BIYANI GIRLS COLLEGE 1st Internal Examination 2019-20 BA Part-II Public Administration (Paper-II) Sub. :State Administration (Set-A) Time: 1:30 Hrs. ANSWER KEY Max. Marks: 40 Q1. Each question carries one marks. 1. How many Panchayat Samities in Rajasthan? (a) 249 (b) 234 (c) 542 (d) 269 राजथान म� �कतनी पंचायत स�म�तयां ह�? (a) 249 (b) 234 (c) 542 (d) 269 2. How many Divisions in Rajasthan? (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 राजथान म� �कतने �वभाग ह�? (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 3. Who can appoint a State Governor? (a) PM (b) President (c) CM (d)Collector रा煍य के रा煍यपाल क� �नयुि啍त कौन कर सकता है? (a) PM (b) अ鵍य� (c) CM (d) कले啍टर 4. By how many lists the Legislative Subjects distributes between the Union and the States? (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2 संघ और रा煍य� के बीच �वधायी �वषय �कतनी सू�चय� को �वत�रत करता है? (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2 5. The tenure of CM is………….. years. (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 3 CM का काय셍काल ………… .. वष셍 है। (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 3 6. State Council of Ministers is devide into ………..ranks. (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 रा煍य मं�त्रप�रषद को ……… ..ग्राहक� म� �वभािजत �कया गया है। (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 7. Who is the real executive of the state? (a) PM (b) President (c) CM (d) IAS Officer रा煍य क� वात�वक काय셍पा�लका कौन है? (a) PM (b) अ鵍य� (c) CM (d) IAS अ�धकार� 8. Who is head of State Cabinet Secretariat? (a) PM (b) CM (c) Governor (d) RAS Officer रा煍य मं�त्रमंडल स�चवालय का प्रमुख कौन होता है?

(a) PM (b) CM (c) रा煍यपाल (d) आरएएस अ�धकार� 9. How many districts are situated in Rajasthan? (a) 39 (b) 33 (c) 50 (d) 32 राजथान म� �कतने िजले िथत ह�? (a) 39 (b) 33 (c) 50 (d) 32 10. Where is Rajasthan High Court situated? (a) Bikaner (b) Jodhpur (c) Ajmer (d) Alwar राजथान उ楍च ꅍयायालय कहाँ िथत है? (a) बीकानेर (b) जोधपुर (c) अजमेर (d) अलवर 11. Which type of minister is superior in the following………… (a) State (b) Cabinet (c) Deputy (d) None of these �न륍न�ल�खत म� �कस प्रकार का मंत्री श्रे�ठ है ……… (ए) रा煍य (बी) कै�बनेट (सी) उप (डी) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 12. What is the minimum age for contesting elections? (a) 21 years (b) 18 years (c) 20 years (d) 25 years चनावु लड़ने के �लए ꅍयूनतम आयु 啍या है? (a) 21 वष셍 (b) 18 वष셍 (c) 20 वष셍 (d) 25 वष셍 Q2. Each question carries four marks. 1. Write qualifications of the Governor. रा煍यपाल क� यो嵍यता �लख�। Ans. Qualifications of the Governor:- 1. Should be a citizen of India. 2. Should be at least 35 years of age. 3. Should not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature. 4. Should not hold any other office of profit. When it comes to qualifications, it’s his competence , educational, administrative or professional. This often leads to people with political affiliations being appointed as Governors. 2. Write difference between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.

मं�त्रप�रषद और मं�त्रमंडल के बीच अंतर �ल�खएI

Ans. Difference between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet:-

BASIS FOR CABINET COUNCIL OF MINISTERS COMPARISON

Meaning The Cabinet is the small body of the Council of Ministers is the body that Council, comprising of the most advises the President on various experienced and influential members matters and is formed to assist the formed to discuss and decide policies of Prime Minister in running government. Government. BASIS FOR CABINET COUNCIL OF MINISTERS COMPARISON

Body Formerly, it was not a constitutional body Constitutional Body but after amendment in the Act, in 1978, the cabinet got the constitutional status.

Size Consist of 15-18 ministers. Consist of 40-60 ministers.

Division It is a sub part of the council. Council of ministers is divided into four categories including cabinet.

Meeting Frequently held. Rarely held.

Collective Several collective functions No collective functions Functions

Policy making Performed by Cabinet. Not performed by the council.

Decisions Takes policy decisions, and supervises its Implements the decisions taken by implementation. the cabinet.

Responsibility Enforces collective responsibility of the Collectively responsible to the lower council to the lower chamber. house of Parliament.

Powers Exercises powers and acts on behalf of the Vested with all the powers, but in council. theory.

Q3. Each question carries ten marks.(Any two) । 1. Describe the powers and functions of the Chief Minister. मु奍यमंत्री क� शि啍तय� और काय� का वण셍न कर� । Ans. Powers and Functions of the Chief Minister: The Chief Minister holds a pivotal position in the working of the State Government. He has enormous powers and vast responsibilities. 1. To Aid and Advice the Governor: The Chief Minister is the link between the Cabinet and the Governor. It is he who communicates to the Governor all decisions of the Council of Ministers. He has to furnish such information relating to the administration of the State as the Governor may call for. The Governor can submit to the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council of Ministers. The Governor appoints a large number of top officials of the State. He also summons and prorogues the sessions of State Legislature. All such powers are exercised by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister, however, has no right to give advice to the Governor in relation to the functions which he exercises in his discretion. 2. The Chief Minister is at the Head of the Council of Ministers: As Head of the State Cabinet, the Chief Minister enjoys the following powers: (i) Formation of the Ministry: The other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister has a free hand in preparing the list of his colleagues. The Governor may suggest the names of the persons to be included in the Ministry, but he cannot insist upon any person to be included in the Ministry. Assigning departments or portfolios to the Ministers is done by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. (ii) Removal of Ministers: The Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. This, however, does not mean that the Governor can dismiss his Ministers at his will. The Government is in fact dependent on the Chief Minister. Therefore, the Chief Minister can reconstruct his Ministry as and when he likes. He may ask anyone of his colleagues to resign. If he declines, he will be dismissed by the Governor. (iii) The Chief Minister Presides over the Meetings: As Chairman of the Cabinet, the Chief Minister has a position which enables him to impose his decision. It ‘is he who controls the agenda for the Cabinet meetings. It is for the Chief Minister to accept or reject proposals for Cabinet discussion. (iv) Co-ordinates the Working of various Departments: The Chief Minister supervises and coordinates policies of the several Ministers and Departments. Several ministries are involved in the formulation and implementation of a policy. The Chief Minister must bring these activities into reasonable relationship with one-another. In matters of public order, roads and bridges agriculture, land revenue and production, supply and distribution of goods, he plays a special role in directing the policy of the Government. 3. The Chief Minister is the Leader of the House: The Chief Minister is the leader of the State Legislative Assembly. All principal announcements of policy are made by him. The Chief Minister intervenes in debates of general importance. He can appease an angry House by promising immediate relief or concessions when needed. Position of the Chief Minister: The Chief Minister’s position is pre-eminent in the State governmental system. In practice, his position will be imposing only when his party commands a clear majority in the State Legislature. When it is a coalition government, it becomes difficult to safeguard the principle of collective responsibility also. Much of the time and energy of the Chief Minister will, in that case, be wasted on keeping his team united and sufficiently disciplined.

2. Describe the powers and functions of the Governor. रा煍यपाल क� शि啍तय� और काय� का वण셍न कर� । Ans. Powers and Functions of the Governor: 1. Executive Powers: a) He is the constitutional hard of the state; b) He appoints the leader of the majority party as the Chief Minister; c) He appoints the members of the council of minister on the advice of the Chief Minister; d) He appoints the Advocate General, Chairman and members of the respective State Public Commission; e) He nominates two Anglo-Indian members in the Vidhan Sabha; f) He can seek any information from the Chief Minister. 2. Legislative Powers: f) He is a part of the state legislative and can summon, adjourn or prorogue the state legislative. g) He can call for a joint sitting of both the houses. h) No bill can become a law until the Governor signs it. i) He can withhold a bill and send it to the President for consideration. j) He can issue ordinances during the recess of the legislature. k) He can dissolve the State Assembly before the expiry of its term on the advice of the Chief Minister or as directed by the President. l) He causes the annual Budget to be presented in the Vidhan Sabha. No money bill can be introduced in the Assembly without his prior approval. 3. Judicial Powers: a) The governor appoints the district judges. b) He is consulted in the appointment of the judges of the High Court by the President; c) He can, pardon, remit and commute the sentence of a person convicted by a state court. 4. Financial Powers: a) He causes the annual budget to be laid before the Vidhan Sabha; b) No money bill can be introduced without his prior approval. 5. Discretionary Powers: The Governor can use these powers: a) If no party gets an absolute majority, the Governor can use his discretion in the selection of the Chief Minister; b) During an emergency he can override the advice of the council of ministers. At such times, he acts as an agent of the President and becomes the real ruler of the state; c) He uses his direction in submitting a report to the President regarding the affairs of the state; and d) He can withhold his assent to a bill and send it to the President for his approval. 3. Write the organization of Cabinet Secretariat and describe it. कै�बनेट स�चवालय के संगठन को �लख� और इसका वण셍न कर� । Ans. The organisation of the Cabinet Secretariat:- (1) Department – Secretary/Additional/Special Secretary (2) Wing – Joint/Additional Secretary (3) Division – Director/Deputy Secretary (4) Branch – Under Secretary (5) Section – Section Officer (6) Office – Assistant, Clerk, Subordinate The lowest unit is the section under a section officer and it consists of a number of assistants, clerks, ‘daftaries’, typists and peons. It is also referred to as the office. Two sections constitute the branch which is under the charge of an undersecretary, also known as the branch officer. Two branches ordinarily form a division which is normally headed by a deputy secretary.

