The Bozeman Trail Throughout I Ts Entire T M F on Length

H N M Z E A N JO . BO M

athbr ak r of th B oz an Tr a il P e e e em . Th e Boze man Trail

His to ri cal A ccou n t s o f the Blazing o f t h e

O e r a n d Rou t s n o h N rth s t v l e i t t e o we ,

’ a nd the Fights with R e d C lou d s Warrio rs

by Gra ce Raymon d Ié ebard and E A Brini n l . . stoo with Introduction by

Ge neral Charles K n S i g , U . . V

Volum e II

h e l k o T Arthur H . C ar C mpany Cleve land : 1 9 2 2 COPYRIGHT I 2 2 31 , 9 , GRACE RAYMOND HEBARD

and E . A. BRI NINSTOOL To THE PION EER

’ [by Theodore O Hara ]

A dirge for the brave old pioneer ! Th e patriarch of hi s tribe ! — no He sleeps pompous pile marks where, N o hi lines s deeds describe .

T no s hey raised tone above him here, Nor ca rved hi s deathless name ;

An empire is his sepulchre ,

His epitaph is fame .

C on t e n ts of V olum e I I

PHI LLIPS F P I K A JOHN , A HERO O FORT H L E RNEY THE WAGON Box FIGHT PERSONAL E! PERIENCES IN AND AROUND FORT PHIL KEAR NEY

ROUTE OF THE BOZ EMAN TRAIL ; DESCRIPTION OF FORTS

R C. F. S I ENO, M TH , AND FETTERMAN

’ A PRIVATE S REMINISCENCES OF FORT RENO H H . F F I FORT C . SMIT AND THE AY IELD F GHT

R C H G O L SIO Ux AR C I F ED LOUD, T E REAT GALLA A W H E

JIM BRIDGER THE GRAND O LD MAN OF THE ROCK IES AFTERWORD

I N DEx

u ra o n V o u m I I Ill s t ti s, l e

Z A THE A HFI OP THE B Z A . B JOHN M O EM N , P T NDER O EM N TRAIL Frontispiece “ JOHN ( PORTUGEE PHILLIPS 1 7 SERGEANT SAMUEL GI BSON 4 1

rom a oto ra ta en at am Proctor on the e o F ph g ph k C p , Y ll w stone er e tem er 1 8 1 Riv , S p b , 9

G AL H . CA I U . s . A . ENER ENRY B RR NGTON , rom an or nal oto ra i n oss es s on of hi s s on F igi ph g ph, p i ,

ames B . C arr n ton Es . J i g , q WA Box I H A S 2 1 86 A GON F G T, UGU T , 7 ( PL N )

rom or na s etc er e ant amue son re ra n F igi l k h by S g S l Gib , d w by Grace Raymond Hebard M . . S I N N T I 1 86 FORT C F M TH , O TA A ERR TORY, 7 ’ rom a s etc a ta n . D I s a a ter r a n nton F k h by C p i I y, f d wi g by A o Th or a i s i n os s s o A c n orn. e n es n of a ta n o S h b igi l p i C p i J hn .

Perr . It is re ro uce ere courte s of ar e s N . es s er y p d d h by y Ch l K l ,

Esq. R DAK A T I 1 86 FORT ENO, OT ERR TORY, 7 e rod uce rom the or na ra n nton c on orn R p d f igi l d wi g by A S h b , o i n o on o a ta n o n A Perr n w p s s essi f C p i J h . y FORT RENO ( PLAN ) Pr ar r ar ro n r a ep e d by G ace R. Heb d f m i fo m ti on furnis he d by

A . B . stran er Vi e ts ar er F. . urnett and Ed O d , Willi G b , G B , w ard Parme lee

R I S AT C . F. S I 1 20 1 U N FORT M TH , 9 33 PA OP THE R S VA I N OP S I H LA 1 F. RT E ER T O FORT C . M T ( P N ) 37

e r awn b race . ebar rom a ma ma e anuar 2 R d y G R H d f p d J y 7 ,

1 88 1 a ta n E ar L. art secure t rou the , by C p i dw d H z, d h gh

courtes of enator F. arren y S E. W F FORT C . . SMITH ( PLAN ) r e ar r Dr awn by G ace R. H b d f om information furnis hed

Vi e l ts ar er and F. . urnett by Wil i G b , G B HAY I L I A S 1 1 86 A F E D F GHT, UGU T , 7 ( PL N )

re are r ace R. e ar rom ata urn P p d by G H b d f d f ished by F. G. B urnett l 2 I ll us tm ti on:

C I S H. OOK I SC I G IG 1 8 APTA N JAME C , N OUT N R , 79 CHIEP RED CLOUD AT THE AGE OP 75 rom a o r t oto ra b D F B arr F c py igh ed ph g ph y . . y “ JIM BRIDGER THE GRA ND OLD MAN OP THE ROCK IES ’ THE SUTLER S OLD ADOB E STORE AT FORT LARAMIE MAP OP THE BOZ EMAN TRAIL r He ar Prep ared by G ace R. b d

ohn Ph ll s a He ro of F o rt J i ip , Phil K e arn e y

If ever a roll Of honor i s made Of the unnumbered heroes Of the great American Western Frontier who performed deeds Of valor without thought of recom “ ” e h was pense or reward , but whose sol thoug t duty, for o t prompted by the necessity instant acti n , hat the “ Of lives Of others might be saved , the name John ( Por ” tugee ) Phillips should be written high on the scroll

- Of fame . For lofty self devotion and sacriﬁce it stands for unparalleled , and bravery and physical endurance has the seldom , if ever, been equaled . And this is story “ ” ’ of Portugee Phillips courageous deed : The 2 1 1 866 Fetterman disaster Of December , , had dropped like a thunderbolt on the little garrison at “ K E - Fort Phil earney. ighty one men from the hated ” fo rt on the Little Piney had fallen victims to Red ’ Cloud s strategic cunning in less than a brief half- hour G Of combat. lutted and drunken with their bloody ’ Fetterman s victory over command , the triumphant Sioux now felt that it would be a matter Of hours only before the balance of the already- depleted force behind l o w the g Stockade would be in their po er . And doubt w less nothing but the a ful , yet providential , severity Of the weather prevented this . Th e Of 2 1 811 night December , the weather became

i ts - ﬁe rceness to unprecedented in Arctic like , as if add he The to the horror of t great tragedy. temperature 1 6 The B oze ma n Tra il

to t - ﬁ w z dropped more han twenty ve degrees belo ero , and a terrible blizzard swept down from the Big Ho rn M w ountains , while the s irling snow piled high about l o the g stockade , as the winds howled and shrieked in So was was wild glee . heavy the snowfall that it nec essary to keep a continual force Of men shoveling away t the huge drifts hat formed against the stockade , least it should pile so high as to fo rm a foundation over which the Indians might easily climb the log barricade . 8 0 intense was the cold that it was necessary to relieve E r . t the sentries eve y ﬁfteen minutes ven hen , many Of

- the soldiers were badly frost bitten . The situation of the little garrison was desperate ’ o Re c indeed . N ne knew at what moment d Cloud s x ultant savages might descend in swarms upon the stri ck was h t en post. It a question whet er hey would attack h the fort, or if t ey would consider that, by the over ’ Fette rman s for whelming of brave men , their thirst h for t e . blood had been satiated time In any event, of h relief was urgent and t e greatest necessity, if Fort Phil Kearney was to be expected to defy the Sioux hordes and maintain its position as one of the defenses the B oz T Of eman rail . the r w i n i i In all quarte s lights ere burning, ant c pa o T was no tion f an attack at any moment . here sleep T for anyone . here were many women and helpless children at Fort Phi l Kearney that awful night to p ro tect and he now , t total defensive force at the post had to one i been reduced but hundred and n neteen , includ o O ing all civilian empl yes . utside were three thousand x i a for O or exultant Siou warr ors , only w iting the pp tune moment to ﬁnish their bloody work . The nearest point from which relief could be had two - si x was Fort Laramie , hundred and thirty miles JOHN PORTUGEE PHILLIPS

20 The B oze ma n Tra il

was . bereaved woman , to whom he an utter stranger Over his arm he carried a choice wolf- robe which he Mrs Grummond to . had long cherished . He said For your sake I am going to attempt to bring relief

. not from Laramie I may get through the Indian lines, to as a but in case I fail , I want you keep this robe ht slig remembrance Of me . for While Phillips was preparing his dangerous ride , Colonel Carrington penned the following dispatch

P I K A D T D c 1 1 86 cour er . e . 2 6 FORT H L E RNEY, , ( By i to or aram e Do en re n r e for i F t L i ) s d me i fo cem nts thw th .

e on now m force m o r e er Exp diti with y is i p ssible . I isk v y n but the os and i ore en r ne thi g p t ts st . I v tu e as much as anyo a b h c n ut a e ad a o a ne rf re. , I h v ﬁght t d y u xampled in Indian wa a oss is n ne - four 8 1 e a e re o ere for My l i ty ( ) kill d . I h v c v d ty nine bodies and thirty-two more are to be brought in in the morn n a a e ee n m n h e r re e i g th t h v b n fou d . A o g t e kill d a e B v t eu enan - o one man a e er a n . . ro n an Li t t C l l F tt , C pt i F H B w , d eu enan Grummon Li t t d.

The n ans en a e ere near ree ousan e n I di g g d w ly th th d , b i g apparently the force reported as on Tongue River in my dis atcho f the th of o e e e e re s p s é 5 N v mb r and subs qu nt the to. Thi ‘ ‘ ne so im or an can and mus be e f r li , p t t, t h ld . It will take ou times the force in the spring to reopen if it be broken up this n r ear n wi te . I h othing of my arms that left Fort Leaven worth September 1 5 ; additional cavalry ordered to j oin have not reported their arrival ; would have saved us much loss to day ; the Indians lost beyond all precedent ; I need prompt r f r men an re r e n o ce s d ea n a ms . am sure to a e as i t p ti g I h v , efore re or e an ac e n er and mus a e men and arms b p t d , tiv wi t , t h v ; a e every Ofﬁcer of this battalion Should j oin it today. I h v e er eams er on u and at es one un re and n ne een v y t t d ty, , b t, h d d i t ef r n e ma ter s ea s for l t at the post. I ha dly eed urg this t ; it p k

se f. e me two com an es of ca a r at eas for it l Giv p i v l y, l t, thwith , e arme or four com an es of n fan r e c us e of a w ll d , p i i t y, x l iv wh t I nee eno an no o eres ma e m ear d at R d Fort Smith . I did t v ti t y ly a ca on a s n e com an rom sa e the ne ppli ti ; i gl p y, p ptly, will v li ; but our killed show that any remissness will result in mutila J oh n P hilli s a Her o o Fort Phil K ea rne 2 1 p , f y

o an r e r N a on as ti n d butche y b yond p ecedent . 0 such mutil ti a a on recor e en on a be e th t tod y d . D p d it th t this pos t will h ld o on as a ro n r m i rom ness is th vi a s l g u d o a an s left . P pt e t l

e me ffi er n men. n th ne encer rms thing. Giv o c s a d O ly e w Sp a h es era e an e ar n e T e n an d s e no e . should b sent . I di s d p t th y p H B C . A I ENRY RR NGTON ,

o one een nfan r comman n . C l l Eight th I t y, di g

It was expected that Phillips would ﬁle and send these dispatches at Horseshoe Station, a good three ’ s d o K day ri e fr m Fort Phil earney, where was situated the ﬁrst available telegraph station between Phil Kear ney and Fort Laramie . It was near midnight when e Phillips , after looking to his arms and quipment, and stowing away in his saddlebags supplies Of biscuit t O f s only, wi h a scant amount feed for his hor e , report ed to Colonel Carrington that h e was ready to start . ’ oo He sh k the commander s hand , mounted his horse, and the colonel himself unbarred and opened the sally Of o port gate , out which h rse and rider slipped into m God-S the idnight storm , followed by the peed of wh every person o witnessed his departure, to face ex p ected perils which would appall the stoutest heart. Those inside the stockade listened intently for some t x to time , momen arily e pecting hear the dreaded war whoop , which would indicate that the brave courier the but had been detected leaving fort, only the roar Of zz the bli ard was to be heard . C R John . Friend , now of awlins , Wyoming, was , in 1 866 , the telegraph operator at Horseshoe Station,

1 0 a m . where Phillips arrived at , on Christmas day Mr i n . Friend states , communication to the authors , that Phillips arrived at Horseshoe Station in company — “ with two men George Dillon and a Captain B ailey .

9° B ai ley was l eading a comp any of ﬁfty miners who were operati ng i n i t arne the v cini y of Fort Phil Ke y. 22 The B oze ma n Tra il

s on If Phillip had company the route , it must have R i t been after he had reached and passed Fort eno , as i s t R a bs ol ute l a l one certain hat he passed through eno y . From Reno to Fort Laramie was the least dangerous f o he . r o part t entire trip M . Friend does n t state where Phillips picked up the two men who rode into Horse shoe Station wi th him . Neither has it ever been stated if these two men accompanied the courier from Horse M r shoe Station to Fort Laramie . . Friend states in his correspondence with the authors that Phillips ﬁled two dispatches with him — one to the department com O mander at maha, and one to the post commander at n to Fort Laramie, and the continued on his way Fort T Laramie . h e probability that Phillips had company along this route is not disputed , but that he left Fort Phil Kearney alone and rode the greater — and by far — the most dangerous part of the route alone is certain . Th f A B e O . O statement . strander, further along in this t o B chap er, and his c nversation with John C . rough , who was on guard duty at the gate through which John

a l on K nu Phillips passed e from Fort Phil earney, are mistakable evidence that Phillips started absolutely unaccompanied .

CO . e C . x aptain James H Cook, of Agate, Siou , N a br ska , whose entire life was Spent on the frontier and who among Indians , as a scout, guide and trailer, and now owns and operates an extensive cattle ranch on the

o R . Ni brara iver, also knew Phillips intimately . Capt Cook has informed the authors that Phillips located a on ranch the Chugwater, some forty miles from his ’ ’

s . place , in the 7o He has talked many times with

Phillips about the ride to Fort Laramie, and states that Phillips never made any mention to him of having n companions anywhere alo g the route . He says the J ohn Philli s a H er o o Fort Phil K ea rne 2 p , f y 3 courier related to him that just befo re he reached Horseshoe Station he was pursued by quite a large band on but of Indians , mounted ponies , that with the superb charger belonging to Colonel Carrington , which he was riding, he was enabled to outdistance the savages Off and gain a high hill , where he stood the Indians , they not venturing to charge up the bill after him . n Phillips said he stayed o the hill all night alone , i to keep ng a constant lookout against surprise , ready ’ o mount and ﬂee at a moment s n tice, but that with the “ ” ﬁrst streaks of day he made a run for it p assing t t hrough the Indian lines in safe y, and soon reaching

Horseshoe Station . s e Phillip further told Capt. Cook that aft r leaving “ th e e 2 1 st the fort, on night Of Dec mber , he steered ” clear Of the trail , riding parallel to it at some little z distance , as he reali ed it would be closely watched by the Indians . He made no attempt to pursue his journey in the daytime , well knowing he would be discovered by some of the keen - eyed savages who swarmed the B country. efore daylight had fully appeared , Phillips would ride into a thicket where he could not be Oh as served , and there spend the day, resuming his ride o s on as darkness had fully set in . ’ It was about eleven O clock on Christmas night, De cembe r 2 th 5 , when Phillips arrived at Fort Laramie . The mercury was standing at twenty- five degrees be z i low ero , and a br lliant Christmas levee was in full “ ” Be the swing at dlam , large building at the post ’ Ofii ce rs c used as the clubhouse , where all the dan es and gay festivities were held . Phillips staggered into — a h the room swaying, gigantic figure , swat ed in a buf o- ff ts fal skin overcoat, with bu alo boo , gauntlets and cap . He was covered with snow, and his beard trailed 2 h B oze ma n Tra i 4. T e l i G i ou wa cicles . asp ng t that he s a courier from Fort K h i e th e com Phil earney, wit important d spatch s for ffi o manding o cer, he dropped senseless to the floor fr m i x x the terrible pr vation , e posure and e ertion which he so Th e i had faced bravely. faithful horse wh ch had carried him in safety through two hundred and thi rty si x w miles of zero eather, already was lying dead out x e on the parade ground, where the e haust d animal had dropped the moment Phillips reeled from the saddle . “ ” Portugee Phillips placed no financial Obligation h E upon t e service which he had rendered . ven had the ride been made in moderate weather it was a feat which

s for - crific would tand unrivaled heroic self sa e to duty, but to ride two hundred and thi rty- six miles through w i n deep sno zero weather, in the face of a blinding Of blizzard, and with thousands savage enemies eager for hi s scalp ; with no food but a pocketful of hard bi s the cuit, was an act which calls for highest possible a pr ise and commendation . A few lines about this brave man are worth remem bering. John Hunton writes the authors that Phillips d wa on tol him he s born and raised the island of Fayal, and that his parents were Portugese . He first landed on o hi s in America the Pacific c ast, later working way t e r eas ward with a party of prosp cto s . During the 1 866 summer of Phillips, with a party Of four or five i K W others, had arrived at Fort Ph l earney, here all were there employed part Of the time by contractors of and the post quartermaster. During the forenoon 2 1 8t hi s com December , when Captain Fetterman and mand left the post to go to the relief Of the beseiged was wood train , Phillips engaged in driving a team -w n attached to a water ago , presumably hauling water o Tw f w t be used at the fort. o O the men ho had ar J ohn Philli s a Her o o Fort Phil K ea rne 2 p , f y 5

h rived at the fort wit him that summer, went out with “ the Fetterman party that ill - fated morning to have a ”

t . little brush wi h the redskins , and both were killed 1 8 1 88 Phillips died in Cheyenne , November , 3, aged fift - t y one years . After his dea h , his widow lived on R Laramie iver, twelve miles west of Fort Laramie . It was thirty- two years after Phillips made his famous ride before the gove rnment always tardy in its awards in an Indian campaign — took Official recognition of 1 o E this heroic act. About 899 Senat r F . . Warren M and Congressman F . W . ondell succeeded in Obtain o Of M r ing a c mpensation five thousand dollars for s. as Of Phillips , a partial recognition the services Of her d t z husban on his ha ardous ride , and as a settlement Of claims for horses and cattle belonging to him which or off x were shot run by Siou and Cheyenne Indians , the savages ever holding a grievance against Phillips for slipping through their lines on the night Of Decem 2 1 1 866 to h ber , , and bringing relief the Fort P il

K . earney garrison He was , in consequence , continually harrassed , hunted and persecuted by these tribes . The following government report sets forth the c M rs laims Of . Phillips

The bill proposes to p ay for certain valuable ser ices ren ere o n s in 1 866 in res cu n the arr v d d by J h Phillip , i g g i son at or earne and a so a fu se emen of c a ms F t Phil K y, l ll ttl t l i against the government amounting to ﬁve thousand seven hun re and e - ﬁve o ars for o en mu es and orses a en d d ighty d ll , x , l h t k from said Phillips while engaged in hauling wood for the gov er r e e in 1 ar f nment at Fo t F tt rman 872 . A p t o this amount was a o e as an n an e re a on c a asse u on ll w d I di d p d ti l im, p d p by the ecre ar of the n er or and re or e to on ress in 1 8 S t y I t i , p t d C g 74, and af erwar asse fa ora u on the our of a ms t d p d v bly p by C t Cl i , ' but not a because of a ec n ca re ar n Mr p id t h i lity g di g . Phillips a naturalization p pers . 26 The B oze ma n Tra il

The Committee on War Claims of the House of Rep re sentatives in the f - four on ress recommen Fi ty th C g , ded the pas sa e Of a rec se s m ar to s and e co g bill p i ly i il thi bill , w py the fol lowing from the House report

H - ouse Re ort N o. 1 1 F t our r p 9 3, if y f th Cong ess , Firs t S essi on

In al l the annals of herois m in the face of unusual

an ers and h er can fron er or in the d g difﬁculties on t e Am i ti , or ere are few a can e ce in al an r in ero sm w ld , th th t x l g l t y, h i ,

in e o on in se f-s acriﬁ e an a r o s m the r e ma e d v ti , l c d p t i ti , id d by

o n s from or earne in ecem er 1 866 to J h Phillip F t Phil K y, D b , , or aram e carr n s a c es c a e the rs intelli F t L i , yi g di p t h whi h g v ﬁ t gence to the outs ide world of the terrible mass acre near the former os and c sa e the es of the eo e arr sone p t, whi h v d liv p pl g i d t ere men omen an c ren s ar n re nforcemen s h , w d hild by t ti g i t r 1 866 or to e r re ef. O n the 2 1 st of ecem e th i li D b , , F t Phil

n mman 1 enr B arr n t on un er the ear e co e C0 . . K y, d d by H y C i g , d s a o of the orn oun a ns o er two un re m es h d w Big H M t i , v h d d il from the neares e e ra ne was the ex reme ou os in a t t l g ph li , t tp t th t ar h r The sa a ou n er Re ou of t e no es . e u d p t thw t v g Si x, d Cl d , had een o er n in the c n of the os for some me and b h v i g vi i ity p t ti , had een as seen in ar e num ers on on ue er nor b l t l g b T g Riv , th

eas t oi the fort . O n the ﬁ s t of December the Indians made an attack upon

he oo r n few m n r e r e t w d t ai a iles o th (w st) of the fo t. A d t achment of troops under the command of B revet Lieutenant o one etterman nc u n two o e r offi cers and se en C l l F , i l di g th v ty e men and a num er of c ans ma e a as from the ight , b ivili , d d h for for he ur e f r h ra n en some t t p pos o p otecting t e wood t i . Wh four miles from the fort they were surrounded by the Indians in o er e m n num ers and e er man of the e ac men v wh l i g b , v y d t h t

The ero sm of e r s e f f e r was killed . h i th i truggl or li e can n ve be o but the err e s au er c has s nce een con t ld, t ibl l ght whi h i b fesse the n ans of e r ra es and the fac a the d by I di th i b v , t th t roo s ere on e af er e r ammun on was e aus e t p w ly kill d t th i iti xh t d, speaks eloquently of the horrible and bloody nature of the er The r um an and oo rs ou comman encoun . t t i ph t bl dthi ty Si x, d ed Red ou and ou num er n the arr son en o by Cl d , t b i g g i by tw ty t n had en surroun e and en i re n e e o e s the for . An , th d d t ly i v t d t r e e w attack was hou ly xp cted . It as understood that if the

2 8 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

su ose to be O alalla ou and e ennes ro e 05 and pp d g Si x Ch y , d v The killed a cons iderable amount of stock belonging to him. ou c ef Red ou ac no e e t s e re at on but Si x hi , Cl d , k wl dg d hi d p d i , hi insisted that the I ndians belonged to another band than s . s c a m was asse u on the our of a ms and the Thi l i p d p by C t Cl i , e ence was o er e m n nc u n the e ence of arm vid v wh l i g, i l di g vid y ofﬁcers n an a en s s ec a e am ners and o ers and the , I di g t , p i l x i th , Court of Claims allowed and entered j udgment for the sum of ee o two thousand two hundred and ten dollars . ( S H use of

- N 1 2 . 8 2 an 8 ort n n e resen a ves . D oc. o d R p t ti Ex . 5 , pp 3, F y i th

n ress rs sess on . Co g , ﬁ t i ) It subsequently trans pired that at the time the above depre

a ons occurre o n s was no a fu na ural d ti d , J h Phillip t lly t ized c en of the Un e a es and erefore the c a m was n itiz it d St t , th l i ot he cour cou no a e n o a un paid . AS t t ld t t k i t cco t the gallant and mer or ous ser ces to his coun r of s ra e man but it i vi t y thi b v , cou ma e its ec s on on on the n n of fac the c a m ld k d i i ly ﬁ di g t, l i

has ne er een reco n e . u se uen o n s ecame v b g iz d S b q tly, J h Phillip b a fu na ura e c en of he Un e a e ro en in lly t liz d itiz t it d St t s . B k ea the e osure and s ra n of his on and eri ous r e h lth by xp t i l g p l id , he e in the r me of fe ea n a o and ch in di d p i li , l vi g wid w ild ra ene r u an es ere is no ues on bu a st it d ci c mst c . Th q ti t th t John Phillips suﬂered from Indian depredations other than those at or etterman c was asse u on the our of a m F t F , whi h p d p by C t Cl i s , and that the Indians held a grudge against him for his action in r e rr saving the Fort Phil Kea n y ga ison .

The ﬁ following af davits , among those before the ’ h e rorc i committee, relate to John Phillips r de

enr . arr n on Un e a es rm n u H y B C i gt , it d St t A y, bei g d ly s orn ma es oa and sa s : a on the 1 s e w , k th y Th t 2 t day of D cem ber 1 866 as co one of the een Un e a es nfan r , , l l Eight th it d St t I t y, and as comman n officer of the oc oun a n s r c di g R ky M t i di t i t, Mil itar e ar men of the a e he foun hi o r y D p t t Pl tt , d s wh le dist ict to be in a state of bitter warfare ; that it became necessary to employ citizen scouts and messengers who were familiar with the coun t r and n an me y with I di thods. a on the zl st of ecem er 1 866 afores a an ac on Th t D b , , id , ti oo ace h n six mi es of or earne t k pl wit i l F t Philip K y, which post o Phill s a Her a o Fort Phil K ea rne 2 J h n ip , f y 9 was his ea uar ers in c sur r s e Red ou a ou h dq t , whi h , p i d by Cl d , Si x c ef and his an of o er e m n num ers hree officers hi , b d v wh l i g b , t and seventy-eight men were killed and mutilated in less than one our a se era thous an n ans surrounde the os h ; th t v l d I di d p t, ren er n commun ca on h or aram e the neares os d i g i ti wit F t L i , t p t a n roo s at s os a m rac ca e a the arr son was h vi g t p di p l , i p ti bl ; th t g i so small that no troops could be sent back for as sistance ; that on the u mos care all roo s e n on uard cons an ly by t t , t p b i g g t tly, su or e five eces of ar er was the os se f re pp t d by pi till y, p t it l p served intact ; that ammunition had been reduced to less than en roun s er man and ne er Ofli cers nor men e e tw ty d p , ith b li ved it poss ible to venture through the surrounding I ndian forces for n f help with a y hope o success . s unc ure o n P s us e to fron er fe the At thi j t J h hillip , d ti li , es of the n ans and con nce a u e wil I di , vi d th t tt r destruction a a e the command un ess re ef ere rom o a n w it d l li w p ptly bt i ed,

o un eere his ser ces as s a c earer to or aram e v l t d vi di p t h b F t L i , two hundred and twenty-ﬁve ( two hundred and thirty-s ix ) m es s an rou a os e coun r a so u il di t t, th gh h til t y, b l tely without n a an s or the oss of aid or su es en rou e i h bit t p ibility ppli t . Con ﬁdential s a c es ere n rus e to his care h r di p t h w i t t d , wit ins t uctions how to mee emer enc es and ur n the n af er a t g i , d i g ight t the b ttle i r r he started on h s dange ous miss ion. P evious mail parties and ano er ar of e ert or er scou s c ef a er ere th p ty xp b d t , whi h l t l t , w scalped and their bodies and the mails were found on the ground r re where they were ove powe d . s r d n n s and ee n under co er da Phillip , by i i g ight k pi g v by y, safely reached a telegraph station forty miles from Fort Lara mie us efore the n ans a ac e and urne en , j t b I di tt k d b d it , s t his dis a c es us e ou to or aram e and foun a p t h , p h d F t L i d th t his dis patches had been received and troops were preparing to go to the rr relief of the endangered ga ison. His heroism was without the promis e of any special re

ar but was e ecu e rare s a r o sm and ucce w d , x t d with kill , p t i ti s ss . His miss ion practically rescued the whole country from I ndian ou ra e and rou to ha sec on mme a e re ef t g b ght t t ti i di t li . It is impossible to state more strongly the value of his ser ces ch ere ne er a e ua e re u ted vi , whi w v d q t ly q i : and aﬂi ant knows of no soldier of the Army whose services more abso lutely demand recognition for the sake of the family than do 30 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

ose of the ra e mo es fa fu o n l s nce e th b v , d t, ith l J h Phi lips, i d cease ea n his o in a es u e con d , l vi g wid w d tit t dition. The heroism of Phillips had a peculiarly tender and noble

as ec . eu enan G G n . r p t Li t t W. ummo d was among the massa cre art and his o was he ues of he fam of h d p y, wid w t g t t ily , t e aﬂi ant and rea o er e me sorro i e se era , g tly v wh l d with w, wh l v l other ladies with their families were exposed to the threatened M o er ea e f a a rs . C rumm n se al r a r ecame e tt ck. d v y s l t b the wi of the aﬂi ant and her s a emen of ar cu ars s ec al n , t t t p ti l , p i ly withi her no e e is furn s e for nforma on of ose in au or k wl dg , i h d i ti th th n r .ity and the consideration of Co g ess .

H N B . CA ING O N U . S .A . E RY RR T ,

t Frances C . Carrington , resident Of Hyde Park, s ate M and of assachusetts , being duly sworn , makes oath says :

ha on the 2 I st da of ecem er 1 866 her us an T t y D b , , h b d ,

eu enan eor e . Grummond of t e een Un e Li t t G g W , h Eight th it d S a es nfan r was e in ac on ou n ans near t t I t y, kill d ti with Si x I di or l earne in a is now the s a e of om n F t Phi ip K y, wh t t t Wy i g ; ’ that she was the guest of General Carrington s family when all the roo s ere ra e for efense of the for and fam es ere t p w lli d d t , ili w concentrated for convenience of defense ; that during that terri ble n en an a ac in o er e m n num ers was con ight, wh tt k v wh l i g b stantl e ec e o n s ca e to e ress his s m a y xp t d , J h Phillip ll d xp y p thy her a o ercome his n eres in her con on and with ; th t, v by i t t diti the mm nen an er of all concerne and ee n sor i i t d g d, w pi g with ‘ row o er her oss he sa : If the eneral s es o as v l , id g wi h I will g ’ m n r if me m fe He resen e o afli an his ess e ge it costs y li . p t d t t ‘ ’ e e r n wolf robe to remember him by if he was nev r h a d of agai . His o e hearin was man ra e unse s se f-sacrificin wh l g ly, b v , lfi h , l g r i e He had een res ec e l ffi and beyond all p a s . b p t d by a l the o cers for the u e coura e he a a s e e and was the on man q i t g lw y xhibit d, ly of the garrison who realized the peril of the garrison to the extent of daring to expos e his own life in the des perate attempt

to cut rou the sa a e or es a surroun e us w an th gh v g h d th t d d , ith y n he success of suc a m on faith i t h iss i . He left with the good

s es of all and is the sma es oss e re r wi h , it ll t p ibl wa d that Con gress can oﬂer to provide a suitable support for his widow in u e con on her lone and destit t diti .

RA C S . C ING N F N E C ARR TO . oh Phill s a Her o o Fort Phil Kea rne 1 J n ip , f y 3

The name of John Phillips should be written among of those heroic men the tales whose heroism , devotion and patriotism illumined the sto ry of savage warfare on The G our frontier . committee believe that the overn ment does tardy justice to his memory in allowing this claim . It simply reimburses the widow for property i for actually lost, w th a very slight recognition the gal ” lant and heroic services rendered . That John Phillips stood high in the estimation of “ ” the Old- timers of Wyoming is testiﬁed to from the ’ n Old M actio taken at the Pioneers eeting, following the 1 88 K death in November, 3, of the Phil earney o hero , when the f llowing resolutions were adopted

WH AS is unfe ne re re a we the ERE , it with ig d g t th t , Old

‘ oneers of om n are ca e u on to fo o to the ra e Pi Wy i g, ll d p ll w g v the old me oneer scou and ero o n s who de ti pi , t h , J h Phillip , ar e s fe on un a o em er 1 8 1 88 and p t d thi li S d y, N v b , 3, WH E AS it is but n and ro er a the on RE , ﬁtti g p p th t Old Pi eers of Wyoming should attes t to and p ay a last tribute of re s ec to the memor of the ero who ro e a no er r an p t y h , d bl ide th er an at nc es er near en ears a o from did Sh id Wi h t , ly tw ty y g , Fort Phil Kearney to Fort Laramie to obtain ass istance in c r e he oo his fe in his an s and whi h id t k li h d , his way through bands of hostile Indians be it Resolved a in the ea of o n the eo e of , th t d th J h Phillips p pl the far es a e os a rue fr en and one who was e er in w t h v l t t i d , v this life friendly to all the interests of the pioneers and set tlers of s ros erous or er- an but c at the m of thi p p b d l d , whi h ti e ’ his a en ere on the a ns was nau bu a r dv t h pl i , ght t N tu e s um ro en so u e s ur e on the war cr h b k lit d , di t b d ly by y of t e Sioux a and Ar pahoes . Res olved fur er ha in the eat of Mr th , t t d h . Phillips we a e sus a ne an rre ara e oss as a commun of one h h v t i d i p bl l ity, w o has e er ro e mse f to be a rue ones u r c en v p v d hi l t , h t, , p ight itiz , r friend and neighbo . This was followed by the following 32 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

I N MEMORIAM JOHN PHILLIPS

ero cons er has asse from our m ds almos un A h , I id , p d i t t

ee e . Yes he has e en e in the e of his a es but h d d , v di d ﬁ ld b ttl , n u e one ave one more in s ot without victory. I s ppos n h d thi cin to o en the wa for c a on c so man of us vi ity p y iviliz ti , whi h y man f he ol se ers l en o as the ecease . oo o t d j y, d d A g d y ttl wi l remember how often he has hazarded his life on many occa s ons on the fron er from the ac e l a ou re to the con i ti , C h P d nes of on ana and how he fo e the craf ness of the ﬁ M t , il d wily ti red man and s ecure succor to man who ou d a e fa en , d y w l h v ll He a e a er m or ant ar in the a prey to the savage. pl y d v y i p t p t r d rama of this count y.

of ! e All honor, then , to the name John Phillips Whil h no costly monument marks the spot w ere he lies , and o his there is nothing t perpetuate his gallant deed, name will ever be remembered in the history Of the western frontier and Indian warfare as the hero whose n pluck, endurance and bravery saved from annihilatio n Of bel ea ured scores of men , women and childre the g garrison at Fort Phil Kearney.

‘" ’ ID E B . A . OSTRANDER ON JOHN PHILLIPS R

Some Interesting Information From a Strictly Authentic Source

' At different times and i n vari ous i tems contained in z ts maga ines and newspaper articles , I have read accoun Of the wonderful ride made by John Phillips from Fort Phil Ke arney to Fort Laramie the night of the e Fetterman disaster. In all of these accounts , whil all due credit seemed to be given him for his self - sacriﬁc n o ing act, yet every story contained a se tence or m re that would seem to convey the idea that to others also should be given some credit for participation in that historical performance .

