYA ARMY Source: The World Health Organization, (2020) While acting in support of civil protection

120 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 121 entering the barracks to detect the people who seem to have signs of fever (that is, have a higher than normal body temperature) and to restrict movements THE EFFECT OF SECULAR MUSIC AND Should the need arise to deploy the MEDIA ON YOUTH DELINQUENCY military, the Kenya Defence Forces can Introduction Uses of Music perform the following tasks: manning of Music influences people’s culture and Music is consumed because it provides points of entry, ensure sufficient physical identities. Daily, people listen to reggae pleasure to people of all ages. According infrastructure i.e. set up military field music, gospel music, hip-hop music jazz to Lull, music promotes experiences of hospitals & provide medical equipment music, traditional music and other genres the extreme for its makers and listeners, such as ventilators and Intensive Care of music. This article discusses how turning the perilous emotional edges, Unit beds in designated areas; provide these diverse music types and exposure vulnerabilities, triumphs, celebrations, military physicians, provide ambulances, influence the behaviour of the youth and antagonisms of life into hypnotic, provide transport, distribute water and in Kenya. It is to be acknowledged that reflective tempos that can be experienced provide security to quarantine areas, Kenya’s liberal democracy enshrines in privately or shared with others. This article among others. It is worth noting that the 2010 Constitution makes a strong case describes three major uses of music which Kenya Defence Forces was among the for protection and promotion of music as include; Affective uses, social uses and the first responders to the virus outbreak by a form of cultural expression as well as a uses of lyrics. deploying its doctors to sensitive security property whose owner has to be protected ANNE NJOROGE areas like JKIA and establishing a Multi- from unlawful deprivation. This article Affective Uses agency command and control centre. therefore investigates the impact that the NATIONAL YOUTH SERVICE For majority of Kenyan people and mostly lyrical content inherent secular music and youth, consumption of music is driven The military is also requiring its personnel media have on Kenyan youth. It therefore music has the power to create feelings and primarily by the motivation to control to wear masks at all times. The prolonged investigates the relationship between emotions. mood and enhance emotional stress. It is use of medical masks may seem to be local secular music and media have on the because of the affective use of music that uncomfortable, but it is considered the behaviour, aspirations and fashions of the Statement of the problem youth utilize it to control their moods and first line of defence against the virus. In youthful audiences as well as impact the While music is an integral part of Kenyan seek reinforcement for certain moods. addition the military has provided social performers of this genre of music made on society like all other societies, it has This is the efficacy of music which is areas where the general public can safety them as role models. been abused and misused by composers, occasionally abused by Kenyan youth wash their hands, as they exercise social producers and promoters particularly to engage in deviant behaviours which distance. The military is also helping Music the secular music. Due to technological exposes them to vices such as drug abuse in public awareness, it is preaching According to Webster dictionary, music is advancement and less stringent democratic and pre-marital sex which subjects them community messages on how people can an art of sound in time that expresses ideas society characterized by expanded rights to vulnerability of diseases and early stay safe, especially through maintaining and emotions in significant forms through and freedoms, all moral boundaries have unwanted pregnancies. Media images social distance. the elements of rhythm, melody and been lowered or erased. Consequently, portray sex as stunning and thrilling harmony. Accordingly, the Kenya music which may be linked with the beginning Source: Newspaper, (2020) this has exposed underage children and Infection in far flung security challenged policy, music refers to the use of sound youth to hitherto taboo adult content that of permissive sexual attitudes. Because missions, they reply to requests from the resources and professional approach make areas may require Kenya Defence Forces to express and reflect ideas, attitudes and has negatively affected youth’s behaviours of these youth in Kenya form attitudes civil protection authorities or agencies. them a key player in the whole scheme of to be the lead agency. In other words, emotions, collectively and individually, in leading them into crime, drug abuse and that are often unrealistic and potentially In both cases, a clear definition of the Disaster Management. When disasters governments used their militaries as acknowledged fora. It embraces traditional other anti-social behaviours which were unhealthy. command and control relations between occur over large areas making access a source of supplementary logistical, and contemporary idioms of sacred and completely unfathomable a while ago. military and police forces is required. impossible, cutting off various mode of infrastructural, and medical capacity and secular