Index

Page numbers in bold refer to American Fur Company, 86–87, 92; ARCO (Atlantic Richfi eld Company): images and maps. bison robes and, 91; monopoly shutdown by, 443, 444; water for, 88; Rocky Mountain Fur clean-up programs by, 445 Company and, 90; smallpox and, Arikara, 47, 139; territory of, 124 A 93 Armstrong, Noah, 159 Abbott, Teddy Blue, 153; quote of, American Indian College Fund, 456 army. See U.S. Army 156 American Indian Religious Freedom arsenic, 433 abstract expressionist art, 415–16 Act (1978), 455 artifacts, 25–26, 27, 37 Adams, Katie, 157 American Progress (Gast), 132 arts programs, 430 adaptation, 23, 32, 38, 109, 137, 226, Anaconda, 383, 409; capital fi ght and, ASARCO, 447 265, 447 194 asbestos, 445, 446 advertising, 257, 329–30, 335, 409 Anaconda Copper Mining Company Ashley, William, 85–86 African Americans, 110–11, 272, 390, (Anaconda Company), 177, 203, Aspevig, Clyde: painting by, 14, 439 420; cowboys, 156; fi refi ghters, 236, 285, 293, 307, 361, 398, 410, assimilation, 125, 131, 132, 212, 219, 244; on Lewis and Clark 420; aluminum plant by, 397; 223, 255, 303, 367, 406, 454 Expedition, 86, 87–88; soldiers, ARCO and, 444; Berkeley Pit of, Assiniboine, 44, 47–48, 57, 73, 83, 140, 244; trappers, 86, 87 277, 285, 403, 444–45; changes at, 127, 136, 263; calendar months agate, 18 403; Clark and, 195; decline of, of, 49; photo of, 215; reservation, Agricultural Adjustment Acts (AAA) 369, 443, 444; Duncan and, 300; 134, 151, 152, 172, 210, 212, 454; (1930s), 360–61 Great Depression and, 356, 368; smallpox and, 93; star quilts and, agriculture, 67, 266, 274, 278, 443, infl uence of, 368, 421; legacy of, 228; starvation for, 212; territory 448; mechanization of, 404. 444–45; Little and, 322; lumber for, of, 124. See also Fort Belknap See also dryland farming; farmers; 235; magazine by, 383; Montana Reservation; Fort Peck Reservation farming; ranchers; ranching Power Company and, 443; New Assnipwan, 46. See also Assiniboine A’aninin, 47. See also Gros Ventre Deal and, 368; newspapers and, Assumption sash, 98 Above Timberline (DeCamp), 2 401; political cartoon about, Astor, John Jacob, 86–87, 88, 89 Albright, Horace, 350 293; political reforms and, 294; At Fried’s (Goldberg), 416 alcohol: Indians and, 93–94; production by, 193; rustling Atlantic Richfi eld Company (ARCO): and Prohibition, 262, 299–300 card system of, 321; sale of, 199; shutdown by, 443, 444; water Alder Gulch, 110, 115; gold discovery smelter, 368; strike against, 364; clean-up programs by, 445 in, 103; immigrants and, 104; taxes for, 355; Wheeler and, 326; Atwater, Mary Moore, 295 photo of, 103 World War I and, 318. See also auto dealerships, 340, 348, 397 Alderson, Mary Long, 295 Amalgamated Copper Company automobiles, 180, 344, 354, 424; Alderson, Nannie T.: quote of, 157 “Anaconda for Capital” clubs, 195 children and, 338–39, 340; health Alexander, Chief, 128 Anaconda Standard, 195, 202 care and, 339; homesteaders and, Alexander, William, 264; quote of, 263 Anderson, Agnes, 381 343; horses and, 334–37; impact Allen, Ann, 385 Anderson, Emil: farewell message of, of, 333, 337–41, 345–48; Indians Allen, Minerva: quote of, 225 381 and, 406; oil and, 346; painting of, Allotment Act. See Dawes Act Anderson, Harry, 299 336; photo of, 337, 338, 365; allotments, 219–22, 303–4, 305, Anderson, Reese, 155 problems with, 335–36; railroads 307, 367, 456, 457; battling, 355; Andrus, Harry, 371 and, 333, 341; on reservations, homesteaders and, 255–56; Anishanabe, 48. See also Chippewa 341–42, 342; roads and, 342–45; subdivision by, 219–22 annuities, 125, 128, 210 rural life and, 338–39; tourism Amalgamated Copper Company, 199, Apex Law, 200 and, 348; towns and, 339, 339; 200; cartoon about, 201; labor Apsaalooke, 46. See also Crow women and, 338, 402, 428 unions and, 203, 204; lawsuits by, Arapaho, 47, 127, 131 202; power play by, 201–2; War Arapooish: quote of, 11 archaeological sites: map of, 34 B of the Copper Kings and, 202–3. Babcock, Betty, 431; quote of, 425 archaeologists, 25–29; photo of, 26 See also Anaconda Copper Mining Baker, Eugene, 135–36 architecture, 180, 205, 283; Company (Anaconda Company) bald eagles, 14; photo of, 14 details, 283 “America vs. Asia: Progress vs. bankruptcy, 264, 355, 420, 444, 446 Retrogression,” 307

4 7 5 Bannack, 106, 112, 115, 151, 272; Menorah picture from, 442; Blackfoot Challenge, 453–54 Grasshopper Creek and, 102–3; quote from, 450 Blackfoot River: logjam on, 248; immigrants in, 104; Thanksgiving Bi-metallic Mine, 118 pollution of, 433, 453 in, 107; vigilantism in, 111 biodiversity, 453 blackspotted cutthroat trout, 20; Bannock, 46, 102 Birney, Hoffman: quote of, 344 photo of, 20 Barthelmess, Christian: photo by, 53 bison, 27, 28, 30, 31, 48, 108, 132, Blanchette, W. C. “Bud”: quote of, 401 baseball, 182, 287, 401 145, 155, 176; bones, 90; era Blaylock, Chet: quote of, 426 basketball, 287, 288 of, 32–34, 144; hide, 49, 143; Blend, Virginia H.: quote of, 428 Battle of the Bear’s Paw Mountains hunting, 16, 39–40, 50, 52, 53, 63, Blood, Narcisse: quote of, 74 (1877), 141 110, 137, 146, 233; photo of, 91; Blood Indians, 47, 57; fur trade and, Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), 136, Plains Indians and, 32–33, 123; 92; illustration of, 128 141, 146, 210; described, 138–39 processing, 30; products from, Bluebird Mine, 109 Battle of the Rosebud (1876), 138 32, 51; robes, 81, 83, 91; slaughter bluebunch wheatgrass, 20; battlefi elds: map of, 139 of, 89–91, 92, 143, 144, 173, 209, photo of, 20 Bausch, Herman, 328 210–12; trade, 90–91 Blunt, Judy: quote of, 400, 404 beadwork, 46, 97–98, 215, 226, bison drives: described, 39–40 boarding schools, 279, 365; 455 bison jump: 16, 39–40; photo of, 39, end of, 366; experiences at, 222–26 Bean, A. J.: advertisement by, 335 40 Bob Marshall Wilderness, 435–36; Bear Claw, Dean, 456 bison pounds, 40, 233 photo of, 435 Bear Head: quote of, 135 bison skinners, 90 Bodmer, Karl: painting by, 80, 133 beargrass, 12; photo of, 13 bitterroot (plant), 12, 19, 30, 49, 51, Boggs, George, 300 Bear’s Paw Mountains, 13, 141, 305 144, 173, 459; photo of, 19 Bole, William, 305 Beaulaurier, Leo, 372 Bitterroot Mountains, 56, 70, 112, 113 book burning, 313, 324–25; beaver, 31, 81, 85; illustration of, 83; Bitterroot River, 243 photo of, 325 market for, 82, 89, 90; trapping, 75 Bitterroot Stock Farm, 159 boom-and-bust cycles, 277, 365, Beaverhead River, 10–12, 150, 157, Bitterroot Valley, 56, 70, 71, 95, 113, 441–42, 444, 450; gold and, 101; 434 128, 129, 150, 272, 275; homesteaders and, 265; lumber Beckman’s Barn (Stanfel), 265 anti-communists in, 409; and, 234–35; silver mining and, Beckwourth, James P., 87 drought in, 263; photo of, 95, 117–18 Bedwell, Tim: quote of, 441 245; POWs in, 383; Salish and, bootlegging, 299–300, 338; Bell, Charles E., 206 137, 221; sheep in, 157 photo of, 300 Belzer, William, 316 Black Eagle Dam, 397 Boston and Montana Company, 199, Bendon, Grace, 157 Black Eagle refi nery, 443 200 Benefi eld, Gayla: vermiculite and, Black Robes, 95, 96. See also Jesuits Boulder Glacier, 8 445–46 Blackfeet, 44, 46–47, 48, 50, 56, 57, Bourquin, George M., 325 Benetsee (François Finlay), 102 71, 73, 89, 127, 129; camp of, Box Elder Irrigation District, 254 Bering Land Bridge, 27–29 108; challenge for, 453–54; Chief boycotts, 306; poster calling for, 307 Berkeley Pit, 277, 285, 403; legacy of, Mountain and, 212; divisions of, Boyd, Eva: baskets by, 459, 460 444–45 47; fur trade and, 84, 88, 92; guns Bozeman: capital fi ght and, 194; Bible: Crow version of, 94 for, 55; language, 455; logging and growth of, 404, 440; map of, 282 Bickford, Sarah, 110 forestry crew, 362; massacre of, Bozeman, John, 130 Big Blackfoot Railway, 179 135–36; oil and, 219; Old North Bozeman Trail, 106, 130, 152, 346 Big Canoe, 128 Trail and, 35; painting of, 133; Bradley, James: quote of, 93 Big Hole River, North Fork of, 140 photo of, 213, 214; railroad and, branding, 154, 160; photo of, 155 Big Leggins, Garrett, 288 176; Rocky Mountains and, 183; bribery, 194, 195, 196, 197, 294 Big Sky (resort), 279 seasonal round of, 49; smallpox Bridger, Jim, 130 Big Sky, The (Guthrie), 20 and, 93, 136; starvation for, 212; bridges, 343, 362; building, 344–45, “Big Sky Country,” 20 territory of, 124 359, 382 Bighorn Mountains, 13, 46, 65, 74 Blackfeet Confederacy, 129 Briner, Drew, 328 Bighorn River, 84, 130, 138, 398; Blackfeet Historians (Dixon), 24 Brings-Down-the-Sun: quote of, 35 photo of, 398 Blackfeet Reservation, 134, 151, Bronc to Breakfast (Russell), 156 Billings, 335, 442; creation of, 276; 152, 173, 210, 212, 217, 384; Browning War Mothers Club, 384 fi refi ghting in, 284; growth of, allotments at, 220, 255; economic Bruin Not Bunny Turned the Leaders 404, 440; Mexican Americans in, development of, 214; irrigation (Russell), 107 405; mural at, 371; oil refi neries in, on, 222; language on, 455; lumber Buckley, James, 380 348; POWs at, 384 from, 238; oil on, 219; railroads Buckley sisters, 160 Billings, Frederick, 276 and, 172; ranching on, 155; Buckley Bomb, 380 Billings Gazette: civil defense termination of, 407 buffalo. See bison advertisement from, 409; Blackfeet Tribal Council, 226 Buffalo Calf Road Woman, 138