1. Top Management: The Secretary, Additional Secretary and Special Secretary constitute the top management. The Secretary is the principal adviser to the minister on matters of policy and administration within his ministry/department. His responsibility for the administration as head is complete and undivided. He represents his ministry and keeps himself informed of the working of his department and the files disposed of by his subordinates. He issues instructions and certain cases are submitted to him directly. In a ministry there may be as many secretaries as the number of departments. The senior most secretary, coordinates the work of other secretaries. The secretaries are appointed out of a panel prepared for these posts. The department of personnel and training, cabinet secretariat and the Prime Minister’s office do the screening work. For appointment to individual ministries, the secretary’s name is approved by the Appointments Committee of the cabinet and finally assented to by the Prime Minister. 2. Middle Level Management: The Joint Secretary, Deputy Secretary or Director level is called the Middle Level Management. When a secretary has an unmanageable charge of one or more wings, a joint secretary may take charge of each wing. In such cases, the joint secretary is vested with the maximum measure of independent functioning and responsibility in respect of business falling within his wing. Most of the cases which deal with policy matters in a ministry are submitted by the under secretary to the higher officers for consideration. The joint secretary of a department/ministry is a key administrative functionary and his imprint on policy and decision-making in government is immense. A Joint Secretary is generally in- charge of a wing in the ministry. He is vested with the maximum measure of independent functioning and responsibility in respect of the items of work falling under his wing. A small ministry has at least one joint secretary, whereas a large ministry, may have three or more joint secretaries. 3. Lower Level Management: The under and assistant secretaries constitute this lower level. An undersecretary holds the charge of a branch. He is also referred as the branch officer. He works as a link between the deputy secretary and the section officer under him. He is responsible to the deputy secretary for the smooth running of the branch and exercises control for speedy disposal of work and maintenance of discipline in the sections. One of the great losses in recent years in the working of secretariat departments is the practical disappearance of the drafts of the under secretary. Since British days, a level below the under secretary is called the assistant secretary. These posts were created as a result of the recommendation of the Secretariat Committee of 1919. The Maxwell Report (1937), recommended its abolition. The report said “Ordinarily there should be no grade of assistant secretary but the posts should in due course be automatically replaced by posts of under secretaries.” 4. Officer on Special Duty (OSD): To accommodate persons or to meet unexpected emergency needs of flexibility in administration, this post is created. While justifying the practice of appointing officers on special duty, the government contended that “OSD are appointed on two different criteria. First, when the government is convinced that the officer will prove economical. Secondly, when the government is convinced that it is an obligation to take action in the interest of the large staff employed. There are certain service conditions of employees which require details relating to facts from first hand information by a field officer. Then there are officers who are put on a combination of both these duties.” An OSD is appointed normally from among the existing personnel to attend to particular work. Moreover, if some work is of a purely temporary character, it may be meaningfully concentrated in one hand. This arrangement facilitates coordination, and imparts a sense of importance and urgency to that work. The designation OSD has distinctiveness in the hierarchy, which has an attraction. The post of OSD is not necessarily indicative of any status, particularly if the incumbent belongs to the middle management level. Because of its innate flexibility, the post of OSD lends itself to use as a training post. After grooming the OSD is formally inducted into the new position. The designation has a peculiar charm for public servants. It may mean any position at a given time depending upon ‘the nature and type of work’. It is this flexibility in the arrangement that suits the top boss. The OSD can be appointed with greater ease and bigger frequency than originally envisaged. The number of OSD, is always more than needed in terms of the nature of work given to them. These officers stay in their special posts ‘indefinitely’, while the post is inherently of a temporary nature. This suits both the officer concerned and the senior. 5. The Office System: A high degree of cooperation between the officer and his office is essential so that the officer may rely on his office to supply such materials as he may need to preserve continuity of administration. The functions of the office can be carried out automatically through cases sent to office without specific directions. The other functions can be performed only by direction of the seniors. Functions under the first category include seeing of all papers or notes arranged and paged with correct marginal references. The office verifies facts and points out the laws and rules. Relevant facts and figures available in the department are put up as precedents or papers containing previous decisions and policy. The office puts up drafts for approval and brings to notice matters requiring action or orders. The second category of functions require the officials to examine the case and see that all matters requiring decisions are brought forward and to tabulate and summarise information, where necessary. The officials prepare drafts in accordance with orders for timely execution. The office consists of section officers, assistants, upper division clerks and lower division clerks, typists, stenographers and Class IV workers. 6. Secretarial Staff: (a) Section Officers: Superintendents are in charge of their respective sections. They are called section officers also and are also responsible for handling of important and intricate cases. Their supervisory duties in the manual are numbered as: distribution of work among his staff; training, helping and advising the staff; coordination of work in the section, ensuring prompt and efficient disposal or work in the section and adoption of proper methods for progressing of cases; timely submission of arrear statements and other periodical returns; proper maintenance of section diary, file register, assistants’ diary and other necessary registers; ensuring compliance with instructions regarding treatment and safeguarding of secret papers; seeing that other departments are consulted before the issue of orders; preventing the growth of omnibus files; issuing reminders, acknowledgements, etc.; final disposal of routine cases; maintenance of order and discipline in the section. (b) Assistants and Upper Division Clerks: Assistants work under section officers. Each assistant is allotted a certain number of headings to deal with. His duties as described in the manual are: to examine and put suitable notes and drafts on cases promptly and submit them to his section officer after properly referencing and paging them; to maintain properly the assistant’s diary, standing guard files and other registers; and to keep papers and files it tidy condition. Upper Division Clerks perform functions similar to those of assistants except that they are not ordinarily required to deal with cases which are of an important nature. It sustains the entire super-structure which performs a ‘memory’ function important in the context of the tenure system. It was highlighted in the Wheeler Report (1937). A typical office normally has a Section Officer (Class I and Class II), four assistants and a number of upper and lower division clerks. The section officer presides over the office. At the lowest rung of the ladder stands the lower division clerk whose task is to perform purely routine duties, such as collection of previous papers, maintenance of files and registers, despatch of mail, etc. The upper division clerk has a similar set of functions to perform but, in addition, he notes on simple cases and assists in their disposal. The section officer ensures that the notes prepared by his subordinates are factually correct. He is the first line supervisor in the secretariat hierarchy and is expected to settle minor cases in his own discretion. The lower division clerk is recruited directly through a competitive examination by the Staff Services Commission since 1976. Direct recruitment to the level of upper division clerk is done in the promotional frame from LDCs. The posts of assistants and section officers are filled partly by direct open recruitment and partly by promotion of upper division clerks and assistants. 7. The Conventional Growth: The central secretariat has developed a host of conventions which have gradually been formalised and amended as per rules and recommendation of committees appointed from time to time. From Lord Curzon’s time till independence the secretariat was rather a closed system which could be run by a personnel system called tenure system. It was found workable and careful and continues till today.

4. Describe the powers and functions of the Council of Ministers. मं�त्रप�रषद क� शि啍तय� और काय� का वण셍न कर� । Ans. Powers and Functions of the Council of Ministers:

The Council of Ministers performs the following functions: (i) Formulation of Policies:

The Ministers formulate the policies of the government. The Cabinet takes decisions on all

major problems—public health, relief to the disabled and unemployed, prevention of plant

diseases, water storage, land tenures and production, supply and distribution of goods. When it

has formulated a policy, the appropriate department carries it out. (ii) Administration and Maintenance of Public Order:

The executive power is to be exercised in such a way as to ensure compliance with State laws.

The Constitution empowers the Governor to make -rules for the more convenient transaction of

the business of the Government. All such rules are made on the advice of the Council of

Ministers. (iii) Appointments:

The Governor has the power to appoint the Advocate-General and the Members of the State

Public Service Commission. The Vice-Chancellors of the State Universities and members of

various Boards and Commissions are all appointed by the Governor. The Governor cannot

make these appointments at his will. He must exercise these functions on the advice of his

ministers. (iv) Guiding the Legislature:

Most of the Bills passed by the Legislature are Government Bills, prepared in the ministries.

They are introduced, explained and defended in the State Legislature by the Ministers. The

Cabinet prepares the Governor’s Address in which it sets forth its legislative programme at the

commencement of the first session of the Legislature each year.

For weeks at a stretch the Cabinet’s proposals take over every working moment of the House.

The Cabinet makes sure that all government bills will be translated into laws. (v) Control over the State Exchequer:

The State budget containing the estimates of income and expenditure for the ensuing year is

placed by the Finance Minister before the State Legislature. The Legislature cannot take the initiative in the case of a Money Bill. Such a Bill must be recommended by the Governor and can be introduced only by a Minister. The initiative in financial matters lies with the Executive. (vi) Execution of Central Laws and Decisions of the Union Government:

The Union Government is empowered to give directions to the State-governments in certain matters. The States should exercise their executive power so as to ensure compliance with the laws made by Parliament. They should not do anything which would hamper the executive power of the Union.

Railways, for instance, is a Union subject, but police, including railway police, is a State

Subject. The Union Government can give directions to the State Executive as to the measures to be taken for the protection of railways within the State.

BIYANI GIRLS COLLEGE 1st Internal Examination 2019-20 BA Part-II Public Administration (Paper-II) Sub. :State Administration (Set-B) Time: 1:30 Hrs. ANSWER KEY Max. Marks: 40 Q1. Each question carries one marks. 1. State Council of Ministers is devide into ………..ranks. (a)4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 रा煍य मं�त्रप�रषद को ……… ..ग्राहक� म� �वभािजत �कया गया है। (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 2. Who is the real executive of the state? (a)PM (b) President (c) CM (d) IAS Officer रा煍य क� वात�वक काय셍पा�लका कौन है? (a) PM (b) अ鵍य� (c) CM (d) IAS अ�धकार� 3. Who is head of State Cabinet Secretariat? (a)PM (b) CM (c) Governor (d) RAS Officer रा煍य मं�त्रमंडल स�चवालय का प्रमुख कौन होता है? (a) PM (b) CM (c) रा煍यपाल (d) आरएएस अ�धकार� 4. How many districts are situated in Rajasthan? (a)39 (b) 33 (c) 50 (d) 32 राजथान म� �कतने िजले िथत ह�? (a) 39 (b) 33 (c) 50 (d) 32 5. Where is Rajasthan High Court situated? (a)Bikaner (b) Jodhpur (c) Ajmer (d) Alwar राजथान उ楍च ꅍयायालय कहाँ िथत है? (a) बीकानेर (b) जोधपुर (c) अजमेर (d) अलवर 6. Which type of minister is superior in the following………… (a) State (b) Cabinet (c) Deputy (d) None of these �न륍न�ल�खत म� �कस प्रकार का मंत्री श्रे�ठ है ……… (ए) रा煍य (बी) कै�बनेट (सी) उप (डी) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 7. What is the minimum age for contesting elections? (a) 21 years (b) 18 years (c) 20 years (d) 25 years चनावु लड़ने के �लए ꅍयूनतम आयु 啍या है? (a) 21 वष셍 (b) 18 वष셍 (c) 20 वष셍 (d) 25 वष셍 8. How many Panchayat Samities in Rajasthan? (a) 249 (b) 234 (c) 542 (d) 269 राजथान म� �कतनी पंचायत स�म�तयां ह�? (a) 249 (b) 234 (c) 542 (d) 269 9. How many Divisions in Rajasthan? (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 राजथान म� �कतने �वभाग ह�? (a) 5 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 10. Who can appoint a State Governor? (a)PM (b) President (c) CM (d)Collector रा煍य के रा煍यपाल क� �नयुि啍त कौन कर सकता है? (a) PM (b) अ鵍य� (c) CM (d) कले啍टर 11. By how many lists the Legislative Subjects distributes between the Union and the States? (a)4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2 संघ और रा煍य� के बीच �वधायी �वषय �कतनी सू�चय� को �वत�रत करता है? (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2 12. The tenure of CM is………….. years. (a)5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 3 CM का काय셍काल ………… .. वष셍 है। (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 3 Each question carries four marks. 1. Write the organisation of the Cabinet Secretariat. मं�त्रमंडल स�चवालय का संगठन �ल�खए। Ans. The organisation of the Cabinet Secretariat:- (1) Department – Secretary/Additional/Special Secretary (2) Wing – Joint/Additional Secretary (3) Division – Director/Deputy Secretary (4) Branch – Under Secretary (5) Section – Section Officer (6) Office – Assistant, Clerk, Subordinate The lowest unit is the section under a section officer and it consists of a number of assistants, clerks, ‘daftaries’, typists and peons. It is also referred to as the office. Two sections constitute the branch which is under the charge of an undersecretary, also known as the branch officer. Two branches ordinarily form a division which is normally headed by a deputy secretary.

2. Write the organisation of the Chief Minister Secretariat. मु奍यमंत्री स�चवालय का संगठन �ल�खए. Ans. The organisation of the Chief Minister Secretariat:- (1) Department – Secretary/Additional/Special Secretary (2) Wing – Joint/Additional Secretary (3) Division – Director/Deputy Secretary (4) Branch – Under Secretary (5) Section – Section Officer (6) Office – Assistant, Clerk, Subordinate

Each question carries ten marks.(Any two) 1. Write the organization of Cabinet Secretariat and describe it. मं�त्रमंडल स�चवालय के संगठन को �लख� और उसका वण셍न कर� । Ans. The organisation of the Cabinet Secretariat:- (1) Department – Secretary/Additional/Special Secretary (2) Wing – Joint/Additional Secretary (3) Division – Director/Deputy Secretary (4) Branch – Under Secretary (5) Section – Section Officer (6) Office – Assistant, Clerk, Subordinate The lowest unit is the section under a section officer and it consists of a number of assistants, clerks, ‘daftaries’, typists and peons. It is also referred to as the office. Two sections constitute the branch which is under the charge of an undersecretary, also known as the branch officer. Two branches ordinarily form a division which is normally headed by a deputy secretary.