9 7 - Former ri ate went se ent . n antr p v , T y v h U S . I f y. J oh n Philli s a Hero o Fort Phil K ea rne p , f y 33 I have seen a letter written and autographed by

. o John C Friend , the telegraph operator at H rseshoe 1 866 Station in , who received and forwarded the mes i n sage handed him by Phillips , which are given the names of two men who arrived at that station with e r Phillips . I believe the stat ment to be true and co rect

in every detail . His tor o W omi n In Coutant, y f y g, volume i , page 8 57 , appears the following

Daniel McUlvane tells me that John Phillips

not ma e the r e from or earne al one and a did k id F t Phil K y , th t he ere ere ﬁve men in the art . He is cer a n of s as th w p y t i thi , ’ sa an e em en e reac e r er s err w d talk d with th wh th y h d B idg F y, and rode with them a cons iderable distance toward Fort Lara

I c l an believe that Mr. M U v e was honest in his state

ment, but I know that he was ignorant of all the facts . “ The words John Phillips did not make the ride from ” K s Fort Phil earney alone , hould be qualiﬁed, for,

as a l one a matter of fact, he started and passed over all of the most dangerous territory a bs ol utely una c com a i d p n e . The followi ng is my authority for this statement In 1 9 1 7 I attended the National Encampment of the G R B M s rand Army of the epublic in oston , as , and met a comrade on the street with a sunﬂower on the

‘ th e lapel of his coat. As I had been a member of ’ K s 1 8 a ansa Legislature in 74 and 75 , the insignia p

pealed to me, and I hailed him with “ ou a ! M is O Hello , y Old J yhawker y name strand ’ e r ; what s yours ? “ B M . . He replied , y name is John C rough What ” do you want to know for ? “ ou R Tom I said , Did y ever know D . . Anthony, h e B oze ma n Tra il 34. T

M Ti . oonlight, Col . Jenison , p Fenlon , Col Carpenter, Governor Tom O sborne and He shut me Off before I could ﬁnish the state di rec “ ’

s in . tory and said , Let go and sit down n a o com O tete in the lobby of the Vend me , we R G A . p ared notes , and ﬁnally . . matters came up , and “ the K he remarked , I served three years in Fifth ansas

r 1 866 i n U . S . Caval y, and in I enlisted the Second

Cavalry and served three years more . “ Bat I answered , I served three years in the Second ’

E S 1 86 to 6 . U . . t talion ighteenth Infan ry, from 4 7 “ K ? You must have been at Fort Phil earney, then for he queried , and then several minutes we were “ r to to climbing over each other , t ying get answer Did “ D ou O ou . . y know y remember etc , etc Finally “ he remarked , You are the ﬁrst and only man I ever

met that was at Fort Phil Kearney when I was there . ’ ” Let s lubricate . We T . to did hen we commenced talk all over again . “ ' ” D O ou h s ? Finally he said , y remember Jo n Phillip “ You do and after I answered , bet I , and talked with

to . him often , he related me the following story I will use his own language as near as I can remember it :

The morn n of the da of the e erman was i g y F tt ﬁght, I e a e for uar u and so not a e an a in the d t il d g d d ty, did t k y p rt ma n occurrence of a da but at re u ar n er a s was on i th t y, g l i t v l

’ and res e in he ar o r f n os t u use u re e . f er su p t, t d g dh d ing li A t ‘ ’

o n was os e at the a er a e and ven a s or ea . d w I p t d w t g t , gi h t b t Some time after dark the Sergeant of the Guard and two men a roac e and af er the usua c a en e and re es e pp h d , t l h ll g pli , th y eane a n a m l d up gai st the g te and I continued to walk y beat . re soon we s aw two men a n o ar us the r P tty w lki g t w d , i ea s c ose o e er seem n in earnes con ersa on and one h d l t g th , i gly t v ti , of em ea n r e hen e ot n en or th l di g a ho s . W th y g withi tw ty en -ﬁve fee ut m se f in os on and re are to tw ty t, I p y l p iti p p d

36 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Th e northeast bastion of the fort was not to exceed one hundred feet directly west, and I could hear, every night, the sentry call out the hours . “ O ne the r o night I heard sent y yell , Corp ral of the o guard , post number ( I have forg tten the num

i - a ber) . At the same t me there were hoof beats and not i n shout. I could distinguish the words but being English I was immediately relieved from an Indian a scare . In a few seconds I heard hoof be ts passing T ‘ not along the trail at a smart trot. hey did stop at s the the gate , near headquarter , but proceeded toward “ o was th e n east gate of the l wer fort. I thought it dow ” r mail carrier and did not wor y, although I heard some commotion and talking outside headquarters . t af But in the morning the story was told . Shor ly ter reveille the Ofﬁcers began to congregate in the adju ’ T ﬁ . tant s of ce , and I heard the story hey all looked and felt serious .

o hilli H h d com to h h rs m wa s h s . a T a t e a n J o n P p e e ,

hr o or R e l o e a nd as s ed t u h F t no a n . p g , th e ﬁ i nfor Listening to of cers , I gathered up what mation they had received from him during his short

for . rest, while waiting his horse to feed and recuperate ’ “ o ﬁ How I distinctly remember one f cer s remark, ’ did he ever get through Crazy Woman s Fork ? The

Indians must have been laying for him there . Cap “ ’ tain Proctor spoke up , saying, He didn t come through ’ z Cra y Woman s Fork . He told me he left the trail at Buffalo Wallows and came around ﬁve miles south of ” the Fo rks . . was r ﬁ t It a ve y serious crowd of of cers , and commen s were numerous as to the possibilities of his getting o through to F rt Laramie. But the one fact remains and stands out the truth J ohn P hilli s a Hero o Fort Phil K ea rne p , f y 37

J ohn P hillips made th e ride fr om Fort Phil K ea rney l e a on . He started alone ; passed Fort Reno alone and that a h o w s t e most danger us part of his ride . The i n t Ind a s knew hat a messenger would be sent,

and every foot of the trail was under surveillance . T own How he ever got through was a miracle . heir runners had an outline of the news in Fort Larami e

before Phillips got there with the facts . I believe all the statements made by men as to the ’ o had B c mp any he when he arrived at ridger s Ferry,

Horseshoe Station and Fort Laramie are true , but I am sure he picked them up away down on the trail of somewhere , and not on the real dangerous part his

ride . th e 1 86 o i In month of April , 7 , s me of us c vilians ’ Mrs n were having a good meal in . Washington s cabi o t K one utside the for ( Phil earney) , and I heard of “ men sa was the y to Phillips , who present, John , did ” you stick close to the trail all the way down ? ’ “ ! M ’ I never forgot Phillips answer . Hell no ore n ’ was O ff th once I more n ten miles e trail . B K efore I left Phil earney, some of our boys used to “ si t around and try to ﬁgure it out ; how did he make

. concensus i it, etc And the of opin on was that after he o R passed F rt eno , Dry Fork Of the Powder, Humph ’ own rey s camp and Sage Creek, he picked his way and came out on the Overland Trail somewhere be ’ w o B was t een F rt Caspar and ridger s Ferry, where he liable to pick up the company who were with him on

his further journey . His story alone at that time was sufﬁcient to attract adventurous spirits who would ride “ ” with him to note the results , and be in at the death . The re must be some person alive in Wyoming or in 38 Th e B ozema n Tra il

who its vicinity knew Phillips , and who can verify the facts and give further information as to his wonderful and performance, and while they are living accessible o they should be induced t give their testimony. z E n es Citi ens of the New ngla d states , and pecially “ ’ M r of R s of assachusetts , cherish the memo y Paul evere R ” ide, and have perpetuated it in song and story. All t n histories of that state mention it, and table s have bee h placed along the line at certain points . He made t at ride to warn patriots O f an impending raid on their o homes and property, and if intercepted he c uld only expect punishment by imprisonment. Bu t John Phillips faced death if intercepted , and to horrible torture if captured . His object was bring n n i aid to a garriso in which men , wome and ch ldren were besieged , and upon him alone they depended for assistance . His act was equally as patriotic and important as R o h was that of Paul evere , and it is to be h ped t at the state of Wyoming will see to it that hi s memo ry i s kept hi green and s act not forgotten . ” The Wago n B ox Fight

The outcome of the Fetterman disaster of December 2 1 1 866 of th e , , was the transferring command Of Fort K n B to Phil earney from Colonel He ry . Carrington G Th . e eneral H W . Wessels . latter came up from Fort Laramie with four companies Of the E igh teenth Infantry and one troop of cavalry in response to CO! ’ onel th e Carrington s courier , Phillips , who brought ’ n of Fette rman s t and re ﬁrst ews the disaster to par y,

s . quest for immediate aid , more troops and better arms General Wessels arrived at Fort Phil Kearney on the 1 th 1 86 a x 7 of January, 7 , after most e hausting march , in which h i s men were Often wading through snow banks four feet in depth . ’ I had been a member of Carrington s Gxpedition K i n Ma 1 866 from Fort earney, Nebraska, y, , and was at Fort Phil Kearney (then situated in the territory of

Dakota , which included the present state of Wyoming) from the time of i ts erection until the post was o rdered 1 868 abandoned by th e government early in the fall of . G n After the arrival of e eral Wessels , the winter con ti nued one t of unusual severi y, with the thermometer down to twenty- ﬁve and forty de grees below zero no s most of the time . We had no fresh meat, vegetable . We did get one small loaf of bread issued to us daily one just about enough for meal , and after that was gone to on t s and we had fall back mus y hardtack , alt pork

93 B er e ant amuel . i son ret re Oma a e r ormer r ate y S g S S G b ( i d ) , h , N b f p iv , went -s e ent n antr T y v h U. S . I f y. 40 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

f h ad O ean o . black cof ee . ccasionally we had b s up We to and the s no place in barracks wash , after creek were frozen over we could not take a bath until they thawed ou t the following sp ring. The Indians did not bother us at all the balance of i of 1 86 h the early part of the w nter 7 , alt ough we were i n mortal terror that they would try some new deviltry i r out every day that we were in the p ne y, getting logs , as it was necessary to do this to fu rnish ﬁrewood to o cook our rati ns and warm our barracks . hi M rs G s . Colonel Carrington and family, with rum i Grummond h ad mond, the w dow of Lieutenant , who etterman he been killed in the F ﬁght, together with t E ighteenth Infantry band , left the post the latter part

‘ of 1 86 ea i n G January, 7 , for Fort Caspar, l v g eneral K Wessels in command at Fort Phil earney. He had nineteen sentries posted on and around the stockade r eve y day and night, there being three reliefs of the

- . t be guard Fif y nine men mounted guard every day, sides the oﬁi cer Of the day and four non - commissioned ofﬁcers . This large detail of men for guard duty us i worked great hardship on , for in add tion , we had to w f T of sa or s . wood our stove in quarters hen , many h our comrades were sick wit scurvy, and the hospital

i . was ﬁlled w th invalids , many of whom died n as As soo spring Opened , the bull trains commenced to o c c me up from Fort Laramie , and with them ame R d i x T e h s . Cloud and red devils , the Siou , again hey immediately began their tactics of the previous summer, attacking every train that passed over the Bozeman T r so rail , and har ying our wood trains every day or . G ’ During June , ilmore Porter s bull train arrived at h the fort wit wagons loaded with rations , forage,

. t etc We were migh y pleased to see them , but what

44 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

’ to h Hills, the woodchoppers camp near t e lower pin ery. We pitched our tents around the outside of the cor ral . There were spaces between the wagon beds wide for to t not e enough a man walk hrough , but larg for T o of enough a steer to push outside . here were tw the wagon beds which h ad canvas covers on them — one x th e at the e treme east end , holding the rations of wood one on t ou r choppers , and the sou h side which held T was company rations and miscellaneous stores . here h x i for th e also a wagon complete, wit e tra rat ons wood th choppers standing outside the corral at e west end , h which contained the bedding Of t e woodchoppers . This wagon stood some ten feet from the wagon box es r h o which fo med t e corral . It had a canvas cover ver h t e bows . O n August 1 81 I was with the detail guarding th e th e woodchoppers at lower pinery, and was on picket a all day. Several Of us , when questioned by the serge nt in charge Of the detail as to whether we had seen any “ not t Indians , replied that we had , but hat we thought ” ll h ui er a d s m e . T e Mc we coul them sergeant, Q y, g ve “ ruﬁl x us an incredulous look and g y e claimed , Smell ” ! h x hell wit e treme contempt. T we hat night , who had been on picket duty all day, Tw formed the guard around the camp . o sentinels were posted , one at the east end and one at the west end of th e corral , with strict orders from Captain Powell no one to allow to enter the camp , and to challenge or was anyone anything approaching ; also , if there our to the slightest suspicion in minds , Open ﬁre upon or the approaching Objects , upon anything that looked like Indians . Th e night was clear and starry above us , but toward Th e Wag on B ox Fight the mountains and down th e Bi g Piney valley it looked ’ v McD onou h s awfully dark and ominous . Pri ate Jack g ” do was t g, Jess , around wi h the sentinels all night, and although we could not see or hear anyth ing sus i ci ous th e th e p , animal would run furiously down hill th e Bi toward g Piney valley every few minutes , bark ing and snapping furi ously. ’ I have always since believed that Red Cloud s war riors were in th e valley and around our camp all that for to night Of August I st, waiting a chance surprise

th e - us during night or at day break , when we were to s Off supposed be omewhat our guard .

- on 2d At day break August , the cooks were called f r early to get up and prepare breakfast o the company. A detail of pickets was sent to the point on the banks Of t r the Lit le Piney between the two camps . O u drum

- mer boy, Hines, beat the reveille first call , and fifteen o minutes later the c mpany fell in , and answered rev — ielle roll call some , alas , for the last time . B reakfast was announced by Cook B rown calling !” Chuck and immediately after, the company broke Th e n ranks and laid away their rifles . whole compa y o x tw on to k breakfast, with the e ception Of o men still B sun picket around the corral . y this time the had risen , and we scanned the horizon and the foothills to n Bi the north and dow the valley of the g Piney.

We could not see the least sign of an Indian , although we learned afterward that they were watching our th e every movement from points of vantage in hills . I was told this some years later by Chief Rain- i n- the e was o T Face whil I a sergeant Of C mpany H , wenty d R he secon Infantry, at Standing ock agency, during t 1 8 0 - 1 8 1 Sioux Ghost Dance war Of 9 9 . Immediately after breakfast th e wagon trains started Th e B oze ma n Tra il for their different destinations — one going to th e fo rt loaded with logs which had been brought out Of the r th e w nt pine y day before , with a detachment of t e y McC arth men , commanded by Lieutenant Francis y who and Corporal Paddy Conley, accompanied the

r M r. train as an escort . If my memo y serves me right, Porter who owned th e bull train and had the contract for supplying th e wood to th e quartermaster at Fort

K . Phil earney, went along Th e oth er train pulled out for the lower pinery with D h . Mc onou an escort of thirteen men Jack g , Dave M McN McCumber s oore, ally and are the name of of h o some t is escort, which was c mmanded by Corporal “ ” Riley Porter . With Porter was Portugee Phillips, who had carried th e dispatches of Colonel Carrington from Fort Phil Kearney to Horseshoe Station after the

etterman 2 1 a . F disaster Of December , the previous ye r B Phillips was accompanied by a man named Judd . oth

- ffom Mr Phillips and Judd had sub contracts . Porter, the contractor. h m w A a. . as bout t is time , , I ordered by the to ﬁrst sergeant proceed , fully armed and equipped , and relieve Private John Grady as lance corporal in charge of the picket- post on the banks of the Little

. G who Piney Having relieved rady, instructed me to o x o of keep a sharp look ut for Indians , I ﬁ ed up a s rt shad e from the hot sun with willows stuck in the ground and ponchos tied over the tops . I had laid under this canopy for perhaps ﬁfteen minutes with a e privat named Deming, when suddenly Guard Garrett yelled “Indians !” our o Deming and I jumped to feet, and sure en ugh, t o th e d away west Of us we counte seven Indians, mounted , coming across the divide from the north on a Th e Wag on B ox Fight 47

ﬁl e w t dead run and in single , riding to ard the Li tle

Piney and chanting their war song . As the Indians were coming in an oblique direction toward us , and as not a man in the company had yet fired a shot at an Indian from the new breech -loading fifty- caliber d Springfiel rifles with which we had just been armed , -I sat down and adjusted my sights to seven hundred tO of yards , and laying my rifle on p a stone breastwork, a took steady im at the Indian in advance and fired . M i n y bullet struck a stone front of the Indian , rico ch e ed Off o Th e t and wounded his p ny. Indian was off thrown , but immediately sprang to his feet as his pony fell , and was taken up behind a mounted warrior hi who was following closely in s rear . About this time Deming and I looked toward our n Bi the mai camp , and over the g Piney, to foothills h saw toward the nort , and there we more Indians than x we had ever seen before . Deming e claimed in an ex “ ” cited tone : Look at the Indians ! and pointing toward “ Bi : M the foothills across g Piney Creek , he added y ” God ! there are thousands of them !

Hearing shots across the Little Piney, I ordered G to arrett watch for signals from the main camp , and sent Deming across the Little Piney to see what was ’ on going at the other camp , which was a woodchoppers of r T camp consisting seven o eight wagons . his camp was p e rhaps twelve hundred yards directly south of o r n G u mai camp . arrett and I watched the Indians c oming across the foothills , like a big swarm of bees , of Bi r on the north side the g Piney, feeling ve y uneasy the while about our failure to receive any signals to return to the main camp where the wagon boxes were c orral a ed . Deming soon came b ck and reported that I off th e i a ndians had run herd , and that all the men , 48 Th e B oze ma n Tra il eludi n K g four Of our soldiers (Harris , ittredge, Lang K wh o w m and ilberg) , ere guarding the small ca p h for and sout of Little Piney, had run the mountains, one th e s that Of civilians , a herder, was coming acros the creek , leading his pony, to join us . Looking toward th e main camp we saw quite a com Th r motion going on . e men were hur ying here and B there . y this time the herder had come across th e G t creek and joined us , and I told Deming and arre t t for and that we would star at once the main camp , that if the Indians got after us we would make a run for Th e was ning skirmish it . plan that we would stop or h alternately and ﬁre two three shots , following eac

s . other up closely, with my elf in the rear on We immediately started a good brisk walk, but had retreated only about seventy- five or a hund red yards before th e Indians commenced coming up out th e w and Of Little Piney Creek bottom by ones , t os The threes at different places . first one I saw was com ing up the bank of the creek sideways , and he carried an old Spencer carbine which he was waving excitedly. “ I immediately pulled down on him just as he was M k off aiming at me . y bullet nocked him his pony, and I heard his shot whizz past my head . By this time Garrett had stopped and was down on one th e had out knee , firing at Indians who come up of th e creek higher up to the west of us . I ran past G m arrett toward camp , and saw Deming on y right, i shooting at the Indians . At this moment the cit zen was e his - herder, who l ading pony by the bridle rein , ’ told me to stick my bayonet in the animal s flanks to make him go faster . I told him to turn the pony loose who i n and shoot at the Indians , had by this time creased in numbers at such an alarming rate that they Th e Wag on B ox Fight

o h seemed t rise out Of t e ground like a ﬂock Of birds . the x All of them were naked , with e ception of the reg ” ul ati on - gee string around their waists , while some of them wore gorgeous war- bonnets ; others had a single

t - T fea her in their scalp locks . heir bodies were painted h n w ite, gree and yellow , which made them look hide th e x ous in e treme . now E th e All of us were on the dead run . ven herd ’ er s Off z pony was clipping it , with half a do en arrows

sticking in his ﬂanks , and it seemed as if hell had brok The en loose . Indians whooped and yelled as they rode hither and thither and backward and forward f to us in their ef orts surround by circling, endeavoring to Off E thereby cut us from the main camp . ach one of us knew full well that if we were hit by an arrow or bullet it would mean death — or something worse if

captured alive . We realized that if disabled our scalps would soon be dangling at the scalp - pole of some Sioux h ad warrior. We seen and assisted in collecting the bodies of our comrades who were so horribly mutilated th e ette rman at F fight , and knew that a similar fate Off awaited us if we were cut . We kept on running x to and shooting, e pecting every minute feel a bullet r or an arrow in ou backs . We soon saw one of our men run out to meet us from on the main camp . He dropped one knee about a hundred yards from the main corral and opened a rapid f fire on the advancing hordes o savages . Several fell T from their ponies under his accurate fire . his man to one our proved be of sergeants , Littman by name, who e o , by his courag and th ughtfulness in coming out to t f i of meet us , and the rapidi y and ef ect veness his off fire, saved us from being surrounded and cut by the

“ red devils . We were thus enabled to reach the main 50 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

box t a camp in the wagon corral , al hough we were in x Th e completely e hausted condition . civilian herder who one was leading his pony, was the last to enter h t e corral . our o r Upon arrival , completely winded from u long n and dangerous run , I immediately reported to Captai wh o Powell , was standing outside and on the south Of th e side corral , where he had evidently observed To i n our retreat and pursuit by the Indians . him , a x panting and e hausted condition , I reported why we

- as im had left the picket post without orders , it was possible for us to hold it against such overwhelming odds ex Looking me straight in the eye, Captain Powell : bo ! claimed You have done nobly, my y You could not have done better ! Then addressing the three of “ M n x us e . , he said , ﬁnd a place in the wagon bo es ’ ” You ll have to ﬁght for your lives today ! to We saluted and turned Obey his orders , at the

‘ same time following his instructions to provide our t of selves with plen y ammunition . “ To my dying day I shall never forget the fierce do ” ’ - or die look on Captain Powell s face that morning. G Deming, arrett and I split up , and each man carried The into his wagon box plenty of loaded shells . Indi not ans were aware that we had received new rifles , and supposed that after we had fired one shot they to would be able ride us down before we could reload . Much has been said by historians and Others who have written short accounts Of this fight, regarding the x wagon bo es inside Of which we fought. Some have

the x e - oth said that bo es were made Of boil r iron , and ers that they were lined with steel and had loopholes through the sides . All such statements are abso

52 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

K of 1 866 h Fort Phil earney in July , and had been wit some of th ese same men wh en we went out with Colonel Carrington on December 22d of that fatal year to ’ bring in the remainder of Fette rman s command from M w i assacre Hill , here they were killed the prev ous day, t and had hen seen the stern , revengeful looks on their faces ; but the looks in th eir eyes this morning was f n or . ot altogether dif erent It was a look, of despair d esperation , but one of intense earnestness and resolu tion . I saw Private Tommy Doyle piling up some neck yokes belonging to the bull train on top of one another for the purpose of forming a breastwork, between the th e x ends of two of wagon bo es . I saw another man , R Sergeant Frank obertson , an Old soldier who had th e T r served in old Seventh and enth Infant y, taking th e out of shoestrings his Shoes and tying them together, with a loop at one end , which he fitted over his right to foot, and a smaller loop at the other end fit over the w as trigger of his rifle . I did not ask him what he th e o r doing, because awful horror of u isolated posi to tion seemed dawn upon my mind, but I knew too well the meaning of those grim preparations — that the red devils would never get Old Frank Robertson alive ! I then joined a group of five or six men outside the h Of corral at the sout west end , and in the midst them o i . was St od Lieutenant John C Jenness , who watch ng the Indians through a field glass down the Big Piney to th e valley the north , and on highest point of the e hill on the ridge east of us . There se med to be

hundreds of Indians , all mounted on their ﬁnest and

handsomest war ponies , riding here and there, chant e ing their war and death songs . In the vall y, more to were assembling. Lieutenant Jenness seemed be Th e Wag on B ox Fight 53

watching the big bunch of Indians on the high hill

- of and about three quarters a mile distant, I heard him “ sa who n : y to Captain Powell , soo joined us Captain , Red on f t I believe that Cloud is top o hat hill , (point The ing to the east) . captain made no reply, but hearing a commotion , accompanied by loud talking, m of a ong the men to the south us , he turned, and seeing the Indians riding furiously about on the plains between Bi x : Little Piney and g Piney Creeks , he e claimed “ Men t ! T , here hey come ake your places and shoot ” to kill ! And those were the only words of command given

d . by him, save once , uring the entire ﬁght x Each man quickly took his place in the wagon bo es .

Not a word was spoken by anyone, and the silence was o box oc awful . When I t ok my place in the wagon cup i ed by Sergeant McQui e ry and Private John Gra d of t s off x y, both hem had their Shoe , and were fi ing thei r shoestrings into loops to fit over the right foot t he the and from hence to t trigger Of their rifles , for same purpose that Sergeant Robertson had done — to i k ll themselves when all hope was lost, in the event the Indians passed over our barricade by an overwhelming r force of numbers , when eve y man would stand erect, place the muzzle of his loaded rifle under hi s chin e and take his own lif , rather than be captured and o made t endure th e inevitable torture . I had just taken Ofi my own shoes and made loops in the Strings when the i fir ng began . Resting my rifle on the top of the wagon box I began T firing with the rest. he whole plain was alive with

Indians , all mounted and visible in every direction . T w us hey ere riding madly about, and shooting at i w th guns , bows and arrows , ﬁrst on one side and then Th B axe ma n r i 54. e T a l

011 the t o T h o her of the c rral . hen t ey would circle, and i each t me come in closer, uttering the most piercing and unearthly war cries . Some of the more venture some would ride in close and th row spears at us O th ers would brandish their war- clubs and tomahawks at h h a us , and ot ers , still more daring, would ride wit in ‘ th e oﬂ of hundred yards , then suddenly drop on side their ponies , and all we could see would be an arm or ’ “ ” th e ! a leg sticking above pony s back , and whizz would come the arrows ! They paid dearly for their we for our I n daring, for had a steady rest riﬂes , the

h - we dians were all wit in easy point blank range , and h simply mowed t em down by scores . The tops of the wagon beds were literally ripped to cs and torn slivers by their bullets . How we ever caped with such a slight loss I never have been able

to . understand After we had commenced firing, a great number of I ndians rode in ve ry close — probably h wit in a hundred and fifty yards, and sitting on their for to for n ponies waited us draw ramrods reloadi g, as th ey supposed we were yet using the old muzzle God - G loaders , but, thanks to and Lieutenant eneral o s of Sherman, the latter had listened t the appeal Col onel t K Carrington , commanding For Phil earney the i h prev ous year, and we had just been armed wit the of d and new weapon , and instead rawing ramrods thus losing precious time , we simply threw open the breech blocks of our new rifles to eject th e empty shell and T z slapped in fresh ones . his puz led the Indians , and they were soon glad to withdraw to a safe distance . The plain in front of us was strewn with dead and Th e dying Indians and ponies . Indians were amazed , not T but by any means undaunted . hey were there for blood, and came in such hordes that they were ready

Th e Wag on B ox Fight 57

for any sacrifice if they could but capture our little T party. hey made heroic attempts to recover their wa h s o . s n wounded It t eir lives or our . We had r for t M go ten assacre Hill . We were not fiends , gloating th e ff i Of over su er ng t heir wounded , but that bloody 2 1 st day of December was fresh in our minds , and we r to as were filled with a grim dete mination kill , just T we had seen our comrades killed . here was no thought of wavering. We knew from their countless numbers that if they overwhelmed us they could easily th e si x s e h capture fort, but mile distant, wh re t ere were helpless women and children . We were fighting for w their lives as well as our own . It as not revenge but retribution . Afte r recovering a great number of th eir dead and th e t wounded at a fearful sacrifice of life , Indians wi h to in drew a safe distance, but while recovering their jured we witnessed the most magnificent display of

’ Two horsemanship imaginable . mounted Indians would ride like the wind among the dead and wound ed an , and seeing arm or leg thrust upward , would i e r de one on each side of the wounded savage, r ach him over and pick up on the run , and carry him to a T t . s was place of safe y hi done many times , and we could not help but admire their courage and daring. D uring the lull in the ﬁring, we got a fresh supply of cartridges out of the seven cases holding a thousand

rounds each , which had been opened by order of Cap th e tain Powell some time before ﬁring started , and had been placed about the corral at convenient places . We had to crawl on our hands and knees to get the m o am uniti n , and I saw several of the men , crawling like myself, to get cartridges . None of them Spoke a c word to me , and the utter silence was un anny. 58 Th e B oze man Trail

When I got back to my wagon bed I heard some man i n the box next to me ask in a loud whisper for a chew o of tobacco . While I had been getting my ammuniti n was o t n I asked a man named Phillips , who als ge ti g his shells , if anyone had been Shot. He shook head “ ’ ” and Simply whispered , Don t know . After I got back saw l to my place I looked around and Captain Powel , who i n n was the second box west of me , with Sergea t e Frank Hoover, and both of them were ﬁring at som wounded Indians within sixty yards of the corral to

the west. cov Lieutenant John C . Jenness was leaning over the r er of the wagon bed at the west end of the corral , ﬁ ing

at some Indians on the northwest side , where they lay partially concealed under the brow of the hill where B l n the the land sloped down toward ig Piney va ley. O r th e north side of the corral , in a very irregular fo m , land on which we were encamped came to an ab rupt ter Bi l mination , sloping down toward the g Piney Val ey. The nearest point from the corral was probably sev ent - ﬁve y yards northwest, and extended a greater dis was tance toward the east. It behind this ridge where on n the Indians foot had placed themselves i scores , th Of t all armed wi riﬂes , and all one could see hem would be the two sticks across which they rested their guns . When they raised their heads to take aim we could see the single feather sticking up in their scalp

I ' wa locks . t s these Indians who killed Lieutenant

Jenness and Privates Doyle and Haggerty. While watching Lieutenant Jenness I heard Ser geant McQui rey ask in a hoarse whisper if anyone had been killed or wounded . I answered that I did not The know. Indians, both mounted and on foot, were still trying to rescue their dead and wounded from the

60 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

0 one spaces between them . N had thought of pulling h T o men l e ed t em down until that moment. hen tw ap bed to of us th e out of a wagon the east , ran toward em tents but a short distance away, and began pulling th to the ground . h G who sat e At t is moment Private John rady, n ar “ ” me i n : m on ! AS h e my wagon bed , yelled Co e , kid bed i h th e leaped over the wagon I followed him , w t bullets zipping about us and the arrows swishing past and striking into the ground on all sides of us . We

the Mo - r e s loosened m around the tent pins at the co n r , s working together, until all but the last of the tent dropped ; and as Grady and I started toward the l ast ’ — an Oﬂi ce rs xt t of one tent, Si y or seven y feet in front to ho ours , the south , we heard Sergeant Hoover s ut “ ’ Come back here ! you ll get hit ! Never mind the ’ ” captain s tent ! Get into your wagon box and shoot ! e h of We dropped verything, and amid a perfect ail balls and arrows rushed back and leaped over into How the our wagon beds again . we escaped has been

r us . myste y of my life , but neither Of were even hit the o With tents d wn , we could see the Indians to e a much better advantage , and were enabled to deliv r ff The i e more e ective ﬁre . whole plain was again al v s of th e with countless swarm warriors , assembling for O ur another grand charge upon us . ﬁre was terribly destructive and deadly in accuracy, and we repulsed

- them again , but our gun barrels were so overheated from th e rapidity of our ﬁre that the metal burned our to o - hands , and we were obliged pen the breech blocks

Off . during this lull to allow the barrels to cool . Dur ing one of these momenta ry lulls Grady asked me to go after more ammunition . I crawled out of the wagon saw men box westward, and several other after more Th e Wag on B ox Fight 6 1 a m saw m unition , and as I looked toward the west end I th e body of Lieutenant Jenness lying where he had f w the . e fallen , Shot through head and heart Within a f eet of the corpse , Private Jim Condon was ﬁghting behind a barrel of beans placed in the interval between C aptain Powell ’s wagon bed and the one with a cover

o n.