4 7 6 buffalo jump, 16, 39–40; photo of, confi scation of, 216–17; painting Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 39, 40 of, 163, 183; photo of, 448; 279, 361, 391; American Indian buffalo soldiers, 140 railroads and, 183; ranging, 150, Division of, 362, 363, 363 Bull Child, George: hide painting by, 154; rustling, 164; starving, 161 Clark, Pamela A.: quote of, 327 136 cedars, giant, 12, 13 Clark, William, 68, 72, 74, 76; quote Bullchild, Percy: quote of, 39 Cenozoic era, 4, 7–9 of, 71; Salish and, 71 Burke, Frank: quote of, 272 census data, 272, 423, 424, 443 Clark, William A., 184, 306; Burkhard, Verona: mural by, 372 central region: described, 13–14 Amalgamated and, 203; Burt, George, 159 Champoux, Rick, 428 biographical sketch of, 194; Burt, Lucille, 158 Charbonneau, Jean Baptiste (Pomp), bribery by, 194, 196, 197, 294; Burt, Paul, 158 68 capital fi ght and, 194–95; Daly Busch, A. G. “Paul”: quote of, 182 Charbonneau, Toussaint, 68 and, 192–93, 194, 196, 199–204; buses: horse-drawn, 334 Charlot, Chief, 137, 221; photo of, house of, 192; labor unions and, Butte: capital fi ght and, 194; copper 137 196, 197, 203; Senate seat and, mining and, 189, 277; Daly Chemawa Indian School, 223 193–94, 195–96, 294 and, 193; growth of, 404, 440; Cheyenne, 47, 136, 142, 143, 152; Clark Canyon Dam, 277 immigrants in, 274; photo of, 286; Bozeman Trail and, 130; game Clark Fork River, 8, 75, 174; silver boom and, 117–18; unrest of, 51; language, 456; Medicine Superfund and, 445 in, 320–22. See also Berkeley Pit Lodge and, 55; painting of, 145. Clarke, Malcolm, 135 Butte, Anaconda and Pacifi c Railway, See also Northern Cheyenne Cleveland, Grover, 191 177 Cheyenne Cowboys (Gollings), 150 climate, 23, 30, 252, 439, 458 Butte City Council, 286 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Clothier, Kenneth: quote of, 378 Butte Daily Bulletin: political cartoon Railroad, 172, 179, 404; coal, 381; pollution from, 450; from, 293 signals for, 185 railroads and, 184; taxing, 430 Butte Miner, Clark and, 195 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and coal bed methane, 450–51 Butte Miner’s Union, 196, 203, 306, Pacifi c Railroad (Milwaukee coal severance tax trust fund, 430 321 Road), 182, 404; coal for, 184; Cobell, Eloise, 457 Butte Reveille: cartoon from, 201 Great Fire and, 244; homesteaders code talkers, 378–79 Byam, Don, 112 and, 182; marketing by, 256–57, Cohan, Charles, 18 257; Montana Power Company Colby, Yates, 432 and, 177; photo of, 177; Cold War: interstate highways and, C story of, 176–77 412–13; Montanans and, 408–11; cairns, 35, 36–37 Chief Dull Knife College, 141 politics and, 410 Calf Standing on a Side Hill, 71–72 Chief Mountain, 212 Collier, John, 222, 365 camas, 31, 47, 49, 137, 459; painting child labor, 292, 295, 298–99 Colter, John, 74, 75–76 of, 31, 47 children: automobiles and, 338–39, Columbia Falls aluminum plant, 447 Cameahwait, 69 340; homesteads and, 260; Indian, Columbia River, 8, 12, 17, 70, 74, 75 Cameron, Evelyn, 157; photo by, 226; laws and, 298–99, 426; Columbus, Christopher, 44, 64 160, 178, 259 ranch, 158; World War I and, Comanche: code talking and, 379; Camp Rimini, 391 319 painting of, 145 Campbell, Bob, 420, 424, 431 Chinese, 110, 111, 272, 306; boycott combines, 404 Campbell, Gordon, 347 of, 307; laborers, 174, 175, 178 Comes-In-Sight, 138 Campbell, Hardy Webster, 257 chinook wind, 13 Committee for Public Information, Campbell, John, 77 Chippewa, 48, 57, 97, 212, 305, 309, 315 Campbell, Will, 319 457; reservation for, 304, 454 communism, 408, 409 Canyon Ferry Reservoir, 277 Choctaw: code talking and, 379 communities, 405; bedroom, 412; capitalism, 76, 92, 300 Christianity, 67, 94–96, 125, 214 building, 280, 284, 453–54, 458; Capitol at Night (Schulz), 188 Christler, Lenant, 327 changes in, 439; homesteaders capitol building, 205–6, 419; painting Christmas tree farm, 246 and, 261; of many nations, of, 188; photo of, 205, 206 Circle U Ranch, 400 273–74; railroads and, 182, 281; Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 222, circus, 181 shaping, 271, 458; sports and, 288; 223, 224, 225; graduates of, 225 citizenship, 386; county-busting and, towns and, 284–85. See also towns Carlson, Chelsea, 427 295–96; Indians and, 305–6 Confederated Salish and Kootenai Carter, Thomas H., 193 civic clubs, 285, 291 Tribes, 237 Cary, William de Montagne; civil rights, 143, 324, 326, 428; Indian, conscientious objectors, 379; engraving by, 100 388, 407, 455 photo of, 379 Catlin, George: painting by, 40, 51 Civil War, 110; Montana Territory conservation, 242–43 cattle, 158, 164, 218; arrival of, and, 113, 115–16; railroads and, conservation easements, 453 152–53; boom in, 153–54; 174; strategy from, 134–35 conservatives, 369, 410

4 7 7 constitutional amendments, 298, 422 talking and, 379; constitution Dauch, Tony: quote of, 337 constitutional convention (1884), of, 366; cooperation by, 136; Davis, Jefferson, 115 190–91, 193 cowboys, 155; cycle of life of, Davis, Varina, 115 constitutional convention (1972), 419, 51; evolution of, 57; farming Davis, Wiley: quote of, 110 422, 434; delegates to, 423, 425; by, 216; horse raising by, 159; Dawes Act (1887), 219–22, 255, 303, described, 423–24 missionaries and, 94; painting of, 365, 406, 456, 457 constitutions, 424; tribal, 365; writing, 56; prospectors and, 103; sawmill Dean, Maria, 295 425. See also Montana constitution of, 238; Sun Dance and, 56; Dearborn River: usage of, 434 (1889); Montana constitution territory of, 124; trade with, 76; DeBorgia, 244 (1972) World War I and, 317; Yellowtail DeCamp, R. E.: painting by, 3, 12, Continental Divide, 7, 11, 16, 55, 70, Dam and, 399 168, 418 83, 173, 232, 253 Crow Agency, 279, 379 Declaration of Rights (1972 copper, 192, 205, 348, 381, 402; impact Crow Culture Committee: quote of, constitution), 426, 427 of, 189; native, 51; price of, 355, 51 Deer Lodge: capital fi ght and, 194; 356; production of, 184; revenue Crow Fair, 215 mural at, 371, 372 from, 397 Crow Reservation, 136, 212, 279, 398; Deer Lodge Valley, 102, 105, 113, 150, Copper Commando: cover of, 383 allotments at, 220; culture on, 215; 151, 272; farms in, 253 copper interests, 293; legislature and, forestry on, 218, 219; irrigation on, De Kooning, Willem, 416; 191; lumber and, 236; politics 222; lumber from, 238; methane painting by, 415 and, 189 on, 450; Northern Cheyenne on, Delano, Columbus, 213 copper kings, 192–96, 199–204 256; photo of, 210; railroads Democratic Party, 190, 193, 194 copper mining, 170, 189, 191, 273, across, 172 deregulation, 446–47 277, 448; end of, 443; railroads Crow Sun Dance (Lochrie), 56 De Smet, Pierre-Jean, 95–96, 106 and, 183–84 Crowfoot, 210 Devil’s Brigade, 380, 391 Corinne Road, 105–6, 171, 272 Crum, Charles L., 325–26 DeWeese, Gennie, 416 Cornwell, Dean: painting by, 68 Cruse, Thomas, 206 Dillon Junior Fiddlers: photo of, 440 corporations: infl uence of, 197, 202, Cugnot, Nicholas, 333 dinosaurs, 6–7, 19; photo of, 6, 19 291, 293 Culbertson, Alexander, 88, 89, 93, 281 Dirks, Clarence W.: quote of, 380 Corps of Discovery. See Lewis and Culbertson, Joe, 89 discrimination, 375, 427, 428, 432. Clark Expedition cultures, 23, 44, 367, 442; blending, See also prejudice; racism corruption, 194, 197, 204, 365, 369 109–11; Indian, 108, 209, 433, 454, diseases, 266, 291, 365, 378; animal, Corwin, Walter: photo of, 104 455; preserving, 215; reclaiming, 91, 263; European, 63, 67, 92–93, Costello, Marvin: quote of, 384, 385 455 94, 226; impact of, 123, 215–16, Cottonwood Coal Company, 277 Curley, 136 263–64; indigenous people and, Council Grove, 128; painting of, 125 Custer, George Armstrong, 138–39 44–45; infl uenza, 262–63, 313, counties: consolidating, 296 Cut Bank, 346; oil refi neries in, 348; 326–27, 354; inoculation against, counting coup, 55, 134, 214 photo of, 17 162; lung, 446; miners’, 277, 318; county-busting, 262, 295–96 smallpox, 44, 45, 57, 92–93, county seats, 262, 278, 281, 295–96; 136, 285, 297; spreading, 284; competition for, 296 D tuberculosis, 215, 297, 298 Dahl, Andrew, 399 cowboys, 251; African American, 156; Dixon, Joseph M., 307; allotments Dahl, Anna, 395, 399, 414 American Indian, 155, 156; life and, 303–4; mining taxes and, Dahood, Wade, 430, 434 of, 156, 163; Métis, 156; Mexican, 355–56 Daly, Marcus, 159, 184; Anaconda 156; music of, 153; painting of, Dixon, Maynard: illustration by, 49; and, 194, 195; biographical sketch 145–46, 150, 154, 156, 163, painting by, 24, 352 of, 193; capital fi ght and, 194–95; 165; photo of, 153, 155 Dog Days, 27, 33, 54–55 Clark and, 192–93, 194, 196, Coxey, Jacob S., 198, 199; supporters Dogge, Alfred, 327 199–204; labor unions and, 196, of, 200 dogs: 158, 159; as beasts of burden, 197, 203; lumber and, 236; photo Crane, Carrie, 110 27, 54; on Lewis and Clark of, 193 Crazy Head, 172 Expedition, 68; photo of, 391, dams, 15, 69, 276, 277, 279, 396; Crazy Horse, 138, 139 392; World War II and, 391–92 building, 359, 397–99; Fort Peck, Crazy Mountains, 13; photo of, 13 “Dried Out” (Haste), 267; text of, 268 362, 363–64, 367, 368; Hungry Cree, 47, 48, 56, 57, 83, 97, 129, 212, Drifting in a Blizzard, Montana Horse, 398; Libby, 399; photo of, 309, 454, 455; guns for, 54, 55; (Lindneaux), 163 217, 276, 263, 398; Yellowtail, reservation for, 304–5 drought, 14, 161, 252, 278, 300, 302, 398–99 Crevoshay, Paula, 7 313, 344, 347, 381; end of, 367; Daniels County: electricity for, 395; Crow, 46, 50, 56–57, 61, 73, 74, farms and, 355; homesteaders and, poverty in, 357 106, 127, 131, 138, 139; cattle 258, 263; impact of, 264, 265, 328, Danniel, Pearl: quote of, 260, 264 confi scation and, 217–18; code 353; lumber industry and, 245; Darling, Lucy, 115 photo of, 262; return of, 356

