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1 Conservation of Agro-Biodiversity in Baja Conservation of Agro-biodiversity in Baja California Oases Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Routson, Rafael Joan Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 15:37:33 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228179 1 CONSERVATION OF AGRO-BIODIVERSITY IN BAJA CALIFORNIA OASES by Rafael Routson —————————— A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY AND DEVELOPMENT In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Rafael J. Routson, entitled “Conservation of Agro-biodiversity in Baja California Oases” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________Date: April 24, 2012 Gary Paul Nabhan _______________________________________________Date: April 24, 2012 Paul F. Robbins _______________________________________________Date: April 24, 2012 Steve Yool _______________________________________________Date: April 24, 2012 Stuart E. Marsh _______________________________________________Date: April 24, 2012 Suzanne Fish _______________________________________________Date: April 24, 2012 M. Micheline Cariño Olvera Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. _______________________________________________Date: April 24, 2012 Dissertation Director: Gary Paul Nabhan _______________________________________________Date: April 24, 2012 Dissertation Director: Paul F. Robbins 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Rafael Routson 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research would not have been possible without the academic guidance of Dr. Gary Paul Nabhan, Dr. Paul Robbins, Dr. Steve Yool, Dr. Micheline Cariño Olvera, Dr. Stuart Marsh, and Dr. Suzanne Fish. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Robert Krueger at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, Dr. Exequiel Ezcurra, David Karp and Ben Wilder at California State University Riverside, Dr. Michael Rosenzweig at the University of Arizona, Dr. Marc Baker of Southwest Botanical Research, Dr. Robert Bye at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. José Luis León de la Luz at Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste at La Paz, and Jaime Gil, agricultural engineer of the Canary Islands, RIDISOS and Cultura del Oasis for collaboration, research advice, information and technical support. Science Foundation Arizona, Fulbright-COMEXUS, the Philanthropic Education Organization, and the School of Geography and Development provided the both the funding and framework to complete this doctorate degree. Special thanks to Jaime de Grenade for accompanying me on the journey through the oases and offering endless love and guidance. My deepest gratitude and love to Don, Rebecca, Kanin, and Cody Routson, Jack and Eileen Routson, Sally Bregar, Aunt Karen, Beth, and all of the family members, colleagues, friends and loved ones who provided the encouragement and support necessary for this extensive process. My grandfather Jack Routson, who from my youngest memories said I should pursue doctorate degree, passed away as I crossed the border, returning from the oases of Mexico. I dedicate this dissertation to him. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………….9 LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….11 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...12 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….13 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…..…………………………………………………...18 Oases as Ecological Systems.…………………………………………………...…….18 Oases as Biocultural Systems…..…………………………………………………......21 Oases as Sites of In-Situ Conservation……………………………………………......27 Oasis Agro-biodiversity Research Hypotheses………………………………………..28 GEOGRAPHICAL-HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK……………………………………30 Physical Geography of the Baja California Peninsula Oases ………………………...31 Indigenous Peoples of the Peninsula………………………………………………….37 New Spain and Early Explorations of Baja California………………………………..42 The Jesuits (Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam: For the Greater Glory of God)……………...43 Peninsula Independence and Integration……………………………………………...53 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK.…………………………………………………………..65 Study Area…………………………………………………………………………….65 Pilot Study…………………………………………………………………………..…79 Timeline……………………………………………………………………………….80 Financial and Institutional Support……………………………………………………80 METHODS………………………………………………………………………………82 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS — Continued 1. Agro-biodiversity Methods…………………………………………………………82 2. Political Ecology Methods………………….……………….……………………...90 3. Cultural Practices Methods………………………...…………………...…………..91 4. Synthesis……………………………………………………………………………92 RESULTS: 1. AGRO-BIODIVERSITY………………………………………………...94 Historical Inventories………………………………………………………………….94 Oasis Garden Surveys…………………………………………………………………98 Inventory Comparison……………………………………………………………….103 Species-Area Relationship…………………………………………………………...105 Rank Abundance……………………………………………………………………..110 Perennial Food Crop Diversity in Solares, Huertas and Ranches…………………....113 DISCUSSION: 1. AGRO-BIODIVERSITY…………………………………………...116 Sources and Geographies….…………………………………………………………117 Mission-Era, Wild, and Newly Introduced Species Clarifications ………………….120 Historical Inventories………………………………………………………………...127 Spatial Distribution of Diversity……………………………………………………..129 Agro-Ecology………………………………………………………………………...131 Farming Techniques and Practices…………………………………………………..133 Agricultural Industrialization………………………………………………………...134 Agro-biodiversity Conclusions………………………………………………………136 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 2. POLITICAL ECOLOGY………………………..138 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS — Continued Geographical Remoteness……………………………………………………………139 Market Integration…………………………………………………………………...144 Land Tenure………………………………………………………………………….152 Tourism………………………………………………………………………………155 Protected-Area Status………………………………………………………………...159 Oasis Demography…………………………………………………………………...163 Water Governance…………………………………………………………………...164 Political-Ecology Conclusions……………………………….………………………166 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 3. CULTURAL PRACTICES………………………171 Cultural Practices of Food Preparation…………………………………………........172 Cultural Practices and Agro-biodiversity……………………………………………179 Distribution of Cultural Knowledge by Gender and Age……………………………181 Cultural Knowledge Transmission and Exchange…………………………………...183 Cultural-Ecology Conclusions……………………………………………………….187 CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………...………………..192 APPENDIX A: LIST OF PERENNIAL CROP SPECIES……………………………..203 APPENDIX B: TRANSLATIONS FROM ARCHIVO GENERAL DE LA NACION….206 APPENDIX C: HISTORICAL INVENTORY COMPARISONS……………………..219 APPENDIX D: JESUIT MISSION DESCRIPTIONS…………………………………230 Santa Maria Cabujakaamung (1767-1768)……………………………………...…...230 San Francisco Borja de Adac (1762-1818)…………………………………………..232 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS — Continued Santa Gertrudis de Cadacamán (1751-1822)………………………………………...242 Nuestro Señor San Ignacio de Kadakaamán (1728-1840)…………………………...261 Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Huasinapí (1720-1795)…………………………...280 Santa Rosalía de Mulegé (1705-1828)……………………………………………….287 La Purísima Concepción de Cadegomo (1720-1825)………………………………..308 San José de Comondú (1708-1827)………………………………………………….329 Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó (1697-1829)……………………………………..346 San Francisco Javier de Viggé-Biaundó (1699-1817)……………………………….348 Nuestra Señora de los Dolores Apaté (1721-1768)…………………………………..362 San Luis Gonzaga Chiriyaqui (1737-1768)………………………………………….368 Todos Santos/Misión Santa Rosa de Las Palmas (1733-1840)……………………...373 Santiago de los Coras Aiñiní (1724-1795)…………………………………………...387 San José del Cabo Añuití (1730-1840)……………………………………………....400 GLOSSARY A: MEXICAN FEDERAL AND STATE ORGANIZATIONS…………403 GLOSSARY B: SPANISH TERMS………………………………………….………...405 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………407 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Jesuit Mission Oases of the Baja California Peninsula………………………..68 Figure 2. The Mission of San Borja, looking west.………………………..…………….70 Figure 3. Santa Gertrudis Oasis.…………………………………...…………………….71 Figure 4. San Ignacio Oasis.……………………..……….……………………..……….71 Figure 5. Mulegé Oasis. Photo Courtesy of Cody Routson.……………………..………72
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