1. Top Management: The Secretary, Additional Secretary and Special Secretary constitute the top management. The Secretary is the principal adviser to the minister on matters of policy and administration within his ministry/department. His responsibility for the administration as head is complete and undivided. He represents his ministry and keeps himself informed of the working of his department and the files disposed of by his subordinates. He issues instructions and certain cases are submitted to him directly. In a ministry there may be as many secretaries as the number of departments. The senior most secretary, coordinates the work of other secretaries. The secretaries are appointed out of a panel prepared for these posts. The department of personnel and training, cabinet secretariat and the Prime Minister’s office do the screening work. For appointment to individual ministries, the secretary’s name is approved by the Appointments Committee of the cabinet and finally assented to by the Prime Minister. 2. Middle Level Management: The Joint Secretary, Deputy Secretary or Director level is called the Middle Level Management. When a secretary has an unmanageable charge of one or more wings, a joint secretary may take charge of each wing. In such cases, the joint secretary is vested with the maximum measure of independent functioning and responsibility in respect of business falling within his wing. Most of the cases which deal with policy matters in a ministry are submitted by the under secretary to the higher officers for consideration. The joint secretary of a department/ministry is a key administrative functionary and his imprint on policy and decision-making in government is immense. A Joint Secretary is generally in- charge of a wing in the ministry. He is vested with the maximum measure of independent functioning and responsibility in respect of the items of work falling under his wing. A small ministry has at least one joint secretary, whereas a large ministry, may have three or more joint secretaries. 3. Lower Level Management: The under and assistant secretaries constitute this lower level. An undersecretary holds the charge of a branch. He is also referred as the branch officer. He works as a link between the deputy secretary and the section officer under him. He is responsible to the deputy secretary for the smooth running of the branch and exercises control for speedy disposal of work and maintenance of discipline in the sections. One of the great losses in recent years in the working of secretariat departments is the practical disappearance of the drafts of the under secretary. Since British days, a level below the under secretary is called the assistant secretary. These posts were created as a result of the recommendation of the Secretariat Committee of 1919. The Maxwell Report (1937), recommended its abolition. The report said “Ordinarily there should be no grade of assistant secretary but the posts should in due course be automatically replaced by posts of under secretaries.” 4. Officer on Special Duty (OSD): To accommodate persons or to meet unexpected emergency needs of flexibility in administration, this post is created. While justifying the practice of appointing officers on special duty, the government contended that “OSD are appointed on two different criteria. First, when the government is convinced that the officer will prove economical. Secondly, when the government is convinced that it is an obligation to take action in the interest of the large staff employed. There are certain service conditions of employees which require details relating to facts from first hand information by a field officer. Then there are officers who are put on a combination of both these duties.” An OSD is appointed normally from among the existing personnel to attend to particular work. Moreover, if some work is of a purely temporary character, it may be meaningfully concentrated in one hand. This arrangement facilitates coordination, and imparts a sense of importance and urgency to that work. The designation OSD has distinctiveness in the hierarchy, which has an attraction. The post of OSD is not necessarily indicative of any status, particularly if the incumbent belongs to the middle management level. Because of its innate flexibility, the post of OSD lends itself to use as a training post. After grooming the OSD is formally inducted into the new position. The designation has a peculiar charm for public servants. It may mean any position at a given time depending upon ‘the nature and type of work’. It is this flexibility in the arrangement that suits the top boss. The OSD can be appointed with greater ease and bigger frequency than originally envisaged. The number of OSD, is always more than needed in terms of the nature of work given to them. These officers stay in their special posts ‘indefinitely’, while the post is inherently of a temporary nature. This suits both the officer concerned and the senior. 5. The Office System: A high degree of cooperation between the officer and his office is essential so that the officer may rely on his office to supply such materials as he may need to preserve continuity of administration. The functions of the office can be carried out automatically through cases sent to office without specific directions. The other functions can be performed only by direction of the seniors. Functions under the first category include seeing of all papers or notes arranged and paged with correct marginal references. The office verifies facts and points out the laws and rules. Relevant facts and figures available in the department are put up as precedents or papers containing previous decisions and policy. The office puts up drafts for approval and brings to notice matters requiring action or orders. The second category of functions require the officials to examine the case and see that all matters requiring decisions are brought forward and to tabulate and summarise information, where necessary. The officials prepare drafts in accordance with orders for timely execution. The office consists of section officers, assistants, upper division clerks and lower division clerks, typists, stenographers and Class IV workers. 6. Secretarial Staff: (a) Section Officers: Superintendents are in charge of their respective sections. They are called section officers also and are also responsible for handling of important and intricate cases. Their supervisory duties in the manual are numbered as: distribution of work among his staff; training, helping and advising the staff; coordination of work in the section, ensuring prompt and efficient disposal or work in the section and adoption of proper methods for progressing of cases; timely submission of arrear statements and other periodical returns; proper maintenance of section diary, file register, assistants’ diary and other necessary registers; ensuring compliance with instructions regarding treatment and safeguarding of secret papers; seeing that other departments are consulted before the issue of orders; preventing the growth of omnibus files; issuing reminders, acknowledgements, etc.; final disposal of routine cases; maintenance of order and discipline in the section. (b) Assistants and Upper Division Clerks: Assistants work under section officers. Each assistant is allotted a certain number of headings to deal with. His duties as described in the manual are: to examine and put suitable notes and drafts on cases promptly and submit them to his section officer after properly referencing and paging them; to maintain properly the assistant’s diary, standing guard files and other registers; and to keep papers and files it tidy condition. Upper Division Clerks perform functions similar to those of assistants except that they are not ordinarily required to deal with cases which are of an important nature. It sustains the entire super-structure which performs a ‘memory’ function important in the context of the tenure system. It was highlighted in the Wheeler Report (1937). A typical office normally has a Section Officer (Class I and Class II), four assistants and a number of upper and lower division clerks. The section officer presides over the office. At the lowest rung of the ladder stands the lower division clerk whose task is to perform purely routine duties, such as collection of previous papers, maintenance of files and registers, despatch of mail, etc. The upper division clerk has a similar set of functions to perform but, in addition, he notes on simple cases and assists in their disposal. The section officer ensures that the notes prepared by his subordinates are factually correct. He is the first line supervisor in the secretariat hierarchy and is expected to settle minor cases in his own discretion. The lower division clerk is recruited directly through a competitive examination by the Staff Services Commission since 1976. Direct recruitment to the level of upper division clerk is done in the promotional frame from LDCs. The posts of assistants and section officers are filled partly by direct open recruitment and partly by promotion of upper division clerks and assistants. 7. The Conventional Growth: The central secretariat has developed a host of conventions which have gradually been formalised and amended as per rules and recommendation of committees appointed from time to time. From Lord Curzon’s time till independence the secretariat was rather a closed system which could be run by a personnel system called tenure system. It was found workable and careful and continues till today.

2. Describe the powers and functions of the Council of Ministers. मं�त्रप�रषद क� शि啍तय� और काय� का वण셍न कर� । Ans. Powers and Functions of the Council of Ministers:

The Council of Ministers performs the following functions: (i) Formulation of Policies:

The Ministers formulate the policies of the government. The Cabinet takes decisions on all

major problems—public health, relief to the disabled and unemployed, prevention of plant

diseases, water storage, land tenures and production, supply and distribution of goods. When it

has formulated a policy, the appropriate department carries it out. (ii) Administration and Maintenance of Public Order:

The executive power is to be exercised in such a way as to ensure compliance with State laws.

The Constitution empowers the Governor to make -rules for the more convenient transaction of

the business of the Government. All such rules are made on the advice of the Council of

Ministers. (iii) Appointments: The Governor has the power to appoint the Advocate-General and the Members of the State

Public Service Commission. The Vice-Chancellors of the State Universities and members of

various Boards and Commissions are all appointed by the Governor. The Governor cannot

make these appointments at his will. He must exercise these functions on the advice of his

ministers. (iv) Guiding the Legislature:

Most of the Bills passed by the Legislature are Government Bills, prepared in the ministries.

They are introduced, explained and defended in the State Legislature by the Ministers. The

Cabinet prepares the Governor’s Address in which it sets forth its legislative programme at the

commencement of the first session of the Legislature each year.

For weeks at a stretch the Cabinet’s proposals take over every working moment of the House.

The Cabinet makes sure that all government bills will be translated into laws. (v) Control over the State Exchequer:

The State budget containing the estimates of income and expenditure for the ensuing year is

placed by the Finance Minister before the State Legislature. The Legislature cannot take the

initiative in the case of a Money Bill. Such a Bill must be recommended by the Governor and

can be introduced only by a Minister. The initiative in financial matters lies with the Executive. (vi) Execution of Central Laws and Decisions of the Union Government:

The Union Government is empowered to give directions to the State-governments in certain

matters. The States should exercise their executive power so as to ensure compliance with the

laws made by Parliament. They should not do anything which would hamper the executive

power of the Union.

Railways, for instance, is a Union subject, but police, including railway police, is a State

Subject. The Union Government can give directions to the State Executive as to the measures to

be taken for the protection of railways within the State.

3. Describe the powers and functions of the Chief Minister. मु奍यमंत्री क� शि啍तय� और काय� का वण셍न कर� । Ans. Powers and Functions of the Chief Minister: The Chief Minister holds a pivotal position in the working of the State Government. He has enormous powers and vast responsibilities. 1. To Aid and Advice the Governor: The Chief Minister is the link between the Cabinet and the Governor. It is he who communicates to the Governor all decisions of the Council of Ministers. He has to furnish such information relating to the administration of the State as the Governor may call for. The Governor can submit to the consideration of the Council of Ministers any matter on which decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not been considered by the Council of Ministers. The Governor appoints a large number of top officials of the State. He also summons and prorogues the sessions of State Legislature. All such powers are exercised by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister, however, has no right to give advice to the Governor in relation to the functions which he exercises in his discretion. 2. The Chief Minister is at the Head of the Council of Ministers: As Head of the State Cabinet, the Chief Minister enjoys the following powers: (i) Formation of the Ministry: The other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister has a free hand in preparing the list of his colleagues. The Governor may suggest the names of the persons to be included in the Ministry, but he cannot insist upon any person to be included in the Ministry. Assigning departments or portfolios to the Ministers is done by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. (ii) Removal of Ministers: The Ministers hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. This, however, does not mean that the Governor can dismiss his Ministers at his will. The Government is in fact dependent on the Chief Minister. Therefore, the Chief Minister can reconstruct his Ministry as and when he likes. He may ask anyone of his colleagues to resign. If he declines, he will be dismissed by the Governor. (iii) The Chief Minister Presides over the Meetings: As Chairman of the Cabinet, the Chief Minister has a position which enables him to impose his decision. It ‘is he who controls the agenda for the Cabinet meetings. It is for the Chief Minister to accept or reject proposals for Cabinet discussion. (iv) Co-ordinates the Working of various Departments: The Chief Minister supervises and coordinates policies of the several Ministers and Departments. Several ministries are involved in the formulation and implementation of a policy. The Chief Minister must bring these activities into reasonable relationship with one-another. In matters of public order, roads and bridges agriculture, land revenue and production, supply and distribution of goods, he plays a special role in directing the policy of the Government. 3. The Chief Minister is the Leader of the House: The Chief Minister is the leader of the State Legislative Assembly. All principal announcements of policy are made by him. The Chief Minister intervenes in debates of general importance. He can appease an angry House by promising immediate relief or concessions when needed. Position of the Chief Minister: The Chief Minister’s position is pre-eminent in the State governmental system. In practice, his position will be imposing only when his party commands a clear majority in the State Legislature. When it is a coalition government, it becomes difficult to safeguard the principle of collective responsibility also. Much of the time and energy of the Chief Minister will, in that case, be wasted on keeping his team united and sufficiently disciplined.