Having secured the ammunition , I crawled back in m Mc ui er y wagon bed . Here I told Sergeant Q y and

Private Grady that Lieutenant Jenness had been killed , and of th e manner in which he had apparently been “ s T x : God ! hot. hey both e claimed Good Anyone e ? h I n lse I answered t at I did not know, and as the dians were still making false charges toward us to o esul recover their dead and wounded , we pened a d tory ﬁre upon them . About this time word was passed around that Pri vates Henry Haggerty and Tommy Doyle had been of Th e t killed on the north side the corral . brave lit le u Jerseyman , Haggerty, had been shot thro gh the left s in the houlder earlier the ﬁght, but fact had been

kept secret by the other men in the same wagon bed, Th lest some men become disheartened . e men in the box with Haggerty wanted him to lie down after get arm ting shot through the shoulder, but with his left

hanging useless at his side , he had used his good right, e on two and k pt loading and firing for over hours . unti l the Indians on the north ridge finally killed him th e by sending a bullet through top of his head . Doyle e had been killed some time after the first charg , while

ox- bravely ﬁghting behind a breastwork of yokes . He in was struck the forehead . o Me It was now bec ming a question of water. n were e r w for wa ve y here asking it, and the supply s getting 62 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

the ff th e woefully scarce, and su ering from terrific w h as . heat and nervous strain intense Added to t is , th e fi re- Indians had rained arrows inside the corral , o dr e o which set fire t the y manure within th encl sure, th e m and stench from this was abo inable . I had filled my canteen in Little Piney Creek that morning and had brought it back to th e corral on the retreat from the

- all picket post, so that we three in my wagon box had we to h was the water desired up t at time, and there th still some left. Grady took up e canteen and drank l a mouthful , but immediately spat it out again, exc aim wa o Mc ui er ing that it s to hot for him . Sergeant Q y “ out his : then washed mouth with some , remarking It I S pretty warm, but water is too precious to waste just ” now . Soon after this Sergeant Robertson started crawling e o o on his hands and kn es , c ming fr m the east end of i the corral toward the west end, pok ng aside with his o head the arrows that were sticking up in the gr und . When he arrived at th e place where the body of Lieu o o o tenant Jenness was lying, he placed a wag n c ver ver it, and then returned to his wagon bed at the east end of the corral . There was a barrel half full of water standing out side the corral at the west end when th e fighting be gan . It was about twenty feet away from the wagon beds . During the fighting it had been struck by bullets the and th e water had nearly all leaked out. Under covered wagon , close to the west end of the corral , were two camp kettles in which our coffee had been for B made breakfast, and rown , the cook, had filled Ol d ff n i n them with water on top of the co ee grou ds , o ff tending t use the co ee for the company supper . Pri vate Jim Condon had seen the water leaking from the The Wag on B ox Fight 63

barrel , and had passed the word around the corral T that the barrel was empty, or nearly so . hen Cook Brown volunteered the information that th e camp ket had tles been filled with water, and as they were but a t i shor distance away, we mmediately planned to secure them . M G y comrade, Johnny rady, who sat next to me in “ Kid was . : our wagon bed , crazy for water He said , ’ ” “ let s go and get one of those kettles . I replied , All ” right. We took a careful look about and then com menced crawling on our stomachs through the arrows l the as that ined corral , and we reached the wagon bed the end with cover on at the west ; Jim Condon , from was behind the barrel of beans where he fighting, cau ti oned us to be on the lookout or the Indians would us get sure. The men on the north side seemed to divine our u p rpose , and word was passed along to keep up a o steady fire on the Indians al ng the ridge . We crawled t th e hrough opening between the wagon beds , hugging the ground as closely as possible , and soon reached the place where the kettles stood without having apparently been detected . We each grabbed a kettle and then commenced crawling back, pulling the kettles along . “ - ! We had gotten about half way to safety, when bang ” bang ! bang ! came several shots from the Indians to “ ” th e z- ! - i - n- - - l north of us , and zip p g g g we heard the some of bullets strike the kettles , but, fortunately t without injuring us . We both hought our time had . ot come , but we finally g back inside the corral with those kettles of dirty black water. When I looked at h mine, t ere were two holes clean through it, and con sequently I had lost some of the water, but we left t t who man them both wi h Priva e Condon , gave each 6 e a n r i 4. Th e B oz m T a l

a good drink when he crawled out of hi s wagon box

for it . The h time between each charge dragged eavily, and th e the day seemed almost endless . Yet, Indians on

the north side of us , hidden under the ridge , kept us on th e t th e constantly alert, and some of hem at east

end of the ridge, about two hundred yards from the u east side of the corral , would run out toward s once e in a while, armed with spears and tomahawks , ach

r ff - T car ying a big shield made of bu alo hide . here they would brandish their weapons in a menacing manner T of and utter shrill war cries . here was one big giant an Indian who had thus run out several times from the to ridge to the east, and he always managed escape our h e e ﬁre , until he apparently thought bore a charm d He was r life , and that we could not kill him . t uly a

magniﬁcent specimen Of Indian manhood, nearly seven

feet tall and almost wholly naked . He had led all

of the previous charges from the east end of the ridge,

- Th l h e a and must have been a sub chief . e ast time p ’ p eared must have been about two o clock in the after l noon , and this time he came out slowly but grand y, his ff f with big bu alo shield in front o him , brandishing

- T his spear and chanting a war song. hen he would on S o us hold his shield one ide and run t ward , jumping into the air and alternating this movement by dodging

to . The was o d one side sight fascinating, and we c ul no h l t but admire i s superb courage . Severa of us had f ﬁred at him but without ef ect, when one of the boys “ at the east end remarked : We have simply got to get ’ that fellow, as he thinks we can t hit him . We care

fully adjusted our sights , taking accurate aim, and just as be shifted his shield aside and began running toward t l e o us , we ﬁred toge her, and he eap d int the air and Th e Wag on B ox Fight 65

as . came down limp as a rag, fairly riddled with bullets t We all breathed easier after his warrior was killed , for his death seemed to put a stop to any more charges from that direction . The x Indians had withdrawn out of range , e cept those concealed under the brow of the ridge on the north Side . These would take a shot at us every few i The m nutes . main body of Indians was around the Red big hill at the end of the ridge east of us , where was Cloud stationed in sup reme command , and we could plainly hear ‘him or some other chief haranguing e I n them in a loud voice . Pr sently a great number of Bi out dians rode down the g Piney valley of sight. out Another party, several hundred in number, rode on the plain toward us, evidently for another charge . We all knew that they had lost scores of their braves i in k lled and wounded , and in their maddened frenzy would make another attempt to overwhelm us by force of superior numbers , and would take horrible revenge o up n us if they captured us . It must have been after three O ’clock in the after Our noon when, straining eyes for the sight of that line of Skirmishers in the glorious blue uniform (which appeared later) we could distinctly hear a sort of hum o ming s und, seemingly made by many voices , below us Bi i in the g Piney valley. Some of us thought t was the squaws wailing over their dead warriors , and as the sound grew louder some of the men on the north side of the corral rose to their feet to see if they could dis Bi cern anything below them in the g Piney valley, but they had no sooner risen to their feet than Others yelled “ !” at them , Down , down , or you will get hit As we waited in silent wonderment at this strange

sound , unlike anything we had ever heard before , the 66 The B oze ma n Tra il

echo appeared to come from the northwest of the cor The ral . Indians to th e east and south of us had come th e w t out on plain , here hey were circling and coming s nearer all the time, brandi hing their Spears and war h T clubs at us and giving voice to t eir war cries . hose of the warriors wh o were armed with guns immedi us ately opened ﬁre again upon , and we at once replied ,

killing and wounding many more of them . During

this time, that awful humming, chanting sound grew t in volume and intensi y, coming nearer and nearer, now The directly from west of us . Indians to the south had out and withdrawn of range, seemed to be waiting for

something to happen . And something D I D happen ! Suddenly there was a “ ” cry from the west end of the corral : Here they come ! h We all looked in that direction , and saw a sight whic none of those yet alive will ever forget to their dying saw day . It chilled my blood at the time . We the naked bodies of hundreds upon hundreds of Indians swarming up a ravine about ninety yards to th e west of T e the corral . hey w re all on foot, formed in the shape ’ Red of a letter V, , or wedge, and were led by Cloud s I mmedi nephew, who wore a gorgeous war bonnet . O ch ately we pened a terrific fire upon them , under whi Re d nothing could stand , and at the very first volley ’ o h Cloud s nephew fell , pierced by many bullets . N t ing daunted, the forces came on slowly, and in great wh o numbers , the places of those fell under our fire being taken immediately by others . So close were the Indian hordes by this time that the heavy rifle bullets from our guns must have gone wo or T so us through t three bodies . hey were near A that we could even see the whites of their eyes . s they swarmed toward us with shrill cries and piercing

68 Th e B oze ma n Tra il ridge started down th e steep decline into Big Piney few valley by twos , threes and fours . We took a long range shots at them , which served to accelerate ff their speed very e ectively. We did not understand this maneuver for a few minutes . Just then someone at the east end of the corral cried “ ” out : Hark ! did you hear that? Everybody ceased

ﬁring, and in another moment we distinctly heard the o was boom Of a big gun t the east of us . It indeed was e heavenly music to all of us . It the sorely need d T th e relief from Fort Phil Kearney . hey had heard a e sounds of battle and st rted reinforcem nts , with a wa was . s howitzer, to our succor It this big gun that s ff Th e on driving the avages o the big hill . Indians the plain south Of us could also be seen disappearing into the pinery to the west. We knew what the com motion meant, but waited, with nerves and senses o wrought almost t a frenzy . Suddenly one of the men “ s : e ! jumped to his feet, houting Her they come, boys ” Hurrah ! and as we looked toward th e east we could see those glorious old Mcclelland caps on the heads of our comrades as they appeared in a long skirmish line . T to our hen we all jumped feet and yelled . We threw in We our caps the air . hugged each other in the ecstacy of our joy . We laughed , cried and fairly sobbed The like little children in the delirium of our delight . w awful strain as over . Captain Powell suddenly ordered eve rybody back th into e wagon beds , lest another charge be made by the Obe Indians before our rescuers should reach us . We di entl to s the y returned our place , and sat watching l the skirmish line advancing, whi e the boom of big wa r gun s the sweetest sound that ever fell on ou ea rs . The Wag on B ox Fight 69

The gunners were throwing shells into a big bunch of the Bi Indians in g Piney valley. The redskins began scattering rapidly across Big so The i Piney Creek and were on out of range . sk r n few mish line co tinued to advance, and in a minutes we saw the main body marching in front of a small wagon train of ten or twelve six- mule teams of empty l o ambu ances and wagons , with the big brass cann n in e front of th teams . By this time everybody was talking and waving their arms as we recognized well known comrades from the M as fort. We recognized ajor Smith in command of c o the res ue party, and als our genial post surgeon , M . o t Dr Samuel . Hort n , and when hey arrived within two us to hundred yards of we ran out meet them , and h such a shaking of hands as there was . T e ﬁrst ques “ ’ ’ i s ? s e or t on he a ked us was , Who s hit Who kill d ” wounded ? O ur rescuers told us they had not expected to ﬁnd a man of us alive . — h m l — or w l so Dr. Horton God bless i f he as a so kind and considerate of every man , woman and child at the post, had his ambulance driven near to the west of th e end corral , and with the consent of Captain Powell he gave every man — soldier and civilian a big drink of whiskey out Of a small keg which he had brought along. Then we tenderly laid the body of Lieutenant Jen ness in the ambulance, and the bodies of Doyle and t th e Hagger y in one of wagons , and having packed our th e tentage, bedding and rations in empty wagons, w the marched back to the fort . When e arrived at bi e g hill at the west end of the ridge ast of the corral , Bi we halted, and as we looked back up g Piney val l e saw l y, we a ong train of Indian ponies, three and 70 Th e B oze ma n Tra il T four deep and fully a quarter of a mile long . hey were carrying off their dead and wounded . As we approached the commanding Offi cer’s quar

ters , he stepped from the house and halted us . We came to attention and the general removed his cap and complimented Captain Powell and all of us for our

Splendid victory against such overwhelming odds . He furthermore added that we had displayed such heroic courage and bravery that he would recommend every The one of us for a medal of honor . recommendation was made , but for some reason none of us ever received the medal .

As to the number of Indians killed in the ﬁght, that hi . s is a hard question to answer Captain Powell , in ffi i l t o cial report, estimated the Ind an oss at over hree

we - hundred killed and wounded , but the men of Com pany C — estimated that there must have been seven The Gen or eight hundred killed and wounded . late G M eral renville . Dodge said that about thirty years i Re d ago , in an nterview with Chief Cloud at Pine R R idge eservation , the chief placed the total loss of e the Sioux , Cheyennes and Arapahoes at over elev n im hundred in killed and wounded . It was utterly possible to keep any account of the individual Indians as a each man saw fall , because as fast an Indi n dropped , r R others would ride up and car y him away. Chief ain

- - R 1 8 i n the Face told me at Standing ock agency in 95, an n e to through i terpreter, that he did not car talk Box about the Wagon ﬁght .

- I have served in the army forty eight years , taking active part in the Sioux campaign of 1 876 and also in ’ the Wounded Knee campaign of 1 890 - 9 I at Pine Ridge o agency, but never bef re or since have my nerves ever been put to the test they sustained on that terrible 2d The Wag on B ox Fight 7 1

’ of 1 86 R d August, 7 , when we fought e Cloud s war ri r in th e box l o s wagon corra . Referring back to the Fette rman disaster of Decem ber 2 1 1 866 he Box , , eight months previous to t Wagon fi to on r ght, I want state that that day I was Sent y Two was Number of the first relief , and on guard at a e Two g t Number (or the west gate) on that fatal day, and I saw Captain Fetterman and his party march t o hr ugh the gate , and heard Colonel Carrington tell T R et Fetterman not to go by Lodge rail idge , and F “ ” : r o out terman replied Ve y good, sir . I did not g with Captain Ten Eyck when he was sent to ascertain the cause of the heavy firing beyond Lodge Trail Ri dge, where Fetterman was then being annihilated , but I did go out on the morning of December 22d with ’ Colonel Carrington s command to bring in the remain Th e der of our dead and mutilated comrades . poor

fellows were stark naked, their bodies ﬁlled with ar

s . row and scalped It was a most gruesome task, I can ” ou assure y .

A COMPLIMENT TO CAPTAIN POWELL BY COLONEL

JAMES B . FRY

- re e a or ener . rm B v t M j G al U S . A y

li A rm S a cri ces In a modest ttle volume entitled y ﬁ ,

B B M - . G by Colonel James Fry, revet ajor eneral Unit

9 9 L st of names of mem ers of om an ent -se ent n antr i b C p y C , Tw y v h I f y, en a ed i n the a on B ox t on the ne near ort l earne g g W g ﬁgh Pi y, F Phi K y,

akota erri tor u us t 2 1 86 . om le u 1 20 amuel bson D T y, A g , 7 C pi d J ly, 9 , by S Gi , reti re one of the s ur ors : a ta n ames o e rst eu d, viv C p i J P w ll, Fi Li tenant o n C . ennes s i rst er an H o H e t o n . oo e and n . Mc J h J , F S g J h M v r J h Quari e McQui er Cor orals Max Littmann ranc s o ertson ri ates ( y) , p , F i R b , P v

illi am A. B a er s ton . B arton i l am B lac arles B roo s eni s W k , A h P , W li k, Ch k , D B ro n lexan er B rown o n B u ar ame s on on re eri c Cl aus w , A d , J h zz d , J C d , F d k ,

ol an V. emi n T omas o le amuel son o n ra o n N D g, h D y , S Gib , J h G dy, J h

. arrett enr ross enr a ert ark aller l C M G , H y G , H y H gg y, M H , Phi ip . 7 2 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

i s i i ed States Army, the follow ng sketch of Capta n

James W. Powell

‘ The principal actor in the heroic defense above recounted ( referring to the Wagon Box ﬁght) deserves more than a pass in no ce and we fee our as ou be ncom e e ere we g ti , l t k w ld i pl t w to c ose ou a er n h a a n o e en ere l with t dv ti g to im. C pt i P w ll t d the army as a private soldier at the opening of our late Civil

War. oon af er the commencemen of the war e n en a S t t , b i g th ser ean of rs ra oons he was a n e a secon lieuten g t Fi t D g , ppoi t d d ant in the een nfan r and was romo e rs eu Eight th I t y, p t d fi t li tenant in 1 86 1 and captain in 1 864 ; and in 1 868 was placed u on the re re is of the arm e n nca ac a e for ac e p ti d l t y, b i g i p it t d tiv ser ce the resu of uns o oun s rece e a he a e of vi , lt g h t w d iv d t t b ttl onesboro n he e r 1 He r e o t rs of em e 86 . ec e the J fi t S pt b , 4 iv d brevet of captain in 1 863 for gallant and meritorious conduct ur n the an a cam a n and at the a e of ones oro d i g Atl t p ig b ttl J b , He r e e ma or e em e 1 1 Ga. was e a r 86 for al b v tt d j S pt b , 4, g an ser ce at c amau a and eu enan -co one u us l t vi Chi k g , li t t l l A g t 2 1 86 for a an con uc in a n ans on a , 7 , g ll t d t fight with I di th t r r r s as re e was the re ar date nea Fo t Phil Kea ney. Thi l t b v t w d r r r an en urance i a remar a e us ra on of fo b ave y d d . It s k bl ill t ti o ra e en rance of s ra e so er a e he was c u g and du thi b v ldi th t, whil fighting against overwhelming numbers of savage Indians on f us 1 86 he was then a sufferer from oun s the 2d o Aug t, 7 , w d in a e in e em er 1 86 and c u ma e received b ttl S pt b , 4, whi h lti t ly r e e necessitated his reti rement from the ca eer he lov d so w ll .

Honor to whom honor is due.

THE WAGO N BO ! FIGHT AS I SAW IT1 00

M 20 1 866 I enlisted in the United States Army arch , , having emigrated from Germany but a short time pre vi ousl N ew was s ff y. From York I ent to Je erson t B . arracks , St Louis , where all recruits were sent at hat

time . Here we received our guns . From St. Louis

F o L om rs C arles A. te ens and ul us on s reelan P lli s n . e J e , d hi p , J h S , h S v , J i

Strache. 1 0° Mo. 1 20 ormer ser e ant B Max L ttmann li n in St . Lou s y i ( vi g i , , 9 ) f g ,

- t S . n antr . Twenty seven h U. I f y Th e Wag on B ox Fight 73 we were sent to Fort Leavenworth , and we marched from that post in full battalion . We rested for a time K t at Fort earney, Nebraska, hen moved up the North R Platte iver to Julesburg, or old Fort Sedgwick, as wa i i t s then known . From that po nt we were sent to

Fort Laramie , where we again rested . We then m to the R arched almost due north site of Fort eno , and from there to the site of Fort Phil Kearney. I was twenty- one years of age at that time and na E able to Speak the nglish language at all . However, I was desirous of seeing something of the country to the weSt before making any attempt to establish myself ’ n i business . In seven months after I enlisted I was m made sergeant of my co pany, although I had not by any means mastered the language . All my orders for r in E my company were written down fo me nglish , w which I memorized word for ord . Passing over different events which happened at Fort i K Ph l earney during my stay there , I will come down 1 86 o B ox 2 . t the famous Wagon ﬁght of August , 7 My company had been detailed to guard the wood choppers in the pinery while getting out logs to ﬁnish

of for . some the fort buildings , and also to use fuel O n the 2 was morning of August , I stationed at the box w wagon corral , hich was under the command of of Off Captain J ames Powell . Part the men were guard , myself among the number, and we were loung ing in our tents on the south side of the corral . Sud denl we y heard a commotion , followed by a cry of “ Indians ! We who were in the tents immediately ran o wa out t see what s the matter . I looked to the south w where the pickets ere stationed , and saw Captain Powell running up from the creek where he had been i taking a bath . Upon seeing the Indians swarm ng 74 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

the down over hills , he hurried to give the alarm, as wh did those o were on picket duty . m T re We were im ediately ordered into the corral . he

- ﬁve o two ffi s i were twenty s ldiers , o cer and ﬁve c vilians ,

- t two . or teamsters , making thir y men all told Captain Powell reported that there were several thousand x rounds of ammunition in bo es , besides which , every t so man had for y rounds in his belt, that we had plenty to Th e of ammunition use . gun we were using was a — breech -loading Springfield rifle a style of weapon en ti rel to y unknown to the Indians up that day, and we s had only received them two or three week previously, but had not had an opportunity to try them against the Indians . It was the rapidity with which we were enabled to deliver our fire that puzzled and drove back the vast hordes of savages which repeatedly charged

. to us In addition our riﬂes , every man also was armed not — with a revolver, but we did use them not, at least to my knowledge . m After being ordered into the corral , ost of the men at once got inside the wagon boxes to ﬁght it out with oc the Indians from behind this slight barricade . It to s x — c curred me , however, that tho e wagon bo es whi h were nothing but very thin planks — were mighty poor to so protection when it came stopp ing a bullet, I for hastily looked around some better protection . I T found a barrel half full of salt. his I wheeled into

- position, and on the top I piled several neck yokes x ff ro used on the o en , which a orded me some better p tecti on the x than wagon bo es alone . Flat on my stom i ach behind this barrel of salt, I did all my ﬁght ng, and another soldier named Jim Condon was lying next of s h to me behind a barrel bean , where he used is r x riﬂe in a most dete mined and de trous manner .

76 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

T nO come out of that fight alive . he battle could t pos i ti vel for y have lasted half an hour longer than it did , , we were almost completely exhausted by the awful heat of the day, and from the smoke occasioned by the he a fire arrows which t savages shot i nto the corr l , and which ignited with scattered bits of hay and dry man ure which had collected - for it was inside this corral where our animals were kept at night to prevent their am T being st peded and run off by the Indians . his terrible stench and smoke nearly strangled us at times . All the charges that I saw made against us by the on T Indians were foot. rue , they were on their ponies when they came down the mountain - sides and across the country, but the ponies were left out of rifle range , s to with their quaws attend them , and the advances were all made without them — at least all that came un s M der my Ob ervation . any Of the Indians circled us on their ponies and shot arrows into the corral in this on manner, but they did not make a direct charge horse back . The first advance against us was made from the north T hills . here were about three hundred Indians in this T initial advance . hey were stripped naked , save for

- breech cloth and moccasins , and were all hideously painted for the fray. Their surplus clothing and fancy h The decorations were laid aside during t e battle . y advanced on foot, very slowly at first, and after the first volley fired by our men on the north side of the corral ten to fifteen in number the savages advanced on the run . At the second volley the Indians still came warwhoo s i no on with wild cries and shrill p , th nking, doubt, that once our guns were empty they could break B u over the corral and score an easy victory . t at the third volley they broke and fled for the hills out of Th e Wag on B ox Fight 77

T x o x rifle range . hey had e pected a time t e pire after the first volley was delivered , and could not understand the rapid and continuous shooting without, apparently, o o T to w two St pping t reload . hey advanced ithin hundred feet Of the corral before the third volley sent h t em scattering . Had they advanced steadily with their entire force — which could not have numbered much under three thousand braves — the fight would not o have lasted five minutes . It w uld have been simply impossible on our part to have loaded and fired rapidly enough to have prevented hundreds Of them passing o i ver our slight barricade, and had they once got ins de the corral , it would have been all over in no time . It was perhaps a pardonable timidity on their part, as they had never before encountered breech - loading guns of and I am not speaking repeating rifles , such as are

i n - used the present day, but Of single loaders . I kept my gun pretty well heated up during the con fli wh o ct. I observed one huge Indian o seemed t have s l ingled me out as his special foe . He was armed on y how to with bow and arrows , but he certainly knew use hi s Ev primitive weapons in a most skillful manner . ery time he sent a shaft at me he would leap into the as hi s air as high he could , and would deliver arrow x was to x at the ape Of the leap . He located not e ceed t t i n thir y to fif y feet away from me, but was a slight depression into which I could not send an effective The o bullet. only chance I had t return his fire would o to be when he jumped int the air shoot at me . I fired at him a great many times before I finally managed to send a bullet where it would do the most good to all

concerned . of I was stationed at the southwest corner the corral , and in the excitement of the fight some of the Indians 78 Th e B oze ma n Tra il managed to get within five or six feet of us before falling under the withering fire we poured into them . T so to hese bodies falling close the corral , were not removed by their companions . Indians always recover t o heir dead whenever p ssible , but these warriors were too close to our dead - line for any such attempt at rescue by their companions . E arly in the fight Lieutenant Jenness fell . He was standing behind the wagon boxes at the extreme west end of the corral , and was looking toward the west . “ was B ! T He just remarking, oys , look out here are a Th e good many Indians here, but sentence was never finished . A bullet struck him in the head , killing hi o . s t him instantly I was just at left, kneeling fire from behind my salt barrel when he received the fatal shot During the fight many of the men suffered greatly w to for want of ater, of which we had no time get a A fo . s r t supply when attacked myself, I was not hirsty, and did not use a drop of water during the entire bat tle ; neither did the man stationed at my left. i was Just after Lieutenant Jenness was k lled, a mule v to shot directly to my right. I worked my way o er the carcass and tried to pull it over where it would protect the body of my lieutenant from further mutila as o tion , a great many shots were being fired fr m the The too north . mule , however, was heavy for me to budge , and I had to give it up . t no So far as I know, here were blankets placed over the tops of the wagon boxes as protection from flying T arrows . hese shafts , more often than not, had burning M e pitch tied to them . any of them dropped insid the corral and started the loose hay into flame and smudge . There was at least a smouldering fire burning in the Th e Wag on B ox Fight 79

o center of the c rral most of the time, and , as stated else where, this smudge, smoke and stench would almost The strangle us at times . Indians not only were armed as T with bows and arrows , but they had guns well . hey had the eighty- one weapons secured from the Fetter of 2 1 T man fight December the previous year . hey also had obtained firearms from the wagon trains which they had successfully attacked along the Bozeman ’ T af rail , for the white man s tragedy along this road forded the red men many weapons . Isolated trappers and frontiersmen also had been killed at various times Th e and their guns secured . Indians had further man aged to acquire rifles from white traders while traffi ck ff o ing for bu alo robes and ther peltries .

N0 person inside the corral was killed by an arrow .

It was always a bullet that did the deadly work . How ever, our losses were very slight, and it seems almost beyond belief that it was a case of but thirty- two des perate men against three thousand infuriated Sioux. T for hey must have lacked the right sort Of leader, one had they attacked us in full force at any time, not a man of us would have been spared — except to be re served for torture . I have seen somewhere a statement that one man T used eight guns throughout this ﬁght . his may have been true , but I did not see it myself , if any such inci dent occurred . The ﬁrst news we had that relief was coming from w ’ the fort as about one O clock in the afternoon . We heard a cannon - shot and a shell exploded very close o t where the main body Of savages were congregated .

At this shot the Indians ﬂed from - the ﬁeld , going to ward the northwest, from which direction they had

ﬁrst appeared . 80 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Th e Indians were very brave in this fight, but seemed to lack a good leader, and did not use judgment in their no o r attacks . I did t see any Of u men jump to their feet and hurl any augurs or tools or stones into the h t e . faces Of Indians , as some writers have pictured N 0 such battle as this has ever been recorded in all the Indian engagements Of the west I mean , where the whites were so overwhelmingly outnumbered — and we one were outnumbered nearly a hundred to . Neither has there been such a successful combat with Indians anywhere in the United States as to numbers killed in Th e comparison to those fighting against them . clos est approach to it was the Beecher Island fight on the R R I n 1 868 Arickaree Fork of the epublican iver , where ' fifty men stood off about seven hundred Cheyennes for The several days before relief came . more one goes of one into the details the fight, the more deeply is impressed that it was the greatest Indian battle of the

T - two for six world . hirty men struggling hours

against three thousand well trained , dogged Indians

and the lesser number without any entrenchments , and o with but the most meager protecti n . It cannot be emphasized too strongly that there was no intrenching done from the time of the sounding of the alarm to the time of the bursting of the ﬁrst shell ﬁred by the

relief party from Fort Phil Kearney. Referring to other matters of interest about Old Fort K Phil earney, I should state that I not only helped one of who construct this post, but was the soldiers

stayed through its entire existence . I left the post with

1 868 . my company during August, From there we on marched foot to Cheyenne, and cheer after cheer

went up when we heard the whistle of a locomotive , which the year before had made its appearance in that ' Th e Wag on B ox Fight 8 1

o frontier town . From Cheyenne we took a train t a point in Nebraska . It must be remembered that we walked all the way from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Phil K two M n earney years before . y compa y was mustered out at Plum Creek , Nebraska , and I was then detailed Elm to Creek, twelve miles east. In speaking Of the signals which Colonel Carrington for K installed use at Fort Phil earney, I would state that the hill known today as Pi lot Hill was the spot n was where these signals were displayed . O this point a platform , and the back Of the platform was in the h manner of an intrenchment . T e Indians signaled The from their vantage points with mirrors . soldiers to Two signaled the fort and other points with flags . of the signals were as follows : If a train of emigrants on B z T was seen the o eman rail , either going north or west returning southeast, the flag was started at the to z ground and raised ninety degrees enith , and then wagged back to the ground again and furled back over on the heads of the soldiers . If Indians were sighted x the trail or elsewhere , the flags e ecuted a circle of de one hundred and eighty grees, starting from the ground on one side and going to the zenith and over to the ground on the reverse side , then back again and over again . old B I knew Jim ridger, the famous scout and guide, was very well , as he the government guide for our bat wa talion . He s at that time dressed in buckskin cloth ing . He was five feet, ten or eleven inches tall , of slim

- x two . one build , and was then si ty years Of age When looked into his eyes they were wonderfully keen , and ad was he could turn them down almost to a he . He s ilent when scouting, and knew every Indian sign and indication of the surrounding foe . 82 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

After 1 869 my army life on the plains was a thing of the was past. I a young man and had my living to o make . Fr m that time until 1 908 I had practically forgotten everything in connection with my army and x T . son Indian e periences hat year my , who lives in

. saw St Louis, something in the papers about a reunion w G was hich eneral Carrington attending at Sheridan , i et rm n Wyoming, in connection w th the F te a Massacre Memorial monument and the battleground near ol d K on B z n T Fort Phil earney the o ema rail . Until I saw i o the th s n tice , I did not know general was still

. to M alive I wrote him at Hyde Park, ass . , where I

i . Scr found he was then l ving Later, I learned that a G geant S muel ibson , with whom I fought Indians on w as O . the plains, living in maha Gibson was in my m Bo wa x . co pany, and s himself in the Wagon ﬁght i t After that, he paid me a v si at St. Louis , and there we

r - he Box e fought t Wagon battle in memory. The United States government at one time promised that all the survivors of this wonderful engagement against hostile Indians would be rewarded with appro R i o s . pri te medals ecognit on , h wever, of the bravery and gallantry of our little handful of soldiers never

has been made , and doubtless never will be. In any Box event, the Wagon ﬁght seems to have been totally r few new forgotten , save by the ve y alive who partici

pated in that thrilling engagement .

MY E! PERIENCE IN THE WAGON BO! FIGHT

Your letter with request for what I remember of the Box h as and Wagon ﬁght been received , I will oblige you , as far as my memory will permit .

1 01 Fre eric aus li i n i n Li ncoln N eb . 1 m ormer r ate By d Cl ( v g , , 9 ) f p iv , - nt S n antr Twenty seve h U. . I f y.

84 Th e B oze ma n Tra i l

Th ter in them at once . e lieutenant had not been very x fi ht long in the country, and had had no e perience in g o ing Indians . He was instructed t also get in one of the wagon boxes where he would be sheltered from the how fire of the Indians , but he replied that he knew to T fight redskins as well as anyone . his was his last sen tence, for just then he fell dead with a bullet through T his brain . hat was in the first charge the Indians made , where they posted their sharpshooters in front of the wagon boxes with bows and arrows and tried to on set them fire . We had to contend with a rifle with which we were T - not acquainted . hey were breech loaders , and we had w received them only about t o weeks previously . We knew that our only salvation was in keeping the Indians

. O from getting inside the corral nce there , and they e The could easily hav cleaned us all up . air was so full of smoke from our guns that it was seldom that we to could see further than a few rods , and we had be very careful in putting our heads above the wagon boxes in order to shoot. Sometimes a box was set on fire by the Indians when they would shoot fire arrows into them . Large bodies of the savages were lying close in front of the wagon our beds , where they could easily reach position with n their primitive weapons , and large umbers Of them were also armed with rifles . These wagon boxes from which we were fighting were just the Old fashioned prairie schooner style . None nor of them were lined with boiler iron , anything else which would serve to protect us . I have read stories by some writers that these wagon boxes were especially prepared for just such a fight as we were engaged in , but they were not. None of them had sides which were Th e Wag on B ox Fight 85 m re t o han an inch thick, through which bullets whizzed a a no s easily s if we had protection at all . the At beginning of the fight, our tents were pulled down by some of the men to give us better observation s no to the outh , and which left place behind which the

Indians could skulk up closer to us . Th e woodchoppers who had been cut Off in the woods and were unable at the time to reach our wagon box f ort, hid out in the timber until the ﬁght was over, and t us then they came in and went to the fort wi h .

When the reinforcements arrived from the fort, we o ex were indeed a happy lot Of men . N ne of us ever er o T wa pe ed t come out of that ﬁght alive . here s a z howit er with the relief party, and it dealt death and destruction to the savages and put them quickly to

flight. I have read somewhere in some magazine about the number of Indians which are said to have been killed t in his fight, and the figures given were between twelve T to hundred and thirteen hundred . his sounds me be pretty unreasonable and overdrawn , and I cannot

o . lieve their loss was s great as that As I remember it, we found only one wounded Indian which they were T unable to carry away with them . here was also a ur dead mule inside our corral . O own loss was two or three killed and several wounded , but it was very slight in comparison to the Indian loss which must have to amounted several score . It must also be remembered

- two I n that we had only thirty men ﬁghting, and the dian force was in the neighborhood Of three thousand warriors . Some months after the battle I and another comrade o wh Spoke t an Indian o had come to the fort . He could E speak a little nglish . We asked him how many war 86 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Red Box riors Cloud had in the Wagon fight, and the Indian gave the number as over two thousand five hun e T R ed dr d fighting men . hen we as ked him how many o — or — Cloud l st. He could not would not tell , but stated that the chief had declared that he lost the flower of to the his nation , and we came conclusion that their loss must have been a couple of hundred at least. I said always that it was impossible for our thirty- two men to have killed thirteen hundred out of their two t housand five hundred warriors . O n si x s another occasion , about week after this battle , our company was out on guard duty with the wood o to choppers . As we were preparing t go back camp one tu to again , of the men re rned to the creek get a drink . We heard a shot in the direction in which he o to reconnoi had g ne, and when some of the men went ter, we found his dead body lying where he had knelt

to O f o . down drink . c urse an Indian had waylaid him Another time a soldier was pretty nearly killed by a hi s big black bear . He had gone a little ahead from

Station , being attracted by a peculiar noise in the under a brush . Suddenly he w s confronted by an enormous m . s . bear He shot at the animal , but mu t have issed The him bear sprang on him, knocked down , and tore hi T s cheeks open on both sides of his face . hey were o both hanging down , with the blood streaming fr m hi s us . wounds , when a couple of reached him We

‘ killed the bear and bandaged the man up as best we

to . could, and brought him back the fort In the hos hi natn wa pital he said s e s Haller. In about another or so month he came out of the hospital , but he had two r hi s was terrible sca s on face , and nicknamed “ B ” ear Haller ever after. As to the Fe tterman disaster that happened before I Th e Wag on B ox Fight 87

K had arrived at Fort Phil earney, and all I know about i s it what I heard from others after reaching there , and I do not care to make any statement about it for t hat reason . There were many interesting happenings at Fort K r as Phil ea ney, as well sad ones , but after a lapse of

ﬁfty years and more , many of them have escaped my The memory and I am unable to recall them . Wagon Box ﬁght, however, is something that can never be e f or f aced from my mem y while time shall last.

Pe rs on al E xpe rie n ce s in an d aroun d ‘“ Fo rt Phil K e arn e y

My ﬁrst enlistment i n the United States army was in the - o 1 1 862 for Forty ninth Illin is Infantry, January , , he of R t . as War the ebellion However, this story deals x the w with my Indian e periences on plains , I ill pass s re over my ﬁrst enli tment. After my discharge , I E n enlisted in the ighteenth U ited States Infantry, on M 28 1 86 was arch , 4, and sent west to help quell the m Indian disturbances , which had become very nu erous , ’ owing to the fact that Uncle Sam s soldiers were busy o R e to putting d wn the eb llion , and had but little time fool with Indians . T of 1 86 1 86 his was in the stagecoach days 5 to 7 , when that whole expansive territory was a howling wilder

. K on ness We arrived at Fort earney, Nebraska , the

1 86 . c ﬁfth of December, 4 Passing over events whi h o transpired there, will state that I started for the n rth ’ w o B E n west ith C lonel Henry . Carrington s xpeditio Bi o e R Ma for the g Horn and P wd r iver country, y 1 1 866 R on 9, . We followed the Platte iver the south Ma h The 2 t . side until we reached Julesburg, about y 9 last twenty miles Of this march we found that the coun try had been settled by ranchers , but the Indians had w n swooped down upon them and killed men , ome , and children , and destroyed the buildings .

. m o From Julesburg we oved on t Fort Sedgwick,

1 02 B . . es sen en ormer s er e ant and r n y F M F d , f g p i ci al musi ci an E hteent . . n antr B an at earne . p , ig h U S I f y d K y 90 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

n e which was but a short dista ce . Here I was left h w — hind the command ith my wife who , by the way, was with me on this entire trip and went through all the f suf erings and privations of that frontier life, on the march and at Fort Phil Kearney . A daughter was o born t us here at Fort Sedgwick . She was a great ettcrman who us favorite with Captain F , wanted to “ ” o name her Sedgwick, after F rt Sedgwick . After a rest of about four weeks we both went to Fort Laramie w two in an army ambulance , ith men to drive and ffi guard . Some new o cers joined us at Laramie , and when we ﬁnally started on for Fort Phil Kearney we

- one Oﬂi ce rs had a detachment of twenty men and , seven s wo wagon , two ambulances , three men , ﬁve children for the and one colored woman, a servant wife of Lieu tenant Wands .

At our first camp after leaving Fort Laramie , a num o T ber of Indians came to our c mmand . hey appeared — ve ry friendly so much so that it excited our curiosity . The We soon discovered the reason . squaws wanted to ff n buy our baby, o ering beads , furs and tri kets of all x kinds in e change . When we refused they acted very w sullen , and told us plainly that they ould steal her h if they got t e chance . After a toilsome journey we finally arrived at Fort R R eno , situated on Powder iver. Here we remained ’ few a days . We had a three days march ahead of us K before we could reach Fort Phil earney, our destina O ur R tion . first camping ground after leaving eno was ’ z s R on Cra y Woman Fork of Powder iver, on July 0th O n 2 . arriving at this camp we found the weather was very warm . In our party there a saddle horse ffi which the o cers took turns in riding . Lieutenant

Daniels rode on ahead to ﬁnd a good camping ground .

