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Biophysical Sustainability of Food Systems in a Global and Interconnected World

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Biophysical Sustainability of Food Systems in a Global and Interconnected World Biophysical Sustainability of Food Systems in a Global and Interconnected World Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Dor Fridman Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 53/32/2/ Beer-Sheva Biophysical Sustainability of Food Systems in a Global and Interconnected World Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” by Dor Fridman Submitted to the Senate of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Approved by the advisor Approved by the Dean of the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies 32/2/ 53/32/2/ Beer-Sheva This work was carried out under the supervision of Prof. Meidad Kissinger In the Department for Geography and Environmental Development Faculty of Social Sciences Research-Student’s Affidavit when Submitting the Doctoral Thesis for Judgment I Dor Fridman, whose signature appears below, hereby declare that (Please mark the appropriate statements): V I have written this Thesis by myself, except for the help and guidance offered by my Thesis Advisors. V The scientific materials included in this Thesis are products of my own research, culled from the period during which I was a research student. ___ This Thesis incorporates research materials produced in cooperation with others, excluding the technical help commonly received during experimental work. Therefore, I am attaching another affidavit stating the contributions made by myself and the other participants in this research, which has been approved by them and submitted with their approval. Date: 18/2/20 Student’s name: Dor Fridman Signature: Table of contents Table of contents v Acknowledgements vii List of figures viii List of tables ix List of equations x Abstract xi 1. Introduction 13 2. Background 16 2.1. Interactions between human and natural systems as the core of sustainability science 16 2.2. Sustainability in a global world 18 2.3. Approaches for sustainability assessment in a global and inter- connected world 19 2.4. Food systems: challenges and pathways 22 2.5. Studying food systems sustainability 25 3. Methods 30 3.1. Aims and scope 30 3.2. The general course of the research 32 4. A multi-scale analysis of interregional sustainability: applied to Israel’s food supply 35 4.1. Disclaimer 35 4.2. Introduction 35 4.3. Methods 36 4.4. Results 42 4.5. Discussion 49 4.6. Conclusions 53 5. An integrated biophysical and ecosystem approach as a base for ecosystem services analysis across regions 54 5.1. Disclaimer 54 5.2. Introduction 54 5.3. Methods 55 5.4. Results 59 5.5. Discussion 65 5.6. Conclusions 70 6. Food security, sustainability and international trade – a global analysis using the functional regions typology 71 6.1. Disclaimer 71 6.2. Introduction 71 6.3. Methods 72 6.4. Results 78 6.5. Discussion 86 6.6. Conclusions 90 7. Synthesis 92 8. Conclusions 98 9. Bibliography 100 v 10. Annexes 113 10.1. Primary crop equivalents and conversion factors 113 10.2. Primary livestock equivalents and conversion factors 120 10.3. Livestock relative feed requirements keys 123 10.4. Crop groups 124 10.5. Country ISO3 codes 129 10.6. Flows to Israel – national scale 133 10.7. Flows to Israel – biome scale 831 10.8. Flows to Israel – ecoregion scale 139 10.9. Flows to Israel – river basin scale 182 10.10. Flows to Israel – first level administrative scale 183 10.11. Functional regions (ch. 5): description, footprints and potential 184 impacts 10.12. Querying the functional regions typology – an illustrative example 188 10.13. Utilization factor: Quantifying the level of agricultural use in different functional regions 189 10.14. Absolute values for selected indicators in different functional 191 regions 10.15. Local and imported national calorie supply from different groups of functional regions 192 א (תקציר) Hebrew abstract vi Acknowledgments This dissertation is a product of challenging and interesting work conducted for over four years. I am happy to complete this work and submit it to the Kreitman School of Advanced Graduate Studies at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Over this period, I’ve enjoyed the support and encouragement of many, and I would like to use this section to express my deep appreciation for their work. First, I would like to thank my dear family: my partner Hila and my sweet daughter Ofri for motivating and inspiring me daily, and for providing me with time and personal space to work. Many thanks for my Parents, Sister, Niece, Nephew, and grandparents; I thank you for being there when I’ve needed and for all mental, emotional, and financial support. Second, I am grateful for my supervisor, Prof. Meidad Kissinger, for guiding my