genres of song and instrumental The gravest and disturbing concern at the Social uses communication, armed forces with their in some cases in policing duties for isolation expression. Music is arguably the most moment is the particular glorification and Music is used to create social circles and The militaries of many countries are equipment, resources and personnel and quarantine, but did not broaden its consumed commodity in the world. A glamorization of drugs, crime and sex in define socialization process among the actively braving the global COVID-19 storm. are called upon to render help in rescue role. Multi-agency approach has paid World bank commissioned survey in 2004 complete contravention of existing laws. youth. Those who can sing and dance to the Admitting and treating patients, and relief measures. Their main asset is dividends for Kenya’s security. The Kenya put the economic worth of the music current popular music are considered as developing vaccines and delivering training, equipment, professionalism and Defence Forces synergy approach being recording industry in Kenya at about There is an undisputable global reality of higher standards than those who do not. necessities for the people, the Ethiopian above all a minimum response time in a promoted by the government has been Kshs.11.52 billion per annum. Music exists that “sex sells” hot like “drugs” that is why This has a great influence on how youths defence force for example, have been war or in a COVID-19 management. termed as the most effective methodology everywhere and there is no part of the secular music is blended with sexually relate with each other.Music categories active in all aspects of fighting the in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. world or society, where music is not used explicit content and glamorizes drugs as socialize youth groups into different sub epidemic. The military are some of those The military has first to be free of the or made in one way or the other. It is the a “cool” thing which appeals to the young groups who identity and belong to them. who are clustered among groups with the disease before they can deployed to All in all it is every individual’s oldest of all the arts and all societies have souls. Majority of music videos and lyrical The social uses and meanings of music greatest exposure risk due to their nature offer any assistance. The military has responsibility to be safe and curb the developed a system for organizing sounds content in Kenyan music is iced with provide the real key to understanding its of work. It is postulated that the Armed therefore instituted strict measures in all spread of COVID-19 by washing hands into culturally acceptable art which they sexually appealing images and vulgar, lewd niche in the lives of youths. Forces have played and shall continue to the barracks which include sensitization, regularly, wearing masks, sanitizing and refer to as their music. Global societies and obscene content which is popular play an important role during and post sanitizing, temperature measurements keeping social distance. . use music as a means of expressing their among Kenyan youths of school going age. Use of Music Lyrics disaster scenario. The discipline, training, using thermoguns for all personnel emotions and social sentiments because The more important music is to youths,

122 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 123 Secular music in Kenya is mounting a woman in bed touching private Increased Alcoholism and Drug parts. Majority of women in these videos Abuse characterized by increased are semi-nude with extremely suggestive Majority of current secular songs in dancing style where scenes of men rubbing Kenya is laced with drugs as the current UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITY complaints about the women behinds and crotches are evident. coolest thing in town. The glorification of Marijuana which is referred to in many composition and lewdness, Effects of Kenya’s secular Music songs with different street names (Vela, OF rganizedORGANIZED crime has been syndicate or CRIMEon behalf of such syndicate, vulgarity and profanities. on youths Ngwai, Moshi, Ndom, Weed, , Umbithu described differently by by use of violence or threat of violence or According to Kenya music policy, the Among other names) which entice youths different authors: According intimidation or coercion, or other unlawful effects of obscene music on children, youth in the country to experiment with drugs to Block and Chambliss (1983), means, with the objective of gaining and community were not only shocking and substances. Smoking of marijuana organized crime is both a social system pecuniary benefits, or gaining undue but also distressing. From the findings among the youth has been glamorized and a social world. The system is composed economic or other advantage for himself the more interested they become to the established by a study commissioned by in the media particularly by the secular of relationships binding professional or any person or promoting insurgency. music lyrics. According to music policy in the government of Kenya, it was clear songs which are performed by some of the criminals, politicians, law enforcers, and Kenya, for better or worse, then lyrics are O that many adults with the responsibility notable musicians in the country. While various entrepreneurs. Organized crime is Genesis of organized crimes often attended to, processed, discussed, of caring for youth (Parents, Guardians) possession