92 The B oze ma n Tra il

the w ing the top of hill , here we again formed in a o of s holl w square . Some the men began to ha tily dig

. the s riﬂe pits We had a hot skirmish with Indian here , and it looked for awhile as if it were all off with our w aw c brave little party . Soon e s a heavy dust loud o ff and i t was arising ver a nearby blu , felt sure rein o forcements for the Indians . It happened , h wever, to be the wagon train of a man named Hugh Kirkendall i o on ts way to F rt Reno . Nothing but the timely arriv al T we ent of this train saved our hair . hat night s two R men back to eno , for a relief party, and by daylight K Lieutenant irtland , with a company of Infantry and T a n o z . mountai h wit er, had arrived hen we had a chance for the ﬁrst time to hunt for Lieutenant Daniels .

We found his body. It had been pierced by three bul

s w - let , and there ere twenty two arrows sticking in it. I have yet one of those arrows in my possession which ’ went through the lieutenant s body ; also an arrow

w w . hich was shot at me , and which narro ly missed me After burying the lieutenant we again started for K T Fort Phil earney. his time we were fortunate in Th having a large force . e Indians bothered us all

o . al ng the route that day Some of them , pretending to co be friendly, came into our camp , but we uld see that n ff they meant mischief . O e buck o ered me ﬁve ponies o h for my Colt rev lver. W en I told Lieutenant Wands

Ont . about this , he ordered the Indians of our camp After arriving at Fort Phil Kearney we pitched our i n w s tents , which we lived hile building quarter for our men . We had at that time plenty of supplies , including seven hundred beef cattle ; the commissary was well we ﬁlled, and had plenty of ammunition and tools with

two . which to operate . We had portable sawmills The wa fort s on a slight elevation . A ﬁne stream ran P ers ona l E xp eri ences ar ound Fort K ea rney 93

on the south side of the stockade on which the saw mi T x z lls were set up . here was e cellent gra ing for a f r the stock, and more ideal spot o a fort could not be w imagined . Less than half a mile to the west there as a nother elevation , which was on the route to the moun a o T ut . o t ins where we got our timber the east, the s The hills aro e to a considerable height. highest peak “ n was called Picket Point, or Pilot Hill . O this point a man on horseback was stationed in the daytime as a

lookout for Indians . Several men would accompany the o s picket t this hill . Here an unob tructed view of the r so count y could be had , and the atmosphere was clear one could discern a wagon approaching while it u see was yet miles distant. If the looko t happened to a w Indians , he would ride in circle in plain vie of the fort and stop hi s horse with its head in the direction “ A s to of the savages . soon as he began circle , several his mounted men would start to rescue, and the lookout “ ” oc himself would dig out at top speed . O n several casions these lookouts brought in arrows in their bodies

as trophies of their retreat. O ut at the pineries where we cut our timber, we built

two blockhouses , one at each cutting, we having what “ ” “ ” T was known as th e upper and lower cutting. his was si x m iles from the fort, and detachments of men E went out and cut timber each day . very morning u twenty wagons were sent out for this purpose . Abo t

half a mile before reaching the timber, the road forked of -ﬁve d at an angle about forty degrees , one roa run w ning to each cutting . Here we found trees that ere as ninety feet to the ﬁrst limb, and as straight an ar row .

The o i who fort was planned by C lonel Carr ngton , w T as i as . an eng neer, as well our commander here 94. Th e B oze ma n Tra il

si x the d six were acres enclosed in fort. Aroun this was acres a trench dug three feet deep , in which the T six stockade posts were set . hese posts were about in w teen inches diameter and eleven feet long, and ere The two tamped three feet in gravel . y were hewed on so The c was sides they would touch . top of ea h post r sharpened, and a port hole cut eve y few feet, being so largest on the outside, that the guns could be aimed

o - right or left. A platf rm was built at every port hole , so that in case of an attack, a man could ﬁre , then step aside and reload while another man took his place for

. l a shot Colone Carrington was a very busy man , and took great interest in the building of Fort Phil Kear ney. He was always out early i n the morning and saw that everyone was in charge of their Special depart ments , doing their duty. He took great interest espec i all z y in the construction of the maga ine, to see that it was built according to detail . To build a fort like this took ti me and timber. It was i n late the fall before it was completed, as we had T Indians to contend with every day. hey delighted b us The to arrass and torment . y would make raids on i n our stock, and they eventually succeeded getting away with six hundred out of our seven hundred beef out cattle . We would have our horses and mules graz t ing, wi h men herding them , and the Indians would appear as suddenly as though they had sprung from T d s . the earth, like so many gras hoppers hey woul run through the herd , yelling, whooping and waving k ff blan ets or bu alo hides , and stampede the animals , thus getting away with much stock . We kept ﬁfty horses saddled all the time with which to go after the d recov stampede animals , but none of them were ever c red . P ers ona l E xp er i ences a r ound Fort K ea rney 95

The company buildings were very nice for log strue tures . Posts were hewn and a mortise cut the whole set The length and every ten feet. logs were hewn on two sides, with a tenent on each side , and dropped in from the top , so as to fit closely. When finished it was s in panel of about ten foot lengths , the bark side of the The was logs being turned to the weather. roof of c poles about four in hes thick, put close together, then covered with corn sacks or grass with about six inches “ o of earth over this for shingles . Such a ro f seldom leaked . T the o t here were several married people at f r , and a number of children as well . Colonel Carrington had T two . his wife and boys hen there were Dr . Horton and wife ; Lieutenant Grummond and wife ; Lieutenant d B two Wan s , wife and boy ; andmaster Curry, wife and M M boys ; John aurer and wife ; a man named urray, wife and one daughter ; a man named Hannibal , wife L au hlotts and three girls ; another man named g , wife and daughter, and myself, wife and daughter . There was seldom a day that we were not harrassed T r he by the Indians . hey ve y often attacked t wood off i train , running the teams and occas onally killing a T w soldier. eamsters sitting by their camp fires ere fired The on at night by the red devils . y would Often prowl o ar und the fort and shoot arrows at the guards , and on i n one occasion killed a guard that manner . We had with us at Fort Phil Kearney an interpreter by the name of Jack Stead , who was taken along with

K . the command when it left Fort earney, Nebraska c He had lived with the Pawn es for several years , but x they had been at war with the Siou for a long time . The x Siou knew Stead, and a price was put on his scalp so by them , he told me . He was so afraid of the In 96 Th e B oze ma n Tra il dians that I don ’t believe he ever went outside the x wa stockade . He was very much e cited when there s

anything doing in the nature of an Indian ﬁght . There was a special artist at the fort for Frank Les ’ o lie s Illustrated Weekly, by the name of Pr fessor Glover) ” He had a camera outﬁt and was taking o views for his paper . While taking pictures he w uld o go around alone on the mountains, and s metimes would

not be seen for ﬁve or six days at a time . He made o his headquarters with the w odchoppers . He had o l ng yellow hair, and I had often told him that the Indians would delight to clip that hair for him some w . as s day He said he safe, as the Indian would take him M for a o rmon . O ne Monday morning two other men and myself con u cl ded to start out early ahead of the wagon train , steal o im for of our way int the t ber and try a couple deer, which we had often observed crossing the road a sho rt o distance ahead of the wagons . We Started bef re day i s w o l ght, and had gone but a short di tance hen I h s e erv d something white lying across the wagon trail . I “ ” i s ? The remarked, What that other men thought at t was o as ﬁrst hat it a mountain w lf, the light was yet “ ”

. out ex quite indistinct Watch for Indians , I

claimed . We cautiously approached the object, with we our guns cocked , and as we got close to it saw that it was the body of Professor Glover of Leslie’s was Weekly. It the work of Indians , and they had d clippe that long hair, taking the entire scalp . He was was lying on his face , and his back slit the entire h e . length . Several arrows were sticking in t body ’ G met Poor lover had the white man s fate .

’ 1 03 ere i s some i s ut o er t i s rti st s nam h arri o Th d p e v h a e . T e C ngt n books o r give it as Gr ve . P ers onal E xp er i ences a round Fort K ea rney 97

My surmise that there might be Indians about was T h ad G correct. hey killed lover, and were mighty near us m at the same ti e . We at once rushed to the top Of low the steep ridge , where we laid until the wagon train came along ; then we lost no time in getting among He r th e . e d d men the In ians attacke us , and we were forced to corral the train and send to the fort for rein o T w he f rcements . his as just about at the Spot where t two d e road to the pinery cuttings divided . We stoo th m off until a detachment of cavalry came to our rescue ; after which we got our train in order and proceeded to the upper cutting. O n this day we lost so much time ﬁghting the Indians that we did not get back from the pinery until dark . oo G o d P r l ver, the artist, was tol on Sunday, the day o was bef re he killed , by the men at the cuttings , not to to as attempt to go the fort alone, the Indians were o Th always keeping a sharp l okout for stragglers . e woodchoppers tried to get him to remain and wait for Mo the wood train nday. He left one cutting and said d h to di . T e he would go the other, which he men at o this cutting als warned him of the danger, and almost

if to o to . certain death , he attempted g on the fort alone He told these choppers that he would return to the — w c do as was other cutting hi h he did not , he on his to way the fort alone , when he met the certain fate which overtook every m an caught alone away from the G h ad garrison . lover escaped so many times that he o apparently thought he was Indian pro f . About this time of the year a company of miners

a d . ppeare on the scene , searching for gold in the hills B A man by the name of ailey was their captain , and the w of y camped near the fort, here they were often T as . great assistance, they were all crack riﬂe shots here 98 The B oze ma n Tra il

o O ne were ab ut ﬁfty of them in the party. time one of Bailey’s miners was out hunting and the Indians got

after him . He succeeded in getting into the thick w brush on the ridge of hich I have spoken , and which was a rendezvous for lone men when Indians ap roache d ffo p , because the thick underbrush a rded good m Th conceal ent. e Indians surrounded this miner so closely that it was twenty- four hours before his com

panions rescued him . The o x of f rt was now ﬁnished , with the e ception a f w w e . no to minor details We began feel safer. We on were well aware, however, that it behooved us to be

. our guard every minute of the time . Vigilance is the

price of life when surrounded by hostile Indians . We m began to have so e few enjoyments . We had church w Th e w . services , hich were ell attended every Sunday ground was ﬁne for dress parades, which we had every afternoon . We had guard mount in the morning . We x had a most e cellent band, and they gave us concerts h z to remind us of t e dear ones back home in civili ation . All this served to help break the awful monotony of our lives in that desolate country. The no climate was very healthful , and we had sick ness of any consequence until our provisions ran l ow d m that winter . I o not re ember that we buried but one m an he re who was not killed by the Indians , and h that man was our band leader. T e night he died I well remember how th e wolves howled and made the m night hideous , and we could hear the scratch at the stockade posts . When we buried the body we had to the box dig very deep , place heavy planks over , and then haul heavy stones and ﬁll the grave to prevent the wolves from digging the body out. for had In preparing winter, we wood to cut and hay

1 00 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

’ Th at time he cleaved an Indian s skull . e savages tempted to catch several of our boys by trying to put their strung bows over their necks and drag them Off

their horses . Conditions now were so hazardous that the colonel doubled the number of guards sent out with the wagon Th wa . e s trains to the pinery weather getting cold, was and feed for the stock scarce , as the Indians had forced us to stop the h aycutting befo re getting in a

good crop , and they had destroyed all they possibly

could . It was positive suicide for a man to go outside . was d of the stockade . It getting time for the In ians o z to g into winter quarters themselves, and we reali ed that whatever move they made would have to be done

in short order. O n the Z I St of December the train had gone ( at for ’

i . s t mber Ju t at nine o clock, during guard mount, the pi cket on Pilot Hill gave the alarm that the Indians n o m i h t were attacki g the w od train . I med ately t e ﬁf y o s saddle h rses were mounted. At the ame time two Indians made their appearance across the stream near h T o n . t e fort. hey dism unted a d sat down near a tree B t The o h were wrapped in red blankets . cavalry had

the as . gone to assistance of the wagon train , mentioned ff Captain Fetterman o ered his services , and with Lieu r mmo I n G u nd m s . tenant and so e oldiers , started out of to the w d i stead going protect oo tra n , they started T after the two Indians across the stream . h e direction they had to go led them over a hill some little distance

. bill away At the foot of this , but on the Opposite d two O o . si e , were ravines which came t a point ver The Of this point was a very large rock . company w cavalry, not ﬁnding the Indians attacking the ood i as x tra n , e pected, followed them over this point. Fet P ers ona l E xp eri e nces a r ound Fort K ea rney 1 0 1

’ te rman s bill m men went over this , and followed the As two s . over this point, where the ravine intersected the and soon as y were all over, the Indians swarmed out

h . closed in on them . T e battle commenced We could plainly hear every volley fired . Ten E and Captain yck, with an ambulance a few B e was sent . men , out at once y the time thes men to had reached the p of the hill , the firing ceased and h Ten E t e battle was over . Captain yck sent a mes senger back to the fort that our men were all annihi l at the ed . He could hear nothing but the groans of dying. He requested that more men and a piece of o m artillery be sent t him . He said there were fro three thousand to five thousand of them . Colonel Car “ rington sent back word : Come back ; I have lost

o T t -one men en ugh . here were eigh y men killed w in that a ful ﬁght. Nearly all died around the big T d e rock mentioned . hey foun the body of brav Cap ’ B had ette rman s tain rown , who accompanied F de tail without the knowledge or consent of Colonel Car o rington , s me distance in advance of the other men , T scalped , and his body cut in a horrible manner. hey had even scalped his horse , their hatred for him was so

x . so e treme Strung along this road behind him , me of T d hi s . men fell hey scalpe every man , stripped them T and slashed them with their own sabres . hey placed powder in the ears of some of the soldiers and touched

O ff . it They gathered grass which was dried , and placed it on the stomachs of others and lighted it. Here your imagination must rest for the horrifying details . That night was the most exciting one I have ever x x c e perienced . All was hustle and bustle . We e pe t ed they would attack the fort that same night. We had to o an to orders bar up our wind ws d doors, but leave 1 02 Th e B axe ma n Tra il

- o T port h les in the windows to ﬁre through . here was z one of a maga ine in corner the parade ground , which was a large hole in the ground , well supported with heavy timbers and covered with earth and sodded over . This magazine was well supplied with ammunition of ff all kinds . Wagons were hauled in ; the beds taken o their gears and placed on their sides and surrounded z T this maga ine . hen more wagons were placed in a circle, until we had three circles surrounding the maga z Th e i n ine . soldiers were then placed three number

- at every port hole around the inside of the stockade . n We had ten wome and several children with us . The colonel gave orders that as soon as the Indians ’ m made the expected attack , the wo en and children z should enter the maga ine, and the men should hold as the fort long as possible . When they could hold no to the it longer, they were get behind wagons that z surrounded the maga ine , and when the colonel saw that all was lost, he would himself blow up the maga z ine and take the lives of all , rather than allow the

Indians to capture any of the inmates alive . he I heard Colonel Carrington utter those words . T ’ Th colonel s wife and two boys were with him . e young of Grummond who wife Lieutenant , had lost her hus

i n 6th was . band the ﬁght of December , also with us i to to During the even ng, arrangements were made send m for s two Fort Lara ie reinforcement , hundred and

- Th o . e thirty six miles t the southeast mail carrier, a “ ” m man named Portugee Phillips , volunteered to ake him a the attempt. We never expected to see gain , but still , there was some hope . Nobody in the fort slept to that night. We expected the Indians attack us every Bu our x was moment. t an iety lost, as they failed to make any demonstration against the post.

1 04 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

were there made ready for burial . A long trench was dug and they were laid side by side out in that lonely wilderness . m I had a narrow escape fro the same fate myself . Before the Fetterman disaster I had made arrange ments for a horse to ride out on the next raid against m the Indians . I was on guard ount when the call came , and that is the reason I am alive today, instead m n of sleeping with my co rades out there i Wyoming. As as for soon the cavalry started , I ran my horse, and B ’ “ upon meeting Captain rown s orderly, I said , Where ” “ i s for ? T You that horse me o my query he replied , ” too are late ; they have all gone . If I had secured that horse I would not be writing this . was now on Winter in full force, and we looked with x m an ious hearts for so e tidings from Fort Laramie . no so to for We had telegraph , of course, we had wait news by courier. At last word came that reinforce r How o r ments had started ou way. u drooped spirits revived at this joyous news ! Red Cloud could easily have wiped out every vestige of this fort, had he ever i n not attacked us full force , and why he did attempt w this is an unans ered question . When the reinforcements started from Fort La’ra was two mie, under Colonel Wessels , the snow feet deep , and more, in some places , and the mercury was

- ﬁve rt z M from twenty to fo y degrees below ero . arch was ing necessarily slow. Sometimes the reinforce m zz T had to ents encountered bli ards . hey shovel h snow, often waist deep , and sleep in tents , wit the thermometer down at an awful degree of frigidity. They were suffering almost death in their efforts to T reach us . hey encountered untold hardships without m id not a murmur . Some of the d get beyond Fort P ers onal E xp eri e nces a round Fort K ea rney 1 05

R On of z m to eno , account fro en li bs , which there had ’ be amputated . Washington s troops at Valley Forge f did not suf er more than did these brave men . About this time feed for our stock was getting woe for fully scarce . We had to send teams up the river of o for fuel , and haul in limbs c ttonwood trees feed Th for our stock . e weather had become so cold and the snow so deep we could no longer go to the timber n m wa cutti gs . With our regi ent s a troop of the Second T s U S . o . Cavalry . heir horses became nearly starved to of rO e that we had stretch a chain , in place a p , from t post to post, and tie the animals so far apart that hey e for d could not r ach each other, they woul gnaw the ’ h e r ane Th e hair from each ot s m s and tails . posts had to out be covered with hides , ﬂesh side , or the horses T would have eaten the posts . hey would gnaw anything o in the shap e of wood . It was pitiful t witness the suf fe rin es g of these poor patient animals ; and at night, e pecially, we could hear th m fairly moan and groan o like a human being in their agony f hunger . I have Seen six mules hitched to a wagon and sent out after wood and brush — the brush to feed the stock — and often but four animals would bring back the two wagons ; the on remainder were left dead the way, where they T had dropped from exhaustion and hunger . his was of x one the most terrible e periences at the fort, and strongly impressed me . Th e winter was so severe that we could not get o f R for through t Fort Laramie or provisions . ations men h ad to the were now very scarce . We cut down to for on allowances . It began look like starvation men and animals both , and we were ﬁnally reduced to

- nothing but a little hardtack and condemned sow belly. Food became so scarce and of such poor quality that 1 06 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

r out scu vy broke , and nearly every man had it, which our f s placed us in sore straits , and made suf ering doubly d o e har t b ar . There was one company of our regiment up at Fort B . on i R . C . F Smith the g Horn iver We had heard noth ing from them since before the Fette rman disaster . We did not know but they had met the same fate . An offer was made to two soldiers to go over the moun of tains and get some tidings them . A sergeant and to o T as private volunteered g . hey went as far the tw to pinery on mules, accompanied by o men who were T bring back th e mules . hey carried riﬂes and well ﬁll ed of as haversacks, such provisions we had , and started from the pine ry on foot on that perilous jour ney over an utterly strange country.

With hard struggling through deep snow, they missed running into any Indians , and landed safely at

. . h . Fort C F Smith , where t ey found all was well Here for m i they remained a few days , resting fro the r peril z t e ous trip , and then started back on their ha ardous

. m turn A guide was sent back with the , and they had o m to h rses from Fort S ith ride , so their starting was a

one no . comfortable , but their troubles were t all over O ne day when they stopped to rest and eat their dinner, on the for the guide being lookout Indians , he soon came running to the men saying that a band of Indians T for was coming. hey all mounted and made haste the Th e mountains near at hand . savages ﬁnally pressed O ne them so hard that they abandoned their animals . of the men dropped his riﬂe and they also lost what provisions they had, together with their blankets .

Here they were, in a howling wilderness , without ’

or . food blankets , and several days journey before them T ff T the heir su erings were indescribable . hey evaded

1 08 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

m and h ad y wife baby girl , who been born at Fort w T Sedg ick the previous year. here were about a z wh o e do en of us l ft that morning, with only a few wag Th . e ons day before we started was fairly warm , and t B the snow was mel ing fast. y night it had turned m cold and was snowing, and so ﬁerce was the stor that night that in the morning we found ourselves confront ’ ed by two feet of snow . We had a three days journey R was to reach Fort eno . It a terrible journey, but we

ﬁnally pulled through in safety. When we arrived we found the Powder River so high from the melting

snow that we h ad to remain there for some time . It was im for Volzah t e Van , the mail carrier, to arrive

h o d d no . wit mail from F rt Laramie . He i t show up Volzah Day after day we were detained, but Still Van T did not come . hen it came time for John Phillips , was m K who carrying mail fro Phil earney south , to

arrive . He di d not appear until two days overtime . T n Th i . e hen in the night he came other mail carrier, Volzah o R Van , never did get t eno, for he was waylaid , i a k lled and scalped on his way in . His mail b g was

found , but it had been ransacked and the letters and “ ” p apers scattered around in the sagebrush . Van had The two other men with him and two pack mules . i latter were loaded with on ons , which he was taking to K for who through Fort Phil earney, the men were f r i . suf ering w th scu vy I was surprised to learn , several h e t . years afterward, hat Phillips was then alive How ever got through on those trips without l osing his wa . s scalp , I cannot imagine However, he a very brave and r frontiersman , his pluck and nerve ca ried him

through many a tight place . R w When we ﬁnally did leave Fort eno , the eather d h ad i of had mo erated, and we a n ce trip all the rest P e rs onal E xp eri ences a round Fort K ea rney 1 09

n the way i . As much as I wanted to get back to civili zati on m h , a ong friends, and away from suc a hard i had life, I disl ked to part with the many friends I K made at Fort Phil earney. After we left Fort Reno and crossed the Powder R our our m d iver, we pitched tents , cooked eal and acte as though we were going to camp there for the night. ’ Our out When ﬁres were , about ten o clock that h to night, we started a ead so as get through a deep canyon and give the Indians that might be prowling around, the slip . As we were discharged soldiers , we o m had but a few wagons . It seems s strange to e to realize that I traveled from Julesburg through to Fort K so as Phil earney and back again , with few comrades r an escort, through a hostile Indian count y, and still m have y scalp . T m n B here was a a by the name of A . . Ostrander was m m m was who a e ber of my regi ent, though he K only eighteen years old . He left Fort P hil earney 1 86 M Voas t in April , 7 , with ajor Van t and about for y — s one men discharged oldiers and a few civilians, of “ the latter being an old trapper whom we called Big ” of his z O Sam , by reason si e . He and strander slept M under the same blankets on the way down . ajor Van Voast had the only tent in the outﬁt ; he also had wo O n on t horses . e night they made camp a ridge ’ s M right in a thick clump of sagebru h . After the ajor s hi s two e i tent was put up , horses wer lar ated and the o The picket pins driven d wn on the inside of his tent. major said he did not intend to have the savages steal h s of i horses . During the night a little bunch savages th e d crawled up through brush, pulle up those picket ’ pins and got away with both of the major s horses . He never heard the last of that joke the savages played 1 1 0 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

- on him . As the Indians were making their get away the of sentry fired a shot, which , course , created a O Bi . to commotion strander started get up , when g Sam grabbed him by the back of th e neck and pushed “ ’ hi s x : ou face down into the dirt, e claiming Don t y get ” mix -u bo ! so d on your feet in a p like this , y It happene that there was a bunch of prickly- pear in the very spot ’ O was hi s where strander s face pushed, and features were so badly scratched and disfigured that it took sev eral weeks for the sores to heal . E arly in the morning six Indians rode around the out of z outfit, just rifle range , yelling in a tantali ing ’ manner — but they did not return the major s horses ! Ostrander h ad a fine sorrel horse which he had pur chased from Lieutenant Harri son of the Second Cav al r to y, and this horse was loaned the major for the the balance of the trip , while Ostrander rode in ambu lance . My party had left the fort some time in advance O ’ d w of strander s , but as we stoppe at Fort Sedg ick he his O s and party overtook us . I recall that trander put his head out of the ambulance , and it was all tied up n in a ha dkerchief, and the report was circulated that he had been scalped . to i When I look back those w ld days on the frontier, and take into consideraron the many friends I made among the soldiers ; the beautiful scenery of that vast m - d h ountain region , the snow cappe peaks , our staunc , — well - made fort and its surroundings wh en I look back

o to . t it all , it is a pleasure recall those thrilling days

Rou te of the B oze m an Trail; D e s cripti o n of F o rts R n o F m h e C . . S t , i ,

an d F e tte rm an

N 0 two persons seem to exactly agree upon the abso lute route of the Bozeman Trail throughout i ts entire T m f on length . here are as any dif erent roads traced T m maps as there are draughtsmen . rue , in the ain , the th e roads agree as to essentials , but variations are nu m ro s Th B T R e u . e ozeman rail or oad, as here set o : om forth , is w rked out from several reports Fr Fort Sedgwick to Fo rt Laramie by Colonel Carrington ; R m d from that fort to Fort eno , fro a rawing made by B m R o G. F. urnett fro Fort eno t Fort C . F. Smith , l r r n M . from the o gi a ﬁeld notes of s . A . L

to - ﬁelds from Fort Smith the gold and Virginia City, ’“ ’ by Arthur L . Stone and Colonel Carrington s map ’ made from Jim B ridger s surveys ; from the Platte to t ” Virginia Ci y by David B . Weaver . Technically the Bozeman Trail commenced at Fort K earney, Nebraska , where all the soldiers from the and t wh o east sou h , were to ﬁght Indians , were assem bled , from here being sent into all parts of the west ern country infested by Indians — and that practically

1 04 m . . Burnett ort as a e o n . F G , F W h ki , Wy i g 1 05 Mr r r Bi Horn omi n i i s . a e was ss V e ll ts w en she G b , g , Wy g, M Wi i h ma e th e sur e in 1 0 and 1 1 0 ma n the ourne wi t her at er d v y 9 9 9 , ki g j y h f h , wa n a reater art o er th e tr a l someti mes r n i n a wa on o t en lki g g p v i , idi g g , f o ors n h eback . 1 0° Following Old Tra ils .

1 07 ont ana H stor cal oci et l c i n ol i M i i S y Co le t o s, v . v ii . 1 1 Th e B oze ma n Tra il 4.

m K included all of the West at that ti e . Fort earney on th e the R was located south side of Platte iver, along O T McPh erson x the regon rail , Fort being the ne t sta x was one tion to the west ; the ne t post, Fort Sedgwick, and Sed hundred ten miles up the South Platte . Fort g wick was considered by Colonel Carrington as the real of Boz T m starting point the eman rail , which fro this to post, went the northwest, crossing the South Platte o for toward the N rth Platte, following many miles R Lodge Pole Creek. Near Courthouse ock , on the O T i regon rail , the trail went directly west, keep ng on the of south side the North Platte , passing Chimney R B f M ock, Scotts luf s and Fort itchell . Northwest from here the route was very direct until the Laramie R o iver was cr ssed , and where Fort Laramie was lo Th B i cated . e ozeman Trail d d not cross the North

Platte at the fort, but continued on the south side of the stream until a natural ford was built or a ferry had been constructed . M r Burnett locates the Bozeman Trail from Fort on of Laramie the south side the Platte, running very e to O T o clos the river, and following the regon rail t E the northwest, crossing Horseshoe and lkhorn Creeks , ’ B two until reaching ridger s Ferry, about miles east h e of t present day railroad town of O rin Junction . th e on h Following North Platte its nort side , after the h ad to Platte been crossed , the trail continued the north of the west, until just west mouth of La Prele Creek, w now of opposite hat is the site old Fort Fetterman .

From here , the trail broke away from the beaten path to to the west, and departed almost the north , where it shortly turned to the west. From here th e entire trail was in a generally northwest direction , until Fort ’ Smith was reached . Sage , Willow and B rown s Spring

1 1 6 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

. z o today From Cra y W man to Clear Creek , the pres ent road almost follows the course of the trail past the ‘ ’ ‘ ’ wallows for sixteen miles to the Big Spring at the ‘ ’ Cross H ranch . At this point, where the lane now B ff off runs directly north into u alo , the trail passed t to the northeast, and followed along low ridges , hrough ‘ ’ now what are the Cross H and Foote ranches , coming down to a crossing of Clear Creek a mile below Buf Th falo . rough these ranches , although much of the trail has been plowed and under cultivation for twenty ’“ wh th e sod eight years, erever native is unbroken , the one ra grass grown tracks are readily traced . Across w a o e vine, here large irrigating canal has abs lut ly the of i 1 88 obstructed use the road s nce 3, the tracks are he d The plainly indented in t so . Clear Creek ford ‘ as th e is still in use by the ranchers , and is known Ham i ’ t m lton ford, because a man bearing hat na e lived on m the west side of the ford . Fro this ford , the trail G n runs toward the northeast, past the Frank ro ard the house and over French Creek ; and then up hills , s the t ju t northeast of Johnson Coun y fair grounds , and down into Rock Creek valley ; thence up the valley for about half a mile to a ford now in use just below the ’ ’ M Monk er s ather s and house, and on past that house h w through the gap in t e divi de belo . “ l e to few From Shel Cre k Piney traces can be found , but it i s well known that the trail followed the general t course of the present coun y road , varying but little, except where the l anes are now twined out around Th e a corners of ﬁelds . Piney crossing w s a little more than a qua rter of a mile up stream from the present The iron and cement bridge . road up onto the Prairie D o M d g ( assacre Hill ) ivide, ran through the same

1 08 Thirty-eight years R oute of the B oze man Trail 1 1 7 M gap as at present. Along the summit of assacre Hill the trail ran northward and down that natural hogback, to a point on Prairie Dog Creek below the present B bridge, and back of the building on the anner ranch ; thence to the north of the present lane and between the big butte and the pond on the Terrill ranch ; then to Pomp Creek in practically the same course at present

traveled . Here the trail crossed to the southwest of to the the present road , and through a gap in the hills south of the Payne ranch ; thence along the western M divide down to a ford on the west fork of ead Creek, T a quarter of a mile south of the present lane . his r stream , though small , has a ve y muddy, swampy bed ,

diffi cult to ford or bridge . This old original crossing

is found to be inlaid with rocks . “ T o hrough gaps in the hills, the trail passed on d wn off to the t of to Cruse Creek, running nor heast the pres ‘ ’ wa ent upper road . Cruse Creek s crossed near the ‘ ’ to Westgate house , and then , avoid the abrupt hills of o west the valley, the trail ran d wn the valley north for over a mile to the low gaps in the hills one mile east

Bi . of g Horn , where the present county road runs T l G hence, the trail crossed into the Litt e oose valley, of T to a ford west the Sackett barns . his ford has been so no fenced up for thirty years , and little used that a proofs are left for newcomers , but fortunately few - T the e . old time freighters r member and agree hence, trail ran up to Jackson Creek valley and passed over the B i ‘ eaver Creek div de , through the gap to the William M ’ B eanor ranch on eaver Creek, near the county To t t bridge . the northwest the trail hen ran as direc ly B i G as as possible for a point on g oose , long known B G T B eckton , from the fact that Honorable eorge . eck , d was of sec Co y, Wyoming, the pioneer rancher that

tion . 1 1 8 Th e B ozeman Tra il

The x ne t stream , Soldier Creek, was crossed just ‘ K’ above the present P ranch . Wolf Creek was crossed near th e present county road and Tongue River at the ‘ ’

now . Upper crossing, where Dayton is situated Five mile Creek and crossed near the present Five - mile schoolhouse, and Pass Creek near the buildings on the R the Peter eynolds ranch , north line of which is the M T . T ontana state boundary hence, just northeast, win

Creek was crossed on the Zachary ranch . Then the old trail unfenced, and, but little changed , runs on through the Crow Indian reservation to the Big Horn R is iver, and used occasionally by Indians and round h Bi . T e up wagons fords on the Little g Horn , Lodge G R G M ’ rass , otten rass , Soap Creeks and War an s are all distinct. Across the valley of the Little Horn is for the trail visible many miles , as it winds up the R G divide on either side . In the otten rass valley, west of the crossing, and again on the first Soap Creek t the divide, are rifle pits hat mark battlegrounds of the B Ex i 1 8 . s ozeman pedition of 74 It interesting, that i n the here reservation , where the trail is most distinct, there are invariably two or three equally worn grass the grown tracks up slopes , where Indians might have x T been e pected . hus , the tradition of trains traveling abreast for safety is proven . “ Man i s r War Hill a ve y long, steep descent, and here the road has been worked and graded in recent T th e years . radition places trail on the first long hog t back nor h of the present road , and as all loaded wagons would have been pulled down grade, this is very prob

. h able Fort C . F . Smit , after it was built, overlooked Bi and guarded the g Horn crossing . B i James ridger, as ch ef guide , and guide Williams ,

1 09 - eneral . F. a nolds on the ellowstone Ex ed ti on of 1 8 1 860 G W R y , Y p i 59 ,

1 20 Th e B oze man Trail

’ To Brown s Fork of Tongue River Between Tongue and Little Big Horn eight forks are cr e e een e orn and orn oss d . B tw Littl Big H Big H are n ne ma r i s ll st eams . To East Fork of Little Big Horn To Grass Lodge Creek To Rotten Grass Creek T o or . m on ana F t C F. S ith ( M t ) T re m e from o u o s e . se en s D b i C k ( N W. by W v il the mountain To or or of N N seven m es N th F k Dubois ( .W. by il from mountain ’ T or o South F k of Prior s River ( N .W. ) T I er o ce a r n s . . W t Sp i g ( N W. by N ) ’ n e r r n Ni e mil s from here to Milla d s Sp i g. To Spring Creek ’ ’ Summit between Prior s and Clark s Fork on road ’ To ar or near wes Cl k F k, ly t To r r oc o e f . ee a fo d ft . t h ood R ky F k, 45 wid , 3 d p wit g ’ To erdan s ree ranch of Ro k or crossed ce B C k, b c y F k, twi ’ To ou or of ose u u Berdan s reek for S th F k R b d , p C three miles To ose ud er cam a ou ent m es from the R b Riv p, b t tw y il

T a er r a r e ma n ose o . . o c oss es th R Stillw t , W S W d i bud and follows up Stillman Fork of Rosebud ’ To Emmil s Fork one divide is reached be fore reaching this st ream To ou der ree e m es u e owstone val Big B l C k, ight il p Y ll ley road over level prairie for nine miles level To e o s one err ferr a ona across the r er Y ll w t F y, y di g lly iv

e ows one err to arm r n s S.W. Y ll t F y W Sp i g , To Twenty-ﬁve yard River

m es across r e of e ows one. S.W. 5 il idg Y ll t

To ea er or ass ree road runs S.W. . B v P C k, by S To d r n ree u ea er reek Col Sp i g C k, p B v C To ead- a ers cross d de to eas ranc a at n H w t , ivi t b h G ll i River To o eman t do n east a a in R ver B z Ci y, w G ll t i R oute of th e B oze ma n Tra il 1 2 1

To ad son er S.W. to . a a n er 1 M i Riv , W G ll ti Riv 3 m es road runs across e a e f r e e m es il , th v ll y o tw lv il To ea o ree roa crosses a son er en M d w C k, d M di Riv , th u s ream ﬁve m es es ar u can on four m es p t il , w tw d p y il to ma n e of Hot r n s a e hence sou i divid Sp i g V ll y, t th across the de to eado ree e e m es divi M w C k, tw lv il To r n a t cut-OH usua road is 22 m es Vi gi i Ci y by , l il