4. Describe the powers and functions of the Governor. रा煍यपाल क� शि啍तय� और काय� का वण셍न कर� । Ans. Powers and Functions of the Governor: 1. Executive Powers: a) He is the constitutional hard of the state; b) He appoints the leader of the majority party as the Chief Minister; c) He appoints the members of the council of minister on the advice of the Chief Minister; d) He appoints the Advocate General, Chairman and members of the respective State Public Commission; e) He nominates two Anglo-Indian members in the Vidhan Sabha; f) He can seek any information from the Chief Minister. 2. Legislative Powers: f) He is a part of the state legislative and can summon, adjourn or prorogue the state legislative. g) He can call for a joint sitting of both the houses. h) No bill can become a law until the Governor signs it. i) He can withhold a bill and send it to the President for consideration. j) He can issue ordinances during the recess of the legislature. k) He can dissolve the State Assembly before the expiry of its term on the advice of the Chief Minister or as directed by the President. l) He causes the annual Budget to be presented in the Vidhan Sabha. No money bill can be introduced in the Assembly without his prior approval. 3. Judicial Powers: a) The governor appoints the district judges. b) He is consulted in the appointment of the judges of the High Court by the President; c) He can, pardon, remit and commute the sentence of a person convicted by a state court. 4. Financial Powers: a) He causes the annual budget to be laid before the Vidhan Sabha; b) No money bill can be introduced without his prior approval. 5. Discretionary Powers: The Governor can use these powers: a) If no party gets an absolute majority, the Governor can use his discretion in the selection of the Chief Minister; b) During an emergency he can override the advice of the council of ministers. At such times, he acts as an agent of the President and becomes the real ruler of the state; c) He uses his direction in submitting a report to the President regarding the affairs of the state; and d) He can withhold his assent to a bill and send it to the President for his approval.

BIYANI GIRLS COLLEGE 1st Internal Examination 2019-20 BA Part-II History (Paper-I) Sub. :History of Medieval India(1200-1761A.D.) (Set-A) Time: 1:30 Hrs. ANSWER KEY Max. Marks: 40 Q1. Each question carries one marks. 1. Who wrote the ‘Akabarnama’? (a) Abdul Kadir (b) Abul Fazal (c) Akbar (d) Babar 'अकबरनामा' �कसने �लखी थी? (a) अ녍दलु का�दर (b) अबुल फजल (c) अकबर (d) बाबर 2. Who known as the name of Lakhbaksh? (a)Qutub-Din-Aibak (b) Iltutamish (c) Balban (d) Razia sultan . लाखब奍श के नाम से �कसे जाना जाता है? (a) क़ुतुब-द�न-ऐबक (b) इ쥍तुत�मश (c) बलबन (d) रज़ान सरसन 3. Which was the dynasty of Iltutamish? (a) Lodi (b) Slave (c) Khilji (d) Tughalaq इ쥍तुत�मश का वंश कौन था? (a) लोद� (b) गुलाम (c) �खलजी (d) तुगलक 4. Who setup the official nobility ‘Chahal-Gan-Chalisa’? (a)Iltutamish (b) Balban (c) Razia (d) Babar आ�धका�रक बड़ꥍपन setup चहल-गान-चाल�सा ’क� थापना �कसने क�? (a) इ쥍तुत�मश (b) बलबन (c) रिजया (d) बाबर 5. Who plundered the Somnatha Temple in 1025? (a)Mahmud Ghazni (b) Mohammad Gori (c) Both a & b (d) None of these 1025 म� सोमनाथ मं�दर को �कसने लूटा? (a) महमूद गजनी (b) मोह륍मद गोर� (c) दोन� a & b (d) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 6. Who started ‘Daag’ and ‘Chehra’ system in his army? (a)Balban (b) Allauddin Khilji (c)Sher Shah Suri (d) None of these �कसने अपनी सेना म� 'दाग' और 'चेहरा' प्रणाल� शु셂 क�? (a) बलबन (b) अलाउद्दीन �खलजी (c) शेर शाह सूर� (d) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 7. Who established the Vijay Nagar Kingdom? (a)Harihar (b) Bukka (c) Both a & b (d) None of these �वजय नगर साम्रा煍य क� थापना �कसने क�? (a) ह�रहर (b) बु啍का (c) दोन� a & b (d) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 8. What is ‘Kharaj’? (a) Land Tax (b) Irrigation Tax (c) Food Tax (d) None of these

'खराज' 啍या है? (ए) भू�म कर (बी) �स ंचाई कर (सी) खा饍य कर (डी) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 9. Which was the Hindu Province in South India? (a) Bahmani (b) Vijaynagar (c) Malwa (d) Amer द��ण भारत म� �हंद ू प्रांत कौन सा था? (a) बहमनी (b) �वजयनगर (c) मालवा (d) आमेर 10. Who was Mangol Chief in the period of Allauddin Khilji? (a) Tahir (b) Saldi (c) Dawa Khan (d) Kadar Khan अलाउद्दीन �खलजी के काल म� मंगोल प्रमुख कौन थे? (ए) ता�हर (बी) सालद� (सी) दावा खान (डी) कादर खान 11. Who established the ‘Slave Department’? (a) Mohammad-Bin-Tughalaq (b) Firoz-Shah-Tughalaq (c) Gayasuddin Tughalaq (d) None of these ‘ गुलाम �वभाग ’क� थापना �कसने क�? (ए) मोह륍मद-�बन-तुगलक (ख) �फरोज-शाह-तुगलक (ग) 嵍यासुद्दीन तुगलक (घ) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 12. Which battle fought between Mohammad Gori and Prithivi Raj Chouhan? (a) Tarain (b) Khanva (c) Panipat (d) Chousa मोह륍मद गोर� और प镍वीृ राज चौहान के बीच कौन सी लड़ाई हुई? (a) तराइन (b) खानवा (c) पानीपत (d) चौसा Q2. Each question carries four marks. 1. ‘Mohammad-Bin-Tughlaq was called a mad sultan by his kingdom’s people.’ Why? ‘मोह륍मद-�बन-तुगलक को उ स के रा煍य के लोग� ने पागल सु쥍तान कहा था।' 啍य�? Ans. Mohammad Bin Tughlaq is one of the most interesting sultans of Delhi sultanate during Medieval India who ruled over the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent and the Deccan from 1324 to 1351 AD. He succeeded his father Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq and was one of the most controversial rulers in India History. He was the only Delhi Sultan who had received a comprehensive literary, religious and philosophical education. In spite of all his credentials, he is referred to as the wise fool in Indian History because he undertook numerous administrative reforms and most of them failed due to the lack of plan and judgement. 2. Write five mistakes of Mohammad-Bin-Tughalaq. मोह륍मद-�बन-तुगलक क� पाँच गल�तयाँ �ल�खए। Ans. Five mistakes of Mohammad-Bin-Tughalaq:- i. He maintained huge army. ii. He introduced Token Currency iii. He increases the tax on the Ganga and Yamuna alluvial lands. iv. Transfer of Capital: In order to rule the whole Indian Sub-continent,he shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. v. Karachil and Khurasan Victory Q3. Each question carries ten marks. (Any two) 1. Who was Firoz Shah Tughlaq? Write his Administration Reforms. . �फरोज शाह तुगलक कौन था? उ स के प्रशासन सुधार �लख�। Ans. Feroz Shah Tughluq After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month. Thereafter, Muhammad bin Tughluq's 45-year-old nephew Firuz Shah Tughlaq replaced him and assumed the throne. His rule lasted 37 years.[52] Firuz Shah was, like his grandfather, of Turko-Indian origins. His Turkic father Sipah Rajab became infatuated with a Hindu princess named Naila. She initially refused to marry him. Her father refused the marriage proposal as well. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sipah Rajab then sent in an army with a demand for one year taxes in advance and a threat of seizure of all property of her family and Dipalpur people. The kingdom was suffering from famines, and could not meet the ransom demand. The princess, after learning about ransom demands against her family and people, offered herself in sacrifice if the army would stop the misery to her people. Sipah Rajab and the Sultan accepted the proposal. Sipah Rajab and Naila were married and Firoz Shah was their first so Administrative reforms of Firoz Shah Tughlaq:- He worked majorly in the development of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, river canals, reservoirs, rest houses etc. • He established an office for poor and deprived individuals called Diwan-i-Khairat • He established a department of slave known as Diwan-i-Bundagan • He declared the Iqtadari framework hereditary. • He constructed waterways for watering system from: 1. Yamuna to the city of Hissar 2. the Sutlej to the Ghaggar 3. the Ghaggar to Firuzabad 4. Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to Hansi in Haryana. • He is known to establish four new towns, Firuzabad, Fatebabad, Jaunpur and Hissar. • He was the one who started Imposition of Jaziya on the Brahmans. • He established several hospitals portrayed differently as Darul-Shifa, Bimaristan or Shifa Khana, in Delhi.

2. Write short note on :- I. Krishnadevaraya II. Arvindu Dynasty लघु नोट पर �लख�: - I. कृ �णदेवराय II. अर�वंद ू वंश Ans. Krishnadevaraya The rule of the Krishnadevaraya marks a period of much military success in Vijayanagara history. On occasion, the king was known to change battle plans abruptly and turn a losing battle into victory. The first decade of his rule was one of long sieges, conquests, rebellions and victories. • He ascended the throne in 1509 and developed a strong relationship with the empire’s Prime Minister, Timmarusu, whom he looked upon as a fatherly figure. • He was crowned during the gloomiest period of the Vijayanagara Empire and hence, spent the first few years of his reign battling sieges and conquests to consolidate the kingdom. • Since the Portuguese dominated the sea trade along the Indian coastline, he developed friendly relations with them, following which he traded Arabian horses and guns from the Portuguese merchants. • He engaged Portuguese engineers in improving the supply of water in Vijayanagara City, apart from receiving arms and war materials for invading Raichur. • Following the defeat of the Sultan of Bijapur, Sultan Mahmud, in 1509 at his hands, towns and villages in Vijayanagar saved from annual raids by the Deccan sultans. • He annexed Raichur Doab and subsequently, raided Bidar, Gulbarga and Bijapur, thereby disintegrating the Bahmani Sultans, and took upon the title ‘establisher of the Yavana kingdom’. • In 1512, he defeated the Ummatur chief, Ganga Raja, to expand his empire – as a result of this defeat, the latter drowned in the waters of Cauvery River. The region was added to the Srirangapatna province. • Following his homage to Sri Venkateswara at Tirupati after his successful invasion of the Udayagiri Fort, he defeated the Gajapati army at Kondavidu and captured the fort after a series of initial routs, compelling the army to surrender. • While the fort was seized through a secret entrance discovered by Timmarusu, who was then appointed the governor of Kondavidu, the son of Prathapa Rudra, Prince Virabhadra, was captured and imprisoned. • As part of his third campaign in South India, he conquered Bezwada, on the banks of Krishna River, followed by the invasion of Kondapalli and forts in Nalgonda and Warangal. • Prathapa Rudra’s plan of crushing Krishnadevaraya and his army was crushed by his attack on the Gajapati Empire’s capital, Cuttack, forcing the former to surrender. • A treaty was signed in 1518, according to which the territories in the Odisha kingdom on the north of Krishna River were returned to the Gajapati ruler while maintaining complete peace between the two empires. • After completely thrashing the Bijapur army, he destroyed the fort of Gulbarga, the former Bahmani capital, though he reinstated the kingdom to Muhammad Shah. Major Battles • He attacked the unconquerable Udayagiri Fort, ruled by Gajapati Prathapa Rudra Dev, in 1512 and after a year of continuous battles, the Gajapati army surrendered and escaped to Kondavidu. • The bloody battle of Raichur in 1520 saw over 703,000 foot soldiers, 32, 600 cavalry and 551 elephants fighting Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur for the capture of its fortress leading to his defeat, amidst the death of 16,000 Vijayanagar soldiers. • Arvindu Dynasty It was the fourth and last Hindu dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara Empire. It was founded by Tirumala. His brother Rama Raya was the regent of Tuluva dynasty’s last king. He was killed during the battle of Talikota in 1565 AD. Tirumala Deva Raya Tirumala Deva Raya was also the son-in-law of Krishna Deva Raya. He re-founded the Vijaynagar kingdom in Penukonda, Andhra Pradesh. The kingdom was destroyed by the Muslim rulers following the battle of Talikonda. During his reign, Tirumala Deva Raya faced rebellion from Southern Nayakas of Madurai and Ginjee. He retired to a religious life in 1572 AD. Sriranga Deva Raya (Sriranga I) He ruled Vijayanagara kingdom from 1572 AD to 1586 AD. He faced repeated attacks from Muslim rulers of Deccan. Nonetheless, he did his best to defend the territories of the kingdom and died in 1586 without an heir. Venkata II (1586-1614 AD) He succeeded his elder brother Sriranga I in 1586 as the new king of Vijayanagara Empire. He revived the strength of the kingdom by dealing successfully with the sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda. He suppressed the rebelling Nayakas of Tamil Nadu. Sriranga II (1614 AD) He ruled for a brief period of time. During his time, internal feud between the rival factions started. Ramadeva (1617-1632 AD) He ruled from 1617 AD to 1632 AD. Venkata III He became the king of Vijayanagara in 1632 AD and ruled till 1642 AD. Sriranga III He was the last ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire. He ruled from 1642 to 1646 AD. 3. Write short note on (सं��ꥍत नोट �लख�) :- I. Babarnama II. Akbernama III. Tarikh-i-Shershahi IV. Taj-ul-Masir V. Tarikh-i-Firozshahi Ans. Babarnama :-It is a autobiography of Babar. Bābur was an educated Timurid and his observations and comments in his memoirs reflect an interest in nature, society, politics and economics. His vivid account of events covers not just his own life, but the history and geography of the areas he lived in as well as the people with whom he came into contact. The book covers topics as diverse as astronomy, geography, statecraft, military matters, weapons and battles, plants and animals , biographies and family chronicles, courtiers and artists, poetry, music and paintings, wine parties, historical monument tours as well as contemplations on human nature.