of Marijuana in the country is part of a social system in which reciprocal Modern organized crime is generally memorized and even taken to heart. Given have continued to suffer the indignity of legally prohibited, majority of the youths services are performed by criminals, their understood to have begun in Italy in the the controversy surrounding antisocial the indecent music in silence without any seem to have thrown out the towel in great clients and politicians. Organized crime late 19th Century. From the 1920s to the themes that are sometimes present in clear means of the addressing the menace. disregard to the law by engaging in the vice is understood to be the large-scale and present, organized crime has either been heavy metal and rap lyrics, it is important The effects of lewd and vulgar secular complex criminal activity carried out by organized within ethnic groups or across carefree and mindlessly. WILLIAM SAMOEI to note that heavy metal and rap fans music can be summarized into four groups of persons, however loosely or ethnic lines. Modern organized criminal NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE report much higher levels of interest main categories. They include; societal Social Disorder and discontent tightly organized, for the enrichment of enterprises make money by specializing and attention to lyrics. According to discomfort, prevalence of promiscuity, Kenyan social fabric is premised on certain those participating and at the expense in a variety of crimes including extortion, UNODC (2002) provides a useful framework Christenson, the more defiant, alienated substance abuse and alcoholism and moral norms, ideals and moral expectations of the community and its members. It is blackmail, gambling, loan sharking and for understanding organized criminal and threatening to mainstream music, the decadence among the Kenyan youths. which for long have held the Kenyan frequently accomplished through ruthless political corruption. Extortion in particular groups comprising of ten factors namely: more closely its fans would like to follow society in harmony and respect. The disregard of any law, including offences is a time-tested aspect of organized crime Structure; size; activities; Identity; Level the lyrics. It is noteworthy to realize that; Increased Promiscuity and Moral advent of secular music featuring explicit against the person, and frequently in which involves the acquisition of property of violence; Use of corruption; Political attention to lyrics is highest among fans of decadence content has disgraced such harmony and connection with political corruption. through use of threats or force. influence; Penetration into the legitimate oppositional and controversial music. The increased numbers of teen instead brought discomfort in its place. It economy; Level of cooperation with other pregnancies in Kenya are attributed to is highly traumatizing for a parent to board Paul Nesbitt (Interpol) 1993 describes According to the United Nations Office on criminal groups; Level of trans-border Characteristics of Kenyan engagement in pre-marital sex which the same public service vehicle (P.S.V) organized crime as “any group having Drugs and Crime (UNODC, 2002) in many operations. Secular Music has been exacerbated by lewd lyrics and with a son or daughter when the vehicle a corporate structure whose primary countries across the world, there exist Secular music in Kenya is characterized obscene videos which promote sexual is blazing extremely explicit music which objective is to obtain money through organized criminal groups which vary UNODC affirms that organized crime is by increased complaints about the promiscuity among young Kenyan youth is not only disrespectful but also obscene. illegal activities, often surviving on fear in activities, and may be similar in their a multi-faceted phenomenon and has composition and lewdness, vulgarity especially teenage girls. Many parents Push comes to shove when the child and corruption”. consequences. Common to all countries manifested itself in different activities, and profanities. The Kenyan music is acknowledge increased promiscuity is singing the lines to the explicit song is that these groups are a threat to peace, among others, drug trafficking, trafficking characterized by some offensive stage among the youths and school-going word by word to the amazement of the Organized Crime can therefore be defined stability and development and therefore in human beings; trafficking in firearms; names which are offensive and derogatory children as a result of propagation of parent who is not only offended but also as any continuing unlawful activity by there is need to control and/or eradicate smuggling of migrants and money to adults. Majority of popular Kenyan vulgar and sexually explicit content in the ashamed. Such music is a threat to societal an individual, singly or jointly, either their activities. laundering. In particular drug trafficking music songs are characterized by vulgar secular music. Nudity is one aspect which norms and taboos which hold the Kenyan as a member of an organized crime is one of the main activities of organized and explicit content. One qualitative has been highlighted as a necessary evil population is accustomed to. study found that; sexual portrayals in contained in Kenyan secular music as well crime. Other activities include gambling, the media were attended to when girls as international music videos which in Conclusion prostitution, bank