Total distance from Fort Sedgwick

Dis tances between the es tablished Forts on the Boze man Trail in 1 866 Fort Kearney to Fort McPherson (N ebras ka) 88 Fort McPherson to Fort Sedgwick ( Colorado) 1 1 0 Fort Sedgwick to Fort Laramie 1 6 1 Fort Laramie to Fort Reno 1 69 From Fort Reno to Fort Phil Kearney 67

m r e r e or . m 1 Fro Fo t Phil K a n y to F t C. F S ith 9 8 1 rom . m to r n a t 2 F Fort C F. S ith Vi gi i Ci y

The Bozeman Trail ( an account in Frank H armon Gar ver Earl Emi rant roads and trails n M ontan h ro i a . s u , y g ) T i te left the Oregon Trail at Red Buttes on the Platte River and ran nor es ar rou or aram e or eno or thw tw d th gh F t L i , F t R , F t earn all in o n n an en ere e Phil K y ( Wy mi g) to Mo t a. It t d th present Big Horn country near the source of the Little Big Horn and followed down the valley of that s tream until it

urne es to the orn c reac e at or . . t d w t Big H , whi h it h d F t C F rom ere ran es ar to the c n of Brid Smith . F th it w tw d vi i ity g ’ er ar on ount here o ne r er s ra the two , C b C y, w it j i d B idg T il , routes proceeding together northwes tward to the Yellowstone and n he r e dow t s ame to the mouth of Shields Rive . Here th y se ara e the o eman oad con nu n in a es ard direc p t d , B z R ti i g w tw

on via o eman ass to o eman. s ra was a d out ti , B z P , B z Thi t il l i n me in hi onor a . . e an wa a as so by J M Boz man d s d s h . It w l r eca f he rou e a en rou called the Bonanza T ail . B use o t t t k th gh ’ o n a e er ra Wy mi g it w s short r than B ridg s T il . At ﬁrs t the Bozeman Road crossed the Yellowstone as in ’ dicated by Bridger s survey jus t west of the mouth of the ou er but a er ere was es a s hed the e ows one B ld , l tt ly th t bli Y ll t ferr u the r er o o f e i e y p iv j us t east f the m uth o th Sh lds . 1 22 Th e B ozema n Tra il

Fort R eno

As before stated , Fort Connor was established and h t e construction of the buildings commenced August, 1 1 86 G E 4, 5, when eneral Patrick . Connor arrived at Powder River while on th e Powder River Indian E x pedition . Captain Palmer described the commence “ t as : 1 1 86 ment of his fortiﬁcation follows August 4, 5 Th e ﬁrst timber was cut today for building a stockade , the general having decided to erect a fort on the oppo at h s The R site bank of the river t i point. Powder iver is , at this point, a very rapid stream , water muddy, like M t the issouri ; timber very plen y, ranging back from the river from one- half to a mile ; grass not ve ry good ; no on chance to cut any hay anywhere the river . When Colonel Carrington came to Fo rt Connor on 28 1 866 for th e June , , after surveying for other places s of po sible erection a fort, he decided that there was old no better place in that neighborhood than the site , s and accordingly commenced to recon truct the post, R of naming it Fort eno . All of the work construction “ s was the roughest kind , the only tool u ed in any of the w xe buildings as doubtless an a . All buildings at this ’ x ffi post were of logs , e cepting the commanding o cer s i quarters , wh ch were built of adobe, the adobe being of d dark as the color dirt, while the adobe use in Fort

. B wa f ff C . F Smith on the ig Horn s o a light bu color ; oo the r fs were all of dirt. B . . O i B A strander, formerly a pr vate of Company ,

T - t U S . r wen y seventh . Infant y, and who was stationed both at Forts Reno and Phil Kearney during the Indian 1 866 1 86 troubles of and 7 , has given the authors a de R scription of Fort eno , from which , combined with E ” M rs . G h a d . s that of dwar A Parmelee and arber, it

1 1 2 l r un r H n o eno 1 866- 1 868 e uart r aster L a F rt . e e m . . t C k d Q H i k R ,

R oute of the B oze ma n Tra il 1 25

been possible to reconstruct the ground plan of the for “ ion Mr O : R iﬁ a . t c t . strander writes Powder iver,

coming from the southwest, wound and turned until T as just south of the fort. hen it ran due c t for a short Th e B oz T way and turned abruptly north . eman rail , i just south of the fort, ran northwest, unt l it reached the R ford in the Powder iver, when , by a sharp turn , it went its way almost due north , though slightly to the

east, passing along the entire length of the east side of R d was Fort eno . Just west of the for a deep hole , o fr m which all the drinking water came . After cros t xt sing the ford , the trail climbed a Steep hill , ﬁf y to si y yards high , and then struck level land at the southeast of the w corner post, running bet een it and the lower the corral . When trail reached the northeast bastion be of the fort, it abruptly curved to the west, passing ’ ' tween the post and the sutler s store , owned and oper ated by A . C . Leighton , running from here in a general northwest direction until reaching Fort Phil Kearney. the two North of Fort, and about hundred yards from ’ the t — a su ler s quarters, was a ravine drop in the ground m T co mon on all prairies . his drop or ravine was from t ten to twen y feet deep , and could not be seen until one r x came ve y close to it, thus making an e cellent hiding Th o t place . e bends in the ravine turned fr m nor heast t to southwest, un il at a point some two hundred yards R from the northwest corner of eno , where there was a ‘ ’ gully (marked Indians on fort plan) leading up and

. O ut of out of the ravine this depression in the ground,

Indians would ride up to the Fort, make faces at the building or the soldiers and then dash back to safety again . We often heard the hoofbeats of their ponies in this ravine, but seldom saw the savages . “ O ne x . morning, however, we had an e citing time 1 26 Th e B oze man Tra il

O ne the of teamsters had killed a coyote , and Captain Freeman ’“ had the doctor at the post load the carcass and with strychnine and other poison , then scattered f the meat at dif erent places on the prairie, in the hope of attracting some timber wolves that had been prowl the r ing around fort, the skins being ve y valuable and u . b t much sought after We were successful , it was at E an awful cost. arly in the morning there were seen B three or four wolf carcasses , and a private named lair, having but four months more to serve before his dis charge, volunteered to go out and get the skins . At ‘ B ’ a place where I have marked lair on the map , the of in p rocess skinning the wolves commenced , when , six less time than it takes to write this , Indians rode i B right up and out of that h dden gully, ﬁlled lair with o o arr ws , took his scalp and then t mahawked him right before our eyes ! We did everything possible to go

was too . to his relief, but of course it late “ ’ The t s as su ler s tore was, indicated , located nearly opposite the double gate on the north side of the fort . The o t lower corral , just east of the s u heast bastion , ’ i m r conta ned the quarter aster s and commissa y supplies , ’ the s T i was as well as employees quarter . his build ng right on the edge of the ti mber bordering on Powder R iver. “ K of Jim elly, a former member of my company the

T t - wen y seventh Infantry, says that when the fort was i n 1 866 ﬁrst built , it was just one square with a timber t i the stockade dividing it into two par s , ndicated by line in the drawing. After the lower corral was built and re put into use, the upper part of the stockade was the moved , while lower part, back of the hospital and ’ The ﬂa - laundress quarters was left. g pole was situated

1 1 3 n r H nr B r e e al e . F an G y eem .

1 28 The B oze ma n Tra il

i i to surprise it would have been mpossible, w th even Th e th e ordinary vigilance . lowlands along river were t plentifully wooded, a circumstance hat caused the o of death of many a brave fell w the former garrison , as the Indians used to li e in wait for the small parties The sent out to cut timber, and massacre them in detail . of Bi entire mountain barrier the g Horn , softened and beautiﬁed d i s w by istance , visible to the west ard . Fort Reno had been the main defense of the old Montana R to t oad , and since its abandonment, up wi hin a few years , few white people , even in large parties , were r The venturesome enough to t avel that route . fort had

a strong stockade, and must have been quite a fortress . s of Load of old metal , wheels , stoves , parts gun carri x t i ffi to ages , a les and o her iron debr s , su cient make a

Chicago junk dealer rich , were lying there, uncared for. “ Two hundred yards north of the abandoned site i s the cemete ry where thirty-ﬁve soldiers and one oﬂi x t cer, all victims of the Siou Indians, sleep heir last

sleep . A small monument of brick and stone had been bo erected a ve their resting place, but this the Indians did not Th e respect. moment that the garrison that had erected the fort had crossed the river ( on the way to Fort Laramie after Reno was abandoned in 1 868) it had been set upon by the Indians and almost razed The to the ground . slab upon which were distinguish ‘ able the words : E rected as a memorial of respect to ’ o our c mrades in arms , killed in defense , was broken . Th e stones placed to mark the graves were uprooted by the the vengeful savages , and many of mounds were or o d E either leveled sco pe out . ven the rough head of boards , which proclaimed the names the gallant dead were shivered into fragments , but the patronymics i M R of Pr vates urphy, Holt, Slagle, iley and Laggin , “ 4 FORT REN O

Pr r r n r r e ar m n o mat n urn s s tr a e Vi ts ar e . . e o o e . . e W p d f i f i f i h d by A B O d , illi G b , F G rn me ee B u ett and E ar ar . , dw d P l ’ ( 1 ) Corr a l a nd teams ters quart ers ; ( 2 ) S awmill ; ( 3) Blockhous es ; ( 4) B arr acks ; ( 5 ) ’ ’ Fl agst a ff ; ( 6 ) Store house ; ( 7 ) Comma nding officer s quarters ; ( 8 ) Officers quarte rs ; ’ E a stern ost e a uart rs and utant s of c e ost e a uarters 9 ) P h dq e Adj fi e ; ( Middl 9 ) P h dq , ; ’ ’ ma ster s he adquarters ; (We ste rn 9 ) O fli ce rs qua rters ; ( 1 0 ) Hospital ; ( 1 1 ) La und ry ; ( 1 2 ) Stor ehous e ; ( I 3) Guardhous e ; ( 1 4) B a rb er s hop ; ( 1 5 ) B akery ; ( 1 6 ) Mes s room ; ’ 1 Woo stor a e 1 8 a for a ons 1 u r s stor 20 emeter 2 1 ( 7 ) d g ; ( ) Pl ce w g ; ( 9 ) S tle e ; ( ) C y ; ( , 22 ates ) G .

1 32 Th e B ozema n Tra il

directions of the government, had the bodies removed M to r . the National Cemete y at Crow Agency, ontana T here were only found the graves of thirteen soldiers , tw R o elve from Fort en and one from a nearby ranch , all thirteen being interred side by side on the battleﬁeld hi where Custer made s last stand . Mr R . Parmelee states , in regard to Fort eno and “ the depredations surrounding the post : Th e Indians did not annoy Fort Reno as much as they did Fort Phil K 2 d 1 86 earney. About August , 7 , when the Indians six attacked the wagon box corral , miles west of Fort K u k Phil earney, and Lie tenant Jenness was illed , there R were many Indians on all side of Fort eno , but there was no attack . I have never been at Fort C . F . Smith , but I understand that there was concert of action on

the part of the Indians at the three posts , and I think there was some ﬁghting at Fort Smith on or about Aug 2d 1 86 Th e s e on all the ust , 7 . Indian wer of hilltops R for two around eno days , and were busy with Signals , but there was no shooting. “ R O Fort eno was not often annoyed by raids . nce 1 86 B B t in 7 , air or lair was killed by a small par y of n Indians while gathering pelts from wolves . O another occasion there was an alarm at the corral at night but T no real danger was done . here was a ravine just north r of the fort, where a company of caval y could pass with in out being seen from the fort. I know of but one at stance where emigrants sought refuge the post, and n of 1 86 that was in the summe 7 , when an elderly man

w - with his daughter of about t enty three years , in a light n wagon , hauled by a poor team , came into the post o his M way to ontana . He stated that he had come from x Siou City, Iowa , and had seen no indications of Indi o ans . He further stated that he proposed t resume his

1 36 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Th e h s sout wall was of adobe , as was the we t wall , while

the north and east walls were , in part, at least, of logs ,

the fortification being erected on a benchland . Along th e the north wall , inside, were the adobe quarters of ofli ce rs n th e , while the barracks were alo g south wall , ’ h ofli cers t ree buildings in number, as were the build The ings . storehouse was along the east wall , about

in its middle , and directly north of it was a log building ’ used for oﬂi ces ; the quarte rmaster s department of logs th e occu being near the center of parade ground , which of pied the center the enclosure, the ﬂagpole being just Th e south of the middle barracks near the north wall . was gate on the east side of the stockade , just outside of ’ which was the sutler s store owned by A . C . Leighton . T his building was also built of logs . Near the north th e west corner of fort was a sawmill , very close to h Spring Gulch . North and east of t e mill were four s o log buildings , used by the teamster and empl yees , c s was one n while a t of these buildings large buildi g , the north half being used for the stables and th e south a part utilized as corral . Mr s . Garber draws the following conclusions from

. 1 1 1 0 her survey of Fort C . F Smith in 909 and 9 “ o x At F rt C . F . Smith are the most e tensive ruins h B T o h of the t ree ozeman rail forts , wing to the fact t at s the urrounding country has remained unpeopled . C .

- . two m F Smith , a co pany post, was substantially con Th s structed of light colored adobe . e ite was indeed a well chosen , at the border of broad plain overlooking B R i . t the g Horn iver If guards were on du y, it was impossible for anyone to come within three miles of Th . e the post without detection stockade , one hundred

w t - ﬁve and t en y yards square, was built in such a way ’ as to form th e outer wall of the soldier s barracks along

1 40 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

But scant informati on can be obtained of the hard h ships and dangers surrounding Fort C . F . Smit , which , by the fact of i ts distance from help (being ninety-one miles from Fort Phil Kearney and two hundred and

t - t eigh y one miles from Virginia Ci y, and with no tele graphic communication) made the oﬂi ce rs and soldiers often work out their own salvation in the method of o B O pr tecting their lives . A . . strander, who was at K R Fort Phil earney, as well as at Fort eno , writes the “ authors : From the day I landed at Reno and Phil

K o . earney, Fort C . F. Smith was an unkn wn quantity 20 1 86 26 1 868 From February , 7 , until April , , not t a wo rd came from there except once , when a par y of our t Crows came to fort, about for y of them, with pelts

. The and skins to trade. Indians reported all quiet at ” Fort C . F. Smith . Jim B ridger was often sent to Fort Smith to interview

with the Crow Indians , who always were willing to join foe x the whites to fight the common , the Siou . Colonel hi s ofli ci al Carrington states , in report, relative to these “ M o B : . visits of ridger essenger from F rt C . F Smith Mr B t s . brings me sage that at request of ridger, a par y ow th e of Cr s visited post, reporting five hundred lodges R x T . of Siou in ongue iver valley, all hostile Chey : B Red enne chiefs , viz lack Horse, Arm , Little Wolf , K Dull nife and others , with whom I had council in o h July and who went bey nd the mountains sout , ”

as m e . they promised , brought the same report Sep

tt r r l n ans - ontana stor ca oc et ol ec li le enclos u e we e kil ed by I di . M Hi i l S i y C l i ol t ons , v . i, p . 274. “ i . The el ows tone Ex diti on o 1 8 : The r u ns of Qu v ely (A. M ) Y l pe f 74 i F r F it ar 1 6 i n stat of res r at on t ou t e o t . m e 8 a oo e e C . S h ( 7 ) g d p v i , h gh h y er a an on e t ears a o I ts a o e a ls d o not i el to the i n w e b d ed igh y g . d b w l y d ’ ” cendi ar s torc or the ou ou a e on s nce ot ri d of t em. y h, Si x w ld h v l g i g h

ontana stor cal oc et Collecti ons v ol . . 1 8 ourna of i eutenant M Hi i S i y , ii , p 3, J l L i a H B r l m s ad e . J e . y ”0!

MITH FORT C . F. S

r nd urnett . Dra wn from i nformation furni s hed by Vi e Willits Ga be r a F . G . B ’ ers qua rte rs ; ( 2 ) Block and gua rdhous e ; di agona l corne r als o a blockhous e ; ( 3) B ar ’ ’ 4) S a wmill ; ( 5 ) Te amsters and employes log cabins ; ( 6 ) St able and cor ral ; ( 7 ) ’ tore ; ( 8 ) Office ; ( 9 ) Store hous e ; ( 1 0 ) Qua rte rma ste r s dep a rtment ; ( 1 1 ) Port hole s ma at s ev er a l poi nts i n the four w a lls of the s tock ad e ; ( 1 2 ) Wagon gates ; ( 1 3) S ll fi 1 ts gate ; ( 1 4) Fl ag s t a ; ( 5 ) Rifle pi .

1 44 Th e B oze ma n Trail

h The with t e single exception of a blind white mule . only chance of safety was to get word back to Fort volun Smith and thus obtain aid . Corporal Driscoll the s teered to carry mes age , and , riding the mule , made

his way, under cover of night, along the foothills at Th e some distance from the trail . following morning, s after numerous perilou escapes , when his mule had w been killed, and he himself ounded in one foot, he crawled to the ri dge of Backbone Mountain (the hog back between War Man and Black Canyon Creek) to and on the wood road leading to the fort. Here he i lost consciousness , but was soon d scovered and taken h to the fort. T e messages were found in hi s pocket and ’ T M‘r aid sent to Captain hompson s relief long before . o Drisc ll rallied enough to speak. E R h rl M . . S u . . ajor P . y was sent to Fort C F Smith , to the m E being attached colu n of General John Smith , who left Fort Sedgwick with three hundred and ﬁfty Ma 2 1 86 K men on y , 7 , for Fort Phil earney, from there being commanded further north to Fort C . F . Smith , K having arrived at Phil earney July 2d. He writes “ G ’ When eneral Smith s column, as it was called, K n the reached Fort Phil ear ey, it was suggested to h e th e general t at an old boiler and ngine , then at post, be i could used toward building a sawmill at Fort Sm th . T o A c hese were p arts f a mill burned by the Indians . cordi n l G g y the quartermaster, eneral Dandy, caused a six wheeled truck to be made for transporting the en o x gine. Drawn by twelve y ke of o en , it was , after o h T much trouble, hauled t Smit . hen it took all the expert mechanics in the ranks to get the thing into shape . “ a m w It was wonderful ill hen completed . All of wa the running gear s made of wood . An original saw R oute of th e B oze ma n Tra il 1 45 mill surely ; but by its aid the question of lumber for w the new barracks as settled . “ l the O d . Fort C . F Smith was situated on one of most pleasing sites in Wyoming (then a part of Mon was f tana) It built on a bluf , ﬁve hundred yards from Bi R the g Horn iver, and a mile above the great can yon that extends westward one hundred miles to the of th e h Shoshone River . Fort Smith was one t ree wa posts built to hold the Indians in check . It s a t s Stockade post, and once S ood an assault again t a force of Indians twenty times the strength of the garrison . th e re After our arrival , old wooden barracks were of n placed by buildings adobe , the bricks bei g made by the men , the lumber sawed at the mill . “ Th Th e e Indians were bad . government did not

o x K . mean war, but the Si u , Arapahoes and iowas did T hey lost no opportunity to let us know it. We were th so as en considered out of the world, and were , far o ca t wa M getting news fr m the s s concerned . onths tw intervened be een mails . Wagon trails were closely n guarded , and even then there was constant ﬁghti g with s the large bands of Indian , who took advantage of any ‘ ’ h e inattention of t escort to jump the train . “ Th e garrison at the fort was most of the time in a state of siege . A man going from the stockade to the

. O river took chances ccasionally our friends , the Crows (Absarakas) to the number of three or four hundred would camp near us . Then we had lively m T x ti es . heir old enemies , the Siou , would come in o o to give them a ﬁght, and the garrison w uld l ok on . “ Old was The sun Fort Smith a monotonous post. would rise out of the plains and disappear over the

. th e mountains Slowly days passed . Game was abun o o dant. Fr m the top of the stockade c uld be seen 1 46 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

buﬂalo . , elk, antelope, and sometimes bear Small ’ was t was to game equally plen y, but it risking one s life

. M so us hunt any took chances, however, we were uall The y provided with game . country was fruitful i n season , with wild plums , grapes, and berries , and he the streams were alive with trout. During t winter

1 866 . of , however, the garrison lived mainly on corn 0 w i the i s N trains came through , h le Ind an , numbering w l Bi thousands, had their inter quarters on the Litt e g

Horn . “ That this post was an isolated and desolate one is best Shown by the following sto ry : O ur colonel was ‘ ’ the cast was not after a soft snap in , but he in the best Th E graces of Secreta ry of War Stanton . e ighteenth Infantry at that time was stationed at Louisville en i joy ng peace . Apparently our colonel had been pes tering Stanton to be sent further east than St. Louis , for , upon opening another letter from the Colonel , Stanton turned to his clerk and demanded : ‘ is x e Which the ne t plac , to hell , to send a regi ’ ment? “ ‘ ’ To Ri was m the Powder ver country, the pro pt reply. ‘T E ’ hen order the ighteenth Infantry there at once, m co manded Stanton . “ we ! w e . t And so er sent to Fort C . F Smi h

Fort Fetterman In time there was built a fort near where the Boze man Trail along the North Platte turned from its dirce tion directly to the west and went its way to the north west. O pposite this bend i n the river there was estab “ lished 1 1 86 t , July 9 , 7 , Fort Fet erman , named in honor

“ m out ant eor e His tor o W omin vol i : The 10 ' C ( G g ) y f y g. . P 594 8

1 48 The B oze man Tra il

T ’ Chicago imes , who accompanied Crook s column x 1 8 6 through the Siou campaign of 7 , into the Powder R ette rman iver country, wrote thus of Fort F in his “ Wa rpa th a nd B iv oua c F01 1 Fette rman is now aban m u . m do ed It was a hateful post, in su er, hell , and in z Th i . e w nter, Spit bergen whole army dreaded being I t . ts quartered here, but all had to take their turn abandonment was a wise procedure on the part of the ” o g vernment. ’ A Priva te s Re min is ce n ce s of F ort Re n o

AN DL T E MAIL AT RT RENO D T I 1 66 H IN H . N 8 G O . F , , 6 The 7 . arrival , overhauling and distribution of mail

R D T. at Fort eno , . , in those days was an important x event. It was an iously awaited and longingly looked “ ” “ for . Its arrival and coming in was an episode . “ ” The day and date of its arrival was an epoch , for incidents and circumstances were remembered among the men as happenings from and after that point of

time . The following epitome will give an account of methods used in handling it : We generally had from ’ an hour and a half to three hours notice of its approach to th e and arrival . About ﬁve miles south and across the R Powder iver valley, was high land , which , at its

x t ff. western e tremi y, ended at a sharp point and a blu h T e trail from Fort Laramie wound around this point, and watchful eyes were scrutinizing that point every second during daylight, hoping, longing, or dreading o r to see wh o what might appear .

After turning this point, the trail descended grad uall y in a northeasterly direction , until it struck the

- timber in the river bottom land , and then turned sharp ly to the west until it reached a point between the fo rt proper and the lower corral . According to conditions of the weather and of the

1 21 - B . B . Ostran er ormer ri ate om an B T ent se ent . . y A d , f p v C p y , w y v h U S n antr I f y. 1 50 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

of trail itself , the time made between the point first observation and arrival at the fort, would vary ; but it was always long enough , when a mail party had been to on x seat sighted , keep everybody the an ious with longing anticipations . O n o th e arrival at p st headquarters , mail carrier would bring in his bag and turn it over to the post T K Th e to adjutant, Lieutenant . S . irtland . only key of it was in the possession the lieutenant, and he kept it n Th e under lock and key I a drawer of his table . lieu i r tenant would unlock the padlock, remove , and then place the lock and key back in the drawer . All this to of carefulness did seem ridiculous me , in view the fact that we two headquarters clerks (Clarke and my s Of r elf) did all the separating, so ting, and some Of the the final distributing of mail matter . out on th e A blanket was spread floor, and after the lock and key had been provided with such proper p ro r ection , the bag was taken by Clarke , who dumped the on Th e contents in a pile the blanket. bag would then be replaced so that its mouth would be open and in a position so that we could throw into it all matter des o tined t points beyond Fort Reno . T hen Clarke and myself , on our knees , and Opposite th e each other, with pile between , and with both hands , E would begin operations . very article addressed “ ” R off Fort eno was thrown in a pile by itself , and each one for points up the trail was thrown back into th e so i ece bag at once , that when the last p was handled , the o separating was c mpleted . Clarke would restrap it ; the lieutenant would relock it and the mail carrier our could then p roceed on his way . All this before own mail could receive any attention . Th e first time I tackled this work, I had only been

1 52 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

I Still thought I had the best of the argument when I “ h as for said , He always three or four soldiers an on escort, and I guess each e of them could carry one ” to sack help him out. “ the I looked up at Van and he was smiling, but “ The lieutenant continued in a more sober tone, mail carrier is sworn in by the government and is responsible . on the He gets ten dollars a day for it while trip , and ” no one else is allowed to handle the bags . so Clarke was growing impatient and let out a grunt, n w d not . T o I subside , but was convinced hen , as , it was a mooted question in my mind if a soldier could or of not carry handle a locked bag mail while en route, how was it that we two enlisted men were allowed to handle every individual article of its contents ? I give i t up . th e o Just before conversati n recorded above, I had picked up two letters addressed to myself , and in my “ ” x d G ! to ff delight I e claime , lory and started stu them x in my pocket . A quick e clamation from Clarke caused d “ ’ ” me to . T look up He sai , hrow em out, and nodded “ B in the direction of our own mail pile . ut they are ” x d so for me , I e claime , handing them to him that he could read the addresses . He took them and without em R even looking at the addresses , threw th in the eno me s pile , but looking traight in the eyes, gave a wink, d ' and no ded toward the Officer . I was afraid to enter into any discussion with him in the presence of the to h lieutenant, but made up my mind have it out wit t e o him later, but before h mail was ﬁnally disposed f I found it was unnecessary, and that Clarke had really done me a kindness by his action .

Having disposed of the mail carrier, our own mail ’ d on was all place the adjutant s table . We put it there , ’ A P ri va te s R e mi nis ce nces of Fort R eno 1 53

s aw to i ts dis addresses up , and the lieutenant him elf s ri ti on M fi t bu . ail for of cers and their families was laid one side and delivered to them or their representatives M for com at once . ail enlisted men was separated by

c to the - pani s and handed orderly sergeants , who were on and for always hand waiting it, and lastly, the head f o ot . quarters mail was disposed , and I g mine When the lieutenant handed me a bunch of six let on ters there was a smile his face, and I knew he must ” o - have g t onto that by play during the separating . O — nce the mail arrived in the night long after taps , Th and the procedure differed in a slight degree . e blanket was spread on the dirt floor of our bunk room of in rear the Office . Candles were lighted and stuck e around in nich s , and blankets were hung before the window . When separation by posts was completed , and after the mail carrier had received his sack and depart ’ as on ed , Our mail , usual , was placed the adjutant s table , t blanke s hung before door and windows , and the “ ” fi lieutenant did his little bit . If there were any of cers h of present t ey could , course , get their mail at once , no men matter what hour it was , but the enlisted had to G wait until after reveille the next morning . enerally “ it would be sent over to company quarters at break s o be fa t call , and s metimes some poor devil would so come interested in his news from home , or elsewhere , o that he forgot, and neglected t put in the time after breakfast in brushing up and polishing his accoutre ri d me ts , preparatory to inspection at guar mount, with “ ” out the result that he was ordered to fall , and received “ ” ot o t a reprimand and g police , or s me o her unpleasant “ ” for duty, instead of an assignment as orderly the day to the commanding officer and post headquarters - a job for on eagerly striven by every soldier coming guard . 1 54 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

I A R one A N GHT LA M AT FORT REN O. About th e earl of 1 866 evening in y part December, , I was ’ sitting on a stool in one corner of the adjutant s oﬂi ce R at Fort eno , enjoying my pipe . h Clarke, the eadquarters chief clerk , was seated at his table folding and addressing little three - cornered “ x th e for billet dou , which contained countersign the twenty- four hours succeeding guard mount the next h fi s morning . These would be distributed to t e of cer and Others entitled to them after the new guard had K been posted and instructed . Lieutenant irtland , the on post adjutant, was seated a chair tilted back against on of the wall , his heels resting a rung the chair , read ing a book by the light of a solitary candle on the table ’ h i ﬁ ad s . at left In the quartermaster s Of ce, which

joined ours , with only a thin board partition between , ’ Ed on Parmelee , the quartermaster s clerk , was playing w on . l o t es his ﬂute In soft, he was giving us a delight

of - o ful concert, consisting Sunday school tunes and p p E wa ular airs of the day . verything s peaceful and serene . s se ri es Suddenly we heard a hot ﬁred , followed by a of l e on unearthly yells . In ss than e second Lieutenant K ’ irtland s chair legs struck the ﬂoor, his book fell from hi s out of hands , he blew out his candle and sprang the hi s door . Clarke was equally as quick in blowing out

. our candle He and I quickly got caps, each grasped ’ his Sharpe s carbine and followed after the lieutenant.

He was standing about ten paces away, looking in the the direction from which alarm had come . Clarke and I stepped to his side and just as we reached him we i s x o . heard five or rifle shots , f llowed by derisive yells “ ” z Yo I also heard bees bu z and hum in the air . u know you never hear the bullet from a rifle until it h as

1 56 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

“ “ c We stood there at ase, but at mighty good atten ” n tion for about twenty minutes or half an hour . Fi the ally Captains Proctor and Freeman came along line, coming out from the main gate of the lower corral . I ﬁ heard Captain Proctor, the commanding Of cer, give “ ” to . the order, Sergeants , take your men back quarters “ ” I heard the sergeants give orders to fall in but as on I was detail and not subject to company discipline, I “ ” on for proceeded to fall out, and started a dog trot

so to . the fort gate, as get in before the push ’ ot ﬁ I g there ﬁrst and proceeded to the adjutant s Of ce , where I relighted the candles , put away my gun and cap h just as t e lieutenant and Clarke both came in together .