4 7 8 dryland farming, 257–58, 263, 265 Euro-Americans, 64, 132, 133, 190, independence of, 213; forestry on, dude ranches, 164, 413 213, 214, 216, 227, 272; arrival of, 218, 219, 233; homesteading on, Dull Knife, 142, 143; photo of, 141 43, 44–45; defi ned, 124, 212 221, 255; irrigation on, 222; land Duncan, Lewis J., 300, 301 Exclusion Act (1882), 111 ownership at, 255; lumber from, Dunn, Harvey: painting by, 252 executive branch: described, 426 236, 237; photo of, 303; Salish on, exploration, 23, 63, 65, 73–75; 137; termination of, 406 navigation tools for, 77–78 Flathead River, 398; methane along, E 450 Eads, William, 102 F Flathead Valley, 128, 309; drought in, Eagleman, Evelyn: beadwork by, 455 Fairhaven Colony: photo of, 280 263; Salish in, 137 Early Period, 27, 29, 32 fair-trials bill, 202 Flathead War Party (Meloy), 371, 372 Early Settlers and Residents and Modern Fairweather, Bill, 103, 104 Floyd, Charles, 68 Industries (Hill), 372 Farlin, Bill, 117 fl umes, 103, 235, 247 Earth Day, 420, 444 Farm Credit Administration (FCA): Flying Bird, James: photo of, 216 earthquakes, 3, 10, 11 described, 361 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 302 East Base, 279, 380 farmers, 356, 421; automobiles and, folk art: contemporary, 459–60 eastern region: described, 14–15 337; diversifi cation by, 266; Great football, 287, 288 Eastman, Viola, 388 Depression and, 355; Indian, 216, Ford, Henry, 335 Eck, Dorothy, 428, 431 219, 221; infl uence of, 191, 297; Ford Motor Company, 335 ecological regions, 11–15 Montana constitution and, 430; Ford’s Drive-In (Morger), 394 economic crisis, 174, 198, 278, 285, New Deal and, 367; patriotism of, Forest Homestead Act (1906), 254 444 261; photo of, 252; prosperity Forest Reserve Act (1891), 243 economic development, 395, 396–97, for, 355; railroads and, 297; tenant, forests, 219, 272, 436; management, 448–49, 456 258; World War I and, 264, 316, 231, 232–33, 243–45, 246; economics, 23, 291, 360, 402, 439, 458 317, 317; World War II and, 38. national/state, 242, 243; reserves Edgar, Henry, 104 See also homesteaders of, 243 Edgerton, Sidney, 107, 113, 114, 115; farming, 253; changes for, 278, Fort Abraham Lincoln, 134 residence of, 115 404; drought and, 355; dryland, Fort Assinniboine, 305 education, 299, 425, 443, 448; 257–58, 263, 265; electricity for, Fort Belknap Boarding School, 223 improving, 427; Indian, 223, 224– 400; forts and, 253; growth of, Fort Belknap Reservation, 152, 212, 26, 454, 455, 456 253; leaving, 440; productive, 216, 263, 279; allotments at, 221; 18th Amendment, 299, 300 254; reservation, 216, 219; strip, dam at, 217; lumber from, 238; Einstein, Albert, 292 266; women and, 402. See also photo of, 215; ranching on, 155; electricity, 354, 361, 368, 395, 400, 421; agriculture; dryland farming termination of, 406 cost of, 446, 447; deregulation Federal Highway Act (1956), 412 Fort Benton, 88, 105, 107, 116, and, 446–47; farms and, 400; Ferdinand, Archduke, 314 171, 272, 281; farms near, 253; hydro-, 277, 397–98; production Ferkovich, Martin: photo of, 324 illustration of, 87; photo of, 106; of, 450; rural, 300, 367 Ferris, W. A.: quote of, 89 trading at, 275 Elk Basin oil reserve, 346, 397 Fery, John: painting by, 212 Fort Clark: smallpox at, 93 Elks (fraternal organization), 285; Finch, J. E.: quote of, 357 Fort Clatsop, 71 photo of, 286 Finlay, François, 102 Fort Ellis, 136 Ellingson, Mae Nan, 420, 430–31 Finnegan, Alice Clark: quote of, 409 Fort Keogh, 141, 142, 143 Ellison Rock: petroglyphs at, 37 fi refi ghters, 299, 385, 447; African Fort Laramie, 106, 127, 130 Enabling Act (1889), 191 American, 244; Indian, 244; photo Fort Laramie Treaty (1851), 127–28, energy: alternative, 451–52; of, 243, 284 131 development, 449–52. See also coal; fi res, 246; managing forests with, 231, Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), 130–31, 138 electricity; natural gas; oil 232–33, 243–45; photo of, 244, Fort Manuel Lisa, 84 Enlarged Homestead Act (1909), 254 245; preventing, 243–44, 245 Fort McKenzie, 87, 88, 89; smallpox environment, 23, 92, 369, 421, 425, First Amendment, 301, 324, 455 at, 93 431, 432, 433, 447, 450, 452, 453, First Montana Infantry, U.S. Fort Missoula, 137; POWs at, 383, 386 458; protecting, 429–30 Volunteers, 18 Fort Peck Dam, 15, 277, 368, 398; equal rights, 405, 425, 428, 431, 432 First Peoples Buffalo Jump: photo of, building, 363, 367; New Deal and, Equal Rights Amendment, 428 39 363; photo of, 363; work on, 362 Erickson, John E., 356; letter to, 357, First Special Service Force, 380, 392 Fort Peck Reservation, 59, 152, 212, 359 Flathead, The (DeCamp), 12 363, 428; allotments at, 220, 255; erosion, 11, 29, 232, 361 Flathead Lake, 12, 56, 75 homesteading on, 255; ranching ethanol, 451, 452 Flathead Reservation, 91, 129, 155, on, 155; Roosevelt at, 360; star ethnic groups, 285, 369–70, 406, 456 216, 407; allotments at, 221, quilting at, 227, 228; termination Eureka Lumber Company, 241 222, 255, 255, 304; economic of, 406

4 7 9 Fort Ramon, 84 Glacial Lake Missoula, 8 Gray, Karla, 427 Fort Reno, 141, 142 Glacier National Park, 5, 6, 17, 152, Graybill, Leo, Jr., 423–24; quote of, Fort Robinson, 142 176, 183, 212, 345, 346; fossils in, 424 Fort Shaw, 140 5, 6; photo of, 8, 9, 349, 351; grazing, 21, 54, 91, 108, 140, 151–52, Fort Shaw Indian School, 223 road building in, 349–51 218, 219, 222, 243; districts, 153, Fort Union, 93, 106; fur trade and, 87; glaciers, 8, 9, 25, 29, 30, 31; photo of, 154; lands, 153, 154, 162, 255; painting of, 80; smallpox at, 93 8, 9 over, 160, 161, 162 Fort William Henry Harrison, 380 Glasgow Air Force Base, 279, 280 Great Bear Wilderness, 436 forts: map of, 139 Gleason, Darnell: photo of, 457 Great Depression, 279, 338, 363, 377, fossils, 4, 5, 6, 7 Gleason, Michael: photo of, 457 382; artwork of, 371–72; end of, Four Georgians, 103, 104 Glendive, 15, 274; POWs at, 384 367, 369, 381; impact of, 353, Fourth of July pow-wow, 215; global warming, 8, 450, 458 354–56, 368; lumber industry photo of, 215 Goering, Marjorie Gieseker: and, 245; New Deal and, 364; oil free speech, 308, 324, 326; IWW and, woodcut by, 266 production and, 347–48; photo of, 300–301 Going to the Agency to Have a Big Talk 356; politics and, 369–70; road- free trappers, 88; painting of, 88. (White Bear), 122 building and, 344; sports and, 287; See also trappers Going-to-the-Sun Road, 349–50; World War II and, 370 Frenette, Edith, 302 photo of, 349, 351 Great Falls, 69, 71, 166, 196, 253, 277, Fritz, Harry: quote of, 293 gold, 116, 118, 189, 236; discovery 279, 383, 394, 442; capital fi ght frontier, 252, 272; developing, 236; of, 101, 130; panning for, 119; and, 194; Cold War and, 411; end of, 169 striking, 118; weighing, 108 Gibson and, 281; Great Northern frontier justice, 111–12 gold camps, 110, 117, 277; life in, and, 175, 176; growth of, 404, fur companies, 65, 66, 68, 75, 82, 84, 106–8, 111, 113; photo of, 102, 440; homesteaders at, 259; photo 86, 89, 92, 93; workers for, 83 272 of, 69, 276; power plant at, 450; fur trade, 75–76, 81, 83, 109, 253, Gold Creek, 102, 174–75 smelting in, 443; starving cattle 281; Americans and, 84–88; gold mining, 151, 448, 453; ban on, in, 161 dependence on, 92; forts, 82; 382 “Great Falls Montana,” 270 impact of, 92–96, 123; Métis and, gold pan, 104 Great Falls Tribune, 195, 305, 337 83–84, 89; rendezvous and, 86; gold rush, 101, 102–4, 150, 277; Great Fire of 1910, 243–44; steamboats and, 87–88; women lumber and, 234–35; Métis and, photo of, 244 and, 89 109; towns/trails of, 105 Great Northern Railway, 117, 265, Goldberg, Michael: painting by, 416 281, 347; building, 179; coal for, Golden Valley Colony, 405 184; homesteading and, 259; G Gollings, William: illustration by, 150 immigrant workers for, 178; Gallatin Valley, 69, 253; methane in, Good Roads Movement, 343–44; Kalispell and, 276; marketing 450 name tags by, 344 by, 182, 256–57; merger of, Gallatin Valley Railway, 182 government, 23; expansion of, 404; promotions by, 182–83; games, 50, 287–88; baseball, 182, 287, 362, 369; landowners and, 453; reservations and, 172; story of, 401; Cheyenne, 51 presence of, 368–69, 426 175–76; Zurich and, 274 Garland, Cecil, 436; quote of, 430 “Grandfather and the Popping Great Sioux War, 138–39, 210 Garnet, 272 Machine” (Tall Bull): quote from, Great Western Sugar Company, 405; gas stations, 346; photo of, 346 341–42 photo of, 448 gasoline, 6, 347, 387, 449, 452 Granite, 117; painting of, 118; photo Greene, Paul L., 386 Gass, Patrick, 68, 70 of, 198; story of, 118, 198 greenhouse gases, 450, 452 Gast, John: painting by, 132 Granite Mountain Mine, 118 Grinnell, George Bird: photo of, 141 Gathering his Medicine, 142 Granite Peak (Glacier National Park): grizzly bears, 12, 19; photo of, 13 General Allotment Act. See Dawes Act photo of, 350 Gros Ventre, 47, 57, 73, 74, 127, 146; General Motors, 340 Granite Peak (near Yellowstone photo of, 215; reservation for, geologic eras, 4, 5 National Park), 16 134, 151, 152, 172, 210, 212, 454; geology, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 Grant, James, 150 starvation for, 212; territory of, German-Lutheran congregation, 323 Grant, Johnny, 150, 151 124 German-Russians, 256 Grant, Richard, 150 guns, 76, 83, 323; illustration of, 55, geysers: painting of, 74; photo of, 10 Grant, Ulysses S., 134, 151 134, 322; impact of, 54–55; ghost towns, 271, 277, 278, 280 Grasshopper Creek: Bannack and, introduction of, 43, 52 GI Bill of Rights, 389–90, 396, 406 102–3 Gunter, Edmund, 78 Gibson, Paris, 196, 281, 305 Grasshoppers, 252, 356, 357 Gunter chain, 78, 78 Gilbert, Lettie Pierce, 409 grasslands, 149, 150, 158, 163, 183, 233; Guthrie, A. B., Jr., 20 Gilmore, Norma Hanson: quote of, 325 depletion of, 161; free-range, 261