robberies and blackmail. were interested in personally learning respect have a profound effect on young Whereas, music is the oldest of the human Criminals are known to orchestrate these about relationship norms, strategies for people’s minds. arts, it has been infiltrated by vulgar and activities in various forms which include: establishing relationships and tips on how explicit content which has compromised racketeering syndicated crime and even to get sexually attractive. The study found The use of vulgar and profane words social upbringing of Kenyan youths. While gang criminality. out that some girls had pampered their propagated by secular music is common music should be used for aesthetic value rooms with images of media models which among Kenyan children and youths. The which promotes good values, it can be Organized crime is not a preserve of they lusted after or aspired to be. These use of such words leads to moral decadence used to propagate hate, violence and other a particular or some societies. In this types of girls were fascinated by nudity among the youngsters which they find vices if not properly regulated. The case is contemporary world, organized crime is in advertisements found in such media fashionable but quite offending to their ripe in Kenya in regards to the quality and not confined to the boundaries of any one outlets. superiors. The quality of secular music content of music spewed in public for the country and has become a transnational in Kenyans does not promote acquisition intervention of government to regulate it. problem. The world over, most countries A quick review of Kenyan secular videos of self-discipline but rather increases Therefore, this article argues that secular have had organized criminal gangs revealed that a significant majority of them delinquency and moral decadence which music in Kenya has facilitated delinquency which have had devastating effects and contained suggestive and provocative results into poor performance in schools. among the youth. . dancing styles with some showing a man threatened national security. Adopted from Market Business News

124 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 125 (c) Economic factors: Following Karl to society, he/she is deemed to be a Marx’s ideas of economic determinism failure, and a failure of life may turn which leads to conflict, it has been out to be anything; insane, criminal, postulated that private ownership pervert, introvert and so on. of property results to poverty which distinguishes those who own the Overview of Organized Criminal means of production from those whom Gangs in Kenya they exploit for economic benefit. Trends in organized crime throughout Hence the latter turn to crime as a East Africa, specifically Kenya, are result of this poverty. constantly evolving and mutating for the (d) Opportunity factors: Traditionally sole purpose of avoiding detection by crime is related to socio economic or security forces. With advancements in socio demographic variables. For a global technology comes advancement crime to occur there must be both an in criminality too. In Kenya, challenges individual who wants to commit an posed by organized criminal gangs include offence and an opportunity to commit terrorism, maritime piracy, human/arms/ that offence. This is akin to the crime drugs trafficking and cyber crime. Many triangle model. of the problems that face Kenya on a in public, forcibly imposing female and speculated the leaders of the groups (e) Demographic Factors: Demography criminological and development level are, circumcision and raiding police stations to were seeking to shed their negative image is about the population growth and for the most part, identical to those facing free their own members who were under and present themselves as candidates change. It includes age structure of the surrounding countries in East Africa. police custody. Lately, the sect has been for public office. These illegal groups a population, fertility and mortality assuming a new modern face, using AK-47 were found to be spread throughout the Criminal gangs seek to expand their organized crime as follows: patterns, migration and mobility In Kenya, the organized criminal gangs assault rifles instead of clubs, machete and country although more common in urban activities beyond their borders to secure (a) Social factors: Cloward and Ohlin’s patterns, and the ethnic composition have been associated with their native swords. Other organized criminal gangs in environments and particularly in Nairobi’s monopoly throughout the area in which assert that societal structures, as they of society. The relative proportion of communities, thus gaining protection Kenya such as Sungu Sungu, Chinkororo large slum areas. they operate. They do not hesitate to use now exist, block the opportunity of males to females in the population, and making them complicated. Today, a and Taliban have followed in the footsteps violence to eliminate competition, silence many individuals to achieve “success”. race, age or sex is also linked to actual relatively new and threatening trend in of Mungiki in unleashing their terror. CONCLUSION informers, persuade potential victims, or Some individuals, who are identifiable crime rates. East Africa is the attacks by pirates off Organized crime has remained a thorn in enforce their edicts. Often the large gangs by their socioeconomic characteristics, (f) Ecology: The ecological system the coast of Kenya. Young adults, who In October 2010, the