I wanted to talk and ask Clarke some questions , but was f fi afraid to speak up in the presence o the of cer . In a “ of few minutes , however, Lieutenant Davis , who was ” ficer of the day, came in to write out his report, and his K from conversation with Lieutenant irtland , we o he g t t particulars . s It eems that just at dusk, a few minutes before dark ness obscured the trail , four horsemen had been seen rounding the bluff point where the trail from Fort h e had Laramie could first be seen from t e fort. W been eagerly expecting mail from the east every hour for T nearly four days . hese horsemen were supposed to Volzah be Van , the mail carrier, and his escort, but not to they could be positively identified , owing the dim and fading light . All hands were delighted at prospects of news from to two home . As it took from an hour and a half hours and a half for an outfit to reach the fort from that o p int where they were first observed , Clarke and I had made all arrangements for overhauling the mail that night after taps . We had a blanket spread on the dirt ’ A P riva te s R e mi nis cences of Fort R eno 1 57

floor of our bunk room ; secured an extra supply of candles and everything had favored a quick dispatch . O ne of the sentries on post in the lower corral had a long beat. It took in the whole south Side of the corral T from corner to corner . here was no opening or gate so not on that side , it was an important post ; more of a “ ” d police beat and situated inside the stocka e . h ’ S ortly after he had been posted , at eight O clock, the sentry heard hoo f beats on the trail on the other Side of th e river, and soon he could hear the water splash t as the par ies were crossing the ford , and then , coming to up through the timber and brush , they rode right up the stockade, where four heads appeared over the top , looking in . In the dark it was not possible to distin ei h e r guish t form or features . As there was no opening gate or regular approaches not to right there, the sentry did think it necessary give ! h ?” the usual challenge . “Halt Who goes t ere and feeling su re it was the mail carrier, he merely called “ ” ? E ad out Hello , Van , got a big mail vidently the vanci ng parties had not expected to find a sentinel “ the o ! ! there , as nly response he received was Ugh Ugh ! !” Ugh Ugh In an instant his rifle was cocked , and the of for doubtless riders heard the click the weapon , before he fired they had wheeled and dashed into the dark timbers . As the peal of his rifle was ringing through the woods on — and the cold night air , the riders Indians , of — out warwhoo s course let their p with a vengeance . It is a lovely sound . Open your mouth as wide as you can ou ou and yell as loud as y can , and while y are yelling, just slap your mouth rapidly with the palm of your ou hand , and y will have a beautiful illustration of the d tones of ulcet an Indian yell . 1 58 The B oze ma n Tra il

The was o for excitement ver the time being, but ’ some of the boys didn t sleep very soundly that night . “ ” The possibilities of what might have been kept th em nervous and wakeful . Van Vol zah did not Show up with the mail until - was e i ndi nearly forty eight hours later, and he quit g nant to learn that a parcel of measly Indians should be taken for him . “ ” Poor Van was killed in less than six weeks after d ward , by the Indians , and I helpe gather up the rem ’ of in u one nants his mail the sagebr sh , day s travel out o R of F rt eno . “ ” I was at Reno the night Po rtugee Phillips went through with Colonel Carrington’s dispatches from

r o etterman u . Fort Phil Kea ney, f llowing the F sla ghter ’ was I did not see him, but I in my bunk in the adjutant s oﬂi ce and heard the sentry challenge him, and heard “ ” T h s e . i r ply, Scout with message hey took him down to the corral for a brief rest. I knew him well after

not the i hi s . ward , but did learn part culars of ride

1 60 The B oze ma n Tra il

of capacity general utility man , being wagon master, or to clerk, anything at which he desired me turn my 1 86 was i n hand . In July and August, 7 , I working the ha fi eld d y , where we had a camp establishe northeast of o h oo h to . . t t e F rt C F Smit , as it was far from fort go to and from daily. It seems that bands of Crow Indians had been visit n i g the camp of the hostiles every few days . Several of them came to the hayfield where we were at work and told us of th e great strength of the Sioux and thei r o allies , giving such outlandish rep rts (so we thought at the time) of the multitudes of fighting men they had t seen , and the immense number of lodges, hat we thought they were trying to frighten us , and we paid little attention to their talk and did not believe their

Stories . O n 1 st of t the 3 July, another par y of these Crows stopped at our camp where we were hard at work cut us ting and curing hay, and begged to leave at once and o om return to the fort. They t ld us the hostiles were c x t t ing to attack the fort the ne t day, and hat hey had t seen more warriors than hey could count. It was the i of s so o to ntention the allied tribe , the Cr ws said , Bi destroy all the forts , from the g Horn to the Platte , of and drive the white men out their country . We merely laughed at their fears . We considered that it was some sort of a joke that they were trying to play on us . We had been fighting small parties of Indians m o o al ost daily, and had c nfidence in our ability t take care of ourselves and drive Off any hostiles who attacked us in force . The Crows told us that the Sioux and Cheyennes had had a disagreement about which of the three forts ne to attack first. O faction wanted to wipe out Fort mi h a n h Ha el F 1 1 or F . t d t e d i h 6 F t C . S yfi g t Smith first and then go down and clean out Fort Phil K earney, following that with a combined attack upon R O to K Fort eno . thers wanted destroy Phil earney

first, as it was the most detested of the three forts . Not to being able to come any definite agreement, the hos Th e tiles decided to take a vote on the proposition . Crows told us the question was settled by the Indians wo lining up in t squads . After this had been done , it was found that the fighting force was about equally th e so divided on matter, it was decided to divide the

force and attack both forts at the same time , as the hostiles considered themselves suffi ciently powerful in numbers to capture and destroy both Forts Smith and to Phil Kearney . Such was the report brought us by wh o e The these Crows had seen the matter decid d . band which was to attack Fort Phil Kearney left at

t - five to once, as they had about nine y miles travel , and did not reach the Wagon B ox corral until two days d Th e f s u 2 . o later, Aug st balance the hostile waited until the following day and then started to try and T capture Fort Smith . hey encountered us at the hay m field , and there we gave the such a drubbing that n s they made o attempt against the fort it elf . Right here I want to give a little description of the h a fi ld corral which we had constructed at the y e . It had been built about a week before the Indians des cended G z on upon us . ood si ed logs were first laid the ground around a sp ace about one hundred feet square . Upright posts were set in th e earth at certain distances be ap art, and to these posts stringers were nailed . In tween the stringers were tightly woven masses of wil so low boughs with the leaves and twigs attached, and thickly interlaced as to form a good place for our stock for we at at night and defensive purposes , should be 1 62 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Th w tacked . e barricade was so constructed that it as o T w impossible t see through the willows . here as a the h and picket line Strung across corral nort to south , about ﬁfteen feet west of the center . We had the wag on beds set off the wagons on the west side of our little improvised fort with about three feet of space between T them , and about four feet back from the fence . hey were covered with canvas in the usual manner, and we T used them to sleep in . here were also three tents h T in the northwest corner of t e corral . his arrange ment prevented anyone from seeing across the corral from the outside . I believe the fact that we were thus pretty effectually hidden is the only thing that saved us that day. O n the morning of August I st there were ninteen us ha ﬁeld as of at work in the y usual . It was about

- t nine thir y when a fusillade of shots , accompanied by the warwhoop and yells of the Indians , warned us that the story told by th e Crows had pretty much of an of to to th element truth it. We all got back e corral without losing a man , and here we began preparations The for a most determined resistance . soldiers had just

fift - - received y caliber breech loading rifles , and each of z man had fifty rounds ammunition . We citi en em p l oyes were all armed with repeating rifles — Henry one Z who and Spencer guns , save man , eke Colvin , was using an E nfiel d musket which he had carried through the Civil War . O f course the only chance we had was to keep down f o S . an out ight However, Lieutenant Sternberg and other soldier were both killed at the beginning of the wn T fight through their o carelessness . hey insisted on on us to do to standing up , and called the same , and “ The k fight like men . rest of us new that the only

i e 1 For F . S m th a nd th e Ha ld Fi ht 6 t C . yfi g 5 chance we had was to lie down and keep out of sight and we did it ! h After the deat of the lieutenant, Captain D . A. Col u vin took charge of o r party . He had won his straps — in the Civil War, and was a seasoned veteran cool , absolutely fearless , yet discreet. He ordered every man of us to do our fighting from over the top of the lower log which formed the corral , and behind which E we were pretty well screened by the willows . very thing that was a foot or eighteen inches above ground was simply shot to pieces by the Indians . ’ I don t believe there is another man living, or that wh o h as ever lived, killed as many Indians in a day as h a fi l Colvin did on the occasion of the y e d fight. He

x - S was armed with a si teen hot repeating rifle, and had w a thousand rounds of ammunition . He as a dead n of shot, and if he missed an India in that fight none us ever knew it. He fired about th ree hundred Shots that e day, and aft r the fight the ground out a little way from where he was lying was simply covered with dead I n dians . He killed one of their chiefs as the savage was o leading a charge against the corral on fo t, and this c was hief the first Indian to cross Warrior Creek, only Th a few yards distant from the corral . e others at to hi s tempted several times recover body, but we made it so hot for them that th ey were obliged to abandon the attempt. ’ h Z r Captain Colvin s brot er, eke, killed the fi st In Th dian of the fight. e warrior was riding toward the fi re - h c corral with a brand , wit whi h he apparently o to set h ped our barricade on fire . Colvin shot the ’ w Indian s horse, as the latter as almost against the cor The ral . animal fell , pinning its rider down , and while the Indian was just c rawl in g v out f rom beneath 1 66 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

s o i the hor e and starting t run , Colv n brought him down with another quick shot. Several times the Indians fired burning arrows into hO i n the willow lattice work of our barricade , p g to us T smoke out. hey also set fire to the grass on three of i t sides , but they never succeeded in getting a fire started where it damaged us any. We were all ready to to grab our wounded and take Warrior Creek, only tw t - five t s th e en y or thir y feet outh of corral , but we to x s managed e tinguish every fire they tarted , even t hough the willows were dry enough to burn . There were thirty- one h ead of mules and one horse i n the corral picketed to the cable stretched across from o north t south . All this Stock was either killed or x wounded, e cept one mule and the horse . Among our crowd th ere was a big bully of whom we of had all been afraid . We had expected great things e this man when it came to a Show down , but at the riti o — the cal m ment when the fighting started , coward hid himself and never fired a shot all through the battle . — a to Another man soldier, kept threatening commit for suicide, fear the Indians would get him alive and Z hold him for torture . eke Colvin finally took the ’ s fellow s gun away from him , and the fellow hid him elf in a hole which the dogs had dug near the fence . He was kept so quiet that we thought he dead , until after wa the fighting s over. i All the wh le we were fighting for our lives , from

m. m. a. o 9 to 5 p . , we wondered why n reinforcements came from the fort to our relief . We knew they must have heard the sound of our guns . We also knew there t were plen y of soldiers at the fort, who , aided by the cit i zens , could have easily held the fort against the Indi

1 23 “ The comman er of the ost bei n aware of the tin all t at time d p , g ﬁgh g h

1 68 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

swear to the best of my knowledge and belief that Cap tain Colvin himself killed and wounded more than one

hundred and ﬁfty of the Indians . He was armed , as I

- have previously stated , with a sixteen shot Henry riﬂe ,

had over a thousand rounds of ammunition for it, and one was of the best rifle shots I ever saw, being absolute l of y steady under fire . As he did most his shooting at of w t to t - five distances from t en y seven y yards , it was almost impossible for him to miss a target as big as a man at such short range . He was shooting steadily ’ from nine- thirty in the morning until five o clock in the

afternoon , and the ground around where he was sta tioned was literally covered with empty shells from his

riﬂe . “ The soldiers were all armed with needle guns , and B ob G each had plenty of ammunition . Little and eorge two of z M 1 866 Duncan , the citi ens , used odel of Win E chester riﬂes . ach had plenty of cartridges and were

x . brave , steady men, doing splendid e ecution all day I was armed with a Spencer carbine, and had , in addition ,

- a double barreled shotgun . We all had revolvers as well , which we reserved for close quarters . Th e on was loss our side Lieutenant Sternberg, a citi zen named Hollister, and a sergeant whose name I have

forgotten , killed . In addition , we had four men wound O n . e ed , all soldiers but one of these wounded men was a sergeant. He was Shot through the shoulder and wo most painfully injured . He and t of the other wounded men never failed to assist us in every charge h made by the Indians . We had placed t em i n a tent where they would be out of the intense heat of the day, but whenever the Indians pressed us too closely these men would stagger out and stay with us until we had h ’ driven the Indians back to cover . T e sergeant s For F mi a nd h H el F ht 1 6 t C . . S th t e ayﬁ d ig 9

no wound was such that he could t use a rifle , but we o his kept tw revolvers loaded for use, and right well c did he use them in every atta k . Two ha field G days after the y fight, Colonel reene The arrived at the fort with two companies of cavalry . was the was fight , of course, sole topic , and it regarded as a miracle that our loss was so slight i n comparison with the immense number of Indians opposed to us . The n Crow Indians , of whom I have made me tion , and who were going back and forth to the village of the i th was S oux, reported after the fight at the Sioux loss terrible , and that we had killed and wounded hundreds h T o of t eir warriors . hey reported t us that the village was filled with wounded , who were dying rapidly from t their wounds , and hat the Sioux were carrying their dead out of the village and caching them on some ledges he in t adjacent hills . Colonel Greene asked these Crows i f they would

guide him to the place, in order to get a more correct T estimate of the Indian loss . hey agreed to do this , the hi s two s and colonel , accompanied by troop of cav al r y and several citizens , including Captain Colvin , A . h . ot C Leighton, the sutler at Fort Smith , myself and

ers , all went to the ﬁrst ledge , which was situated about wo e h ﬁ ld t mil s south of the ay e . Here we found over

ﬁfty bodies . The Crows requested that the colonel x and his detachment accompany them to the ne t ledge,

which was about two miles east of the ﬁrst burial site . They said there were many more bodies there than on

. G to the first ledge However, Colonel reene refused x of go further, knowing that the Siou had yet plenty an fighting warriors left, and not caring to bring on h ot er engagement with them . We therefore returned to th e the fort, satisfied that Crows were telling the

truth . 1 70 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

It is my opinion that the hayfield fight was the fie rc est engagement with hostile Indians in all the Indian e battles of the W st, considering the small number of whites and the fact that we were outnumbered more than a hundred to one . was After the fighting practically all over, the com mander of the fort allowed three companies of soldiers “ ” to come to our relief — when we had no need of any ! Th e commander of Fort Smith never was known to send out a relief party to aid besieged soldiers or civil al l was ians , and I will further state that the time I employed there I have no recollection of the command er ever going outside the stockade ! I will let the veil of charity be drawn and not mention this commander ’s i t name, but I w ll say, however, that there were plen y fi who of of cers , from lieutenants up , were better quali hed to command that post than was the general in charge . The second or third day after the fight we returned and built a new corral , using cottonwood logs this time , n with ple ty of sod . It was constructed out in the open one valley, about half a mile northeast of the old , and R about the same distance from the Big Horn iver . We had the protection of a company of infantry at the new T corral , but were never again attacked in force . here were raiding parties bothering us considerably — some or r off our times two three times a day, t ying to run n T stock or burn what hay we had cut a d cured . hey certainly made things lively for us . was After finishing the hay contract, another one made to furnish wood to the fort at twenty- seven dollars and fifty cents per cord . We hauled this wood prin i l c al m the or six . p y fro mountains , five miles away I do not recall that the Indians ever attacked any of our

1 7 2 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

The Indians never made any direct attack against B z T o any of the three forts on the o eman rail . F rt R was eno not an ideal location for water or grass , but The strategically it was an important location . old ff post was an open , rude a air, with a stockade surround i ing the warehouse and stables, leav ng the quarters for The soldiers and horses without protection . water wa Th s alkali and muddy . e fort was situated one hun

dred and ﬁfty feet above the river, and all the water to o had be hauled for the c mmand , though upon the arrival of Colonel Carrington a ﬁne spring was found

near the fort. After the post was placed under the command of Colonel Proctor it was entirely surrounded by a stockade within which were blockhouses with has o so tions having lo p holes , that all four sides of the fort T wa could be protected . here s a strong Stone maga z i n ine addition . o K 1 86 Down at F rt Phil earney, in 7 , a man named n n Washingto built a log cabi with a dirt roof , about on e hundred and ﬁfty yards from the fort on the Little

Piney. Here he started a garden of vegetables and s was also served meals to tho e who desired them . He

driven inside his cabin many times by the Indians , but never abandoned the house to seek the protection of the B no . fort. He had a wife , but children oth he and Mr s. Washington were crack riﬂe shots , and after the Indians had made two or three attempts to clean the was pai r out, they discovered it too costly a proposition , h and gave t em a wide berth thereafter . I was well acquainted with “ Portugee Phillips who made the ride for help from Fort Phil Kearney to

Fort Laramie on the night of the Fetterman disaster . do s e I not, at thi lat day, remember what he told me about where he kept himself hidden through the day For F mi t C . . S th a nd the Hayﬁeld Fight 1 73

h time on that trip , but I do recall t at he had many nar

row escapes . He never failed to take a chance when it l seemed necessary . He was c ear grit, and others less deserving than he have received greater honor and praise . In the spring of 1 867 I was attached to a wagon train which was crossing the Platte River at the B ridger who Crossing. Phillips and a small squad of cavalry, were scouting at the head of the train , came back and reported that the Indians were about to attack a wagon train several miles ahead of us . O ur captai n left a to the squad of soldiers guard our train , and took bal of v z ance the company, with several olunteer citi ens, the e and started to relief of the besieged train . I a com an e d t O n p i this par y. our approach we discovered that the Indians were trying to surprise the train by sneaking through a gulch that ran into the river just corral d below where the train was e . We had been careful of our approach and the Indians had not di scov T ered us . hey were so intent on their scheme th at we managed to get to the foot of the ridge near the gulch which they were cautiously descending. Just as they to started charge the train , we ourselves charged right i among them , and you never saw such a surpr sed bunch

of m. redskins . We knocked over several of the A lieutenant, a private and myself found that we had cut off one us one Indian , and some of got in a lucky shot that killed his horse . We chased him into a hollow where the warrior put up a Stubborn fight. He shot the horse ridden by the soldier and wounded the lieu i to I n tenant n the knee . We then managed kill the dian . We took from him the first Winchester rifle I The to had ever seen . lieutenant and the private had ride one horse to camp and the offi cer suffered agony 1 74 Th e B oze ma n

with his wounded knee . He had been shot with an arrow and we were unable to pull the barb from the wound . We found on getting back to camp that sev eral of the others had done good work in the ﬁght.

Th e B oze ma n Tra il

t fessing deep pie y, while really plotting deviltry, there is no foundation whatever for the untruths which have been printed about him by nine - tenths of the writ t ers of Western history, who never had the opportuni y ’ of learning the ﬁner and stronger side of Red Cloud s i ’ ’ character . It s true that in the 6o s he was an enemy to n be feared by the whites , and that he left ma y a bloody trail along both the North and South Platte and the overland trails to the far west ; but when it is considered that Red Cloud was merely ﬁghting for his

land , his home and the hunting grounds of his people and what white man could not have done th is ?— when it i s considered that the United States government broke w x and as faith ith the Siou , time again , with nearly all other tribes ; that at that time nearly eve ry white man “ ” on no s the plains had use for Injun , only dead ones ; that there were many unscrupulous and dishonest Indian

agents on the reservations , ever ready to feather their ’ own x nests at the e pense of Uncle Sam s red wards ,

and that the Indian was robbed , cheated , tricked and most outrageously treated by nearly every white man i n i no with whom he came contact, it s t to be marveled ’ at that Red Cloud s hatred for the despoiler of his hunting country and the usurper of his lands vented e its lf in such a manner. ’ O f Red Cloud s boyhood there is but little record . Hi s parents were not prominent in any way among the i s t x tribe , and it probable that the fu ure great Siou n Chieftai was brought up lik e any other Indian lad . About the time Red Cloud attained his sixteenth year

he began to attract attention , and gave promise of de v elo i n s p g into a warrior of no small prominence , b com ing to be looked upon as a sort of leader among the Other younger Indians because of his abili ty in skirmishes R d l ou h e rea i ou a r hi e 1 e C d, t G t S x W C f 77

th the wi Crows and Pawnees , both of whom were

hereditary enemies of the Sioux . A sister of Red Cloud once stated that when he was h but t ree years old he was stolen from his parents , who h were at t at time living on a reservation in Wisconsin , and that some eighteen years later his people located

him and desired him to return to them . He came and stayed a few weeks but th e sto ry goes that he preferred th e tepees of his adopted tribe , deserting his relatives

- for his foster parents very shortly. ’ ’ ’ It was in the 6o s that Red Cloud s fame and notor i e a t ty s a great war chief and leader reached i s zenith . In 1 865 the United States government wanted to bui ld a wagon road into the Montana gold region by way of Powder River — right through the heart of the ﬁnest

hunting grounds possessed by the Sioux . Very natur ally Red Cloud entered a most emphatic objection to

such a proposition . He declared i t would drive away c was su the game, whi h the chief sustenance and p hi s T h port of tribe . hat country was t en the very cream of the buffalo range — and the buffalo furnished every i n o thing required by the Indian the way of f od , clothing and skins for lodges — which was all he desired 1 6 for his welfare and happiness . During the fall of 8 5 a o to Red f council was prop sed Cloud , to ef ect, if possi

ble, some peaceable settlement whereby the proposed

road might be constructed , but he grimly forbade any

o o . such negotiati ns , utterly refusing t attend the council T hus matters continued until the following June ,

when another council was proposed to him , and this R e d time Cloud decided to be present . It was held at I n Fort Laramie , and there was a great gathering of

dians at this conference . When negotiations were R ed Opened , Cloud arose, and repeated hi s objections 1 78 Th e B oze ma n Tra il to endangering the principal hunting grounds of his eo n hi ﬁe rce . o s p ple He made secret of Opposition , but l y denounced the proposed plan , which was favored T Bi M of by Spotted ail , g outh , and other chiefs lesser R . the ed fame In midst of the palaver, Cloud again to Sprang his feet, and pointing a ﬁnger at Colonel

B . E U S . Henry Carrington , of the ighteenth . Infantry, who to was in attendance , on his way, even then , the Big Horn and Powder River country with a govern x ment e pedition, the chief exclaimed , in ringing tones “ You are the white eagle who h as come to Steal the Th G . e road reat Father sends us presents , and wants

to the but th e whi te chi e comes wi th us sell him road , f s oldi ers to s tea l i t be ore th e I ndia n s a s es or no ! , f y y I will talk with you no more ! I and my people will go now ! , and we will ﬁght you As long as I live, I will ﬁght for the last hunting grounds of my p eOp l e ! And R ed drawing his blanket across his shoulders , Cloud stalked majestically from the council , refusing to accept any of the presents sent him by the government, and threatening to massacre every white man who crossed ’ R Crazy Woman s Fork of the Powder iver . “ Although R ed Cloud had shied his castor into the so neve rthe ring, to Speak, the government, decided , less , to go ahead and build the necessary forts along the to proposed route of travel , in which soldiers were be G maintained to safeguard the road . Colonel arring was of the ton given charge the details , which included rebuilding and garrisoning of Fort Reno on Powder R of two iver, and the erection more forts further north

- th e of Bi west one at forks the g and Little Piney, later as K Bi known Fort Phil earney, and the other on the g

R i . Horn iver, known as Fort C . F . Sm th But hardly had Carrington laid out the lines of Fort

1 80 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

men , to disperse the Indians , warning and instructing him to positively not go beyond a certain point known

a T R i . s Lodge rail idge, lest he be drawn nto an ambush ’ SO great was Carrington s apprehension that Fetter man ’s enthusiasm and recklessness would lead him to th e t throw caution to the winds , that, as lit le command the left the fort, colonel Sprang upon the banquette , or sentry platform, inside the stockade and repeated his “ warning to Fetterman Under no ci rcums ta nces wha tev er mus t you cr oss L odg e Tra il R idg e Fetter as man promised obedience, but soon as he was out of hi s hi s sight of commander, he disregarded orders and he crossed t fatal ridge . Here the main body of In

dians , numbering upward of three thousand , were se creted and h , t ey arose from their hiding places in

hordes , surrounded the soldiers and killed every man , ’ — in most of them fact, Carrington s report says all but — Th e six being dispatched wi th spears and clubs . ﬁght x tw did not last to e ceed enty minutes . All the bodies were most shockingly mutilated in a ﬁendish manner e by the xasperated and infuriated Sioux . ’ R ed s Cloud fame now spread like magic , and he was heralded as the greatest leader of all the hostile Indians “ his on the plains , being regarded as big medicine by tribesmen because of hi s success in all his operations “ ”

. against the hated fort on the Little Piney . His no

or et - Th u t i e . e A y, howev r, was Short lived following gust he again planned and made an attack on some six wood choppers in the pinery, about miles west of K T R d ’ . e Fort Phil earney his time , however, Cloud s “ ” the big medicine failed . Unknown to the Indians ,

troops , but two weeks previously, had been armed with a new breech - loading riﬂe — the ﬁrst eve r used against ’ th e The Indians by Uncle Sam s army on plains . cele R ed l oud h e rea S i oux Wa r hi e 1 8 1 C , t G t C f

B o a brated Wagon x ﬁght w s the result of this attack. The n h as Indian loss, while never deﬁ itely known , been given by some writers and historians as one thousand

- O he u one hundred and thirty seven . thers place t fig res two to at from hundred five hundred , which is probably t R ed nearer correct, al hough Cloud himself, many e to years later, when qu stioned , is said have stated that he “went into the fight with three thousand braves and ” came out with but half of them . When asked if he was really meant that his loss so enormous , the old chief “ The is alleged to have replied : It was a big fight . long swords fought as I had never seen them fight be a fore . My warriors were as numerous s blades of The grass . I went in with many. I lost over half . e M long swords shot tru to the mark. y warriors never fought again . ’ T R ed his was Cloud s last great fight with the whites , although he continued for some time to h arrass all B z R small parties passing over the o eman oad . In 1 868 it was thought expedient by the government to again try to effect a treaty with the now famous war chief of the Sioux . His only ultimatum was that all the forts which had been erected through his hunting as as country should be abandoned , well all further e to M R ed att mpts open a wagon road into ontana . no Cloud would accept other conditions whatsoever, and the government at once accepted the terms as dic tated The by himself . entire region was once more x t given over to the Siou nation , which had hus won a R complete victory . ed Cloud even refused to Sign the treaty until all the troops had been entirely withdrawn and the forts completely abandoned , after which the i Indians mmediately burned them to the ground . From that date R ed Cloud kept his word with the 1 82 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

so h government, far as again taking to the warpat in person was concerned . He took no part himself in the x 1 8 6 great Siou war of 7 , although it has been stated that he “ secretly aided and encouraged the hostile ele ” ment, just as it has also been alleged he espoused their cause during the Ghost Dance war of 1 890 - 1 89 1 in South Dakota ; but there is no foundation whatever for such reports . And now for the other — and better — Side Of Red ’ Cloud s character , from a strictly authentic source x t Captain James H . Cook , of Agate, Siou Coun y, to Nebraska, is unquestionably better able give to the public th e real truth about R ed Cloud than any other for living person . He knew the great chief intimately -ﬁve thirty years , and was the one white man in whom R e d Cloud placed implicit conﬁdence . Captain Cook t is an extensive cat le rancher, with large holdings and iobrara R interests along the N iver, where he has been o R located f r more than thirty years . ed Cloud was ’ a guest at Captain Cook s ranch for weeks at a time , on numerous occasions , for years after he had for h saken the warpat . Captain Cook served with dis as tinction a scout, guide and trailer through the z 1 866 Apache campaign in Ari ona in , and has ffi numerous documents from high army o cials , tes tif in to his ffi y g ability, energy and e ciency while serv ing the government during i ts Indian troubles . He also rendered most valuable aid during the Ghost Dance R war at Pine idge reservation , South Dakota, having a personal acquaintance with all the leading chiefs x R ed among the Siou , particularly with Cloud, Little

Worind - Man- - Of , American Horse , and Young Afraid

- . i s His Horses He an adept in the Sign language , and s o al o speaks the Sioux t ngue ﬂuently. During all those

R ed Cl oud h e rea t i o a i e 1 8 , t G S ux W r Ch f 5

as years , now Captain Cook was highly respected by the R x and Pine idge Siou , considered a warm friend and personal adviser on all matters pertaining to their in te rests wa . At one time he s slated for agent at Pine R ar wa idge reservation , but the Indian Dep tment s taken over by the Interior Department before his case was acted upon .

Captain Cook has given to the authors of this , work 1nSI ghts into the life of Chief R ed Cloud which could not possibly be obtained from any other living source , for the reason that he was the only white man in whom Red Cloud had implicit conﬁdence and was ever con side red — as a close, intimate friend a man brought up in n the open , like himself , and a plainsman i every sense of

. 1 8 the word Captain Cook ﬁrst met the chief in 75, when on a friendly visit to the R ed Cloud agency during the autumn of that year . He was accompanied “ ” B Gan ni e r a B at by aptiste g , better known s Little , ’ ’ one of the most noted frontier characters of the 7o s

so- a wonderful scout and trailer, and called to distin “ ” B i Bi B at guish him from aptiste Pour er, known as g , another remarkable frontiersman . O n the occasion of this ﬁrst trip to the lodge of Red was Cloud , Captain Cook warmly welcomed , on the “ ” B at statement of Little that he had brought his friend , h t e to . M white hunter, to pay his respects the chief any ’ of Re d Cloud s sub - chiefs were sent for on this occa s x sion , and a friendship was there begun with the e Siou leaders which continued without a break as long as they lived . M of Yal e It was during this trip that Professor arsh , th e Re d College and Smithsonian Institute, called upon Cloud with a government escort He wanted permis

“ “ 1 20 ls o s elled G auni er and arn er A p G i . 1 86 Th e B ozema n Tra il

sion to hunt i n the Sioux country for fossils and petri ﬁ “ ” ed t . Objects , or stone bones , as the Indians called hem The p rofessor was not accorded a very enthusiastic T reception by the red men . hey looked at him askance and with suspicion when he told them the object of his o trip , thinking that his real mission was t prospect for for Pro gold in their lands . Captain Cook interceded fessor M Red arsh , telling Cloud the real purport of

his visit, whereupon the desired permission was at once The given . professor and his party were in no manner molested nor disturbed by the Indians during their

- x . bone hunting e peditions , in the interests of science ’ Red Cloud s word was as good as his bond . In fact, the noted scientist and the great Sioux chief became M warm friends , and the chief paid Professor arsh a n visit at his home in New Haven , Con , some time after . Red Cloud had promised Captain Cook to some hi s M time give him life Story . any white men had ’ “ heretofore tr ied to get the chief s consent to be written ” up , but he had steadfastly refused . He said that he did not want anything to do with any white man who

desired his life story to be printed in a book, with f h w o . o the Object making money Captain Cook, com ever, never found himself in a position where a petent i nte rp reter and Stenographer were available dur ’ rs ing any of the chief s visits to the Cook ranch . Yea passed by ; R ed C loud grew old and inﬁrm ; his mind became somewhat clouded and the promised story neve r

developed in the form Captain Cook intended . o Red According to Captain Co k , Cloud was a mar velous student of Nature, acquiring a wonderful knowl edge of the plant and animal life throughout the vast

region over which his tribe migrated . He deplored beyond measure , and with sorrow in his heart, the de

1 88 Th e B ozema n Tra il

‘ Captain Cook had many talks with Red Cloud on the “ ﬁ h - wa Th e g t for it s a ﬁght and not a massacre . troops attacked the Indians , and were simply over d Red whelme by a vastly superior force . Cloud said that only about eleven Indians were killed outright, but that great numbers were wounded and died later . Captain Fetterman himself was killed by Chief Amer R i ed . ican Horse, declared Cloud Amer can Horse ” h as also admitted this to Captain Cook) Most his tori ans have agreed that Captains Fetterman and B rown committed suicide when they saw that all hope of os i cape was gone . I t s not at all unlikely that the death of Fette rman was just as described by American Horse .

All but six of the soldiers were killed with clubs , spears M the i n and arrows . any of old chiefs who took part this ﬁght have told Captain Cook that the soldiers seemed paralyzed with fear when they saw how they m f no were outnu bered , and that they of ered resistance

at all , being simply knocked in the head like so many

dumb animals . Some of the ofﬁcers, however, put up a m ost determined resistance, but were quickly and easily

overpowered . While a great many of the warriors from the R ed Cloud agency assisted the hostiles in the Sioux war of 1 8 6 h Red C t o 7 , Captain Cook declares t at loud o k th e no active part in at campaign , nor secretly aid d the unreconcil abl es n , k owing full that resistance would mean nothing but much suffering and bloodshed to

numbers of his people . He was also by this time get in ting well along years , and did not have the strong inﬂuence over his young men which he had exerted T ten years before . hey would not heed his advice

’ 1 2" Ameri can Horse s version of thi s ki lling was that be knocked Fetter an oﬁ hi rs it a ar lu an a t at t a ni m s ho e w h w c b d st bbed him o de h wi h k fe. R ed lo h e rea i o x a hie 1 8 C ud, t G t S u W r C f 9

The when he pleaded wi th them to remain peaceable . younger element, backed by such a youthful , fiery lead i er as Crazy Horse, clamored for battle aga nst the white T z i . he nvaders Custer fight followed , with Cra y G o K Two M Horse, aul , Cr w ing, and oons leading the ’ hostiles ; but R ed Cloud s fighting spirit was broken. It h as been contended that his awful defeat in the ” B ox 1 86 was i Wagon fight of August, 7 , respons ble for hi s thus refusing to again take to the warpath in B i . e person that as it may, he did everyth ng possible R to keep peace , although , during the Fort obinson 1 8 trouble in 79, he was importuned to join the hostiles and make one last determined stand against the common ’ enemy ; but to R ed Cloud s credit it can be truthfully said that he refused to depart from the position of peace i wh ch he had assumed . At the time of the Messiah Craze on Pine Ridge 1 8 0 reservation , in December, 9 , Captain Cook was sent his for, because of special and intimate acquaintance i w th the leading Sioux chiefs . He went to the scene “ ” his B at of trouble, and sought out old friend , Little , T and together they went over the situation . hey de o cided that no great harm could arise fr m the dancing, provided the Indians did not over exert themselves ; but the warriors were cautioned that under no circum e stances must they resort to bloodshed among the whit s , unless they desired the government to step in and make f Th trouble o r them . e general incompetency of Agent R h his n oyer, coupled wit fear and alarm , was well know was to the Indians , and he openly ridiculed and belit le no t d by them . He was by means a student of Indian t i nature, and daily bombarded Washing on w th tele “ i the i his grams for more troops , keep ng wires hot w th feverish and ridiculous demands . 1 90 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Red e Cloud was , at this time , being charg d with secretly aiding the hostile element by some of the b rain “ ” less war correspondents who were sent to Pine Ridge ” for Indian stories . Pen pictures were daily drawn “ ” of the deviltry which the old chief was alleged to be plotting in the nice house which the government had f r o . T built him hese rumors came to Captain Cook . He was making his headquarters day and night with the Indian scouts attached to the troops , and was daily “ around the agency with such well known scouts as Lit ” “ ’ ” “ ” “ B at B i tle , Woman s Dress, Yankton Charlie, g wh o and others , were all thoroughly conversant with what was transpiring at the camp of the hostiles , o as well as at g vernment headquarters, and Captain Cook asserts that nothing was ever discovered which ’ Red could , in any way, reﬂect against Cloud s good reputation and peaceful attitude which he had for years been maintaining. Not the least Sign of a hostile move , nor any evidence of secretly aiding the warlike element T could be found against the old chieftain . here is no foundation at all for the stories which have circulated in books , and the newspaper accounts of the last Indian Re d war of the west, that Cloud was the crafty, cun - i ning, blood thirsty v llain which he was at that time o painted . C ming, as this refutation does, from a man n Red who had k own Cloud intimately, and as man to G man , for ﬁfteen years previous to the host Dance war, and had been closely associated with him in so many f dif erent ways , it can be asserted without contradiction that th e aged chief remained faithful to his word — that he had forsaken his old Indian ways for the white man ’s road of peace . Many times after the Pine Ridge trouble was Red

“ a t ste Pour er now 1 2 1 n at an erson . . B p i i , ( 9 ) livi g M d , S D

1 92 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

h xh i n the os n n ffec i h yout , all e ibit g m t ge ui e a t on in t is demonstrati on of farewell . Red e e ec e n Cloud di d , as he liv d , d lar d Captai Cook — eu Indian who never pretended to be recon r h as z s st ucted . He furt er emph i e that the old Indian o k pe ple, who new and loved the wild, free life of the s d e plains, should not be too har hly judge by thos whose modern residences now sp an the places once 110q by th e e x lodges of th Siou . Another man whose writings and personal acquaint ance with Red Cloud further bea r out the statemen ts in i s Mo a s o K . of Capt Cook, Pr fe sor W. orehead of n M t s n as A dover, assachuse t , well k own the author of ks a r s Mo was many boo on Indi n life . P ofe sor orehead Ri G a war hi s at Pine dge during the host D nce , and o n n the i s one hi s o pi io of noted chief given in of bo ks ,

Th e A me ri ca n I ndia n in : , which he says

Red ou was near in r and a ed a i after 1 8 . Cl d ly bl d, g p dly 90 h -s even ears is a on ime for an ndi n Eig ty y l g t I an to live. Co ti nual e osure uncer ain foo su and frail xp , t d pply habitation break own the cons u on and one rare sees an ndi more d tit ti , ly I an

han s t ears of a e. ur n the ast ears of his fe Red t ix y y g D i g l y li , ou en o ed the comforts of a w - r f Cl d j y t o sto y rame house . It was i en him the overnmen as a s eci l r r g v by g t p a ma k of hono . During the presence of the troops he kept a little American fla and a e eace fla comtantl oa in He g whit p g y fl t g above it. emoane the fate of his race and from his nversa b d , co tion one could eas ily dis cern that he had done his duty and defended e cl a ms of the a o i a er r e th i D k tas n dv s ity as in p os p rity. Over twenty years ago I had several conversations with him through ‘ ’ r r H e u e a an in er e e . e on th bufi alo a s an t p t dw lt p h ppy d y , d e r the free life of the plains of sixty y a s ago. We stepped out s e the ous e and he o me to oo a ou the a e for id h , t ld l k b t v ll y, his e ere bu he ne i ara er an yes w dim ; t k w ts ch ct . I c not give the exac or s of his s eec but was a ou as fo o s : t w d p h , it b t ll w “ rr a You see this ba en waste . We h ve a little land al ong R ed Cl oud h e Grea t S i oux Wa r Chi e 1 , t f 93

the cree c affor s ood raz n bu we mus ha e some k whi h d g g i g, t t v f f ee o it or corn and wheat . There are other cr ks which have

o oms e s but mos of the an is oor and ort ess . b tt lik thi , t l d p w hl n of ! who use to own r ch so in a e a ere Thi k it I , d i il w ll w t d country so extens ive that I could not ride through it in a week on m fas es on am ut o n ere ! h ha e to o y t t p y, p d w h W y, I v g

ﬁve m es for oo for m ﬁre ! as n ton oo our ands il w d y W hi g t k l ,

and rom se to fee and su or us . ow who use to p i d d pp t N I , d con ro ﬁve ous an arr ors mus e as n on en t l th d w i , t t ll W hi gt wh I

am un r ! mus be for a c own. If be ar h g y I t g th t whi h I I g h d ,

- me in the ar ouse . a e r they put gu d h We h ve troubl . O ur gi ls are e n ba ou n s c ness cons um on er in g tti g d. C ghi g i k ( pti ) ev y w

e r a a ou eo e. ear i e am t r car ies w y r best p pl My h t s h avy. I n man er old. canno do muc more . ou s e was I t h Y g , I wi h th ” someone to help my poor people when I am gone l

Red Cloud felt, and felt rightly, that he had good cause for grievance and hatred because of the treatment which he and hi s people had been subjected to at the of hands the government In this respect, Professor Moorehead further says

The graft of the agencies was notoriously well known on the fron er and man an a en e ti , y g t b came actually rich from the s o s of his office The p il . Indians realized the state of affairs

and e resen e and a e as ano er r h ﬁr th y t d it, dd d it th b and to t e e of e r os a a ns the es . The old c ef Red th i h tility g i t whit big hi , Cloud once said : “ ’ on see wh the o er men c an es our a en I d t y g v n t h g g ts ,

hen one a en e s r c at his ra e of oo n af er an W g t g t i h t d l ki g t us , d has a ou all he an s he ma s o hi e b t w t , y t p s st aling and leave us the ro er c e on s to us if he ee hi ace h n p p ty whi h b l g , k ps s pl . But w e

one man rows fat at our e ense he is remo e and ean g xp v d, a l one sen to a e his ace and we mus his e l o and t t k pl , t ﬁll b lly a s , ” e a a to ano er e one giv w y th l an .

but few e ce ons near e er With x pti , ly v y white man who en out on the fron er as a scou m ner ra e n w t ti t, i , t d r, hu ter or

ex orer e e the ors s e of hi c ar e e pl , xhibit d w t id s h act r wh n among n an I di s . The Indian became acquainted with all that was bad and s aw but e of the rea oo f c a on e , littl l g d o iviliz ti . H 1 94 The B oze ma n Tra il

heard more oaths than prayers ; saw more saloons than churches r The men om h e er o ca cu a e o schoo s . e m t e n t l wh w l l t d , by e r ac s to ns re him an con ence or res ec for the th i t , i pi with y fid p t ’ e ra e If the a h a e e er whit c . pl ins tribes ad associ t d with a b tt c ass of c ens efore e earne the ces of c a on l itiz b th y l d vi iviliz ti , I am satis fied that the historian would not be compelled to write so dark and tragic a narrative ; nor would he feel cons trai ned o a o to hold them up as fit subj ects for pity and c mp ssi n. Cons idering that Red Cloud came in contact with a cl ass of white men whose presence would not be tolerated in a re s ectable commun his charac er his su m ss on to the p ity ; high t , b i i un us ac s of his con uerors aces him in m o n on amon j t t q , pl , y pi i , g

the ea men of mer ca re ar ess of co or r or ances r . gr t A i , g dl l , bi th t y H areer e e ree of men a ca ac a kno e e of is c xhibits a d g t l p ity, wl dg human nature and an acquaintance with the affairs of men ’ ’ m Red ou s which we would not expect in a savage s ind . Cl d bearing toward the government in the Leavenworth and Fort o nson rea e in ha n secure his end in o ns ances R bi t ti s, vi g d b th i t , mea r indicates a knowledge of diplomacy of no n orde . Red Cloud poss essed more human kindness than any of his red r has een affi rme t a af er the e er contempo aries . It b d h t t F tt man ﬁght he ass isted the young men in scalping and mutilating

e e ere is no rec e ence of s . Red ou th d ad . Th di t vid thi Cl d himself says that he never tortured a living person nor mutilat ed a dea o and a ose un er his con ro ere no more d b dy, th t th d t l w m cruel than the Colorado citizens at the Sand Creek Mass acre the soldiers in the battle of the Was hita or the Seventh Cav alr o n e nee He ci es the mur er of ra orse y at W u d d K . t d C zy H and several sub-chiefs after they had surrendered and were He a i ll hi held as hostages in one of the forts . cl ims that n a s ﬁghts and raids he never perpetrated cm elties like these ; that r er nem he was either a staunch f iend or a bitt e y.