Akbernama:- The Akburnama is the official record of the rule of Akbar, third Mughal Emperor, written at his behest by court historian Abul Fazl. Beginning with a history of the Timur Dynasty, the three-volume history goes on to chronicle in vivid detail the events of Akbar's reign, including an overview of Hindu culture, religion, and philosophy for the edification of his Muslim readers. Henry Beveridge's English translation was completed in 1921, more than two decade after he began.

history of Sher) ( ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺷﺎه ﺳﻮری :Tarikh-i-Shershahi:- The Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi (Urdu Shah) dating 1580 CE, is a historical work compiled by Abbas Khan Sarwani,[1] a waqia- navis under Mughal Emperor Akbar, detailing the rule of Sher Shah Suri. The work was commissioned by Akbar to provide detailed documentation about Sher Shah's administration - Akbar's father Humayun had been defeated by Sher Shah.[2] Abbas wrote the Tarik-i Sher Shahi using his own local cultural style not in the style and language of standard Persian.[3]

Taj-ul-Masir:- Tajul Maasir first official history of the Delhi Sultanate. Written in Persian by Sadruddin Hasan Nizami, it is the earliest among the historical literature produced in India. Details about Hasan Nizam's life and career are not available. According to one account he was the son of Nizami Aruzi Samarqandi, the author of the Chahar Maqala; the family belonged to Ghur and they were favourably disposed to the Ghurid rulers.

Tarikh-i-Firozshahi:- Ziauddin Barani (1285–1357 CE) was a Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate located in present-day North India during Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Firuz Shah's reign. He was best known for composing the Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi, a work on medieval India, which covers the period from the reign of Ghiyas ud din Balban to the first six years of reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq and the Fatwa-i- Jahandari which promoted a racial hierarchy among Muslim communities in the Indian subcontinent.

4. Write the sources of Mughal Period. मुगल काल के सूत्र �ल�खए। Ans. The Mughal Sources: Tuzuk-i-Babur or Babarnama written by Babur, the founder of the Mughal power as autobiography in his mother tongue, Chagtai Turki occupies the first place. It is a true reflection of his account of India and it gives information from Babur’s birth to AD 1529. Humayun Nama written by Gulbadan Begum, the daughter of Babur and sister of Humayan records a brief account of Babur and a detailed account of Humayan. This was written at the instance of Akbar. The Tuhfa-i-Akbari Shahi (Tarikh-i-Shershahi) of Abbas Khan Sarwani provides details of the life and works of Shershah. Abdul Qadir Badauni’s Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh is not dedicated to Akbar as Badauni was very critical of the ‘innovations’ of Akbar. It is written in three volumes. It deals in detail with various important matters mentioned in Akbar Nama of Abul Fazl. Abul Fazl’s Akbar Nama consists of three volumes; the third volume is the Aini Akbari. While the first two volumes cover the period of Akbar up to the close of his 46th year, the third volume ‘Ain-i Akbar’ gives an account of the various imperial departments and also of the revenue and administrative officials, revenue rates of measured land and revenue statistics of Subhas, Sarkars and Paraganas. Khwaja Nizamuddin Ahmad Harawi’s Tabaquat-i-Akbari was completed in the year 1593-94 and it was composed in nine parts from the advent of Islam up to AD 1593-94. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri was the autobiography of Jahangir. It is also called Tarikh-i-Salim Shahi and Jahangirinama. Muhammad Qasim Uindu Shah Astrabadi’s Tarikh-i-Firishtah, deals with the history of the Sultans of the Deccan. Padshanama of Abdul Hamid Lahori is a biographical account of Shahjahan from his childhood to 1649. It is rated as the first-rate authority on the reign of Shahjahan. Besides this biography, Muhammad Amir Khan Qazyni and Muhammad Waris, a pupil of Lahori also wrote two biographies with the name Padshahnama. Of these two, the first one gives an account of the first 10 years and the other the last ten years’ rule of Shahjahan.

Inayat Khan, a high official of Shahjahan also wrote Shajahannama and another Shahjahannama was written by Muhamad Sadiq Khan. This covers the historical events from the death of Jahangir to the accession of Aurangzeb. Muhammad Saki Mustaid Khan was the author of Maasir-e-Alamgiri. This was written after the death of Aurangzeb with the help of state records. Mirza Muhammad Qazim was the author of Alamgimama. This is a good detailed history of the first ten years of Aurangzeb’s reign. Muhammad Hashim Khafi Khan’s Muntakhab-ul-Lubab Muhammad Shahi is a voluminous history from the Muslim conquest of India up to the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah. Besides these histories written in Persian, administrative and accountancy manuals, statistical tables, Firmanas, Mishans or Parwanas, letters and dictionaries also serve useful purpose as primary source material. A number of books based on primary sources written in the last seventy-five years provide useful insights into the different reigns of the Mughal rulers. Further, the contemporaneous Portuguese, Dutch, English and French records and accounts provide useful information of the various aspects of Indian life. Memoirs, travelogues, letters of the Jesuit fathers, and factory records come under the above category. Antorio Monserette, a Jesuit in his commentary published in 1597 written in Portuguese, provides a graphic account of the court of Akbar. William Hawkins’ work graphically describes Jahangir’s court. Sir Thomas Roe’s embassy (1615-1619) of Jahangir’s time offers political and economic information. Similarly, the Dutch factor, Pelsaert’s account, the travels of Peter Mundy, and Fray Sebastian Manrique, the travels of Francois Bernier and Storia do Mogor of Niccolo Manucci also throw very useful light on the contemporary Indian society.

Regarding the company rule and its impact, the primary sources are factory records, despatches from Fort St. George, Fort William and transaction between different Presidencies of Bombay, Madras and Bengal, despatches between Indian presidencies and East India Company officials, etc. Newspapers, journals and memoirs of the British officials also are very useful. There is abundant source material to understand the response of the Indians towards the British policies in the shape of petitions submitted by the Indians.

About the freedom movement in India too we have abundant source material in the state archives of all states and also books written by freedom fighters. Oral tradition is employed to elicit information from the participants in the freedom struggle from Quit India movement onwards. There is also abundant source material of secondary nature to understand the nature and course of the National movement. Speeches, government records, parliamentary debates, newspaper editorials and reports throw a flood of light on the events of the contemporary period till 1964. A historian, by using the source material judiciously and by analysing the authenticity of different sources, can arrive at proper understanding of the historical process without being subjective in choosing a fact. The objective of the historian or the history text book writer is not to sit on judgment of the past but to understand the process and relate it to the present and future. Advent of Mughals: The advent of the Mughals or the Timurids in India in the early decades of the sixteenth century is a significant landmark in the evolution of Indian nation and its culture. In the initial years, the Mughals had to face stiff opposition from the Afghans, who were replaced by the Mughals, and the Rajputs. Shershah Suri, the founder of the Second Afghan Empire by his prowess as a general and by his administrative genius laid the future foundations for the edifice of the Mughal polity.

A brilliant chapter began in the history of the Mughal rule from the middle of the sixteenth century with the accession of Akbar. By the first decade of the seventeenth century, the Mughals consolidated and expanded their sway over the whole of India and worked in the direction of establishing law and order along with the promotion of arts and letters.

The sunset of the Mughal polity was completed by the sixth decade of the 18th century and the power lingered on nominally till the end of the first war of Indian independence in 1857, when the last of the Mughal lineage Bahadur Shah was hanged by the British, who became the sovereign power in India from that event of historical significance. By the time Babur, the petty chieftain of Ferghana, lost his power and his strong desire to be the ruler of Samarqand became utterly futile and he started looking towards India as his new destination, as the power and prestige of the Lodis, the last of the dynasties of Delhi Sultanate was at its lowest ebb.

Political disunity was the order of the day and there arose innumerable centres of political authority, quarrelling mutually among themselves to acquire legitimacy as sovereigns over a vast area. Iswari Prasad, aptly remarks that India was “a congeries of states at the opening of the 16th century and likely to be easy prey of an invader who had the strength and will to attempt her conquest”. Percival Spear also remarks that by the time of Babur’s invasion “Hindusthan was ruled by Afghan chiefs whose kingdoms were tumultuous confederacies of nobles rather than well organized states”. Babur in his memoirs also refers to “five Musalman rulers and two Pagans”.

The five Muslim rulers were the Lodies, and the rulers of Gujarat, Malwa, Bahamani and Bengal and the two pagans were Rana Sanga of Mewar and the king of Vijayanagar. Besides these major powers, there existed innumerable Afghan chieftains around Agra. While the above was the political situation in India, in central Asia the power of the Timurids was on decline, the Uzbeks captured firm foothold in Transoxonia and the Safavis captured Iran.

As a consequence, Babur the ruler of the small principality of Ferghana had to give up his long cherished desire of ruling over Samarqand by 1512 and turn his attention towards opening of gates of India by successive invasions from 1519 to 1526. Abul Fazl, the historian of the time of Akbar the grandson of Babur, pertinently notes that the meagre resources of Kabul and rich resources of India might have attracted Babur towards India.

In 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal power in India. Iswari Prasad rightly observes, “The battle of Panipat placed the empire of Delhi in Babur’s hands. The power of the Lodi dynasty was shattered to pieces and the sovereignty of Hindusthan passed to the Chagatai Turks”. R.P. Tripathi also observes “the victory of Panipat laid the foundation of the great Mughal Empire which in grandeur and power and culture was the greatest in the Muslim world”.

By this victory, Babur had not become secure, and he had to face the threat of the Rajputs, who were determined to restore their lost power. Babur fought against the Rajputs led by Rana Sanga at Kanwah in 1527 and succeeded in defeating them. R.P. Tripathi observes, “The consequences of this battle were indeed far reaching”. After this victory, Babur defeated the Rajputs in the battle of Chanderi in 1528 and defeated the Afghans in the battle of Ghogra in 1529.