Minister of State for the flesh despite the efforts made by law import gunmen from other areas to do this cannot achieve success by means has been described as having five are generally poor and uneducated, are Provincial Administration and Internal enforcement officers. All people want the work for them and to make detection of generally accepted by society: they are elements: population, organization, recruited by crime lords in Somalia and Security following the enactment of the same thing: power money and security, their crimes more difficult. blocked from legal success and reach environment, technology, and social- Kenya in an attempt to extort money from Prevention of Organized Crimes Act in all of which are easily available with for success by criminal means. Political psychological factors. Today nobody commercial and private ships in the Indian August, 2010, issued a Gazette Notice organized crime. This, plus the consistent For their survival, they adopt measures structure of society divides people into can deny that knowledge of every Ocean. The immense coastline and porous banning 33 organized criminal groups influx of terror networks and continued to protect the group and guard against competitive groups and that crime is individual criminal is necessary borders of Kenya make it a prime location on October, 18, 2010. These were: Al youth radicalization in Kenya, organized the interruption of its activities. These a product of this competition. Crime to determine the causes of crime. for trafficking in humans, weapons, and Shabaab, Amachuma, Angola Msumbiji, crime will continue to be a problem for include maintenance of arrangements becomes a symptom of a struggle Human nature is immensely complex. drugs. Banyamulenge, Baghdad Boys, Charo quite sometimes. Organized crime varies with doctors, lawyers, politicians, judges, between the people in power and Environmental conditions are also Shutu, Chinkororo, Coast Housing Land from country to country and from one policemen and other influential persons those who are not in power. immensely complex. Between these Internally, Mungiki has been one of the Network, Congo By Force, Dallas Muslim area to the next in the same country. and use of bribery and other forms of (b) Geographical factors: For a variety of two complexities, man’s individuality most violent and widely talked about Youth, Forty Brothers, Forty Two Brothers, Due to the high gains in terms of money corruption to secure political favors and reasons, cities seem to produce and either develops or deteriorates. If an organized criminal gang in Kenya. Jeshi La Embakasi, Jeshi La Mzee, Jeshi La and the accompanying accrued benefits, to avoid arrest and punishment. nurture considerably more crime individual is unable to adjust him/her Mungiki is a politico-religious group that King’ole, Japo Group, Kamjesh, Kamukunji organized crime will continue attracting Though they do not have written rules, the than rural areas. was outlawed by the government of Kenya Youth Group, Kaya Bombo Youth , Kenya many people. Some Politicians and other established code of conduct and methods Suburban crime following atrocities committed against its Youth Alliance, Kosovo Boys, Kuzacha, prominent members of society have been of operation is strictly enforced and severe rates are higher victims. The members of Mungiki claim Makande Army, Mombasa Republican reported to be roped in into the game penalties are imposed upon the violators. than rural rates but it is a ‘homegrown’ religious organization Council, Mungiki Movement, Mungiki either for patronage, or as financiers cum still considerably committed to upholding the traditional Organization, Mungiki Sect, Republican protectors. Sometimes it is very difficult Causes and Effects of Organized below urban rates. ‘African way of worship, culture and Revolutionary Council , Sabout Land also to detect some of the organized Crime in Society One reason that has lifestyle.’ It began as a local militia to protect Defence Force (SLDF), Sakina Youth, Siafu, crime perpetrators because of the high According to UN Habitat (2007) the been advanced for Kikuyu farmers in disputes over land with Sungu Sungu and Taliban.. sense of secrecy they maintain and kind of following are causes of crime: poverty, the high urban rate the Kalenjin and draws some inspiration mutation they undergo once detected unemployment, growing gap between the is the presence of from the bloody Mau Mau rebellion of the A 2010 study commissioned by the Panel rich and the poor, the transition towards slum or ghetto areas 1950s against British colonial rule. Besides of Eminent Persons conducted in Nairobi, To defeat organized crime, we need political democratization, the speed of with the population the running battles with the police and Central and Nyanza provinces identified to: Improve the law system; Invest in urbanization and poor urban planning, poor, unemployed killings committed by the sect, Mungiki 32 illegal groups, of which 27 were not education; Improve the security system to design and management. Cloward and and overcrowded is known to have been engaging in other listed in the 33 banned criminal groups. be ahead of the criminals and develop new Ohlins have categorized the causes of resulting to crime. anti-social activities such as stripping Further, the study indicated that the illegal social programs to improve the quality of women wearing miniskirts and trousers groups were taking a low public profile life of poor communities. .