“ 1 23 The an Cree ass acre or the n ton mas s acre as it i S d k M Chivi g , s robab bett er known was un uest onab one of the ros s est outra es p ly , q i ly g g ever tr t d a nst n ans b n te tates troo s i s not pe rpe a e ag i I di y U i d S p . This the time nor ace to scus s t at aﬁ ai r but t ose ntereste ma rea a u account pl di h , h i d y d f ll ’ H H . ac son s Centur i rt i n Mrs . . o D h n u er accounts ma J k y f s o or . F h y be rea i n Arti c e Six of t h e reat of Octobe r 1 1 86 betw n th d l T y 4, 5, ee e United St ate s and the chi efs and he admen representing the confederated tribes of o ie nn n the Ar a a e and Ch e e ans . I n the batt e of the as ita a so a p h y I di l W h , l t oun e nee women and c i ren were n scrim nate s ot o n W d d K , h ld i di i ly h d w .

1 96 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

to end ; the game upon which we lived was dis appearing ; the es ere c os n aroun us and no n rema ne for us whit w l i g d , thi g i d to do but to adopt their ways and have the s ame rights with e if we s e o sa e o rse The o ern en rom th m wi h d t v u lves . g v m t p ised us all the means necessary to make our living out! of the an and to ns ruc us how to do and a un an foo to l d, i t t it, b d t d r r oo e support us until we could take ca e of ou selves . We l k d forward with hope to the time when we would be as inde e he o ernmen pendent as the whit s and have a voice in t g v t . The oﬂi cers of the army could have helped us better than m an o ers but we ere not ef to e . An n an e ar y th , w l t th I di D p t men was ma e a ar e num e r of a en s and o er oﬂi t d , with l g b g t th cials ra n ar e sa ar es and ese men ere su ose o d wi g l g l i , th w pp d t h a h h en came the e nn n of teach us t e w y of t e w ites . Th b gi i g

m re f t emse b o f us . rou e . ese en oo ca o es ut n t o t bl Th t k h lv , It was made very hard for us to deal with the government ex seems to me t a e ou e cept through them. It h t th y th ght th y could make more by keeping us back than by helping us for

ar We not et he means to or our an . The few w d . did g t w k l d things given were given in such a way as to do us little or no

O ur ra ons e an to be re uce . ome sa a we good . ti b g d d S id th t

ere a and an e to e on ra ons and not to or . w l zy w t d liv ti , w k e How does an man of sense su ose a so That is fals . y pp th t rea a num er of eo e cou et to or at once un ess e g t b p pl ld g w k , l th y ere at once su e h means to or and ns ruc ors w ppli d wit w k, i t t enough to teach them how to use them ? emem er a e en our e on es ere aken a a R b , th t v littl p i w t w y, under the promise that they would be replaced by oxen and ar e orses and a was on efore we saw an and then l g h , th t it l g b y, w e f W r e e en an e ot r ew. e the me s we had but g v y t i d, v with , one re e or ano er we ere s f e from ace to ace by p t xt th w hi t d pl pl , or o a suc a ran fer was com n rea e or t ld th t h t s i g. G t ff t was ma e to reak u our cus oms but no n was one to n ro d b p t , thi g d i t u m o er n d ce the custo f the whites . Ev ythi g was done to break the o er of the rea c efs who rea s e e r eo o p w l hi , lly wi h d th i p ple t m ro e and e men so-ca ed c efs ere ma e to act as i p v , littl , ll hi , w d r r a r o e e distu be s and agit to s . Sp tt d Tail want d the ways of the

es and a co ar assass n was found o remo him . whit , w dly i t ve h s was c ar e u on the n n T i h g d p I dians because an I dian did it . But who set on the Indian ? R ed Cl oud th e Grea t S i oux Wa r Chi e 1 , f 97

wa a use and s an ere to ea en m n uence for I s b d l d d , w k y i ﬂ good and make me seem like one who did not want to advance . This was done by the men paid by the government to teach us h f h a e n r r e t e a s o t e es . s e ma o e s and w y whit I h v vi it d y th t ib , ﬁnd a the same n s e re one amon e as th t thi g w d g th m. All w

one to scoura e and not n to encoura e . saw the men d di g , hi g g I , a the o ernmen to e us all ma n mone for em p id by g v t h lp , ki g y th

se es and er us but o n no n for us . lv v y b y, d i g thi g ’ N ow on ou su ose we saw all O co r , d t y pp this ? f u se we but a cou we do ? We ere r soners no in he did , wh t ld w p i t t an s of the arm bu in the an f o er her t s o r s. e was h d y, h d bb W the arm ? Set the o ernmen to a c us but ha n no y by g v t w t h , vi g o ce in se n n s r so at the ou not nee to v i tti g thi g ight, th y w ld d

a ch us . e cou no s eak for us ou we s e it w t Th y ld t p , th gh wi h d

er muc . hose who e us re en ed to be er an ous v y h T h ld , p t d v y xi

a ou our e fare and sa our con on was a rea m s er . b t w l , id diti g t y t y We r e to s eak and c ear u s m s er but we ere t i d p l p thi y t y, w au e a and rea e as ren o n s en on from l gh d t t t d child . S thi g w t

ear to ear. er rea es ere ma e but was all the y y Oth t ti w d , it s e a ons ere furt er re uce and we ere s ar n . am . R ti w h d d, w t vi g Suﬂi cient foo was not en us and no means to e foo from d giv , g t d

the an ere ro e . a ons ere fur er r e l d w p vid d R ti w th educ d . A fami ot for two ee s a wa not enou f ee ly g w k wh t s gh or one w k. What did we eat when that was gone ? The people were ' es era e from a a n a o e not d p t st rv tio they h d no h pe. Th y did th n of n ha oo ou o e i k ﬁghti g. W t g d w ld it d ? Th y might die e men but a ou the omen ren lik , wh t w ld w and child do ? Some sa e saw the Son of God o ers o im y th y ; th did n t see H . I did no e Hi If He ha m H r t se m. d co e e would do some g eat things as He had one ef re e ou e ecause we saw ne er d b o . W d bt d it b ith Him Hi r r e Hi or s nor s o en ene al roo cam . s w ks . Th G C k w d sounded well ; but how could we know that a new treaty would be kept any better than the old one ? For that reas on n re n e rom se to see t a his rom se we did ot ca to Sig . H p i d h t p i Hi He eas h ne e e to us . s ou be e . a as r w ld k pt , t l t, v li d He r a h e e ne . e o e . wo ds g ve t e people hop . Th y sig d Th y h p d hi The e e r o e e m. es a r came a a n. di d . Th i h p di d with D p i g i r n r n o n e i n ' re people we e cou ted and w o gly c u t d . O ur rat o S we a a n re uce The e men se e on the an we so g i d d . whit iz d l d ld em rou enera roo but our a was as s an as th th gh G l C k, p y di t t 1 98 The B oze ma n Tra il

The m u e u er e and ever. an who co nt d s said we w e f asting as n f w ti g ood . Where did he see this ? How can we eat or was te what we have not ? We felt a we ere moc e in u m r We had no ne s a ers th t w k d o r ise y. w p p , and no one o s f r W ha r re t e e no e . ur a t p ak o us . d d ss O

ons ere a a n re uce . You who eat ree mes a da and ti w g i d d , th ti y, ’ see our c ren e and a aroun ou can un ers an y hild w ll h ppy d y , t d t d a s ar n an fe er fa n un er an wh t t vi g I ndi s el . We w e i t with h g d

ma ene es a r We e our n r an dd d by d p i . h ld dyi g child en d felt their little bodies tremble as their souls went out and le ft only a ead e in our an e ere no er ea but s . t d w ight h d Th y w v y h vy,

we ourse es ere er fa n and the ea e ed us o n . lv w v y i t, d d w igh d w

ere was no o e on ear and God seeme to a e for Th h p th, d h v

o en us . omeone had a a n een a n of the Son of God g tt S g i b t lki g , an a H The eo no no e d s id e would come. p ple did t k w ; th y

no ar e sna c e a the o e . e screame e did t c e. Th y t h d t h p Th y d lik m Hi f er e cau at he rom se crazy en to m or m cy. Th y ght t p i ear H they h d e had made. The e men ere fr h ened and ca e for so ers whit w ig t ll d ldi . We had e e for fe and the e men ou we an e b gg d li , whit th ght w t d We e o e e om e rs . a r no th i h ard th t s ldi s w re c ing. We did t fear We o e we ou r n . h p d that c ld tell them our t oubles a d get

he . e man sa the so er mean e lp A whit id ldi s t to kill us . W d not e e e bu some ere fr ene an ran a a di b li v it, t w ight d d w y to ‘ ’ T o e a he bad an he s rs c me . e s a : on be t l ds. ldi Th y id D t ’ afr we ome o m e eace an no w r was rue . aid ; c t ak p d t a . It t n rea e If the ess a They brought us food and did ot th t n us . M i h i T r has rea come mus be s wa . he eo e ra e fo lly , t t thi y p pl p y d fe and the arm rou The ac o e a er u e li y b ght it. Bl k R b ( F th J l ) went into the bad lands and brought in some Indians to talk enera r The enera was er ‘ nd to em with G l B ooke . g l v y ki th , e r H en and u e e r fears and was a ea fr en . e s t out q i t d th i , l i d n ans to ca in o er n an fr m he ba an s sen all I di ll th I di s o t d l d . I t my horses and all my young men to help General B rooke s ave h n an Am no r en sa a he no t e I di s . I t ight wh I y th t will k w h w r H o to settle this t ouble ? e has settled it . The Indi an Department called for soldiers to Shoot down an om a r a enera roo e the Indi s wh it h d sta ved into des p ir. G l B k ‘ a e o e are n . e said : No. Wh t have th y d n ? They dyi g Th y ’ H r f H a e us o e. rus mu e e ou us oo . e h st liv . b ght d g v p I t t

200 The B oze ma n Tra il

our fathers have told us that we would not be in distress if we

as e for our ass s ance. 0 rea r oo o n on our k d y i t , G t Spi it, l k d w y ” children and take pity on them !

Red R Chief Cloud died at Pine idge agency, South I O 1 0 Dakota , December , 9 9, and the following day was buried in the cemete ry of the Holy Rosary Mi s old sion . In his latter years , the chief was inclined toward the Catholic faith , and it is stated to the authors t Grote eers of his work by Father g , superintendent of R M Holy osary ission , that it was largely through the inﬂuence of Chief Red Cloud himself that the mission was was established , and that he more instrumental in on bringing this about than any other e person .

Five children were born to Re d Cloud and his wi fe . T R M ed rs. hey were Jack Cloud ( dead) , Louisa R Mr B Mr s . s. ichard (dead) , Libbie Slow ear, Fannie

- - - - The Mrs A t or K o . Chase Alone, . Charges ills Ab ve of three latter yet live on Pine Ridge reservation . All ’ Red Cloud s children raised large families , and the T grandchildren number a score or more . here are also many great grandchildren of the noted war chief of x the Siou . ’ Red th At the time of Cloud s dea , his intimate white to Red friend, Captain Cook, suggested Jack Cloud , ’ t the old chief s son , hat his father should be buried on “ ” R ed B what is known as Cloud uttes , which form a Re part of the former d Cloud agency. It is a most commanding site, and a ﬁtting place for the remains to of this noted old warrior lie at rest, overlooking a hi s vast section of territory, where warriors , in days past, roamed by thousands in perfect freedom . Cap ’ tain Cook s idea was that a tomb should be hewn from the of the solid rock, and remains the great chief prop erly interred therein , while a heavy iron door should CH I E F R ED CLO U D AT TH E AGE or 75

204 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

w a quarter of a mile distant, here she remained for three t days , mourning and fasting. At the end of hat time several of the Indian women took food and water to h her and persuaded her to return to t e camp with them . This tribute to th e skill of the artist in bringing back to these Indians so realistically the face and form of C was n their beloved hieftain , certainly genuine, eve ” though it might be classed as “ hysterical by some phil osophical people who have been trained to control th ei r ti — to emo ons sometimes the freezing point. Red 2 1 1 8 R Jack Cloud died July , 9 , at Pine idge R o reservation , and his remains also rest in the Holy M was xt of sary ission cemetery. He about si y years the hi age , but never arose to high position attained by s t noted father, al hough Captain Cook says he was buried with unusual honors . “ Ji m B ridge r- The Gran d O ld Man ” o f the Ro c kie s

The western plains and mountains brought forth t s for housand of men noted their valor, bravery, dar t w fronti e rsmanshi ing, sagaci y, oodcraft, p and skill in guiding wagon trains and military expeditions across the trackless prairie and barren desert and through snow capped mountain fastnesses on the way to the land or of gold beyond the setting sun , in trailing and bring i ng to bay the savage hordes that sternly fought th e ad vances of civilization ; but among those dauntless spirits there was one who stood head and shoulders above all others as the greatest scout, trapper and guide, the most s s killed frontiersman , and the quiete t, most modest and T s unassuming prairie man in all the west. hat per on B M B was James ridger, ajor ridger, or, as he was more “ B ” commonly and familiarly known , old Jim ridger, “ ” o the grand old man of the Rockies . N o hist ry of the American western frontier would be complete with a of l out sketch the ife of this remarkable man . R i M 1 1 80 ichmond, Virgin a , and arch 7 , 4, was the place and date of birth of this greatest of plainsmen . t h B His fa her and mot er were James and Chloe ridger, i of whom history records but little . At one t me they i n R conducted a hotel ichmond , and it would appear h B n t at ridger, senior, was i fairly comfortable circum a i n stances , since he also owned good sized farm the h state of Virginia . Apparently, owever, neither the 206 The B oze ma n Tra il

Virginia farm nor the hotel business served to hold him

to . in that section of the country, since he removed St 1 Louis in 8 1 2 . Four years later his wife died and three B ’ children were left motherless . ridger s sister then came and acted as mother to the children until the au tumn 1 8 1 B of 7 , when the father died , and James ridger

r. J , and his young sister were left orphans , another brother having died shortly before . T B rid hus at the tender age of thirteen , young Jim g er was forced out into the world to make a living for s fﬁ him elf and sister, and although it was a rather di cult so ﬂatboat undertaking for one young, he operated a ferry near St. Louis for a time ; but apparently this was too bo hi s a e for s h e strenuous for a y of g , oon became apprenticed to a blacksmith named Phil Cro

to . mer or Creamer, learn that trade Here he worked to steadily until eighteen years of age , when the desire the see something of great West, together with a spirit o a of for adventure , induced him t join band William ’ Ashley s trappers who were starting for the Rocky M one ountains under the command of Andrew Henry, of the original incorporators of the old Missouri Fur The x Company and later a partner of Ashley. e pedi

1 822 . tion left St. Louis in April , The party met with great misfortune on its way M R f s was i . O ne o up the issour iver their boat , which loaded with merchandise valued at ten thousand dol To to e lars , was upset. add the trouble , Indians stol several horses belonging to the party while some of the trappers were marching up the river after the accident

to . T was s the boat hus , it found nece sary to winter at R t the mouth of the Yellowstone iver. Here the par y h hunted and trapped until t e following spring. The summer of 1 823 found young Jim B ridger with

J im B ridg er Gra nd O ld M a n of the R ocki es 209

’ a party of Henry s men ﬁghting the Indians i n the Yel Th l owstone country . e fort which Henry had erected near the mouth of the Yellowstone, was abandoned

- The after twenty two of his horses had been stolen . entire party then moved over near the mouth of the

Bi R s . g Horn iver, following it toward its ource It was on this expedition that South Pass was discovered Through this pass the O regon Trail later 10 took its course to the Paciﬁc s pe . Doubtless on the expedition of 1 823 Br idger was

G . a trapper companion of Hugh lass , among others ’ Th e story of Glass s terrific combat wi th a huge grizzly i bear s a well known western classic . While en route up G R G rand iver, lass , who was accounted one of the best s rifle hots in the command , was often detailed to go out after game . While forcing his way through a heavy thicket one day he stumbled upon a she bear with two B G cubs . efore lass could make a move to defend him s elf , the bear sprang upon him , bore him to the ground off and tore a huge chunk of flesh from his body, which e f T sh of ered to her cubs . h e trapper endeavored to escape from the animal , but was again pounced upon s Hi s and mauled and mangled in a hocking manner. cries for help were heard by some of his companions who hastened to the spot and dispatched the bear as h ’ s e was standing over Glass s supposedly dead body . was so However, the trapper yet alive , but was horribly torn and disfigured that it was not thought possible that he could live . It was further feared that if the entire party were delayed to determine whether Glass would t live or die, hey might be attacked by Indians any mo f ment . Finally Major Henry of ered eighty dollars to any two of the men who would remain behind until Glass either died or recovered suffi ciently to be removed 2 1 0 The B oze ma n Tra il

to the nearest trading post. A trapper named Fitzger

- a ald and one other much younger man , whom tradi ti on says was Jim B ridger agreed to remain with their G injured companion . Five days they watched , but lass was clung to life with a tenacity that marvelous . At last, seeing no prospects of the immediate death of their the his companion , two watchers deserted him to fate , even taking his rifle and accoutrements , and leaving G O lass without means of protection . vertaking the main body of trappers the two men stated that Glass had died and they had buried him as well as was possi T ble . hey showed the rifle in confirmation and the wa G s i . story bel eved lass , however, did not die, but gradually recovered his strength , and in a miraculous K manner contrived to reach Fort iowa , a post on the M R issouri iver, a hundred miles away. History h as not been able to prove that Jim B ridger was one of these two wretches who deserted Glass in hi s unfortunate condition ; and taking into consideration ’ B ridger s well known courage and the fact that he was a man to be depended upon in times of great danger , i s t . it not at all likely hat the story is true However, s as the fact are given recorded in various publications , and the reader must form his own conclusions . There i s no proof to dispute the claim that J im B ri dg man G T er was the first white to see reat Salt Lake . his 1 B was in 824. ridger concluded that he had discovered O wa an arm of the Pacific cean , inasmuch as the water s o salty . He so reported to his c mpanions upon his t e B R turn from following ear iver to the lake . In 1 830 the Rocky Mountain Fur Company was T Mi formed by homas Fitzpatrick, lton Sublette , Henry Fraeb B G B , Jean aptiste ervais and Jim ridger, they t having bought out the firm of Smi h, Jackson and Sub

2 1 2 Th e B ozema n Tra il

City Journal stated editorially in 1 879 that B ridger had told him of these wonders fully thirty years before . ’ He had prepared an article in 1 856 from B ridger s descriptions , in which the latter told about the mud he springs and other wonders of that part of t country , ‘ x s or, to use his own e pre sion , it was a place where hell ’ bubbled up . “ The editor of the Journal was much interested in the matter at that time, but did not print it because a man who claimed to know B ridger told him he would ‘ he laughed out of town if he printed any of old Jim ’ ’ Bridger s lies . “ Th e persistent incredulity of his countrymen and sa their ill concealed ideas of his honesty, to y nothing his B ri d of mental soundness , were long a cloud upon g ’ er s life , but, more fortunate than Colter, he lived to see The himself triumphantly vindicated . editor of the z B Journal later publicly apologi ed to ridger, who was M t o. hen living at Westport, “ Whether from disgust at this unmerited treatment, B or because of his love for a good story, ridger seems ﬁnally to have resolved that distrust of his word — if it x — must e ist should at least have some justiﬁcation . He ‘ ’ nu was , in fact, noted for drawing a long bow to an s t parallelled ten ion , and for never permit ing trouble some scruples of conscience to interfere wi th the proper T embellishment of his yarns . hese were generally t based on fact, and diligent search will discover in hem ‘ ’ T the soul of truth . hese anecdotes are yet current along the Yellowstone, and the tourist who remains long in the Park will not fail to hear them . “ When B ridger found that he could not make hi s hearers believe in the existence of a vast mass of volcan i c glass , now known to all tourists as the interesting J im B ridg er Gra nd Old M a n of the R ocki es 2 1 3

‘ f ’ Obsidian Clif , he supplied them with another glass r mountain of a truly original sort . Its discove y was the result of one of his hunting trips , and it happened in this wise “ Coming one day in sight of a magnificent elk, he T z took careful aim and fired . o his great ama ement the not elk only was not wounded , but seemed not to have B consi d even heard the report of his rifle . ridger drew e rabl y nearer and took more careful aim than before, but with the same result. A third and fourth shot proved x z similar . Utterly e asperated , he sei ed his rifle by s the barrel and resolved to use it as a club . He ru hed madly at the elk, but suddenly crashed into an immov able vertical wall , which proved to be a mountain of perfectly transparent glass , on the further side of which , z ! still in peaceful security, the elk quietly gra ed Strang was not er still , the mountain only of pure glass , but was a perfect telescope lens and whereas , the elk seemed but a few hundred yards away, it was , in reality, twenty miles distant ! “Another of B ridger’s ‘ discoveries ’ was an ice cold spring near the summit of a lofty mountain , the water a s of which flowed down over long, mooth slope, where it acquired such a velocity that it was boiling hot when it reached the bottom ! B ridger reasoned that as two sticks rubbed together produce heat by friction , so the water rubbing over the rock became hot ! “ To those who have visited the west shore of Yellow stone Lake and know how simple a matter it is to catch the lake trout and cook them in the boiling pools with out taking them from the line, the groundwork of the following description will be obvious enough : Some where along the shore an immense boiling spring dis The charged its overflow directly into the lake . spe 2 1 4 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

ci fic s t gravity of the water is le s than hat of the lake , x owing probably to the e pansive action of heat, and it floats in a stratum three or four feet thick upon the B cold water underneath . When ridger was in need of T he . t fish , it was to this place that he went hrough hot upper stratum he let fall his bait to the sub- jacent z habitable one, and having hooked his victim , cooked it on the way out ! “ In like manner the visitor to the region of petri R factions on Specimen idge , in the northeast corner i n the of the park , and to various points hot springs s no fi t s di trict, will have dif cul y in discovering the ba e material out of which B ridger contrived the following picturesque yarn : “ t x According to his account, here e isted in the Park country a mountain which was once cursed by a great E medicine man of the Crow nation . verything upon i n the mountain , at the time of this dire event became stantly petrified and has remained so ever since ! All forms of life were standing about in stone, where they were suddenly caught by the petrifying influences .

Sagebrush , grass , prairie fowl , antelope , elk and bears E n may be seen as perfect as in actual life . ve flowers n o o s are bloomi g in c l rs of crystal , and birds oar with wings spread in motionless flight , while the ai r floats with mus ic and perfumes siliceous and the sun and the moon shine with petrified light ! “ t B In his way, ridger avenged himself for the spirit The of distrust shown for what he related . time pres ently came , however, when the public learned not only how large a measure of truth there was in his stories , but also how ingenious a tale he could weave from very ” inadequate materi al . e In the early days of the West, p ople who went over

2 1 6 The B oze ma n Tra il

war to the knife was to be the watchword henceforth . z B When the rende vous ﬁnally broke up , ridger, with Thomas Fitzpatrick and a company of boon comp an ions hied themselves to the Jefferson Fork of the Mi s R souri , a favorite trapping ground . ival trappers led r by Andrew Drips and Hen y Vanderburgh , of the T American Fur Company , followed on their trail . his was evidently done with a view of letting the more ex p e ri enced trappers seek out the richest trapping terri z tory and then boldly and bra enly, by underhanded B methods , break in on the ground and try to beat ridger

and Fitzpatrick out of their valuable fur territory . R ather than have any words or trouble with their rivals , both B ridger and his companion sought other sections ; B but their tormentors promptly followed them . ridger

thereupon determined to teach them a lesson , and bold l B hO i n y invaded the lackfoot Indian country, p g that h x Vanderburgh and Drips would follow . T e e pected The s happened . rivals were attacked on a tream which f was one of the sources of the Jef erson , and Vander his s burgh was killed , the Indians stripping ﬂe h from

the bones and throwing the skeleton into the river . B af ridger himself did not escape unscathed , for soon

ter he was attacked by Indians of the same tribe . In B the ﬁght which followed, ridger and the chief met

- - in a desperate hand to hand encounter, during which the trapper received two severe arrow wounds in the

back, and was also felled to earth by a blow from his

the . own gun , which chief wrenched from his grasp O ne of these arrow points remained embedded in his

back for nearly three years , when it was removed by M . t Dr arcus Whi man , the noted missionary, at that on O B time route to regon , and who met the ridger trap z 1 ping party at the rende vous of 835 . J im B ridg er Gra nd O ld Ma n of th e R ocki es 2 1 7

Interesting mention of the extraction of this arrow point from the back of Jim B ridger is made by R ev

e rend A M . re Samuel Parker , . , a missionary who had ceived an appointment through the American Board of “ Commissioners for Foreign Missions to ascertain by personal obse rvation the condition and character of the Indian nations and tribes and the facilities for intro ” duci n z o The g the gospel and civili ati n among them . caravan with which Dr . Parker traveled reached the G R z reen iver rende vous of the trappers in August, " 0 1 8 hi s 35 , where journal records the following :

I n the afternoon we came to the reen er a ranc of G Riv , b h the o ora o in a u e for -two e rees ere the cara an C l d , l tit d ty d g , wh v

e e r ren e ous . s is in a e e en e a e h ld th i d zv Thi wid ly xt d d v ll y, c is e whi h pl as ant . The American Fur Company have between two and three hundred men constantly in and about he m n a n en t ou s a e in ra n un n and ra n . ese t i , g g d t di g, h ti g t ppi g Th all assem e at ren e ous and r n in e r furs and ake bl d zv b i g th i , t new su es for the com n ear of c o n ammun on and ppli , i g y , l thi g, iti , oo s for ra e he n a B fe g d t d with t I di ns . ut w of them ever

re urn to e r co n r an fr e f e r t th i u t y d i nds . Most o th m a e con st antl in e to the com an and are un n to re urn y d bt p y, willi g t without a fortune ; and year after year passes while they are h in for r Op g better success . H ere we e assembled many Indians e on n to four fferen na ons the Utaws os ones b l gi g di t ti ; , Sh h , N ez erces and a ea s who ere a n for the cara an P Fl th d , w w iti g v to exc an e furs orses and dresse s ns for ar ous ar c es h g , h d ki v i ti l f erc an o m h dise. " 1 e we con nue in s ace oct or h man w Whil ti d thi pl , D W it as ca e to erform some er m or a ur c e a on He ll d p v y i p t nt s gi al op r ti s . e rac e an ron arro ree nc es on from the ac of xt t d i w, th i h l g, b k a a n r er c he had rece e ree ears efore in a C pt i B idg , whi h iv d th y b s rm s the ac o n w a diﬂicul o era ki i h with Bl kfo t I dians . It as t p

1 3° Parke r ( S amuel) Journal of an Expl ori ng Tour B eyond the Rocky M un i o ta ns . 1 31 D r. arcus tman treac erous mur ere th e a use n i an M Whi , h ly d d by C y I d s w i le en a e i n mi s si onar ork i n r on. D r i n nti h g g d y w O eg . Wh tman a d hi s e re m a i l ere s a n o em er 2 1 8 . f y w l i N v b 9, 47 2 1 8 The B oze ma n Tra il

tion in cons equence of the arrow being booked at the point by s r n a ar e one and a car a nous su st ance had ro n t iki g l g b , til gi b g w r un The or r e e era on w rea se f a o d it. doct pu su d th op ti ith g t l poss ess ion and pers everance ; and Captain B ridger manifes ted e ua rmn Th n ans oo e on e the o era ion ess . e q l ﬁ I di l k d , whil p t was rocee n coun enances n ca n on er and en p di g, with t i di ti g w d , wh e saw the arro ex resse e r as on s men in a manner th y w, p d th i t i h t e u ar o e The s of oc or man un p c li t thems lves . kill D t Whit He a so doubtedly made upon them a favorable impress ion. l took another arrow from under the shoulder of one of the

un ers c had een ere two ears and a a f. f er h t , whi h b th y h l A t ese o era ons ca s for sur ca and me ca aid ere con th p ti , ll gi l di l w

stant every hour of the day.

1 8 B T z Mil In 35 ridger, with homas Fit patrick and a ton Sublette, bought out the post which Willi m Sub lette and Robert Campbell had erected in the autumn of 1 h Th e s the 8 t e . 34 on Laramie famou trio , after R M passing of the ocky ountain Fur Company, entered r the se vice of the American Fur Company, which had heretofore been the detested rival of the former com B t t pany. ridger was associated wi h his company for o s ab ut eight year . He also conducted various hunting enterprises with a trapper named Vasquez during that i t me . Th e winter of 1 836 B ridger passed upon the Yellow stone with a large body of trappers , among them being Ki E s t . Carson arly in January of that eason , while s busily engaged with their traps , igns of a large war B party of the lackfeet were discovered , and as the pres ence of this enemy would seriously interfere with their the s work, the trappers determined to give avages bat tle . Forty of the best shots set out to ﬁnd the Indian camp . It was discovered to be upon an island in the s Yellow tone , where the Indians had intrenched them selves . A ﬁerce battle ensued . When morning came The it was discovered that the Blackfeet had left .

220 Th e B ozema n Tra il

’ B s As a trapper, ridger work seems to have ceased 1 8 or o about 43, at the time when the historic F rt B T ridger was built. his point became a noted one on the line of overland travel for many years ; B ridger selecting the spot because it would bring him in much Th e M T revenue from the emigrants . ormon rail also was close at hand , and the North and South Platte B routes met near Fort ridger, thus making the place B es an important one to all travelers . Here ridger tablished s a black mith shop , supply store and trading as s post, and most of the emigrants were well upplied o with m ney, and were, moreover, generally obliged to purchase provisions and supplies about the time Fort B was ridger reached , a considerable business was trans O f B acted . this post ridger says , in a letter to Pierre 1 8 : Chouteau in December, 43 (doubtless written by

as B . someone else , ridger never learned to write)

a e es a s e a sma for a ac sm h0 n I h v t bli h d ll t, with bl k ith s p a d a su of ron in the roa of the em ran s on ac or pply i , d ig t , Bl k F k of reen er c rom s es fa r e e in com G Riv , whi h p i i ly w ll . Th y, in out are enera e su e mone but the me g , g lly w ll ppli d with y, by ti e et ere are in an of all n s of su es Horses th y g h , w t ki d ppli . , r n m - o s o s s or etc. r n rea cas from em and p vi i , ith w k, , b i g dy h th , s ou rece e the oods or ere ere do a cons er h ld I iv g d d h by, will id a e us ness a wa em The same es a s men bl b i th t y with th . t bli h t ra es the n ans i n the ne or oo who a e mos l t d with I di ighb h d , h v t y a oo num er f ea er on em g d b o b v am g th .

i s B It quite apparent, however, that ridger did not e hi s spend all his tim at fort, but made frequent trap x o of ping e pediti ns into the mountains , as in the fall 1 8 M R re 44 he led a trapping party to ilk iver, having ceived reports that beaver were plentiful along that The stream . His party consisted of thirty picked men .

trapping was a failure , and in November the party ar

i at s . r ved Fort Union , where they pent the winter J im B r idg e r Gra nd Old Ma n of the R ocki es 22 1

B was to w ridger well known Laidla , who was in m hi s charge of the fort at that time, and ade camp B was about a half mile distant from the post. ridger greatly disappointed over the failure of hi s trapping x w d e pedition , but the inmates of the fort ere relieve the of now at appearance his outfit, concluding that with such a formidable party encamped close at hand , the danger of an Indian attack was greatly lessened . B ridger appears to have regaled the fort officials with “ The i wonderful tales of hi s prowess . ma n substance ’ B s was hi s hi s of ridger conversation brave men , fast hi B horses and s fights with the lackfeet, till we were induced to believe th at there would be no danger for us in case of an attack by the for B i However, once, r dger appears to have relaxed his vigilance . Shortly before the latter part of Decem ber, Indians stampeded the horse herd belonging to the fort . Si x animals were stolen and one of the B ’ herders wounded in the leg . ridger s party was called upon to recapture the stolen animals and punish Th e of the thieves . Indians were pursued to the base a high hill , upon which they made a stand . Here they taunted their pursuers and dared them to come up and ’ B e fight . ridger s men , however, concluded that dis re the of tion was better part valor, and refused to attack s mortificati on the Indians , greatly to the disgu t and of B to w ridger, who was unable account for their co ard ice . In vain did he attempt to rally them to the charg N ing point. ot a man would attempt to scale the hill . After jeering the trappers and daring them to come up the s the hill and give battle, savage leisurely took their man departure, having killed one , and decamping with the So B all stolen stock. chagrined was ridger over

1 32 Lar enteur arles Fort Years a Fur Tra er Mis s uri p ( Ch ) y d on Upper o . 2 22 The B oze ma n Tra il the outcome of this affair that he dispersed his men and

returned alone to the mountains . ’ B ridger s fort has well been characteri zed as a veri i n x n table oasis the desert, and most e cellent judgme t was shown on the part of the founder in establishing B ob his headquarters in such a favored spot . ridger tai ned the land from the Mexican government before it became a part of the United States . Here he lived 1 8 d (spasmodically, it is true) until 57 , when he lease the property to the United States for the sum of si x — hundred dollars per year which rental , by the way , never was paid ; and thirty years passed before the gov e rnment ﬁnally paid B ridger si x thousand dollars for the improvements 'h e had made to the property — but not ' a cent for the land itself . Indeed , his rights were

totally ignored . A description of Fort B ridger is interesting here

U N DAY une 1 1 8 — An our or o ef n S , J 7 ( 49 ) h s b ore oon ’ we came to or r er s ua e on ac s or a foo F t B idg , it t d Bl k F k, t the t of the U a oun a ns c oom u ran a t h M t i , whi h l p g dly bove the

eau fu fer i e a e surroun n s ra n os one of the b ti l t l v ll y di g thi t di g p t, mos a rac e s o s f r e n t tt tiv p t thus a s e . Jogging on in advance of the ra n the me the a on c t i , by ti w g s ame up I had made an in s ection of he for es a r t es k n a es . ere are e era p t, b id t i g t Th s v l lo u n s surroun e a c e fence and a n g b ildi g , d d by high pi k t , h vi g a ea oo en en rance e Th f r h vy w d t gat . e owners of the ort a e

a or ames r er an old moun a neer who for the as M j J B idg , t i , p t thirty years has been engaged in trading with the I ndians a ou the ea a ers of the ssour and o um a ers b t h dw t Mi i C l bi Riv , and o one as ue om we met e on the ou ass C l l V q z, wh b y d S th P , as al re re a e Mr a . I n com an cu s e dy l t d p y with . S lly I vi it d se era of the a ar men s of the for amon o ers the rooms v l p t t t , g th occu e the fam es of the ro r e ors rou c we pi d by ili p p i t , th gh whi h Mr as ue who en er a ne us in an ere con uc e s . w d t d by V q z, t t i d a reea e and os a e manner no a n n us to g bl h pit bl , t bly, by i viti g

1 33 ’ o nson . . Ex eriences o a er J h (W G ) p f 49 .