4 8 0 H Hill, James J., 176, 265, 281; Great horses, 27, 61, 70, 169, 218; Hager, Kristi: art action by, 444 Northern and, 175; homesteaders automobiles and, 334–37; cow, Hamilton, Robert, 220, 224–25 and, 257; power of, 184 159; disappearance of, 348; Dog Hamilton Western News, cartoon from, Hill, John R.: oil refi nery by, 347 Days and, 54–55; illustration 196 historic preservation, 37, 286, 449 of, 55; importance of, 53–54; “Hand of Mercy” (poster), 329 history: learning, 24–29, 455; introduction of, 43, 52; military, hanging tree: photo of, 112 making, 458 159, 314; photo of, 334; Plains Hannon, Champ: quote of, 241 Hitler, Adolph, 376 Indians and, 218; raising, 159; Hard Winter of 1886–87, 149; cattle Hmong, 442; photo of, 442 on reservations, 159; skeletons of, industry and, 161–63; Russell and, Hockersmith, Howard: photo of, 285 138; training, 314; transportation 161, 165 Hofer, Paul, 405 and, 334, 340 Hardin, 259; power plant at, 450 Hoffman, L. A.: photo by, 250 Howard, Joseph E., 18 Harper, George, 424, 430, 431 Hogan, William, 198–99, 200 Howard, Joseph Kinsey, 161; Harrison, Bob, 387 Holdhahn, Margaret, 377 quote of, 196 Harrison, John C.: quote of, 361, 387 Holmes, Bob: quote of, 420 Hudson’s Bay Company, 82–83, Harvey, LeGrande, 18 Holter, Anton, 234 84, 89; gun trade and, 54; Hashitane, Henry: quote of, 178 Homestead Act (1862), 253 Thompson and, 74 Haskell Indian School, 223 homesteaders, 88, 90, 150, 154, Humes, Edward, 389 Haste, Gwendolen: photo of, 267; 163, 251, 264, 278; adaptation “Hun or Home?” (poster), 330 poetry of, 267–68 by, 265; allotments and, 220, Hungry Horse Dam, 398 hate crimes, 442 255–56; arrival of, 258–61; hunter-gatherers, 27, 31, 48, 50, 92, Hathaway, Maggie Smith, 295 automobiles and, 343; boom- 144 Hauge, John L.: quote of, 359 and-bust cycles and, 265; claims hunters, 27, 29, 30; photo of, 453 Hauser, Samuel T.: threat for, 236, 237 by, 259; communities and, 261; hunting: bison, 39–40, 90–91, 143–44, Havre girls’ football team, 287 cooperation/concern by, 262; 147; grounds, 108, 129, 130; lack Haynes, F. Jay: photo by, 69 drought and, 258, 263, 328; of game, 210, 252, 265; tools, 27, health care, 284, 291, 362, 443, 446, experiences of, 265–66; Great 30–33, 53 448; automobiles and, 339; Depression and, 353; houses Huntley, Chet, 182, 279 Indians and, 456 of, 260, 265; land and, 220, Huntley, Pat, 182 Heavy Runner, Chief, 135; camp of, 252–54; Midwest and, 253–54; Huntley Project, 254 135 photo of, 252, 259, 261, 338; Hutterites, 280, 325, 379, 405; photo Heinze, Frederick Augustus, 199–204; politics and, 262; poverty for, 263; of, 280 Amalgamated and, 201; labor railroads and, 182; reservations hydraulic mining, 103, 110, 110 unions and, 203; lawsuits by, 202; and, 355; transportation for, 257; hydroelectricity, 277, 397–98 photo of, 200; Standard Oil and, women’s suffrage and, 294. hyper-patriotism, 320, 322–23, 324–25; 200, 201; War of the Copper Kings See also settlers speaking out against, 325–26 and, 202–3 homesteading, 114, 177, 179, 267, Helena, 100, 170, 272, 277; 272, 305, 440; adventures of, 260; boom in, 251, 252, 259–61, I appearance of, 280; capital fi ght ice ages, 7–9, 23, 25, 27, 28; 264, 266, 273; children and, 260; and, 194, 195; capitol building end of, 29–30; illustration of, 28; criticism of, 258; farming and, 258; and, 206; growth of, 440; water map of, 9 immigrants and, 264–65; impact system in, 284 Idaho State Tribune: quote from, 203 of, 261–62; on Indian land, 230, Helena Herald, 152 identities: tribal, 215, 226, 407 255–56; laws on, 254, 260; peak Helena High School, earthquake immigrants, 44–45, 273–74, 285, of, 261; politics/economy/weather damage for, 11 292–93; arrival of, 45, 256, 292–93; and, 254–58; railroads and, 257, Helena Independent, 319; quote from, Chinese, 110, 111, 174, 175, 178, 259; women and, 260 171; on Rankin, 315 272, 306; German, 151, 323; Hons, Nancy: pysanky by, 459–60, Hellgate Treaty (1855), 127, 128–29; Hmong, 442; homesteading and, 460 page from, 126 264–65; Irish, 206; Italian, 178; “Honyocker, The” (Hoffman), 250 Hidatsa, 46, 68, 73, 74 lumber industry and, 240–41; Hoover, Herbert, 358, 369 hide painting, 136 Mexican, 405, 405; mining and, Hope in Hard Times (Murphy): hide scraper: illustration of, 49; 104–11, 296; photo of, 178, quote from, 362 photo of, 50 256; railroad building and, Hope Mine, 118 Highwalking, Belle: quote of, 340 178–79; sheepherding by, 158–59; Hopkins, Budd: painting by, 416 highways, 343, 344. See also interstate statehood and, 190; women’s “Horizons” (Haste), 267; text of, 268 highways; roads suffrage and, 294; World War I Horner, Jack, 6 Hill, Forrest: mural by, 372 and, 315, 317, 323 horsemanship, 155, 156

4 8 1 Indian Citizenship Act (1924), 305, industrialization, 285, 291, 346, 370, Just, Warner: quote of, 358 306 421, 444; problems of, 292–93; Just a Few Drops of Rain (Dunn), 252 Indian Civil Rights Act (1968), 455 railroads and, 183–84 juvenile court system: creation of, 299 Indian Education for All (1999), 433 infl uenza epidemic, 313, 326–27, 354; Indian Health Service: infl uenza impact of, 263–64 and, 327 Ingalls, Emma J., 295 K Kalispell (town), 276, 346; Indian heritage: teaching/preserving, initiatives, 294, 426 growth of, 440 428–29, 432–33, 455–56 intercontinental ballistic missiles, 408, Kalispell (tribe), 46 Indian Hunters’ Return (Russell), 58 410–11 Kainah, 47. See also Blackfeet Indian Old-Man Stories (Linderman), Intermountain Seismic Belt, 10 Kennedy, John F., 401 309, 310, 310 International Mine, Mill and Kent, John H., 206 Indian Post Offi ce, 35 Smelterworkers Union, 364 Kevin-Sunburst oil fi eld, 347, 397 Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) interstate highways, 275, 348, 414; King, Martin Luther, Jr., 428 (1934), 365–67 building, 412–13; photo of, 413 Kit Fox (Laber), 458 Indian Self-Determination and intertribal warfare, 50–51, 54–55, 92, Kline, Franz, 416 Education Assistance Act (1975), 129 Knowles, Ella, 198; photo of, 198 455 Iron Teeth, 142; quote of, 212 Kohrs, Conrad, 106, 155; quote of, Indian Studies Law (1973), 432 irrigation, 15, 216, 222, 254, 255, 397, 151; ranch of, 151 Indian Why Stories: Sparks from War 405 Kootenai, 45, 56, 125, 128, 129, 309; Eagle’s Lodge-Fire (Linderman), 309, Ives, George, 112 guns for, 55; ranching by, 155; 310, 310 IWW. See Industrial Workers of the reservation for, 212, 454; survival Indians: art of, 37, 38, 46, 53, World for, 216; territory of, 124; timber 97–98, 145–46, 215, 227–28, 227, policies and, 237 228, 455, 458, 460; automobiles Kootenai National Forest, 244 and, 241–42; basketball and, J Jackson, Almira: star quilt by, 227 Kootenai River, 16, 75, 399; 288; creation stories of, 24–25; Jackson, Andrew: quote of, 132 photo of, 399 citizenship for, 305–6; diseases James and Granville Stuart Prospecting in Korean War, 408 and, 44–45, 92–93, 215–16, 327; Deer Lodge Valley—1858 (Burkhard), Korokawa, Tom, 387 during early reservation period, 372 Krollman, Gustav: painting by, 74 208–26; equal rights and, 428; Janeaux, Francis, 274 K’tanaxa, 45. See also Kootenai federal policy and, 406–7; Japanese, 306; boycott of, 307; Kuka, King: painting by, 135 fi re and, 232–33; fur trade and, citizenship and, 386; laborers, 178; Kuntz, Jace, 440 83–84, 88, 89; 90, 92–96; hate rejection of, 386, 387 KXLF-TV, 401 crimes against, 442; land and, 17, Jarussi, Loretta, 263–64 124, 211, 458; Lewis and Clark Jawbone Railroad, Sixteen Mile Canyon and, 70–73; mining frontier and, (DeCamp), 168 L 108–110, 114; New Deal and, La Vérendrye, François, 65 Jefferson, Thomas, 219; painting of, 362, 363, 364–67; pre-contact La Vérendrye, Louis, 65 66, 67; quote of, 254; vision of, history of, 29–34, 37–38, 45–60; La Vérendrye, Pierre, 65 66–67, 73, 253 political power for, 226, 420, La Vérendrye brothers: illustration Jefferys, C. W.: illustration by, 65 454; Progressive Era and, 303–6; of, 65 Jesuits, 86, 95, 96, 106, 128, 157, 234. ranching and, 155, 159, 217–18; Laber, Jay: sculpture by, 458 See also Black Robes sharing/friendship with, 132–33; labor: child, 292, 295, 298–99; Jews, 110; hate crimes against, 442 state constitution and, 420, 425, immigrant, 174, 178–79; Jocko Reserve, 128 428–29; survival strategies of, reform, 296–97, 298–99; John Birch Society, 409 136–43; today, 454–57; treaties unfair practices, 302 Johnson, Chuck, 421 and, 124–31; World War I and, labor unions, 178, 196–99, 291, 302, Jordan, William: quote of, 139 316–17, 328; World War II and, 410; Amalgamated and, 203, Joseph, Chief, 141; quote of, 140 378–79, 388. See also Dawes Act; 204; community and, 285; crisis Journey, The (Schildt), 22 land, Indian loss of; reservations; in, 203–4; growth of, 196–97; judicial branch: described, 426 under specifi c tribal names and immigrants and, 179; lumber Judith Basin, 256, 266, 361, 451; reservations companies and, 241; monopolies sheep in, 159 Industrial Revolution: Butte/ and, 203; radical, 301; revival of, Judith Gap Wind Project, 451; Anaconda and, 184 364, 367, 368; strikes and, 321; photo of, 451 Industrial Workers of the World support for, 364; workplace safety Juneau, Carol, 433; quote of, 406 (IWW) (Wobblies), 241, 315, 322, and, 297 Juneau, Stan, 407 323; free speech fi ght and, 301–2; Lacan (steamship), 105 Jurcich, Ursula, 383 songbook of, 301 Lake Josephine, 9