In a series of three successive battles, Babur successfully achieved his objective of starting his reign in India; Babur lived for only a short time and breathed his last in 1530, leaving behind an unstable and insecure power structure as the Afghans and the Rajputs were still waiting for an opportunity to snatch the newly established power of the Mughals.

Babur, the link between central Asia and India, between predatory hordes and imperial government of Asia, a fearless warrior and an able general, scholar and poet, occupies a unique place among the medieval rulers of India. We can conclude with the statements of V.A. Smith “Babur was a most brilliant Asiatic prince of his age and worthy of a high place among the sovereigns of India”.

Babur had four sons, Humayun, Kamran, Askari and, Hindal and in 1530, his son Humayun, ‘the fortunate’ ascended the throne. Humayun failed to prove himself a worthy son to a determined conqueror like Babur and his life and reign was one of wasted chances in teaching a strong lesson to his opponents, the Afghan and the Rajputs. Humayun was replaced by Shershah Suri, who ruled for only a period of five years from AD 1540-45 but earned an eternal place in the galaxy of able rulers by his administrative genius. Humayun’s efforts to regain his lost power ended in dismal failure.

BIYANI GIRLS COLLEGE Internal Examination 2019-20 BA Part-II History (Paper-I) Sub. :History of Medieval India(1200-1761A.D.) (Set-B) Time: 1:30 Hrs. ANSWER KEY Max. Marks: 40 Q1. Each question carries one marks. 1. Who established the Vijay Nagar Kingdom? (a)Harihar (b) Bukka (c) Both a & b (d) None of these �वजय नगर साम्रा煍य क� थापना �कसने क�? (a) ह�रहर (b) बु啍का (c) दोन� a & b (d) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 2. What is ‘Kharaj’? (a) Land Tax (b) Irrigation Tax (c) Food Tax (d) None of these 'खराज' 啍या है? (ए) भू�म कर (बी) �स ंचाई कर (सी) खा饍य कर (डी) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 3. Which was the Hindu Province in South India? (a) Bahmani (b) Vijaynagar (c) Malwa (d) Amer द��ण भारत म� �हंद ू प्रांत कौन सा था? (a) बहमनी (b) �वजयनगर (c) मालवा (d) आमेर 4. Who was Mangol Chief in the period of Allauddin Khilji? (a) Tahir (b) Saldi (c) Dawa Khan (d) Kadar Khan अलाउद्दीन �खलजी के काल म� मंगोल प्रमुख कौन थे? (ए) ता�हर (बी) सालद� (सी) दावा खान (डी) कादर खान 5. Who established the ‘Slave Department’? (a) Mohammad-Bin-Tughalaq (b) Firoz-Shah-Tughalaq (c) Gayasuddin Tughalaq (d) None of these ‘ गुलाम �वभाग ’क� थापना �कसने क�? (ए) मोह륍मद-�बन-तुगलक (ख) �फरोज-शाह-तुगलक (ग) 嵍यासुद्दीन तुगलक (घ) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 6. Which battle fought between Mohammad Gori and Prithivi Raj Chouhan? (a) Tarain (b) Khanva (c) Panipat (d) Chousa मोह륍मद गोर� और प镍वीृ राज चौहान के बीच कौन सी लड़ाई हुई? (a) तराइन (b) खानवा (c) पानीपत (d) चौसा 7. Who wrote the ‘Akabarnama’? (a) Abdul Kadir (b) Abul Fazal (c) Akbar (d) Babar 'अकबरनामा' �कसने �लखी थी? (a) अ녍दलु का�दर (b) अबुल फजल (c) अकबर (d) बाबर 8. Who known as the name of Lakhbaksh? (a)Qutub-Din-Aibak (b) Iltutamish (c) Balban (d) Razia sultan . लाखब奍श के नाम से �कसे जाना जाता है? (a) क़ुतुब-द�न-ऐबक (b) इ쥍तुत�मश (c) बलबन (d) रज़ान सरसन 9. Which was the dynasty of Iltutamish? (a) Lodi (b) Slave (c) Khilji (d) Tughalaq इ쥍तुत�मश का वंश कौन था? (a) लोद� (b) गुलाम (c) �खलजी (d) तुगलक 10. Who setup the official nobility ‘Chahal-Gan-Chalisa’? (a)Iltutamish (b) Balban (c) Razia (d) Babar आ�धका�रक बड़ꥍपन setup चहल-गान-चाल�सा ’क� थापना �कसने क�? (a) इ쥍तुत�मश (b) बलबन (c) रिजया (d) बाबर 11. Who plundered the Somnatha Temple in 1025? (a)Mahmud Ghazni (b) Mohammad Gori (c) Both a & b (d) None of these 1025 म� सोमनाथ मं�दर को �कसने लूटा? (a) महमूद गजनी (b) मोह륍मद गोर� (c) दोन� a & b (d) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 12. started ‘Daag’ and ‘Chehra’ system in his army? (a)Balban (b) Allauddin Khilji (c)Sher Shah Suri (d) None of these �कसने अपनी सेना म� 'दाग' और 'चेहरा' प्रणाल� शु셂 क�? (a) बलबन (b) अलाउद्दीन �खलजी (c) शेर शाह सूर� (d) इनम� से कोई नह�ं Q2. Each question carries four marks. 1. Write about Sangum Dynasty. संगुम वंश के बारे म� �ल�खए। ? Ans. Sangam period (Tamil: ச柍ககால믍, Sangakālam ) is the period of history of ancient Tamil Nadu and Kerala (known as Tamilakam) spanning from c. 6th century BCE to c. 1st century CE.[1] It is named after the famous Sangam academies of poets and scholars centered in the city of Madurai. In Old Tamil language, the term Tamilakam (Tamiḻakam தமிழக믍, Purananuru 168. 18) referred to the whole of the ancient Tamil-speaking area, corresponding roughly to the area known as southern India today, consisting of the territories of the present-day Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Karnataka and northern Sri Lanka[2][3] also known as Eelam.[4][5]

According to Tamil legends, there were three Sangam periods, namely Head Sangam, Middle Sangam and Last Sangam period. Historians use the term Sangam period to refer the last of these, with the first two being legendary. So it is also called Last Sangam period (Tamil: கைட母ச柍க ப�வ믍, Kadaissanga ? [6] paruvam ), or Third Sangam period (Tamil: �ꟍறா믍 ச柍க ? ப�வ믍, Mūnṟām sanka paruvam ). The Sangam literature is thought to have been produced in three Sangam academies of each period. The evidence on the early history of the Tamil kingdoms consists of the epigraphs of the region, the Sangam literature, and archaeological data. The period between 600 BCE to 300 CE, Tamilakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties of Pandya, Chola and Chera, and a few independent chieftains, the Velir.

2. Describe the following :- �न륍न�ल�खत का वण셍न कर� : - (i)Battle of Talikota ताल�कोटा क� लड़ाई Ans. The Battle of Talikota (23 January 1565) was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and an alliance of the Deccan sultanates who united in order to defeat Aliya Rama Raya. The battle took place at Talikota, today a town in northern Karnataka, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the southeast from the city of Bijapur. The defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire at Talikota, followed by the subsequent destruction and looting of their capital, Vijayanagara, led to the slow decline and eventual collapse of the state under the successors of Rama Raya.

(ii)Humayun-Nama हुमायूं-नामा It was written by Gulbadan begum. Humayun, the second Mughal Emperor lost the kingdom that his Kabul born father Babur had established in India in the year. During the tenth year of his rule, in 1540, Humayun, who had a tendency to be complacent and lazy, lost his empire to Sher Khan Sur, an upstart from Bihar. With only his close family, Humayun first fled to Lahore, and then later to Kabul. With his entourage of his pregnant wife, one female attendant and a few good men Humayun fled. He was in exile for the next fifteen years in Afghanistan and Persia. Q3. Each question carries ten marks. (Any two) 1. Who was Firoz Shah Tughlaq? Write his Administration Reforms. �फरोज शाह तुगलक कौन था? उ स के प्रशासन सुधार �लख�। Ans. Feroz Shah Tughluq After Muhammad bin Tughluq died, a collateral relative, Mahmud Ibn Muhammad, ruled for less than a month. Thereafter, Muhammad bin Tughluq's 45-year-old nephew Firuz Shah Tughlaq replaced him and assumed the throne. His rule lasted 37 years.[52] Firuz Shah was, like his grandfather, of Turko-Indian origins. His Turkic father Sipah Rajab became infatuated with a Hindu princess named Naila. She initially refused to marry him. Her father refused the marriage proposal as well. Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Sipah Rajab then sent in an army with a demand for one year taxes in advance and a threat of seizure of all property of her family and Dipalpur people. The kingdom was suffering from famines, and could not meet the ransom demand. The princess, after learning about ransom demands against her family and people, offered herself in sacrifice if the army would stop the misery to her people. Sipah Rajab and the Sultan accepted the proposal. Sipah Rajab and Naila were married and Firoz Shah was their first so Administrative reforms of Firoz Shah Tughlaq:- He worked majorly in the development of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, river canals, reservoirs, rest houses etc. • He established an office for poor and deprived individuals called Diwan-i-Khairat • He established a department of slave known as Diwan-i-Bundagan • He declared the Iqtadari framework hereditary. • He constructed waterways for watering system from: 5. Yamuna to the city of Hissar 6. the Sutlej to the Ghaggar 7. the Ghaggar to Firuzabad 8. Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to Hansi in Haryana. • He is known to establish four new towns, Firuzabad, Fatebabad, Jaunpur and Hissar. • He was the one who started Imposition of Jaziya on the Brahmans. • He established several hospitals portrayed differently as Darul-Shifa, Bimaristan or Shifa Khana, in Delhi.

2. Write short note on :- (i) Krishnadevaraya (ii) Arvindu Dynasty (i) कृ �णदेवराय (ii) अर�वंद ू वंश Ans. Krishnadevaraya The rule of the Krishnadevaraya marks a period of much military success in Vijayanagara history. On occasion, the king was known to change battle plans abruptly and turn a losing battle into victory. The first decade of his rule was one of long sieges, conquests, rebellions and victories. • He ascended the throne in 1509 and developed a strong relationship with the empire’s Prime Minister, Timmarusu, whom he looked upon as a fatherly figure. • He was crowned during the gloomiest period of the Vijayanagara Empire and hence, spent the first few years of his reign battling sieges and conquests to consolidate the kingdom. • Since the Portuguese dominated the sea trade along the Indian coastline, he developed friendly relations with them, following which he traded Arabian horses and guns from the Portuguese merchants. • He engaged Portuguese engineers in improving the supply of water in Vijayanagara City, apart from receiving arms and war materials for invading Raichur. • Following the defeat of the Sultan of Bijapur, Sultan Mahmud, in 1509 at his hands, towns and villages in Vijayanagar saved from annual raids by the Deccan sultans. • He annexed Raichur Doab and subsequently, raided Bidar, Gulbarga and Bijapur, thereby disintegrating the Bahmani Sultans, and took upon the title ‘establisher of the Yavana kingdom’. • In 1512, he defeated the Ummatur chief, Ganga Raja, to expand his empire – as a result of this defeat, the latter drowned in the waters of Cauvery River. The region was added to the Srirangapatna province. • Following his homage to Sri Venkateswara at Tirupati after his successful invasion of the Udayagiri Fort, he defeated the Gajapati army at Kondavidu and captured the fort after a series of initial routs, compelling the army to surrender. • While the fort was seized through a secret entrance discovered by Timmarusu, who was then appointed the governor of Kondavidu, the son of Prathapa Rudra, Prince Virabhadra, was captured and imprisoned. • As part of his third campaign in South India, he conquered Bezwada, on the banks of Krishna River, followed by the invasion of Kondapalli and forts in Nalgonda and Warangal. • Prathapa Rudra’s plan of crushing Krishnadevaraya and his army was crushed by his attack on the Gajapati Empire’s capital, Cuttack, forcing the former to surrender. • A treaty was signed in 1518, according to which the territories in the Odisha kingdom on the north of Krishna River were returned to the Gajapati ruler while maintaining complete peace between the two empires. • After completely thrashing the Bijapur army, he destroyed the fort of Gulbarga, the former Bahmani capital, though he reinstated the kingdom to Muhammad Shah. Major Battles • He attacked the unconquerable Udayagiri Fort, ruled by Gajapati Prathapa Rudra Dev, in 1512 and after a year of continuous battles, the Gajapati army surrendered and escaped to Kondavidu. • The bloody battle of Raichur in 1520 saw over 703,000 foot soldiers, 32, 600 cavalry and 551 elephants fighting Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur for the capture of its fortress leading to his defeat, amidst the death of 16,000 Vijayanagar soldiers.