126 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 127 water from the river supports domestic and economic activities in major urban centres like Nanyuki, Nkare Nyriro and THE STORY OF Mt. KENYA AND ABERDARE Archers Post. The river line ecosystem of this rivers is a major wildlife habitat as it ECOSYSTEMS: THE HEARTBEAT OF KENYA snakes through major conservancies like enjoy the flow of crystal clear streams and two mountains is phenomenal since their Oljogi, Mpala, Loisaba, Olmaro, Kirimon, rivers where we used to fetch water for presence and importance reverberates Samburu National Reserve, Buffalo domestic use. During weekends we used hundreds of kilometres away where many springs, West Gate, Nanapa, Ngoteiya, to go fishing as trout was a prevalent fish people do not know that without the and Shaba. The habitats are a home to key in most of the rivers. At times we could go two ecosystems their lives were at risk. wildlife species like elephants, Rhinos, swimming and thus the rivers other than We should passionately protect the two Zebras, Giraffes, lions, Cheeter, leopard, being a catalyst of livelihood improvement ecosystems since their existence is our wild dogs, Buffaloes, Common and Grevy’s was a centre of recreational activities. existence. I cannot imagine Kenya without zebra, Eland, Oryx, impalas and many A journey in Aberdare Forest with cows the two iconic water towers. other species. and sheep had a key denominator where the animals had to pass by the river to In Laikipia and parts of Meru the water drink water as we headed home. Women from Mt. Kenya supports key agricultural collecting firewood from the forest had to activities like horticulture and floriculture. stop by the river as they left the forest. This SIMON G. NGUGI This industry contributes a lot to the shows that the sound of water and the flow economic development of the country as KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE of the river is therapeutic too. When I met well as creating employment to thousands young and old people from all over the two Figure 3 Main water catchment HEP of people working in the farms and Introduction mountains, the story was the same; water urban centres. Major agricultural urban Water is life and water supports fauna Why are the two ecosystems is key and important for survival and we Mt. Kenya Ecosystem centres around Mt. Kenya include; Timau, and flora. Water natures the environment important? used to share interesting stories from The Kenya is a UNESCO World Heritage Meru, Nkubu, Chuka, Runyenjes, Embu, and make habitats appealing. Most of the Figure 2 Source: KWS Mt. Kenya N.Park Kenya’s economy is driven by agriculture different areas where rivers were found. site and a MAB Biosphere Reserve. The Kerugoya, Ngurubani, Kianyaga, Karatina communities across the country and the and tourism. We cannot ignore that the Historical Background mountain is co-managed by Kenya Wildlife and Naromoru .The urban centres are world at large live along or near water two ecosystems support the two sectors in After college I started my career in Mt. Kenya became independent in 1963 and Service and Kenya Forest Serve where supported by agricultural economy. Other sources. It is important to note that it is not a great way since water is a key resource Kenya and for more than twenty years the country got its name from the second the KWS manages the National Park and than these towns there are many other different in Kenya. The story and position in where wildlife and agriculture are major I have enjoyed working close to water highest mountain Kenya, Mt.. Kenya which National Reserve while KFS manages the small market centres that emerged as a of two mountain ecosystems juxtaposed economic activities. Water from the two sources as well as witnessed the death of stands at 5199m above sea level and an area Forest Reserve. The Forest and National result of agricultural activities relying on against each other have really inspired major water towers stimulates economic great rivers in Mt. Kenya and Aberdare of over 3000km square. The name Mt.. Reserve (2124 Km square) is under duo- benefits of ecosystem services. me for a long time since I recognized the growth in main urban centres all around forests