4 8 2 Lake Koocanusa, 399; photo of, 399 hyper-patriotism in, 320; interests and, 236; demand for, Lame Bull, 130; treaty council of, 128 mapping, 274; oil production in, 236, 241; gold rush and, 234–35; Lame Bull’s Treaty (1855): story of, 347; settlement of, 274 illegal cutting of, 236, 237, 237; 129–30 Lewistown Democrat: quote from, 202 railroads and, 235, 236; stealing, Lame Deer, John (Fire): quote of, 48 Libby: growth of, 397; football 236; trading posts/missions and, Lame Deer (town), 456, 457 team, 288, photo of, 285, 446; 234; transporting, 238. land, 3, 439, 458; compromise over, vermiculite and, 445–46 See also logging 452–54; confl ict over, 452–54; Libby Dam, 399; photo of, 399 lumber camps, 150, 292 homesteaders and, 252–54; Indian, liberals, 369, 370, 410 lumber industry, 189, 193, 237; 124, 211; memories of, 34–38; liberty bonds, 316, 318–19, 320, 330 boom for, 246; control by, 231, prehistoric peoples and, 458; Lincoln, Abraham, 113, 114; 293; decline of, 246; employment reclaiming, 254; stewardship of, assassination of, 115, 116, 170 agencies and, 301; immigrants 128, 448; views of, 34, 67, 88, 108, Lindau, Paul: quote of, 175 and, 241; investment in, 184; 126, 140, 399, 414, 435, 441, 448 Linderman, Frank Bird, 309–10; labor unions and, 241; in land, Indian loss of, 66, 128, 131, books by, 310; photo of, 309; twentieth century, 245–46 134, 136, 137, 151–52, 171–73, Russell and, 304, 305 lumber mills, 219, 235, 246, 296 210, 212, 221, 222, 255, 365; Lindneaux, Robert: painting by, 163 lupine, 14; photo of, 14 map of, 152, 211 Lisa, Manuel, 75, 84, 85 Lusitania, 314; painting about, 314 land grants, 174, 184, 190, 256 Little, Frank, 322 Luverne “Montana Special”: landowners: government and, 453; Little Bear, 305; biographical sketch advertisement for, 335 Indian, 457 of, 304 Lane, Franklin K., 304 Little Belt Mountains, 13, 277 M larch, western, 232 Little Bighorn National Monument, MacDonald Pass, 358 Larocque, François Antoine, 68, 75; 449 Mace, Stuart, 393 exploration by, 73–74 Little Bighorn River, 138, 279 MacHaffi e Site, 30 Last Bull, Fred, 342 Little Dog, 109 machine drills, 318 Last Bull, Mae, 342 Little Fingernail: drawing by, 142 Mackenzie, Alexander, 66; illustration Last Chance Gulch (Helena), 103–4 Little Rocky Mountains, 13, 212 of, 65 Late Period, 27, 32–34, 37 Little Shell Band, 454, 457 Major Facility Siting Act (1973), 432 Lauer, Harold W.: war medals of, 378 Little Wolf, Chief, 142; photo of, 141; Makoshika State Park, 15 Laugh Kills Lonesome (Russell), 148 quote of, 141 Malmstrom Air Force Base, 279, Laurel: Mexican Americans in, 405; Littlebear, Richard, 218; quote of, 456 380, 411 oil refi neries in, 348 Livingston Enterprise: quote from, 386 mammals: prehistoric, 8, 28, 29, Lavenger, Ed: quote of, 457 Lochrie, Elizabeth, 371; painting by, 30, 31 LaVerno-Harrison, G., 349 56; photo of, 371 Mandans, 69, 73; smallpox and, 93; Lazetich, Daisy Pekich: quote of, 297 Lockie, Wallace: quote of, 358 trade networks of, 52 ledger art, 55, 122, 222, 142, Logan, William R., 216 Manifest Destiny, 67, 131 145–46 loggers, 243, 301; life of, 241, 242; Mann Gulch fi re (1949), 244–45 ledger books, 145–46 photo of, 234; work of, 231, Mansfi eld, Mike, 387, 407; Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge, 238–42; World War I and, 317–18 biographical sketch of, 410; 436 logging, 232, 243, 274, 318, 397, photo of, 410 legislative branch: described, 426 443; early, 233–36; on Indian Marias Massacre, 135–36 Leider, Carl, 224 reservations, 237–38. See also Marias River, 71, 87, 93, 134, 173; Lemhi Pass, 56, 70 lumber; lumber industry massacre on, 136 Leuppe, Diana, 428 logjams, 248; photo of, 248 Marshall, Bob, 435–36 Lewis, Meriwether, 68, 69, 72, 74 Lolo Canyon: Nez Perce and, 140 Marthey, Clarence, 321 Lewis, Oscar, 26 Lolo Trail: rock cairn on, 35 Martin, Craig, 164 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 35, Lone Dog, 59; winter count of, 59 Martin, Tonya, 164 74, 75, 76, 81, 89, 90, 93, 175; Lone Wolf: quote of, 224 mavericks, 160, 200 chronometer of, 78; exploration Long, Chris: quote of, 449 May Day celebration, 206 by, 68–73; illustration of, 70; longhorns: arrival of, 152–53 Mayer, Frank H.: quote of, 91 painting of, 68; Sacagawea and, Looking Glass, 141 Maynard, Ernest, 327 73 Louisiana Purchase, 67, 253 McAdow, Clara, 192 Lewis and Clark Expedition (Russell), 166 Louisiana Purchase, The, 67 McClelland, Milford, 344 Lewis and Clark Meeting Indians at Ross’ Lower Yellowstone Project, 254 McClure, Charles, 118 Hole (Russell), 62 Loyalty Committee, 324 McColgan, John, 245 Lewistown, 112, 397; book lumber, 218, 355; boom-and-bust McCone, James, 389 burning in, 313, 324–25, 325; cycles and, 234–35; copper

4 8 3 McCormick harvester, 221 119–20; silver, 117–18; trapped, Montana Board of Stock McKenzie, Charles, 354 320–21, 381–82; recreation of, Commissioners, 161 McKenzie, Donald: quote of, 92 287; and unions, 196–97; Montana Central Railroad, 176 McKinney, Howard, 378 203–4, 296–97, 320–21; working Montana constitution (1889), 190, McQueen, 277, 403 conditions of, 104, 119–20, 196–97, 307, 420, 422; amendment of, Meagher, Thomas Francis: 277, 296–97, 298, 318; World 192, 295; preamble to, 193; statue of, 206 War I and, 317–18 ratifi cation of, 191; replacing, Meagher County Republican: quote from, Miner’s Union Day Parade, 198 421, 425 343 mining, 192, 272, 274, 296; claim Montana constitution (1972), 414, Mears, David, 139 certifi cate, 114; coal, 430; copper, 421; Declaration of Rights of, media, 329, 402; literacy, 330 170, 183–84, 189, 191, 273, 277, 426; discrimination and, 428; Medicine Bundle, 56 443, 448; gold, 151, 382, 448, equal rights and, 428; impact of, Medicine Crow, Joseph, 159; CCC 453; hydraulic, 103, 110, 110; 431–32, 434; judicial interpretation and, 363; quote of, 56, 218 immigrants and, 104–11; income of, 433; preamble to, 419, 420; Medicine Lodge, 55 from, 443; investment in, 184; jobs reapportionment and, 422; medicine wheels, 36–37; photo of, 36 in, 382; lumber for, 236; open-pit, signing, 430–31, 431; writing, Meloy, Henry: mural by, 371, 372 277, 396, 403, 444, 445; placer, 101, 425–30 Menard, Pierre, 92 104, 116, 117, 119–20, 235, 273; Montana Council of Defense, 316, Mennonites, 323, 325, 379 quartz, 101, 116, 117; shutdown 325, 326; extreme patriotism of, Menorah picture, 442 of, 443, 444; silver, 117–18; strip, 320, 323 Meriam, Lewis: report by, 364–65 396, 421; technology, 318; Montana Daily Record, 335 Mesozoic era, 4, 6–7 underground, 277 Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife Metal Mine Workers’ Union, 321 mining camps, 101, 108, 110, 111, and Parks, 447, 453 Metcalf, Lee, 436 117, 253, 280; growth of, 256; Montana Department of Health, 327 methane, 450–51 immigrants in, 274; life in, 107, Montana Equal Employment Métis, 48, 57, 89, 102, 141, 440; 113; sports and, 287 Opportunity Bureau, 432 cowboys, 156; culture of, 97–98; mining interests, 307; infl uence of, Montana Farm Bureau: Montana fur trade and, 66, 83–84, 89; gold 191; state constitution and, 192 constitution and, 430 rush and, 109; illustration of, 84; Missed the Turn (Woolley), 332 Montana Highway Department: Lewistown and, 274; photo of, 85; Mission Mountains Tribal Wilderness, brochure by, 347 resistance by, 143–44 238 Montana House of Representatives, Mexican Americans, 405, 420 Mission Valley, 221, 409 295 Mexicans: cowboys, 156 missionaries, 76, 96, 106, 233, 253; Montana Human Rights Bureau, 432 Michel, Chief, 128 Crow and, 94; Salish and, 95. Montana Improvement Company, Middle Period, 27, 30–32 See also Jesuits 236 Midwinter Fair (Browning), 214 Mississippi River, 65, 67, 175, 356; “Montana Lullaby” (Overcast), 18 migrant workers, 404, 405 headwaters of, 17; map of, 64 Montana Nonpartisan: political cartoon migration, 28, 35, 382–83, 439, 440 Missoula, 273, 275, 302, 442; growth from, 302, 308 Miles, Nelson, 141, 143 of, 397, 404, 440; POWs at, 384 Montana: Our Land and People: quote Miles City, 157, 314, 347; infl uenza in, Missouri Fur Company, 84, 85, 92 from, 284 327; POWs in, 384; railroad and, Missouri River, 8, 11, 14, 15, 18, 45, Montana Power Company, 361, 281 47, 51, 57, 71, 72, 73, 78, 81, 84, 368, 398, 400, 410; Anaconda Milk River, 45, 57, 141, 217, 363; 85; dams on, 397; fur trade and, Company and, 443; clout of, 177, dam on, 217 86, 87; Great Falls of, 69, 69; 421; Milwaukee Road and, 177 Milk River Project, 254 headwaters of, 17; painting of, 76; Montana Public Service Commission, Miller, James Knox Polk: quote of, photo of, 235, 276; smallpox 297; deregulation and, 447 116 along, 92, 93; trappers on, 75, 89 Montana Railroad Commission, 297 Miller, Lee, 379 Mix, Celia, 388 Montana Resources, 447 Milwaukee Road. See Chicago, Moccasin-Judith Mountains, 13 Montana Sedition Law (1918), 323–24 Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacifi c Model T Ford, 335, 336, 337 Montana State Prison, 299; located, Railroad “Modern Paul Revere,” 302 195 miners, 138, 151, 251, 272, 382, 403; modernization, 396, 399–402, 414 Montana State University: dryland diseases of, 277, 318; early, 102–12; Moe, John, 383 farming and, 257–58; GIs at, 390 homes of, 339; justice of, 111–12; monopolies: labor unions and, 203 Montana Stockgrowers Association, living conditions of, 277, 318; “Montana” (Cohan and Howard), 18 160 painting of, 204; photo of, 104, Montana: A Buried History (Todd), 290 Montana Strip and Underground 109, 119, 120, 197, 198, 200, Montana Agricultural College: Mine Reclamation Act (1973), 432 296, 318, 321, 324; placer, dryland farming and, 257–58 Montana Supreme Court: Indian history/culture and, 433; Montana