Arvindu Dynasty It was the fourth and last Hindu dynasty which ruled Vijayanagara Empire. It was founded by Tirumala. His brother Rama Raya was the regent of Tuluva dynasty’s last king. He was killed during the battle of Talikota in 1565 AD. Tirumala Deva Raya Tirumala Deva Raya was also the son-in-law of Krishna Deva Raya. He re-founded the Vijaynagar kingdom in Penukonda, Andhra Pradesh. The kingdom was destroyed by the Muslim rulers following the battle of Talikonda. During his reign, Tirumala Deva Raya faced rebellion from Southern Nayakas of Madurai and Ginjee. He retired to a religious life in 1572 AD. Sriranga Deva Raya (Sriranga I) He ruled Vijayanagara kingdom from 1572 AD to 1586 AD. He faced repeated attacks from Muslim rulers of Deccan. Nonetheless, he did his best to defend the territories of the kingdom and died in 1586 without an heir. Venkata II (1586-1614 AD) He succeeded his elder brother Sriranga I in 1586 as the new king of Vijayanagara Empire. He revived the strength of the kingdom by dealing successfully with the sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda. He suppressed the rebelling Nayakas of Tamil Nadu. Sriranga II (1614 AD) He ruled for a brief period of time. During his time, internal feud between the rival factions started. Ramadeva (1617-1632 AD) He ruled from 1617 AD to 1632 AD. Venkata III He became the king of Vijayanagara in 1632 AD and ruled till 1642 AD. Sriranga III He was the last ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire. He ruled from 1642 to 1646 AD.

3. Write short note on :- सं��ꥍत नोट �लख�: - (i) Babarnama (ii) Akbernama (iii )Tarikh-i-Shershahi (iv) Taj-ul-Masir (v)Tarikh-i-Firozshahi (i) बाबरनामा (iii) अकबरनामा (v) तार�ख-ए-Firozshahi (ii) ता�रख-ए-शेरशाह� (iv) ताज-उल-म�सर Ans. Babarnama :-It is a autobiography of Babar. Bābur was an educated Timurid and his observations and comments in his memoirs reflect an interest in nature, society, politics and economics. His vivid account of events covers not just his own life, but the history and geography of the areas he lived in as well as the people with whom he came into contact. The book covers topics as diverse as astronomy, geography, statecraft, military matters, weapons and battles, plants and animals , biographies and family chronicles, courtiers and artists, poetry, music and paintings, wine parties, historical monument tours as well as contemplations on human nature.

Akbernama:- The Akburnama is the official record of the rule of Akbar, third Mughal Emperor, written at his behest by court historian Abul Fazl. Beginning with a history of the Timur Dynasty, the three-volume history goes on to chronicle in vivid detail the events of Akbar's reign, including an overview of Hindu culture, religion, and philosophy for the edification of his Muslim readers. Henry Beveridge's English translation was completed in 1921, more than two decade after he began.

history of Sher) ( ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺷﯿﺮ ﺷﺎه ﺳﻮری :Tarikh-i-Shershahi:- The Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi (Urdu Shah) dating 1580 CE, is a historical work compiled by Abbas Khan Sarwani,[1] a waqia- navis under Mughal Emperor Akbar, detailing the rule of Sher Shah Suri. The work was commissioned by Akbar to provide detailed documentation about Sher Shah's administration - Akbar's father Humayun had been defeated by Sher Shah.[2] Abbas wrote the Tarik-i Sher Shahi using his own local cultural style not in the style and language of standard Persian.[3]

Taj-ul-Masir:- Tajul Maasir first official history of the Delhi Sultanate. Written in Persian by Sadruddin Hasan Nizami, it is the earliest among the historical literature produced in India. Details about Hasan Nizam's life and career are not available. According to one account he was the son of Nizami Aruzi Samarqandi, the author of the Chahar Maqala; the family belonged to Ghur and they were favourably disposed to the Ghurid rulers.

Tarikh-i-Firozshahi:- Ziauddin Barani (1285–1357 CE) was a Muslim political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate located in present-day North India during Muhammad bin Tughlaq and Firuz Shah's reign. He was best known for composing the Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi, a work on medieval India, which covers the period from the reign of Ghiyas ud din Balban to the first six years of reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq and the Fatwa-i- Jahandari which promoted a racial hierarchy among Muslim communities in the Indian subcontinent.

4. Write the sources of Mughal Period. मुगल काल के सूत्र �ल�खए। Ans. The Mughal Sources: Tuzuk-i-Babur or Babarnama written by Babur, the founder of the Mughal power as autobiography in his mother tongue, Chagtai Turki occupies the first place. It is a true reflection of his account of India and it gives information from Babur’s birth to AD 1529. Humayun Nama written by Gulbadan Begum, the daughter of Babur and sister of Humayan records a brief account of Babur and a detailed account of Humayan. This was written at the instance of Akbar. The Tuhfa-i-Akbari Shahi (Tarikh-i-Shershahi) of Abbas Khan Sarwani provides details of the life and works of Shershah. Abdul Qadir Badauni’s Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh is not dedicated to Akbar as Badauni was very critical of the ‘innovations’ of Akbar. It is written in three volumes. It deals in detail with various important matters mentioned in Akbar Nama of Abul Fazl. Abul Fazl’s Akbar Nama consists of three volumes; the third volume is the Aini Akbari. While the first two volumes cover the period of Akbar up to the close of his 46th year, the third volume ‘Ain-i Akbar’ gives an account of the various imperial departments and also of the revenue and administrative officials, revenue rates of measured land and revenue statistics of Subhas, Sarkars and Paraganas. Khwaja Nizamuddin Ahmad Harawi’s Tabaquat-i-Akbari was completed in the year 1593-94 and it was composed in nine parts from the advent of Islam up to AD 1593-94. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri was the autobiography of Jahangir. It is also called Tarikh-i-Salim Shahi and Jahangirinama. Muhammad Qasim Uindu Shah Astrabadi’s Tarikh-i-Firishtah, deals with the history of the Sultans of the Deccan. Padshanama of Abdul Hamid Lahori is a biographical account of Shahjahan from his childhood to 1649. It is rated as the first-rate authority on the reign of Shahjahan. Besides this biography, Muhammad Amir Khan Qazyni and Muhammad Waris, a pupil of Lahori also wrote two biographies with the name Padshahnama. Of these two, the first one gives an account of the first 10 years and the other the last ten years’ rule of Shahjahan.

Inayat Khan, a high official of Shahjahan also wrote Shajahannama and another Shahjahannama was written by Muhamad Sadiq Khan. This covers the historical events from the death of Jahangir to the accession of Aurangzeb. Muhammad Saki Mustaid Khan was the author of Maasir-e-Alamgiri. This was written after the death of Aurangzeb with the help of state records. Mirza Muhammad Qazim was the author of Alamgimama. This is a good detailed history of the first ten years of Aurangzeb’s reign. Muhammad Hashim Khafi Khan’s Muntakhab-ul-Lubab Muhammad Shahi is a voluminous history from the Muslim conquest of India up to the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah. Besides these histories written in Persian, administrative and accountancy manuals, statistical tables, Firmanas, Mishans or Parwanas, letters and dictionaries also serve useful purpose as primary source material. A number of books based on primary sources written in the last seventy-five years provide useful insights into the different reigns of the Mughal rulers. Further, the contemporaneous Portuguese, Dutch, English and French records and accounts provide useful information of the various aspects of Indian life. Memoirs, travelogues, letters of the Jesuit fathers, and factory records come under the above category. Antorio Monserette, a Jesuit in his commentary published in 1597 written in Portuguese, provides a graphic account of the court of Akbar. William Hawkins’ work graphically describes Jahangir’s court. Sir Thomas Roe’s embassy (1615-1619) of Jahangir’s time offers political and economic information. Similarly, the Dutch factor, Pelsaert’s account, the travels of Peter Mundy, and Fray Sebastian Manrique, the travels of Francois Bernier and Storia do Mogor of Niccolo Manucci also throw very useful light on the contemporary Indian society.

Regarding the company rule and its impact, the primary sources are factory records, despatches from Fort St. George, Fort William and transaction between different Presidencies of Bombay, Madras and Bengal, despatches between Indian presidencies and East India Company officials, etc. Newspapers, journals and memoirs of the British officials also are very useful. There is abundant source material to understand the response of the Indians towards the British policies in the shape of petitions submitted by the Indians.

About the freedom movement in India too we have abundant source material in the state archives of all states and also books written by freedom fighters. Oral tradition is employed to elicit information from the participants in the freedom struggle from Quit India movement onwards. There is also abundant source material of secondary nature to understand the nature and course of the National movement. Speeches, government records, parliamentary debates, newspaper editorials and reports throw a flood of light on the events of the contemporary period till 1964. A historian, by using the source material judiciously and by analysing the authenticity of different sources, can arrive at proper understanding of the historical process without being subjective in choosing a fact. The objective of the historian or the history text book writer is not to sit on judgment of the past but to understand the process and relate it to the present and future. Advent of Mughals: The advent of the Mughals or the Timurids in India in the early decades of the sixteenth century is a significant landmark in the evolution of Indian nation and its culture. In the initial years, the Mughals had to face stiff opposition from the Afghans, who were replaced by the Mughals, and the Rajputs. Shershah Suri, the founder of the Second Afghan Empire by his prowess as a general and by his administrative genius laid the future foundations for the edifice of the Mughal polity.

A brilliant chapter began in the history of the Mughal rule from the middle of the sixteenth century with the accession of Akbar. By the first decade of the seventeenth century, the Mughals consolidated and expanded their sway over the whole of India and worked in the direction of establishing law and order along with the promotion of arts and letters.

The sunset of the Mughal polity was completed by the sixth decade of the 18th century and the power lingered on nominally till the end of the first war of Indian independence in 1857, when the last of the Mughal lineage Bahadur Shah was hanged by the British, who became the sovereign power in India from that event of historical significance. By the time Babur, the petty chieftain of Ferghana, lost his power and his strong desire to be the ruler of Samarqand became utterly futile and he started looking towards India as his new destination, as the power and prestige of the Lodis, the last of the dynasties of Delhi Sultanate was at its lowest ebb.

Political disunity was the order of the day and there arose innumerable centres of political authority, quarrelling mutually among themselves to acquire legitimacy as sovereigns over a vast area. Iswari Prasad, aptly remarks that India was “a congeries of states at the opening of the 16th century and likely to be easy prey of an invader who had the strength and will to attempt her conquest”. Percival Spear also remarks that by the time of Babur’s invasion “Hindusthan was ruled by Afghan chiefs whose kingdoms were tumultuous confederacies of nobles rather than well organized states”. Babur in his memoirs also refers to “five Musalman rulers and two Pagans”.