due to human activities and other Kenya existed even before Kenya became gazette notice. Mt. Kenya has over one importance of water in our lives. I was born the two mountains. factors. This made my resolve to protect independent and it is believed to be the hundred rivers flowing from the glacier Kenya has relied on Hydro Electric Power and brought up in the western slopes of the the river sources considering the fact that corruption of the word Kirinyaga (Kikuyu and snow rugged peaks as well as the as a source of electricity and the main Aberdares and from a young age I used to The two alpine ecosystems support key water is not permanent. The story of these or Kinyaa (Kamba) as the colonial settlers moorlands and upper forest belt through power generation plants were the Seven wildlife species that make Kenya famous. and explorers could not pronounce the a radial drainage that distributes water Forks Power Scheme. However, the For instance, some of the key species name correctly in the local dialects. across 6 counties namely Kirinyaga, country later started to generate power Overview Mt._Kenya Drainage supported by the two ecosystems include Meru, Nyeri,Embu and Tharaka Nithi and from other smaller projects like Turkwell over 5000 elephants in Mt. Kenya and Meru N.P. Aberdare ranges on the other hand is Laikipia. The water supports millions Gorge and Sodu Miriu HEP projects. In Aberdare, the largest population of the Meru Block Mountain with parallel drainage Nanyuki ! of people in these counties as well as the recent past several other smaller HEP ! rare and endangered Mountain Bongo Burguret that straddles across 4 counties with the Kazita settlement areas beyond these counties. projects have emerged in Mt. Kenya. The Thingithu Liki Mount in wild in the world is found in Aberdare Nanyuki highest point, Oldonyo Lesatima standing µ Kenya N.P. In the East the water supports agriculture Seven Forks power project contributes National Park, the biggest population of Batian 5199 Mutonga at 4001 metres above sea level and an area

Ewaso Ng'iro Ewaso Naro Moru Naro Moru and domestic activities in Kitui,Wajir and 543.2MW of the 677.3 MW HEP produced in ! # rare gravy zebra is found in Laikpia and of more than 3000km square. The two Tana River Counties before draining its Tana Kenya. This translates to 80.2 % of all the Mount Kenya Samburu. Nairobi National Reser ve Sagana Nithi ecosystems support both biotic and abiotic Satima 4001 Rupingazi water into the Indian ocean. As a result of HEP generated in the country. It is good to # Nyamindi Chuk a ! Aberdare0 Ruguti life forming a complex system whose the water from Tana River major towns like note that the water that forms Tana River N .P. Nyeri Thuchi Aberdare Ranges impact resonate hundreds of kilometers Chania ! Garissa, Hola, Garsen and Kipini emerged. and which is used in the Seven Forks Power

Gura away and where they support the life of The water supports Bura and Tana delta generation project comes from Mt. Kenya

Sagana Embu ! Tana millions and millions of Kenyans. The two irrigation schemes while major wildlife and Aberdare Ecosystem with most of the

Thiba Kinangop 3906 alpine ecosystems have great impact to habitats like Kora, North Kitui, Rabole water coming from Aberdare rangers. # Sagana S.Mathioya ! Kiambere Reservoir the Kenya’s economy and without them Bisanadi and Tana river Primate reserve Muranga Legend ! Thiba we can say the economic scenario of the have depend on the same river. Mt. Kenya is a key tourist destination. The # Mountain_(height_in_m)Chania Lakes Gitaru Reservoir country would have been different. Other ! Major_towns Rivers Kindaruma Reservoir fact that the mountain is the second highest Thika Kamburu Reservoir Reservoirs Protected_areas Masinga Reservoir Masinga Reservoir 0 5 10 20 30 40 than wildlife the two ecosystems supports On the western side the mountain mountain in Africa after Kilimanjaro in Main Roads Kilometers ! life across other ecosystems like Uaso several rivers join the Usao Nyiro River Tanzania puts Mt. Kenya in the Seven Figure 1 Map source; KWS Mt. Kenya Ecosystem Integrated Management plan 2010-2020 Nyiro,Tana River and Lake Naivasha. whose source is Aberdare Ranges. The Summits second highest mountain fame.