4 8 4 constitution (1972) and, 433; National Park Service, 350 Northern Cheyenne Reservation, 141, public access and, 434 national parks: creating, 242; 151, 212, 218, 454; allotments at, Montana Territory, 112–16; Civil War railroads and, 182–83 221, 255; forestry on, 218, 219, 238; and, 113, 115–16; non-Indian National Sacrifi ce Area: photo methane on, 450; photo of, 342 residents of, 133 protesting, 421 Northern Overland Route, 106, 113; Montana Water Use Act (1973), 432 Native American Graves photo of, 113 Montana Western Railroad, 179 Protection and Repatriation Northern Pacifi c Railroad, 117, 176, Montana Wool Growers Association, Act (1990), 455 177, 182, 236, 276; building, 179; 160 natural gas, 347, 450; deregulation of, Great Fire and, 244; hijack of, Montana, Wyoming and Southern 446–47 199, 200; homesteaders and, 257; Railroad, 179 natural resources, 192, 274, 277, 413, immigrants workers for, 178; Montgomery Ward, 157, 180 450; exploiting, 243, 403, 414, 443, land grants for, 169, 174, 184, Morger, Brian: painting by, 394 444, 453. See also fur trade; logging; 256; lumber for, 237; marketing Mooney, James, 156 mining; natural gas; oil by, 182; merger of, 404; photo of, Moore, J. D.: quote of, 321 Navajo: code talking and, 379 173; poster from, 275; ranching Morey, Jim, 399 navigation tools, 77–78; photo of, and, 153; right-of-way for, 172; Morgan, Robert F.: painting by, 76 77, 78 souvenir ticket from, 175; story Morgan, Thomas J.: quote of, 220 Nelstead, Rudolph, 300 of, 173–75; tourism and, 448; Morley, James, 103 Ne hiyahwak, 48. See also Cree towns and, 275; Townsend and, Mormon crickets, 356; photo of, 356 New Bear: picture by, 146 276, 281; Yellowstone National Morning Star, 141 New Deal, 359; farmers and, 367; Park and, 182 Morsman, Ed, 103 goals of, 360; Great Depression Northern Plains, 11, 30, 32–34, 46, 47, Mount Helena, 108 and, 364; impact of, 368; Indians 52, 53, 54, 58, 84, 85; alcohol on, Mountain Chief, 136 and, 364–67; laws/programs of, 94; changes for, 96, 144; ranching mountain men, 88; painting of, 88. 360–62; politics and, 369–70; on, 149, 162; societies of, 44; See also free trappers; trappers reservation jobs and, 363; star quilts and, 227, 228; tribal life mountains, 16–17; map of, 16 Roosevelt and, 360–64 on, 48 mourning cloak, 20; photo of, 20 New Deal (town), 363 Northwest Passage, 64, 66, 67, 68, mule deer, 14; photo of, 14 News from the States (Lochrie), 371; 69, 73 Mullan, John, 216 photo of, 371 nuclear bombs, 387, 389, 408 Mullan Road, 105, 177, 272, 275 newspapers: 106, 152, 153, 277, 319, nuclear testing: impact of, 411 Munetta, Henry, 387 401, 430; in capital fi ght, 195, Nutter, Donald G., 410 Murphy, Con: vigilante warning for, 196, 201; community and, 284; 112 manipulation by, 293; political Murphy, Dennis “Dinny”: quote of, cartoons from, 196, 199, 201, O Oakes, T. F., 237 297 293, 294, 302, 308 Odegard, Hazel, 319 Murphy, Mary: quote of, 362 Nez Perce, 71, 73, 110, 129, 140; fl ight O’Donnell, I. D., 165 Murray, Henry T.: quote of, 159 of, 140–41; territory of, 124 O-H Ranch, 165 Murray, James E., 407, 410; letter to, Nez Perce War (1877), 140–41 oil, 6, 214, 219, 277, 287, 370, 381, 358 Niitsitape, 47. See also Blackfeet 457; discovery of, 219; market Murray, John, 159 No Place To Go (Dixon), 352 for, 346–47; production of, 339, music, 86, 107, 181, 402; Hmong, 442, Nonpartisan League, 302–3, 323; 346–48, 397, 450, 452 460; Métis and, 97; and ranch life, political cartoon by, 302 oil derricks, 346, 347 157 North America: exploration of, 72; oil fi elds, 347, 397 Musselshell River, 158, 177, 347 map of, 64 Oiye, George, 387 North Central Power Study, 421 Oiye, Tom, 386 North West Company, 82–83, 95 N Old Coyote, Barney, Jr., 379; photo Northern Blackfeet, 47, 57. See also Nakoda, 48. See also Assiniboine of, 379 Blackfeet Napoleon Bonaparte, 175; painting Old Coyote, Henry: code talking and, Northern Cheyenne, 53, 57, 127, of, 67 379 130, 131, 142, 146, 405; cattle Natawista (Medicine Snake Woman), Old Faithful: painting of, 74 confi scation and, 217–18; 88, 89 Old North Trail, 35–36; map of, 34 immigrants and, 256; Little National Guard, 401, 420; photo of, Old Person, Earl, 226; quote of, 406 Bighorn and, 139; moving, 322; in World War II, 378 Old Story, The (Russell), 336 256; photo of, 216, 218, 366; National Historic Landmarks, 37, 286, Olds, Ransom E., 334–35 ranching by, 155, 218; resistance 350 Olson, Erick, 362 by, 138; survival for, 216; territory National Industrial Recovery Act 135th Air Squadron, 316 of, 124. See also Cheyenne (NIRA) (1933), 361, 364 163rd Regiment, 377, 378, 388

4 8 5 open-pit mining, 277, 396, 444, 445; Pipestone Pass, 177 power poles: stringing, 285 growth of, 403 placer mining, 101, 104, 116, 117, pow-wows, 215; photo of, 215 open range, 149, 150–53; cattle boom 119–20, 235, 273 Prairie Awakening (Aspevig), 14 on, 153–54; end of, 162–63; faces Plains Indians, 50, 126; bison and, 33, Precambrian era, 4, 5 of, 154–57; legacy of, 163–64; 91, 123; changes for, 43; horses precipitation, 12–13, 30, 232, 252. problems of, 160–61, 164; sheep and, 218; pipes and, 33; strategy See also drought and, 158, 159 against, 134; tragedy for, 144 Pre-contact Period, 44 oral histories, 24–25, 29, 362 Plateau tribes, 45–46, 126 prejudice, 306, 328, 386–87. See also Ordway, John, 68 Plenty Coups, 136, 224, 317; quote of, discrimination and racism Oregon Trail, 106, 127, 130, 150 144 Preparing and Cooking Camas (Schildt), 47 Organic Act (1864), 114 Plenty Coups: Chief of the Crows preservation, 242, 435–36 “Organization Wins,” 308 (Linderman), 310 Pretty Eagle, 172 Oro y Plata, 7 Plentywood, 300, 357; Scobey and, 287 Pretty Shield, 138 Overcast, Ken, 18 plews, 83 Pretty-Shield: A Crow Medicine Woman overgrazing, 160, 161, 162 Plummer, Henry, 107, 111, 112 (Linderman), 310 Pock, Huie, 306 prickly pear cactus, 15; photo of, 15 Poindexter, Elinor, 415 Prickly Pear Valley, 104, 253 P Poindexter, Everton Gentry “George,” prisoners of war (POWs), 383–84, 386 Pacifi c Northwest Woolgrowers’ 415–16 “Problem of Wilderness, The” Association: ribbon from, 160 Poindexter-Orr cattle partnership, (Marshall), 435 pacifi sts, 315, 325, 379, 380 157–58 Progressive Era, 208, 283, 291, 354; Palace Hotel (Missoula): observation Point, Nicolas: drawing by, 86 county-busting during, 296; in from, 409 political cartoons: example of, 196, Indian country, 303–6; juvenile Paleozoic era, 4, 6 199, 201, 293, 294, 302, 308 court system and, 299; labor Palmer, Hank, 114 political reforms, 294–96, 297, 305, unions and, 297; political cartoon Panát , 46. See also Bannock ĭ 407; as a part of 1972 constitution, of, 308; prohibition and, 299 Panic of 1875, 174 421–28 Progressives, 326; allotments and, Panic of 1893, 198 politics, 23, 291, 428, 458; Civil 303–4; democracy/capitalism patriotism, 319, 385; hyper-, 320, War and, 115; Cold War and, and, 300; Indians and, 310; legacy 322–26 410; corporate power and, 184, of, 307–8, 328; political cartoon Patriot’s Day, 319 191–92, 192–96, 293, 368, 398; about, 294; racism and, 306; Paxson, E. S.: painting by, 84, 125 Great Depression and, 369–70; reforms by, 297–98, 313; Peale, Charles Willson: painting by, 66 homesteaders and, 262, 295; women’s suffrage and, 294, 308 Pearl Harbor, 376, 379, 385, 386, 387 Indians and, 224–26, 305–6, 407, Progressivism, 204, 292–308 Peck, Elizabeth D., 178 420, 454; newcomers and, 441; Prohibition, 262, 299–300 Pend d’Oreille, 45, 46, 56, 95, 110, New Deal and, 369–70; 1972 pronghorn, 15; photo of, 15 125, 127, 128, 129, 137; forest constitutional convention and, propaganda, 315, 380; posters, 314, management by, 232–33; guns for, 424; reapportionment and, 422 317, 329–30, 329, 330, 385 55; ranching by, 155; reservation Pollock, Jackson, 416 Proposal, The (Schildt), 42 for, 212, 454; survival for, 216; pollution, 292, 293, 297, 433, 445; air, prospectors, 102, 103 territory of, 124 452; from coal, 450; noise, 452; Protohistoric Period, 27 People’s Party, 196–99 water, 453 proving up, 253, 254, 255, 259 Perry, Vernie: quote of, 223 Pompeys Tower, 68, 74 Pryor, Nathaniel, 68 petroglyphs, 37; photo of, 37 ponderosa pine, 19; photo of, 19 public health, 284, 291 Philipsburg, 117, 273, 286; visiting, population: aging of, 441; growth of, Public Works Administration (PWA): 449 272–74, 273, 447–48; wartime described, 362 Pichette, Pierre: story by, 70–71 decline of, 382–83 Pueblo Indians: horses and, 53 Pictograph Cave, 37, 38; photo of, 26, populism, 197–99 pulaski, 245 38 Post-contact Period, 44 Pulaski, E. C.: Great Fire and, 245 pictographs, 37; photo of, 38; post offi ce murals, 371–72 reproduction of, 32, 38 Potter, John: painting by, 233 Piegan, 47, 57, 71, 74, 109. Potts, Daniel T., 85 Q See also Blackfeet Ql̓ ispé, 46. See also Pend d’Oreille poverty, 216, 218, 222, 266, 291, 295, Pikuni, 47. See also Blackfeet Quakers, 379 298, 300, 307, 308; homesteaders Pinchot, Gifford: quote of, 246 quarantine, 285; photo of, 285 and, 263; impact of, 215; relieving, Pine Hills Youth Correctional Center, quartz mining, 101, 116, 117. 357, 358; reservation, 406, 456 299 See also mining Powder River, 74, 136, 139, 142, 450 pipes, 33; photo of, 33 quilts, 227–28, 227, 228, 312 power companies: deregulation and, pipestone, 51 446–47