The five Muslim rulers were the Lodies, and the rulers of Gujarat, Malwa, Bahamani and Bengal and the two pagans were Rana Sanga of Mewar and the king of Vijayanagar. Besides these major powers, there existed innumerable Afghan chieftains around Agra. While the above was the political situation in India, in central Asia the power of the Timurids was on decline, the Uzbeks captured firm foothold in Transoxonia and the Safavis captured Iran.

As a consequence, Babur the ruler of the small principality of Ferghana had to give up his long cherished desire of ruling over Samarqand by 1512 and turn his attention towards opening of gates of India by successive invasions from 1519 to 1526. Abul Fazl, the historian of the time of Akbar the grandson of Babur, pertinently notes that the meagre resources of Kabul and rich resources of India might have attracted Babur towards India.

In 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal power in India. Iswari Prasad rightly observes, “The battle of Panipat placed the empire of Delhi in Babur’s hands. The power of the Lodi dynasty was shattered to pieces and the sovereignty of Hindusthan passed to the Chagatai Turks”. R.P. Tripathi also observes “the victory of Panipat laid the foundation of the great Mughal Empire which in grandeur and power and culture was the greatest in the Muslim world”.

By this victory, Babur had not become secure, and he had to face the threat of the Rajputs, who were determined to restore their lost power. Babur fought against the Rajputs led by Rana Sanga at Kanwah in 1527 and succeeded in defeating them. R.P. Tripathi observes, “The consequences of this battle were indeed far reaching”. After this victory, Babur defeated the Rajputs in the battle of Chanderi in 1528 and defeated the Afghans in the battle of Ghogra in 1529.

In a series of three successive battles, Babur successfully achieved his objective of starting his reign in India; Babur lived for only a short time and breathed his last in 1530, leaving behind an unstable and insecure power structure as the Afghans and the Rajputs were still waiting for an opportunity to snatch the newly established power of the Mughals.

Babur, the link between central Asia and India, between predatory hordes and imperial government of Asia, a fearless warrior and an able general, scholar and poet, occupies a unique place among the medieval rulers of India. We can conclude with the statements of V.A. Smith “Babur was a most brilliant Asiatic prince of his age and worthy of a high place among the sovereigns of India”.

Babur had four sons, Humayun, Kamran, Askari and, Hindal and in 1530, his son Humayun, ‘the fortunate’ ascended the throne. Humayun failed to prove himself a worthy son to a determined conqueror like Babur and his life and reign was one of wasted chances in teaching a strong lesson to his opponents, the Afghan and the Rajputs. Humayun was replaced by Shershah Suri, who ruled for only a period of five years from AD 1540-45 but earned an eternal place in the galaxy of able rulers by his administrative genius. Humayun’s efforts to regain his lost power ended in dismal failure.

BIYANI GIRLS COLLEGE 1ST Internal Examination 2019-20 BA Part-II History (Paper-II) Sub. : Main Trends in the Cultural History of India (Set-A) Time: 1:30 Hrs. ANSWER KEY Max. Marks: 40 Q1. Each question carries one marks. 1. Bhakti means ………. (a)Devotion to God (b) Action (c) Knowledge (d) Reward भि啍त का अथ셍 है ………। (a) ई�वर क� भि啍त (b) ए啍शन (c) �ान (d) इनाम 2. Most of Indian literature was composed in ……….. (a)English (b) Sanskrit (c) Marathi (d) Urdu अ�धकांश भारतीय सा�ह配य क� रचना ……… .. म� हुई थी। (a) अंग्रेजी (b) संकृ त (c) मराठ� (d) उद셍 ू 3. The Varnashrama Dharma Scheme comprised of ………….. (a)Vanprastha (b) Sanyasa (c) Brahmcharya (d) All of the above वणा셍श्रम धम셍 योजना िजसम� शा�मल है ………… .. (a) वानप्रथ (b) सꅍयास (c) ब्रमचय셍 (d) उपरो啍त सभी 4. Main features of Indian Culture is ………. (a)Longevity (b) Continuity (c) Both a&b (d) None of these भारतीय संकृ �त क� मु奍य �वशेषताएं ……… ह�। (a) द�घा셍यु (b) �नरंतरता (c) दोन� a & b (d) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 5. Who was the important God in later Vedic Age? (a)Vayu (b) Agni (c) Prajapati (d) Indra बाद के वै�दक युग म� मह配वपूण셍 ई�वर कौन था? (a) वायु (b) अि嵍न (c) प्रजाप�त (d) इंद्र 6. Vedas other name was ………. (a)Samhita (b) Upnishad (c) Aranayak (d) Sutra वेद का अꅍय नाम ……… था।

(a) सं�हता (b) उप�नषद (c) अर赍यक (d) सूत्र 7. What was the real name of Mahatma Buddha? (a)Suddhodhan (b) Siddhartha (c) Rahul (d) Vardhaman महा配मा बुद्ध का वात�वक नाम 啍या था?

(a) सुद्धोधन (b) �सद्धाथ셍 (c) राहुल (d) वध셍मान 8. Who was 23rd Jain Tirthankar? (a)Neminath (b) Mahavira (c) Parshavnatha (d) Rishabh Dev 23 व� जैन तीथ�कर कौन थे? (a) ने�मनाथ (b) महावीर (c) पा�व셍नाथ (d) ऋषभ देव 9. Eightfold Path related to ………. (a)Jainism (b) Buddhism (c) Shivism (d) Vaishnavism आठ गुना पथ ……… से संबं�धत है। (a) जैन धम셍 (b) बौद्ध धम셍 (c) �शववाद (d) वै�णववाद 10. Who organized the 3rd Buddhist Council in Patliputra? (a)Kalasoka (b) Ashoka (c) Kanishaka (d) Ajatshatru पाट�लपुत्र म� तीसरे बौद्ध प�रषद का आयोजन �कसने �कया था? (a) कIलासोका (b) अशोक (c) क�न�का (d) अजातशत्र ु 11. Which Mahavrata included by Mahavir Swami? (a) Truth (b) Non-violence (c) to steal (d) Brahamcharya महावीर वामी ने �कस महाव्रत को शा�मल �कया? (a) स配य (b) अ�हंसा (c) चोर� करना (d) ब्रमचय셍 12. The Vedic tradition of Indian Culture are as following:- (a)Rich literature (b) Caste System (c) Positive Spritual Ideas (d) All of the above भारतीय संकृ �त क� वै�दक परंपरा �न륍नानुसार है: - (a) समद्धृ सा�ह配य (b) जा�त 핍यवथा (c) सकारा配मक िप्रचअलु �वचार (d) उपरो啍त सभी Q2. Each question carries four marks. 1. Write Eightfold Path of Buddhism. बौद्ध धम셍 के आठ गुना पथ �लख�। 2. Write 5 Mahavrata’s of Jainism. जैन धम셍 के 5 महाव्रत �लख� I Q3. Each question carries ten marks. (Any two) 1. Describe the main features of Indian Culture. भारतीय संकृ �त क� मु奍य �वशेषताएं बताइए। 2. Describe the Vedic Religion. वै�दक धम셍 का वण셍न कर� । 3. What is Buddhism ? Describe the principles of Buddhism. बौद्ध धम셍 啍या है? बौद्ध धम셍 के �सद्धांत� का वण셍न कर� 4. Describe the Bhakti Movement. भि啍त आंदोलन का वण셍न कर� ।

BIYANI GIRLS COLLEGE 1ST Internal Examination 2019-20 BA Part-II History (Paper-II) Sub. : Main Trends in the Cultural History of India (Set-B) Time: 1:30 Hrs. ANSWER KEY Max. Marks: 40 Q1. Each question carries one marks. 1. Vedas other name was ………. (a)Samhita (b) Upnishad (c) Aranayak (d) Sutra वेद का अꅍय नाम ……… था। (a) सं�हता (b) उप�नषद (c) अर赍यक (d) सूत्र 2. What was the real name of Mahatma Buddha? (a)Suddhodhan (b) Siddhartha (c) Rahul (d) Vardhaman महा配मा बुद्ध का वात�वक नाम 啍या था? (a) सुद्धोधन (b) �सद्धाथ셍 (c) राहुल (d) वध셍मान 3. Who was 23rd Jain Tirthankar? (a)Neminath (b) Mahavira (c) Parshavnatha (d) Rishabh Dev 23 व� जैन तीथ�कर कौन थे? (a) ने�मनाथ (b) महावीर (c) पा�व셍नाथ (d) ऋषभ देव 4. Eightfold Path related to ………. (a)Jainism (b) Buddhism (c) Shivism (d) Vaishnavism आठ गुना पथ ……… से संबं�धत है। (a) जैन धम셍 (b) बौद्ध धम셍 (c) �शववाद (d) वै�णववाद 5. Who organized the 3rd Buddhist Council in Patliputra? (a)Kalasoka (b) Ashoka (c) Kanishaka (d) Ajatshatru पाट�लपुत्र म� तीसरे बौद्ध प�रषद का आयोजन �कसने �कया था? (a) कलासोका (b) अशोक (c) क�न�का (d) अजातशत्र ु 6. Which Mahavrata included by Mahavir Swami? (a) Truth (b) Non-violence (c) to steal (d) Brahamcharya महावीर वामी ने �कस महाव्रत को शा�मल �कया? (a) स配य (b) अ�हंसा (c) चोर� करना (d) ब्रमचय셍 7. The Vedic tradition of Indian Culture are as following:- (a)Rich literature (b) Caste System (c) Positive Spritual Ideas (d) All of the above भारतीय संकृ �त क� वै�दक परंपरा �न륍नानुसार है: - (a) समद्धृ सा�ह配य (b) जा�त 핍यवथा (c) सकारा配मक िप्रचअलु �वचार (d) उपरो啍त सभी 8. Bhakti means ………. (a)Devotion to God (b) Action (c) Knowledge (d) Reward भि啍त का अथ셍 है ………। (a) ई�वर क� भि啍त (b) ए啍शन (c) �ान (d) इनाम 9. Most of Indian literature was composed in ……….. (a)English (b) Sanskrit (c) Marathi (d) Urdu अ�धकांश भारतीय सा�ह配य क� रचना ……… .. म� हुई थी। (a) अंग्रेजी (b) संकृ त (c) मराठ� (d) उद셍 ू 10. The Varnashrama Dharma Scheme comprised of ………….. (a)Vanprastha (b) Sanyasa (c) Brahmcharya (d) All of the above वणा셍श्रम धम셍 योजना िजसम� शा�मल है ………… .. (a) वानप्रथ (b) सꅍयास (c) ब्रमचय셍 (d) उपरो啍त सभी 11. Main features of Indian Culture is ………. (a)Longevity (b) Continuity (c) Both a&b (d) None of these भारतीय संकृ �त क� मु奍य �वशेषताएं ……… ह�। (a) द�घा셍यु (b) �नरंतरता (c) दोन� a & b (d) इनम� से कोई नह�ं 12. Who was the important God in later Vedic Age? (a)Vayu (b) Agni (c) Prajapati (d) Indra बाद के वै�दक युग म� मह配वपूण셍 ई�वर कौन था? (a) वायु (b) अि嵍न (c) प्रजाप�त (d) इंद्र Q2. Each question carries four marks. 1. Write the essence of Indian Culture. भारतीय संकृ �त का सार �ल�खए। 2. What is Culture? Write definitions. संकृ �त 啍या है? प�रभाषाएँ �ल�खए। Q3. Each question carries ten marks. (Any two) 1. Describe the main features of Indian Culture. भारतीय संकृ �त क� मु奍य �वशेषताएं बताइए। 2. Describe the Vedic Religion. वै�दक धम셍 का वण셍न कर� । 3. What is Buddhism ? Describe the principles of Buddhism. बौद्ध धम셍 啍या है? बौद्ध धम셍 के �सद्धांत� का वण셍न कर� । 4. Describe the Bhakti Movement. भि啍त आंदोलन का वण셍न कर� ।