professional life while allowing me to navigate along the way, to make mistakes as well as to discover new insights and reveal new knowledge. I also thank Meidad for inspiring me intellectually, professionally, and personally; I am happy to work under his supervision and with him for over six years. Finally, I appreciate Meidad’s financial support through different scholarships and grants. This Ph.D. dissertation was financed by the Israeli Science Fund (ISF) and by the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Kreitman School for Advanced Graduate Studies at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. I sincerely appreciate all funding institutions; their support allowed me to dedicate most of my efforts to my research, resulting in new and exciting knowledge and high-quality publications. I want to thank multiple researchers for their excellent advice and help. Specifically, I want to thank Prof. Thomas Köllener from Bayreuth University, Germany, for the time he dedicated to hosting me in Bayreuth and cooperating with him and his students. I also thank Dr. Thomas Kastner for the support in reproducing is own research and for the exciting discussion and cooperation. I thank Prof. Aletta Bon and the i-Div team for inviting me to the i-Div workshop on the interregional flow of ecosystem services. I also thank my dear colleagues for interesting discussions and advice. Finally, I thank the department for Geography and environmental development for being a home for me for almost a decade and supporting my work and providing me with multiple professional opportunities. Special thanks to Prof. Tal Svoray, Prof. (Emeritus) Eli Stern, Mrs. Rachel Zimmerman, Mrs. Roni Blushtein-Livnon, Mr. Oron Moshe Guy, and Dr. Michael Dorman. Special thanks also to Mrs. Rachel Yonayov from the Kreitman school for being available and responsive to any question I had. vii List of figures Fig ‎3.1: A theoretical framework for an integrative approach to interregional sustainability assessment ............................................................................................ 31 Fig ‎3.2: The general course of the research................................................................. 32 Fig ‎4.1: Approaches to advance an interregional sustainability analysis of food supply. .......................................................................................................................... 37 Fig ‎4.2: Food supply, cropland footprint, and calorie per capita by country of origin and crop group. The figure represents 99% of Israel’s food supply and 98% of is cropland footprint. ....................................................................................................... 43 Fig ‎4.3: Israel’s imported cropland footprint from different biomes, according to conservation status and conservation priority. ........................................................... 44 Fig ‎4.4: Cropland footprint of Israel’s food supply in ecoregions in South America and Eurasia, and regional species loss impacts. ................................................................. 46 Fig ‎4.5: Cropland footprint due to Israel’s food supply in major river systems in South America and Eurasia, at watershed and sub-basin scals. ............................................ 47 Fig ‎4.6: Cropland footprint due to Israel’s food supply in selected countries in South America and Eurasia, for cereal an oil crop yields at a scale of level one administrative unit. Yields are mapped for regions that contribute 1% or more to the total supply (in tons) of cereals and oil crops imported to Israel. ............................... 48 Fig ‎5.1: A framework to integrate agricultural and environmental systems. .............. 56 Fig 5.2: A functional region typology relies on global available datasets to define unique classes within the agricultural and the environmental systems; an illustration of the concept using the global maize production system. ......................................... 60 Fig ‎5.3: Top supplying functional regions for 4 main staple crops. Each region provides at least 80% of that crop’s supply to Israel. .................................................. 62 Fig ‎5.4: Best suited functional regions by number of crops ........................................ 63 Fig ‎5.5: Water efficiency classes in water scarce areas. An illustration for wheat and for rice .......................................................................................................................... 65 Fig ‎6.1: Codebooks of functional regions (Mean (empty circle), median (black circle), vertical line 25% -75% quintile). Standardized raw data are presented. .................... 75 Fig ‎6.2: Global map of the functional regions typology. .............................................. 80 Fig ‎6.3: Share of national calorie
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