4 8 6 R Red Cross, 264, 318, 319, 324, 329, 424; railroads and, 344; sharing, racism, 110–11, 178, 328, 386, 388, 357, 358, 386; poster by, 329; 336–37; toll, 170; wagon, 343, 405, 407, 442; Progressives and, quilt for, 313 344. See also highways; interstate 306 Red E (Hopkins), 416 highways radicals, 300–303. See also Industrial Red Feather: quote of, 138 Robertson, Pearl Price: quote of, 266 Workers of the World; labor Red Lodge, 297, 344, 346, 382, 397; rock art, 37–38 unions immigrants in, 274 Rockefeller family, 175 radio, 401, 402, 406, 424 Red River carts, 84, 85 Rockefeller, William, 199, 200; railroad yards, 283; signals in, 185–86, referendum, 294, 299, 422, 426 cartoon about, 201 185, 186 Reichert, Arlyne: quote of, 422 rockers, 119–20; photo of, 119 railroads, 189, 264, 272, 283, 296; relief, 357–58; population on, 359 Rocky Boy, 305 automobiles and, 333, 341; religion, 23, 181, 284; Indian, 55–56, Rocky Boy’s Reservation, 212, 309; building, 174, 178–79, 341; 214, 366; Hutterite. 280, 405; and creating, 304–5; lumber from, 238 community and, 182, 281; pacifi sm, 379. See also Christianity; Rocky Mountain Front, 4, 11, 436, control by, 184, 293; decline missionaries 452 of, 369; economic growth and, relocation program, 407, 454; photo Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 87, 90 170–71; electrifi ed, 177; farmers of, 407 Rocky Mountains, 7, 8, 10, 11, 16, and, 297; fi rst, 117, 169, 170–71; Remmel, George, 443 51, 74, 101, 113, 114, 140 56; homesteading and, 257, 259; rendezvous, 86, 90; illustration of, 86 Blackfeet and, 183; changes for, impact of, 169, 180–83; industrial Republican Party, 190, 193, 194, 377 96; exploring, 65; formation of, 6; boom and, 183–84; lumber and, reservation agents, 173, 217, 218; lift up of, 7; societies of, 44, 46; 235, 236; map of, 180; national boarding schools and, 223; trapping in, 82, 88 parks and, 182–83; oil for, 347; control by, 213 rodeos, 163–64; photo of, 164 population boom and, 273; Reservation Scene (Standing), 208 Rogers, Henry H., 199, 200; cartoon promotions by, 256–57; ranching reservation schools, 224, 279, 407 about, 201 and, 153–54, 170, 171; rates, 368; reservations, 124, 125, 144, 149, roller skating: photo of, 402 regulating, 297; reservations and, 303, 307, 353, 364; automobiles Ronan, Mary, 137; quote of, 110 152, 169, 171–73; right-of-way on, 341–342, 342; challenges Ronan, Peter, 137, 213 for, 172; roads and, 344; social on, 213, 439, 456; dissolution Roosevelt, Franklin D., 358, 369; life and, 118; towns and, 275–76; of, 406; farming on, 219; food election of, 359; Great Depression transcontinental, 124, 171, 174, production on, 317; government and, 371; New Deal and, 360–64, 175, 176, 177, 256; trucks and, 341 on, 455; grazing rights on, 218; 370; photo of, 360; PWA and, ranchers, 261, 457; breeding by, homesteaders and, 209, 237, 355; 363; World War II and, 376 162; infl uence of, 191; photo of, horse raising on, 159; industries Roosevelt, Theodore, 243 158, 448; problem solving by, on, 218–19; life on, 210, 210, Rosebud River, The (DeCamp), 418 160–61; stewardship by, 448; wolf 212–16, 216–19, 272, 273; logging Rosenleaf, Howie: quote of, 403 reintroduction and, 452 on, 237–38; map of, 454; Ross, Alexander: illustration of, 84 ranching, 149, 217, 453; family life modern times on, 454–57; New roundups, 154, 163–64 and, 156–57; growth of, 150, 151; Deal and, 363; poverty on, 406, Ruby Valley, 103, 234 open-range, 149, 150–53, 164; 456; railroads and, 169, 171–73; Rumsey, Fay, 313 photo of, 155; railroads and, ranching on, 155, 217; sports on, Rumsey, Sarah, 313 153–54, 170; reservation, 155, 288; subdivision of, 219–22, 355; Rural Electrifi cation Administration 217; women and, 156–57. taking land from, 151, 152, 211. (REA), 395, 400; described, 361 See also cattle; sheep See also under specifi c reservations Russell, Charles M., 156, 305; art Rankin, Jeannette, 262; biographical Richardson, Sam: quote of, 357 of, 165–66; drawing by, 304; sketch of, 295; photo of, 295; Rickard, Clinton: quote of, 305 painting by, 58, 62, 88, 107, quote of, 295; women’s suffrage Rides Horse, Dorothy, 433 148, 154, 156, 161, 165, 336; and, 294–95; World War I and, Riebeling, H. J.: quote of, 337 photo of, 166; quote of, 258, 458 314–15; World War II and, 376–77 Riel, Louis: Métis resistance and, Russell, Lillian, 181 Rankin, Wellington, 315 143–44 rustling cards, 203–4, 321 Rarus Mine, 200 river drives, 247–49; photo of, 248 Ryan, John D., 177, 184, 368 rationing, 382, 385, 387, 396 river pigs, 248 Ravalli, Anthony, 95–96, 157, 234 rivers: major systems, 17; map of, 16 roads, 333, 354, 362; automobiles and, S reapportionment, 422; map of, 423 Sacagawea, 68, 69, 73 342–45; building, 341, 342–45, Reclamation Act (1902), 254 St. Louis Dispatch: quote from, 264 349–50, 359, 382; cross-country, Red Cloud, 130; photo of, 130; St. Louis Missouri Fur Company, 84 344; long-distance, 343, 344; map quote of, 131 Saint Marie, 280 of, 345, 348; paved, 345, 348, Red Cloud’s War, 130 St. Mary’s Glacier, 17

4 8 7 St. Mary’s Mission, 95, 96, 157; 17th Amendment, 294 social change, 297–98, 405, 407; photo of, 95 Seventh U.S. Cavalry, 137–38 automobiles and, 337–41 St. Paul’s Mission School, 279 Seven-Up Pete Mine, 433 Social Security, 368 St. Peter (steamboat), 93 sextants, 77; illustration of, 78; Socialists, 300–301, 323; political Saleesh House, 75, 84 photo of, 77 button by, 300 Salish, 25, 45, 46, 51, 56, 70, 71, 73, Sheehan, Mollie, 115 Sohon, Gustavus: illustration by, 128 75, 92, 110, 128; basket weaving sheep, 91, 157–59, 160, 452; Hard Soldiers: 138, 226; African American, by, 459, 460; Bitterroot Valley Winter and, 161–62; railroads 140; life of, 139; photo of, 134, and, 221; economic independence and, 183; photo of, 158, 159, 322, 377, 388, 412 and, 137–38; farmers, 221; forest 278, 414 sovereignty, 124–25, 209, 305, 406, management by, 232–33; guns for, sheep wagons, 158 407, 454, 455 55; leggings/dress of, 46; march Sheepeater Indians, 46, 56 Spear, Fred: painting by, 314 by, 137; missionaries and, 95; sheepherders, 158–59; photo of, 158, Speculator Mine: disaster at, 320–21; railroad and, 176; ranching by, 414 photo of, 321 155; reservation for, 212, 454; Sheridan, 278 Spokane House, 84 seasonal round of, 49; survival Sheridan, Philip, 136 sports, 50, 51, 287–88, 402. See also for, 216; territory of, 124; timber Sheridan Chinook, 309 baseball; rodeo policies and, 237; trade by, 51. Shining Shirt: vision of, 94–95 Spotted Wolf, Minnie, 388 See also Flathead Reservation Shoshone, 46, 56, 65, 70, 73, 74, 92, stamp mills, 116, 170; illustration of, Salish Culture Committee, 70 127, 138; guns for, 54–55; territory 117 Salish People and the Lewis and Clark of, 124; trade networks of, 52 Standard Oil, 175, 199, 200, 201 Expedition (Pichette): story from, Sidney: mural at, 372; POWs at, 384 Standing, William: illustration by, 48; 70–71 Siksika, 47. See also Blackfeet painting by, 208 Salvation Army, 264, 357 silver, 116, 170, 189, 192, 236, 273; Stands in Timber, John, Jr., 218 Sample, Paul: painting by, 204 boom-and-bust cycle and, 117–18; Stanfel, Jane: painting by, 265 Sanders, Harriet: quote of, 107 Butte and, 117–18; Panic of 1893 Stanley, John Mix: illustration by, 127 Sanders, Wilbur Fisk, 112 and, 198; railroads and, 183–84 star quilts: described, 227–28; sapphires, 19; photo of, 7; Yogo, 7, 19 Silver Bow County Courthouse photo of, 227, 228 Saukamappee: quote of, 45 (Butte), 301 Starr, Ernest, 324 sawmills, 180, 234, 247, 248, 296, 381; Simms, 281 Starvation Winter: described, 210, 212 Crow, 238 Sioux, 47, 106, 131, 136, 210, 458; state animal, 19 saws, 234, 238; photo of, 234 code talking and, 379; Dakota, state bird, 20; photo of, 20 Scalese, Bob: bits/spurs by, 460 57, 59, 61; Lakota, 57, 127, 130; state butterfl y, 20; photo of, 20 Scalese, Sandy: bits/spurs by, 460 Little Bighorn and, 139; photo of, state fi sh, 20; photo of, 20 Scapegoat Wilderness Area, 436 131; resistance by, 138; smallpox state fl ag, 18; photo of, 18 Schatz, J. E.: quote of, 323 and, 93; star quilts and, 227, 228; state fl ower, 19; photo of, 19 Schildt, Gary: painting by, 22, 31, starvation for, 212; territory of, state fossil, 19; photo of, 19 42, 47 124. See also Fort Peck Reservation state gemstones, 19 schools, 440; community and, 284; Sioux reservation, 134, 151, 152, 210, state grass, 20; photo of, 20 homesteading and, 261. 212. See also Fort Peck Reservation State Highway Commission, 344 See also boarding schools Sitting Bull, 138, 139, 140, 210 State Historic Preservation Offi ce, 37 Schulz, Clay: painting by, 188 sluices, 119–20; photo of, 120 state institutions: map of, 195 Schweitzer, Brian, 328; quote of, 451 Slyter, Leslie D., 378; quote of, 378 state legislature, 114, 191, 193, 421–22, Scobey, 259; oil production in, 347; smallpox, 57, 61, 136, 285, 297; 423, 426; corporations and, 202; Plentywood and, 287 illustration of, 44; impact of, 45, counties and, 296; deregulation Scott, Mavis, 428 92–93 and, 447; homesteaders and, 262; scrap drives, 384, 385; photo of, 384 smelters, 170, 177, 191, 194, 200, 235, manipulation of, 293 Sears and Roebuck, 180 282, 293, 364, 381, 383, 403, 408; state lullaby, 18 seasonal round: described, 49–50 closed, 443, 444 photo of, 183, state nicknames, 20 Second U.S. Cavalry, 136 368, 443; smoke from, 292 State parks: poster for, 367 sedition, 242, 313, 325, 326, 328 Smith, Janet, 324, 328 state seal, 18; photo of, 18 sedition law, 323–24 Smith, Jedediah, 85 state songs, 18 segregation, 140, 405 Smith, W. K., 324, 328 state tree, 19; photo of, 19 Seliš, 46. See also Salish Smith Mine: disaster at, 381–82; statehood, 189, 205; achieving, 184, Sellew, W. R., 184 photo of, 381 190–91, 273; ribbon, 191 senate districts: map of, 423 Smith River region: sheep in, 158 steamboats, 116, 118, 170, 275, 281; settlers, 118, 123, 124, 253; smoke jumping, 379; photo of, 379 fi rewood for, 235; fur trade and, adaptation by, 109; land and, Snake Dance, 215 87–88; illustration of, 87; painting 108–9; trespassing by, 126. Snake Indians, 46 of, 106; travel on, 105, 106 See also homesteaders snowmobiles, 452, 452 Steele, Fanny Sperry, 164