128 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 129 Globally mountaineering experts would Aberdare ranges is the third highest of PICTORIAL like to summit the highest mountain in major mountains and water towers in every continent as well as the second Kenya. The range is a rich water catchment 101 highest. Over the years this classification that supports millions of settlements has attracted visitors to Mt. Kenya where across fives counties that include they use the hike as an acclimatization Nyandarua, Kiambu, Muranga, Nyeri, exercise before they move Mt. Kilimanjaro. Laikpia and Nakuru. The ecosystem is rich Mt. Kenya attracts over 20,000 visitors in wildlife where the four of the big five are annually. Tourism activities are basically found. It is the only mountain ecosystem run by tour operators supported by more where we still have the endangered black than 1500 guides and porters. The hotels rhino and eastern mountain Bongo. The and all other visitor facilities are crucial alpine moorlands of this great water tower Figure 7 Ndakaini dam,source of Nairobi water Source; KWS Mt. Kenya 2019 in the tourism business chain where they is one of the most beautiful in east Africa support agricultural activities. and extends from the north to southern Naivasha which is a hub for Floriculture flanks of Kinangop peak. and Geothermal Power generation. The most important contribution of Geothermal contribute 28% to the national this ecosystem is carbon sequestration Like Mt. Kenya, the mountain has major grid and it is important to note that most and stabilization of weather around the rivers like Honi, Chania, Gura, Mathioya, of the water used in the wells comes from mountain where rain patterns are more Maragua, Gikigii and Thika which all feed underground water enriched by flows or less stable. This ensures that millions of Tana River contributing a lot of flow to from Aberdare via lake Naivasha. The lake farmers who cannot depend on irrigation sustain the seven Forks Hydro Electric supports over 300,000 people living and water can rely on rain seasons. The fact Power project. The rivers are some of the working around Lake. This translates to that most of the people in the rural areas few rivers that have sustainable water flow substantial contribution to the national are peasant farmers, adequate and reliable throughout the year. economy. rainfall ensures that the issue of food security is not a challenge Other than HEP generation Aberdare Conclusion supplies water for both for domestic and The contribution of Mt. Kenya and Tree growing is another major activity commercial use from several reservoirs Aberdare ecosystems to the National where most famers especially on the namely Sasumua in Nyandarua and Economy, environment and overall climate eastern side of the mountain practice agro- Ndakaini in Muranga. stabilization cannot be underscored. We forestry. The woodlots in the settlement cannot imagine the absence of the two areas supplement the commercial timber ecosystems which directly or indirectly industry controlled by KFS from the support life across the region. Without plantation forests. This has reduced them Kenya will come to a halt as a result pressure on logging from Government of lack of all the resources derived from 11 12 managed forests. the mountains. The resources are both The other user benefits from the consumptive and non-consumptives. It community forest associations include is on this premise that we can say that fishing, grazing of livestock in the forest the two ecosystems which are found at especially during the dry spells, collection the central part of Kenya are the “heart of firewood by millions of people around beat of the nation” and truly the country the forest (including tea factories), herbs, will grind to a halt if they do not exist. We honey, cultural and historical sites where should passionately endeavour to protect Figure 6 Wildlife viewing in Aberdare National elders from the communities conduct Park the two ecosystems to ensure that the annual prayers and most importantly the resources are sustainably managed to aesthetic values of the forest. Economists have argued that 60% of Kenyas support generations ahead and for many GDP is in Nairobi. Hundreds of businesses years and benefits reverberate across in Nairobi and adjacent towns in Kiambu, our beloved country. Like human beings, Machakos and Kajiando Counties get their mountains have a life and reason Kenyans water from Nairobi Water and Sewerage should passionately protect the two 13 14 Company. This means that Aberdare ecosystems.. ecosystem contributes to a large extent to the growth of Kenyas economy.

Just like Mt. Kenya, Aberdare ecosystem is surrounded by peasant and commercial farmers in the five counties. The biggest Figure 5 The moorland and the forest. Source; 10. Celebrating Nepal National Day ; 11. NDC Course 23 orientation at the IPSTC Research Complex on research; 12. Exchange of gifts at IPSTC; KWS. Aberdare National Park contribution is the supply of water to Lake 13. Celebrating Uganda’s Independence Day; 14. Celebrating Zambia Independence Day.

130 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 131 PICTORIAL Col. Nyamao, Col. P. Githinji, Dr. Dan Opon, Col. Kasura. NDC Course 23 Leadership (from left): Col. Melanyi, Brig. Okumu, Col. Saidi, Col. Oduor, Col. Sitienei, Col. Karanja, Mr. Ngugi, Brig. Joseph Ssemwanga (UPDF),

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15. Work out on Wednesday afternoon; 16. Seminar A in session; 17. Seminar B in session: 18. Seminar C in session; 19. NDC Course 23 briefing by the College Coordinator, Col. Chelimo; 20. Lecture on opportunity by Mr. Polycarp Igathe.

132 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 NDC NEWSLETTER I COURSE 23 - 2020/21 133 NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P. O. Box �����- �����, NAIROBI, KENYA Tel: +��� (���) �������, +��� (���) ������� Fax: +��� (���) ������� Email: [email protected] Website:www.ndc.go.ke