4 8 8 Stevens, Isaac, 127; painting of, 125; Texas Company (Texaco), 348 trestle, 176 quote of, 129 Thiebalt, Nicholas, 111 Tribally Controlled Community Stevens, John F., 176 Thomas, Charley: boot of, 130 College Assistance Act (1978), 455 Stevens, Stan, 421 Thomas, William, 130 Trieweiler, Terry, 433 Stewart, Samuel, 264, 301, 316, 328; Thompson, Charlotte: statue of, 75 trucking, 404, 412, 413 extreme patriotism of, 322, 323; Thompson, David, 73, 74–75; trucks, 333, 338, 340; railroads and, quote of, 320 statue of, 75 341 Stith general store (Terry), 192 Three Eagles, Chief, 70, 71 trusts, 220, 430; selling/leasing, 243 Stock Raising Homestead Act (1916), Tibbs, Don, 412 Tsetsehesta’hese, 57. See also Northern 255 Tidball, Eugene C.: quote of, 444 Cheyenne stockmen’s associations, 160 tipis, 33, 34, 48, 51, 58, 135, 279 tuberculosis, 215, 297, 298 Stone Child, 305 See Rocky Boy Tod, John, 89 Tukudika, 46. See also Sheepeater Story, Nelson, 152 Todd, James: painting by, 290 Indians Stout, Thomas, 319 toilet cars, 298 Tuttle, Thomas D.: quote of, 298 Stream Access Law (1985), 434 Tongue River, 131, 143 Two Medicine River: trestle over, 176 strikes, 197, 203, 296, 321, 361, 364; Toole, John, 431 Two Moon, 138 bulletin, 241; lumber, 241–42; Toole, Joseph K., 202 tycoons, 175, 192, 194, 265 settling, 322 tools, past, 27 strip-farming, 266 topsoil: loss of, 356; photo of, 262 strip-mining, 396; protesting, 421 tourism, 164, 345–46, 382; U Union Pacifi c Railroad, 171 Stuart, Granville, 92, 102, 151, 155; automobiles and, 348; growth of, U.S. Air Force, 408; Ground Observer rustlers and, 160 448–49; interstate highways and, Corps of, 409; ICBMs and, 410–11 Stuart, James, 102, 151 413; promoting, 183; winter, 452 U.S. Army, 140, 378; Air Corps, 378, Stump Horn family, 53 Towers, James Calvin: mask of, 184 380; Cavalry Remount Station, sugar beets, 405; photo of, 405 towns: automobiles and, 339, 339; 314; Corps of Engineers, 363, 380; Sullivan, Gerald: quote of, 386 boom, 283; communities and, fi refi ghting by, 244; First Special Sun Dance, 55, 56, 214, 366; 284–85; farm, 278, 300, 440; Service Force, 380, 391; Little painting of, 56 ghost, 271, 277, 278, 280; growth Bighorn and, 139; Nurse Corps, Sun River, 108, 253 of, 271, 280–83, 448; interstate 377; Sioux and, 138; World War I Sun River Project, 254 highways and, 275; logging, 277, and, 314 sunshine laws, 427 397; personality of, 271; radiant, U.S. Bill of Rights, 324, 426, 428 Superfund, 445, 446 281; railroads and, 275–76; U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 220, Swanson, Larry: quote of, 449 reasons for, 274–80; reservation, 366, 406; relocation program of, Swartout, Robert: quote of, 288 275, 278–79, 367; shape of, 271, 407, 407 Sweet Medicine: quote of, 58 285–86; strip, 280, 281; T-, 281–82; U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Sweetgrass Hills, 13, 175; loss of, transportation, 275; X-, 281–82. 245 172–73, 212 See also communities U.S. Congress, 262, 294, 314 Sweetgrass Hills Agreement (1888), Townsend, 276; Northern Pacifi c and, U.S. Constitution, 294, 299, 301, 325, 212 281 326, 388; discrimination and, 427 symbols, 18–20, 205–6, 459 tractors, 159, 239, 261, 266, 338, 355, U.S. Department of Health and 367, 397; fuel for, 347; learning to Human Services, 446 drive, 362; photo of, 338 U.S. Department of the Interior, 457; T trade, 23, 51–52, 76, 234; map of, 52 Takes Wrinkles: quote of, 172 poster from, 220 trading posts, 234; drawing of, 86 Tall Bull, Henry: story by, 341–42 U.S. Environmental Protection “Training for the Summer Scrap,” 294 tamarack, 232 Agency, 452; Berkeley Pit and, 445; transportation, 23, 169, 184, 189, 236, taxes, 190, 192, 201, 265, 284, 307, 358; Libby and, 446 255, 272, 274, 275, 297, 300, 337, inheritance, 453; mining, 191, 193, United States Food Administration, 348; before railroads, 170–71; 355–56, 430 poster by, 317 changes in, 345; horses and, 334, technology, 162, 180, 292, 354, U.S. Forest Service, 243, 246, 436; 340; long-distance, 341; personal, 424, 427, 439, 448, 458; fi refi ghting and, 244, 245 333; problems with, 107, 116 communication, 402; military, 409; U.S. House of Representatives, 114, trappers, 75–76, 83, 84, 87, 233, mining, 318 190, 410 234; free, 88, 88; life of, 88–89; Tecumseh: quote of, 67 U.S. Marine Corps Women’s Reserves, rendezvous and, 86; world market telegraphs, 106, 132, 172, 181–82, 189, 377; photo of, 388 and, 82 191, 277 United States Mint, 117 travois, 33, 45, 233; dog, 54; horse, 53 telephones, 354, 367, 381, 414, 424; U.S. Navy Nurse Corps, 377 “Treasure State, The,” 7, 20 photo of, 400; rural, 400–401 U.S. Senate, 190, 326, 410; Clark and, treaties, 123, 272, 303, 406, 455; impact television, 401, 406, 414, 424 193–94, 195–96, 294; Republican of, 124–31; later, 134; railroads termination program, 406–7 Party and, 194 and, 172. See also under specifi c treaties

4 8 9 University of Montana: GIs at, Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), 422 Women’s Army Corps (WAC), 377 389–90; housing at, 390; located, western meadowlark, 20; photo of, 20 women’s suffrage, 197; controversy 195; war protest at, 412 western region: described, 11–12 over, 192, 294–95; homesteaders Urban Wildlife Working Group, 447 Wheeler, Burton K., 300, 320, 359, and, 262; Progressives and, 294, Utah and Northern Railway, 117, 173; 365, 376; Amalgamated and, 203; 308 story of, 171 biographical sketch of, 326; Woodcock, Clarence: quote of, 25 Utes: horses and, 53 photo of, 326; PWA and, 363; Woodenlegs, 146 sedition and, 325 Woodenlegs, John: quote of, 141 Wheeler-Howard Act (1934), 365 woodhawks, 235 V whistle signals, 185, 186 Woodland tribes, 46–48 vaccinations, 93, 448 White, Germaine: quote of, 233 Woolley, Max J.: painting by, 332 Van Cleve, Paul, 335–36 White, John, 102 workers’ rights, 302, 322 vermiculite, 445–46; photo of, 445 White Bear: drawing by, 55, 122, 145 Works Progress Administration Victor, Chief, 128, 129 White Bird, 141 (WPA), 361; described, 362; work Victor’s Camp—Hell Gate Ronde (Stanley), White Calf, 183, 212 of, 361 127 Whiteman, Wesley: photo of, 216 World War I, 241, 256, 291, 307, 326, victory gardens, 319, 384 Whiteside, Fred, 196 354, 370, 376, 401; end of, 327; Vietnam War, 401, 410, 420, 442; Wibaux, Pierre, 155, 162 farmers and, 264; homesteading protesting, 411, 412 Wickes: decline of, 198 and, 261; impact of, 313; Indians vigilantes, 111–12; executions by, wild turkey, 15; photo of, 15 and, 306; labor unions and, 364; 112; warning from, 112 wildcatters, 346, 347 Montanans and, 316–20, 377; Vindex, Charles, 357; quote of, 355, 359 wilderness, 75, 238, 452; advocating, opposition to, 295, 314–15, 328; Virginia City, 106, 108, 112, 115, 170, 435–36 outbreak of, 314–16; propaganda 234, 272; boxing in, 287; Chinese in, Wilderness Act (1964), 436 for, 329; support for, 315–16; U.S. 110; life in, 107, 110; visiting, 449 Wilderness Society, 436 involvement in, 354 volcanoes, 6–7, 8, 10 wildlife, 368, 369, 447, 453 World War II, 279, 400, 408; Volkomener, Marty, 377 Williston Basin, 348, 397, 450 civilians and, 384–85; economic Vontver, May: quote of, 327 Wilsall Elevators (Aspevig), 438 boost from, 368, 370, 395; end Voyage from Montreal (Mackenzie), 66 Wilson, Woodrow, 305, 315 of, 387, 396; Great Depression wind power, 451–52; photo of, 451 and, 370; impact of, 375, 381, W Windham Roundup: photo of, 164 387–90; Indians and, 378–79, 388; Wagner Act (1935), 361 windstorms, 263, 266, 355 Montanans and, 374, 375, 377, wagon trains, 100, 113, 171 Wing, Leo, Sr., 263 382–83; oil industry and, 348; Wahkpa Chu’gn, 40 Winne, Peter, 206 opposition to, 295; sports and, Waiting for a Chinook (Russell), 161, 165 winter counts, 59–60, 145; illustration 287; women and, 377, 388 Wakde Island: photo of, 377 of, 44; photo of, 59 W. R. Grace and Company, 445, 446 Waldner, Susie: quote of, 405 Winters decision: water and, 216–17 Wyman, Major: drawing of, 222 Walker, Ray: photo of, 428 Wo Hop, Mrs.: document of, 111 Walking Coyote, Samuel: bison and, 91 wobblies. See Industrial Workers of Y Walsh, Thomas J., 299, 359, 363 the World Yankee Jim: toll gate of, 170 Walter, Dave: quote of, 458 Wold, Norman: photo of, 260 Yellow Eyes, George, 288 war bonds, 320, 384, 385 Wold, Olga: photo of, 260 Yellowstone (steamboat), 87 War Dance, 215 Wolf Calf, 71–72 Yellowstone caldera, 10; photo of, 10 War Dog Training Center, 391 Wolf Creek Tree Farm: photo of, 246 Yellowstone National Park, 10, 16, war medals, 378 Wolle, Muriel Sibell: painting by, 118 17, 29, 75, 76, 219, 344, 345, 448; War of the Copper Kings, 189, wolves, reintroduction of, 452 Northern Pacifi c Railroad and, 192–96, 199–204 women: automobiles and, 338, 402; 182; photo of, 396, 452; wolf Washburn, Serena: quote of, 105 equal rights and, 428; farming reintroduction at, 452 water, 284; clean, 308; power, 276; and, 402; fur trade and, 89; Yellowstone River, 11, 14, 37, 71, 74, rights to, 217; struggle for, 260; homesteads and, 260, 268; in 84, 103, 131, 158, 421; fur trade toxic, 444; Winters decision and, politics, 295, 308, 314–15, 423, and, 87; trappers on, 75 216–17 425; ranching and, 156–57; sports Yellowstone Trail, 343–44 Watkins, Mark, 247 and, 51, 164, 287; work of, 47, Yellowtail Dam, 398–99; photo of, Watson, J. W.: quote of, 223 49, 156–57, 260, 362, 401–2, 432; 398 WAVES, 377 World War II and, 377, 380, 383, Yellowtail, Robert, 224, 398–99 weather, 15–16; homesteading and, 388. See also women’s suffrage York (slave), 68 258; surviving, 367 Women Air Service Pilots (WASPs), youth culture, 402, 420 Webster School (Butte): scrap drive 377, 380 at, 384

4 9 0