224 The B oze ma n Tra il

ar f o l o o acco a box of c a es and but e e s e. s u j t b , l y pip littl l I h d men ion o e er some ar e e ma e of a red s one cal e t , h w v , l g pip s d t l d ‘ ’ ’ ai n e er s roc sa to a e een rou from the u e r S t P t k, id h v b b ght pp

ss ss and l es eeme the n ans . The r ce Mi i ippi , high y t d by I di p i

at c he are so too ﬁve o ars ou n ca e a whi h t y ld , d ll w ld i di t th t e o s ere u e Mr r er nformed me are c n a a e . th y id d v l bl , whil B idg i e are not even that there is a very ready sale for them. Th y

ore out but s m s a e as e o s are and us so . b d , i ply h p d pip b wl , th ld A famous character living at Fort B ridger was one h i to t e . s Judge Carter, the sutler of fort He reputed an d have been a man of much education , great wealth n th e e unbounded hospitality. O e other feature of Judg s a h t seem to h ve made a hit wit the wayfarer, and tha was his discriminating taste in the selection of wi nes B et and cigars . When ridger and the Judge would g o to together for a congenial glass , the f rmer was wont “ remark that he never in all his life and varied fortunes an T me saw y bad whiskey. It was all good . rue , so ‘ d brands were better than others , but it was all goo ; n wa there ever s any bad whiskey. But B ridger had his troubles in spite of the excellent Th e M a location of his trading post . ormons had 1 8 6 grievance against him in 5 , and made threats against Confiscati n his life . g all his stock of merchandise and everything else of any value, they destroyed the build B w ings of the fort by fire , ridger barely escaping ith was his life . His loss , he alleged , one hundred thous Th E x n G A l and dollars . e Utah peditio under eneral o of bert Sidney J hnston , was the outcome this affair, B h x e ridger acting as guide to t e e p dition . Upon ar w riving at the spot here the fort had stood , Johnston was B tendered the use of the site by ridger, and the T was army wintered there . his the time , as mentioned “ ” elsewhere, that the government purchased from the n M x fro tiersman his e ican grant of the property, but J i m B ridg er Gra nd Old M a n of th e R ocki es 225 n for did not- ever paid a cent it, alleging that he have a T clear title to the land . his was but one of the many B injustices done Jim ridger . After building up this z little oasis in the desert, and seeing it made the rende of a vous year after year, trappers , Indians and emigr nts , and establishing a post that h ad been of inestimable to value to the government, it was a serious loss the frontiersman to be thus deprived of his little possessions . ’ B x G G ridger s e perience with Sir eorge ore, the wealthy Irish nobleman who came to America in 1 854 a n R M for gra d hunt in the ocky ountains , is rich in the dry humor for which the famous plainsman was noted . It is not likely that another such caravan as Sir G ’ R “ Hi eorge s ever invaded the ockies before or since . s of t one retinue consisted for y men , supplied with hun d tw dre and elve horses , twelve yoke of oxen , fourteen tw t - dogs , six wagons and en y one G w at . Sir eorge arrived St Louis , here he outfitted and proceeded across the plains to Fort Laramie . Here w G the caravan halted and spent the inter. Sir eorge to r appears have been a ve y democratic sort of person , n t E o withstanding his nglish title . He had heard of the B value of ridger as a guide , and succeeded in inducing to him accompany his party in that capacity . During w G the inter at Fort Laramie , Sir eorge devoted a good a his sh re of time in studying the wild , motley crowd i w w th hich he was associated , and became deeply inter ested and in the noted hunters , trappers Indian chiefs z who made the fort their headquarters and rende vous . ’ of G With the coming spring, Sir eorge s caravan , i t B f r w h ridger in the van , started o the headwaters of R the Powder iver ; thence, turning up the Yellowstone

1 “ ontana H stori cal oci et Collecti n o s vol. i 1 8 . M i S y , , p . 2 226 Th e B oze ma n Tra il to of T R G the mouth ongue iver. reatly delighted with w as the beauty of the scenery and the wild , free life he G leading, Sir eorge here erected a fort, where he and o 1 8 a g odly number of his outﬁt spent the winter of 55 . Sir George found in B ridger a most agreeable a nd and B desirable companion , ridger himself was equally impressed with the Irish nobleman . It is related that G ’ Sir eorge would tarry in bed until about ten o clock , o on m s then arise, take a bath and g a hunt, someti e ’ d staying out as late as ten o clock at night, but woul always insist upon having supper served and B ridger G d seated with him . After the meal , Sir eorge woul en read aloud to his guide from Shakespeare , and deavor to hi th draw out s ideas of e author . B f ridger did not seem impressed with Falstaf , de “ ’ ” “ cl arin wuz too t t g it hifalutin fer him , and that ha ’ ” Fulls uff wuz too f T th e ere t fond o lager beer . o B M tales of aron unchausen he only shook his head , “ ’ remarking : I ll be doggoned ef I kin swall er anything ’ ’ ’ that ere baron sez ; derned of I don t believe he s a liar ! He further commented on them by remarking “ that some of his own adventures among the Blackfeet ” would read jist as wonderful ef writ down in a book . O ne evening Sir Geo rge entertained B ridger by read ’ ing to him Sir Walter Scott s account of th e battle of as Waterloo , and asked him if he did not regard that the most sanguinary battle he had ever heard of ; to which B ridger replied : “ M G e Wal , now, ister ore, that thar must hev be n conside rabul of a o ef skrimmage , dogg ne my skin it ’ ’ u T B mus t . hem ere ritishers must hev ﬁt better th an ’ ’ they did down to New Horl eens whar ol Hick ry gin ’ ’ ’ em the fork edest sort 0 chain lightnin that perhap s ” you never did see in all yer born days , and upon Sir

2 28 Th e B oze ma n Tra il continued on down the river in the same two ﬂatboats in which they had arrived at the fort. At Fort Berthold the party wintered with an I ndi an G e but chief . Here Sir eorge became a great favorit , such a slaughter did he and his men make among th e buffalo herds during the winter of 1 855 - 56 that th e a t tention of the United States government was draw n to t e thereto , and steps were taken prevent any fur h r G e d annihilation by the Gore party. Sir eorge return o n to civili zation and St . Louis by steamb at in the spri g 1 of 857 . 1 86 B e d During the Indian campaign of 5 , ridger guid ’ General Connor s column from Fo rt Laramie to

R t . Tongue iver, where he took part in an Indian ﬁgh E f E l v O f x . . o this e pedition Captain H Palmer, the e cu K n t th a sas Cavalry, says , in a daily diary he kep throughout the campaign :

When our advance reached the top of the ridge dividing the a ers of the o er er from ose of the on ue w t P wd Riv th T g , I was riding in the extreme advance in company with Maj or

r er. As we reac e the to of the we a ed our B idg h d p hill , h lt steeds while I raised my ﬁeld glasses to my eyes and took in the r e o o g andest view I have ever s en . I c uld see the north end f the orn ran e and a a e on the fa n ou ne of the Big H g , w y b y d, i t tli mme e or mountai ns beyond the Yellowstone. I diat ly bef e us la the a e of Peneau ree now ca e ra r e Do ree y v ll y C k, ll d P i i g C k ; and e on the e oose oose and on ue er b y d , Littl G , Big G T g Riv al r r r The mo as v leys and many other t ibuta y st eams . rning w r Th ol c ear and r not a rea of air s r n . e d l b ight, with b th ti i g ma or s n u on his orse his e es s a e his an s j , itti g p h , with y h d d by h d , had been telling me for an hour or more about his Indian life his forty years on the plains ; telling me how to tell I n dian trails and dis tinguish the tracks of the different tribes ; how e er s ear of rass e er ree and s ru and one was a v y p g , v y t h b st compass to the experienced trapper and hunter a subj ect that scuss e him near e er da I di d with ly v y y. As I lowered my glass from examining the panorama be J i m B r idg er Gra nd Old M a n of th e R ocki es 2 29

‘ ’ fore me the ma or s a : D o ou see ose ere co umns of , j id y th l ’ ‘ ’ e er on er re e : ere a or ? to ch smok ov y d ? I pli d Wh , M j whi ‘ ’ ’ he ans ere er a ere sa e mean n a de res w d , Ov by th t ddl , ( i g p sion in the hills not unlike the shape of a s addle ) indicating a ai n rai se m ass es and a point nearly ﬁfty miles away. I g d y gl oo a on and earne oo but for the fe of me cou not t k l g st l k, li ld

- ma e ou an co umns of smo e e en a s ron field ass . k t y l k , v with t g gl A s n The maj or was looking without any artificial help . s oo as the general and his staff arrived I cal led his attention to ’ r The enera ra se his field- asses M aj or Bridger s discove y. g l i d gl be re and scanne the or on c ose . f er a on oo d h iz l ly A t l g l k, e e a or mark d that there were no columns of smoke to be s en. M j r e u e r r as e he B idg r q ietly mount d his ho se and ode on . I k d t eneral to oo a a n as the ma or was er con en he cou d g l k g i , j v y fid t l ' see co umns of smo e c of course n ca e an n an l k , whi h, , i di t d I di a e The enera ma e no er e am a o an a a vill g . g l d a th x in ti n d g in

asser e a ere ere no co umns of smo e . o e er to t d th t th w l k H w v , s a sf cur os and to e our u es no c ance to c aim e ti y i ity, giv g id h l th y had s o n us an n an a e and we ou not a ack he h w I di vill g w ld tt it, su es e to a a n ran or who was r n his gg t d C pt i F k N th, idi g with s aff a he o se en of his a nee scou s i the d rce t , th t g with v P w t n i on n ca e to reconno er and re or to us at Peneau ree ti i di t d , it , p t C k or on ue er o n c we ere o arc d t m . o e T g Riv , d w whi h w h I gall p on and o er oo the ma or and as came u to him o er eard v t k j , I p v h ‘ him remark : These damn paper collar soldiers telling him ’ there were no columns of smoke ! The old man was very in di nant at our dou n his a t to ou see us e en the g bti g bili y t , v with

- aid of ﬁeld asses . us af er sunse on u us 2 th two of gl J t t t A g t 7 , ’ North s Pawnee scouts came into camp with the information that Captain North had discovered an Indian village ! It was s a e c onnor ca ure ne da the ﬁ e n thi vill g whi h C pt d xt y, ght b i g no n as the a le of on ue er k w b tt T g Riv . ’ n r B o x When Colo el Hen y . Carringt n s e pedition left K n Ma 1 1 866 o Fort ear ey, Nebraska, y 9, , en route t the Powder River and Big Horn country to establish the f to orts which the government had determined build , s K and later known as Fort Phil earney, C . F. Smith , R and the strengthening of Fort eno , irrespective of th e wishes and warnings of Red Cloud and other lead 230 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

oux s B was the man ecte d to ing Si chief , Jim ridger sel act as u to the x e t o be se of his rea t chief g ide e p di i n , cau g knowledge of th e country into which the command was o n and so be hi s nta ce g i g, al cause of intimate acquai n w th all w an e i Indian iles d subtl ty. E n ro th e t a o f th e l atte ute, par y entered deep g rge o P R e w so th e be th e x e i on iv r, here me of mem rs of e p dit s e o o and x m h e B d e r de ir d t g ahead e a ine t canyon . ri g was as to th e t of the ed consulted safe y plan , and remark “ ’ ’ B t not o too a r Th l n et er g f . ar s Injuns enough yi ’ ’ ’ n - s sk ulki n on h ff a - l n u der wolf skin er t em cli s, I m tel i ’ ’ T e T e da ye . h y foller ye allus . hey ve s en ye ev ry y , ’ ’ ’ ’ an take it f rum me — when ye don t see any of em that s ” Th e jest th e time to watch out fer th eir devilment . x was n h s ant ne t morning it lear ed t at but nine mile dist , Indians had swooped down on the ranch of a man m M n B t n na ed ills and had ru off his stock . ridger he stated that there was no doubt but th at the marauders ’ Red were members of Cloud s band , who had already begun to put into execution the threats of the great Sioux leader ; and B ridger fu rther declared that i n giving presents to the Indians at the Laramie peace to t council in June , they had simply made gifts posi ive “ enemies ; also that the expedition was advancing di ” rec l in h t y t e face of hostilities . The of 1 866 Laramie peace conference June , , was an one th e important , and it had been hoped by govern ment that no objections would be made by the Sioux to th e M opening proposed wagon road into ontana , and erecting necessary forts to maintain soldiers in that part B of the country . At this council Jim ridger was an and attentive spectator, Colonel Carrington thus des cribes A bsa ra ka L a nd o M as s a cre him in , f

I n fron of em all and to the ef of the a e s n t th , l t t bl , itti g

232 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

here was one fa fu ones and s m e m n ed e T ith l , h t i pl i d whit ’ man at the os the co one s con en a u e at all imes p t, l l ﬁd ti l g id t , who seemed instinctively to know the invis ible as well as the e o er o s of he — r r H visibl p ati n t Indians good old Jim B idge . is devo on to the a es and c ren and his n ness to c eer ti l di hild , willi g h em as es he cou ere as r e as ere his ua n al es th b t ld , w p iz d w q i t t earne af er r of experience among the Crow I ndians . I l d t wa d

from the co one a the e ar men commander . l l th t d p t t , Philip St r e e n at ma a e en at the me of our rea Geo g Cook , livi g O h , v ti g t est er or ere the sc ar e of r er ecause of the ex p il, d d di h g B idg b ense and on the ac of the or er was en orse the col p , b k d d d by ‘ ’ n l of ecu on and ri er was re a ne . o e : Impossible ex ti , B dg t i d

From 1 862 until 1 869 or 1 870 B ridger remained on the plains in the capacity of guide and scout for various x o government e pediti ns sent against hostile Indians , and in locating the most feasible routes between th e f to dif erent military posts already, or about be estab A li h . s ed in the Indian country fter the government, 1 8 8 th e B z n in 6 , had abandoned the forts along o ema T o n rail , which Colonel Carringt n had built and mai tai ned h B t rough most trying times , ridger was trans to was ferred from these posts Fort Laramie, where he

a familiar ﬁgure for many years .

old - of Honorable John Hunton , an time resident

- ﬁfth Fort Laramie, yet living there , in his eighty year, has given to the authors of this work much information B as two about Jim ridger, the were very intimately h acquainted . In i s correspondence he says :

I became acquainted with Jim Bridger about the middle of c o er 1 868 en he was ransferre to or aram e hav O t b , , wh t d F t L i ,

ing been given a lay off to recuperate his enfeebled condition .

e . ar was the os su er ere at ha me and o one S th E W d p t tl h t t ti , C l l i r a oc as h e e er. e o s W. G . Bull k w s g n al m nag I was on f ix

em o es . ree of us em o es o n o o k ns ar pl y Th pl y , J h B yd , H p i Cl k, and m se f occu ed the un room in the u er s ore u n y l , pi b k s tl t b ildi g, and r er w en a r ere he re B idg as giv bunk in the same oom. H J i m B r idg er Gra nd Old M a n of th e R ocki es 233 ma ne occu n the room us mos of the me un i i d , pyi g with t ti , t l u h f 1 He ma e tw or ree r s a o t e m e o r 868 . o b t iddl Ap il , d th t ip h h wa to e enne and or . usse ur n t e me e s Ch y F t D A. R ll d i g ti ere but do not n he was a sen at an me to e cee ten h , I thi k b t y ti x d He e e r fer o be aroun ere and to be a one a s . se m to e t d y d p d h , l , or some one or two ersons who not anno him , with p did y by n e e me e o a and co s an u s on n . ome mes he s e to t t t q ti i g S ti d lik t lk, always made a good listener when the subj ect of convers ation

n eres e or ease him. en not he a a s cur ed i t t d pl d Wh it did , lw y l hi u er s pp lip with a sneer and left the audience . He told me man mes he not e to s acr ce his fee n s n e ence y ti did lik ifi li g , i t llig ‘ or personal pleasure when it was such an easy matter to walk ’ a a from am in e or han e see him w y a d n fool talk g. I hav m e t onc n ’ walk away from a group of army ofli cers in the ofli cers club room (where he was always a welcome gues t) becaus e some offi cer would comment on something or somebody when Bridger ou n w ld thi k the comment was made in ignorance or malice . rom an e uca ona s an o n he was noran not no n F d ti l t dp i t ig t, k wi g how to e er rea or r e ith d w it . He o me he was orn in r n a and ha his aren s t ld b Vi gi i , t t p t remo n e o Caro dalet Mo. en he was a ou four ears of v d t , , wh b t y ’ H r a e. e sa his mo er s name efo e marr a e was er g id th b i g Tyl , of the Pres ident Tyler family ; that he left home and came to the Rocky Mountains when a boy ; that he first went up the ssour er to the moun a ns and en ac to ere I n Mi i Riv t i , th b k wh He e en ence now is and en es a a n to the moun a ns . d p d , th w t g i t i ‘ ’ sai he was rs at ort aram e in his eens but not no d fi t F L i t , did k w or remember the exact year ; that he spent the winter that old ‘ ’ ‘ ’ man aram e was k e o n at the for and aroun ere L i ill d , d w t d h , and was one of the party who went out to search for Laramie ‘ when he did not come back in the spring as he said he would that the party went up the Laramie val ley searching it and all its tributaries ; that they found an unfinished cottonwood log cabin on the north s ide of the river below the mouth of Sabille ‘ ’

ree and one ro en ea er ra near bu no aramie. C k, b k b v t p it, t L He said that he learned some two years later from the Arapahoe Indians that some of the tribe had killed La ramie and put his body under the ice in a beaver dam ; that he believed he had traveled more over the Rocky Mountai n region than any other e man e ce one os e name do not remem er but whit x pt , wh I b , it 234 The B oze ma n Tra il

was not ar H a a nd Kit C son . e had gre t respect for Carson s ome of the o er rom nen moun a neers but for othe rs th p i t t i , enera remon on e h on He h ad G l F t am g th m t e utmost c tempt. man ra ucers amon the ou be rea ra ers u des an d y t d g w ld g t t pp , g i scouts but none who e er thou ruden to cour a ers on al , v ght it p t t p er a f r H o v iﬁc tion o thei accusations or ins inuations . is h me w as ne r e en en e M H a n f f a n d c o. e h d an d an am and one o I d p , I i ily, ’ ’ his sons e in e e liv d Ch y nne in 68 or 69 . He was sent by the government from here to Fort Fett e r man in the spring of 1 868 to conduct the large number of freight trains then being us ed for the trans portation of the sup

es from the a an one o s of earne . . m th pli b d d p st Phil K y, C F S i and Reno from that place through the mountains to Medici n e f er h a Bow s tation and Fort Fred Steele on the Platte. A t t t s hi in e enn e job he quit the government service . I aw m Ch y a ou the a er art of u us 1 868 for the as me and b t l tt p A g t, , l t ti , hen for He was at a ime in ra e r t only a few minutes . th t t th f e h eebl healt . Previous to his death in Denver in the summe r of 1 1 who a e n d 9 7 , A . J . Shotwell , was lso a personal fri B n to o s of Jim ridger, gave, in corresponde ce the auth r h o of t is work, much valuable and interesting informati n and n M r about the famous mountaineer plai sman . . Shotwell became acquainted with B ridger under some a n what peculiar circumstances . He had long been 1 6 el l ardent admirer of the frontiersman . In 8 5 Shotw was of E O r was a member the leventh hio Caval y, and T stationed at Fort Laramie . here he became a part of ’ General Connor s expedition th rough the Sioux coun w B ri d try almost as far north as the Yello stone . Jim g was w ll er the chief guide on this occasion , and Shot e had hopes of becoming acquainted with him some time x was while the e pedition out, but during all that time so prone was B ridger to hold himself aloof that there we re but few chances for anyone to have any conversation with him .

236 Th e B ozema n Tra il

l e an d heralded the coming of day, we suddenly ha t d ,

e o us th e o our c . th re, right bef re , lay bject of sear h “ h n a s to o n of In less time t a it t ke tell it, the c lum mounted men had formed a crescent and were chargi ng - n nd of pell mell into, we k ew not what. If ever a ba was t t e n Indians were taken by surprise, it here and h and all th e credit was due to the quiet man who h ad us e n conducted safely to our goal . During all that gagement B ridger seemed to be always in th e righ t ” place at the opportune time . ’ th e to l l s Soon after return Fort Laramie, Shotwe command received news th at the Eleventh Ohio would of r ul d be relieved by troops the regular a my, and wo tw ti ue s soon all be home again in the east. Sho ell con n hi s correspondence as follows

O n the morn n or our s ar n a was m sur r se to i g t ti g, wh t y p i ﬁnd Jim Bridger a passenger in the same mail ambulance that oul carr us o er the rs s a e of ur rne es ur w d y v ﬁ t t g o j ou y to Jul b g, one un re and e t mi es s an ere we e ec ed to h d d igh y l di t t, wh xp t secure pass age to the Missouri River on the Overland stage coac We h . ad ut our e on n s in he ma a on en h p b l gi g t il w g , wh ‘ r er came u and ro n a un e a oar as e Wh e re B idg p , th wi g b dl b d k d , ’ ‘ ’ are ou o s o n ? en o hrou to the r er he y b y g i g Wh t ld t gh iv , ‘ fro ne for a momen and hen sa So am and if we tra e w d t t id , I , v l ’ ’ o e er uess it s e t be a e And ere came an t g th I g b st o soci bl . h o er sur r e ea was so th p is . The man who in all the previous y rs una roac a e soon ecame one of the mos com an ona e pp h bl , b t p i bl men a e e er met and mos en er ai n n re a ed nc ents I h v v , t t t i gly l t i id in a fe r c in er e e li i h exp i nc .

O ur ourne to u es ur cons ume two a s and a n t j y J l b g d d y igh , and was frau muc scomfor o n to our cro e ght with h di t , wi g wd d quarters among the mail sacks and other baggage loaded ins ide to the m e a e f lesbur we li it d sp c o an army ambulance. At Ju g were told that no passage could be had on the Overland eas t oun s a e s or of ten a s as all s ace was en a e a far b d t g h t d y , p g g d th t

ahea . s nforma on was scomfor n but re ef a d Thi i ti di ti g, li p peared in the shape of a train of twenty- ﬁve wagons returning J im B ridg er Gra nd Old Ma n of th e R ocki es 237

em from en er oun for the ssour er via or pty D v , b d Mi i Riv , F t

earne e ras a. K y, N b k We quickly made terms with the wagon master to carry us to or earne two un re m es on our wa from c F t K y, h d d il y, whi h place three different stage lines ran to as many points on the

r er. We ere ass ne to a a on a n a ar e ee o iv w ig d w g h vi g l g , d p b dy, ou e can as co er and u n a lot of ha we cus one with d bl v v ; b yi g y, hi d the oor of our a on to the e of a ou six nc es e in ﬂ w g d pth b t i h , pil d our an e s and o er e on n s and ot a oar and for bl k t th b l gi g , g b d e r e e n e fe omf r ight days t av l d i p r ct c o t . a n emora ourne ere ere man That w s i deed a m ble j y. Th w y roa ouses a on the er an ra at a me and no dh l g Ov l d T il th t ti , k w in wa the cus om of fre ers to cam near suc aces we g it s t ight p h pl , e en e on secur n mea s at ese ouses s ee n in our d p d d i g l th h , l pi g a on at n O ur an of ra e met a sur r se the w g ight. pl t v l with p i

n u ur r se mos a reea e o e er. O ur firs t ight o t a s p i t g bl , h w v wagon train had halted for the night about a hundred yards from one of ese cara ansar es and we and our e art th v i , littl p y ha no sooner a e and ere s re c i n our m s an we d light d w t t h g li b , th man a roac n from the ouse and as he re observed a pp hi g h , d w ‘ near he exclaimed : O f all men — whom have we here but old ’ i r e f r fur er e c ama ons and an s ak n s J m B idg r ! A te th x l ti h d h i g , ‘ he con nue sa n : ome r in im the ace is ours ti d by yi g C ight , J ; pl y ’ ‘ a s r r er re e er r two s long a you ca e to stay. B idg pli d : H e a e ’ r - e B he soldie boys traveling with me I stay with th m. ut t m ‘ ’ ’ an said : It s all the same ; B ridger and his friends included . So we all a e in and soon ere sea e to a mos oun fu w lk d , w t d t b ti l mea of the es the ace affor e and aces to s ee ere l b t pl d d , pl l p w ro e and a oo rea fas fo o e a unc for the p vid d, g d b k t ll w d, with l h noon our en we oo ea e an o enn h , wh t k l v d n t a p y to p ay ! Stories of frontier life filled that night until the wee small ours Th e h . e xperience of this first night was repeated every ’ night of our eight days j ourney from Julesburg to Fort Kear e n y. Nothing could more vividly show the esteem in which im r er was e fron ersmen f a me J B idg h ld by ti o th t ti . But efore rocee n fur er a o me to e ou an b p di g th , ll w giv y ea of the e sona a earance of h s remar a man ore id p r l pp t i k ble . M than fifty years have passed since the incidents here related were m ar e t me r r a - i p t d o . B idge was at th t time fifty six years of a e e reser e for man h g , w ll p v d a w o had passed through many 238 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

r e m e f am now e a ance t ials and hardships . Whil I ys l w ll dv d in ears s re a n in memor e e e a er correc ic y , I till t i y, I b li v , v y t p e ro ture of Bridger at the time of which I s peak. O f w ll p or one form of s en er mo a ou s ix fee ro p ti d l d ld , b t t high p b a a l e ess oss a r e more s ra as an n an and bly litt l , p ibly t iﬂ , t ight I di

u c in mo emen but not ner ous or e c a e in e q i k v t, v x it bl ; w ight , ro a one un re and s oun s an e e as ierc p b bly h d d ixty p d , with y p in as the e e of an ea e a seeme to as ﬁre en nar g y gl , th t d ﬂ h wh r e e e o er ating an experience that had call d out his r s rve p w . There was nothing i n his cos tume or deportment to indicate the ero c s r a e n s m a a n unassum n h i pi it th t dw lt withi i ply pl i , i g man but ma e of ero c s uff e er nc ! , d h i t , v y i h What would I not give if I could at this time recall all that was imparted to us during those eight days of travel in our snu uar ers in the a on ra n for was ere a he un g q t w g t i , it h th t fo e da da the s or of his fe of for -four ears in ld d , y by y, t y li ty y H r the rea a mos un no n es . e e a e to us a as a g t, l t k w , W t l t d th t young man he spent his winters in trapping and his summers in e e e rs ons ma e him fam ar a as exploration. Th s xcu i d ili with v t

re on en com ara e unkno n . O n ese r s he c ose gi , th p tiv ly w th t ip h to o a one no com an on sa e his fa fu orse his g l , with p i v ith l h , ee trus ty riﬂe and a small hatchet forged from the best of st l . He was always provided with an ample supply of powder and u e h f rmer rr i r- r O n one b ll ts t e o ca ied n wate p oof packages . of ese e curs ons he ea e nor n o the r s oss ess ons th x i h d d th i t B iti h p i , and with the North Star for a guide continued on his way o n he a f e en i r e n d w t v lley o th McK z e River to the A ctic Oc a . ere at the er res o of the rc c n he cou o no H , v y th h ld A ti ight, ld g fur er and so urn n ac he ma e his wa to his s ar n th , , t i g b k, d y t ti g o n c he reac e af er an a sence of e een mon hs p i t, whi h h d t b ight t , during which time he had not looked into the face of a white man r as e rea I n me he foun mse f on the ra o t t d b d . ti d hi l t il o er c -he had ra e e en a bo and se ec n a ace v whi h t v l d wh y, l ti g pl in the moun a ns not far s an from a a e he se e t i di t t S lt L k , ttl d down and became a trader with the I ndians in the country

round about. from the ar r us ness ros ere s so er re a e to us . B i p p d t t, B idg l t d n i e ra n ace w o n a r n ar er The Soo h s littl t di g pl as d i g th ivi g b t . furs obtained from the I ndians were dispatched on pack animals M n ui a e f r e c an e ere rou t to . oe o. a d oo s s o St J , , g d t bl x h g w b gh

240 Th e B oze ma n Tra i l

And in re to ues ons re ar n t rifications r er ply q ti g di g pe , B idg further stated that he had vis ited a place where there was a e ri ed moun a n on c s oo fores s of e r e rees p t fi t i whi h t d t p t ifi d t , and in he r ranc es ere e r e r s i e e r e son s t i b h w p t ifi d bi d , wh l p t ifi d g ‘ ’ ro ec e from e r ro f as u swal o e p j t d th i th ats . All o this w d ly l w d and a en o n i t k d w by the knight of the penc l . Another laughable incident was related to me by B ridger f oon af er he w em o e offi ci a u e e himsel . S t as pl y d as l g id by th o ernmen he was sen an e or n ar n o the Bi g v t, t with xpl i g p ty i t g

orn ounta ns . ere was u e a ar of a ons ac H M i Th q it p ty w g , p k an ma s and a s ua of ca a r all un er the comman of a i l q d v l y, d d r o n en e un the young offi cer f esh from Wes t P i t . All w t w ll til ex e ion reac e the orn er s o en at the me p dit h d Big H Riv , w ll ti r m m n no he r er su es e the an for f o elti g s ws . W n B idg gg t d pl cr n the tur u en s ream he was cur o ha he was oss i g b l t t , tly t ld t t fres oun es on em o e as u e. s the ly pl y d g id With thi , h y g W t Pointer ordered two of the mounted men to ride in and fas ten os r The orses os t e r foo n in the a line to the opp ite sho e. h l t h i ti g

s f curren and one of the men was ro ned. en in wi t t d w Th , um a on the es o n ou a ea e to r er and h ili ti , W t P i t y th pp l d B idg , i r an r er implored h m to take the c oss ing in h d . This B idg a ree to do but a mon she the oun s er to re re to his g d , d i d y g t ti n an rema n ere n a e f r To escr e in etail te t d i th u til c ll d o . d ib d the ro s ons ma e for cross n the s ream e n eres n p vi i d i g t , whil i t ti g .

ou ro e a on s or . rs a cru e oa was cons truc ed w ld p v l g t y Fi t, d b t t of es an s was c ere e eav an pol d willows . Thi ov d with som h y c vas and ma e a er roof a era a ca on of c re , d w t p by lib l ppli ti pit h , p ree The pared from gum gathered from the spruce and pine t s . men en str e and on orse ac succee e in cross n th th ipp d , h b k, d d i g wi a ne and s ra e the ca e as ore c was ma e li , with thi , d gg d bl h , whi h d

fas to a ar e ree. an s en s re c e the ca e and t l g t All h d th t t h d bl , made it fas t on the side where the party awaited with the boat secure to the ca e a s -noose and all ere safe carr e d bl by lip , w ly i d across the r er the oun officer e n f all iv , y g b i g las t o . And here comes the laughable part of the story : The ﬁrst thing the youngs ter did on being res tored to his command was to call on the chaplain to assemble the expedition and return ’ an s to ro ence for he af r r th k P vid t s e c ossing. Here B idger s e es s ar e as he o how a c a a n fe on his nees y p kl d t ld th t h pl i ll k , an d in a loud voice thanked the Lord God of Hosts for bringing J im B ridg er Gra nd Old Ma n of th e R ocki es 241

‘ ’ An arn his sanc mon ous s n the troops over in s afety. d d ti i ki , ‘ me in recoun n the s or he ne er old Jim concluded to ti g t y, v

men one r er once and fe as if had had some n ti d B idg , I lt I thi g ’ to do with that plan myself. O n parting with Bridger at Fort Kearney we reluctantly m And had to refuse his invitation to accomp any him ho e. now af er the a se of o er f ears of en n of assa es , t l p v ﬁ ty y , I t thi k p g ’ in B ridger s life as related on that memorable j ourney ; and ‘ when I listen to these modern day scouts who have explored oun ains in u man cars and ran e t em es e the Rocky M t P ll , g h b id c m im r er e a ear as m ce in the com su h a an as J B idg , th y pp i n pany of a lio . That B ridger impressed everyone with whom he came in contact by his quiet deportment and utter lack of i s everything smacking of display or braggadocio , further evidenced i n a letter to Shotwell from an old friend close to ninety years of age, now living in the far w s northwest. Shot ell doe not divulge the name of this the t o x friend, but gives au hors the foll wing e tract from the letter regarding B ridger

He was the one man of the time that I never heard any

n but oo s o en of. ne score of un ers scou s thi g g d p k I k w s h t , t and ra ers of rea and ess re u e none of om ere t pp g t l p t , wh w

or to sit at the same a e im r er. To me the w thy t bl with J B idg , s m c en eness n ness and a so u e ru fu ne of i pli ity, g tl , ki dli b l t t th l ss his c arac er mar e him as a man a o the ommon An h t k d b ve c . d e as an n an ra er he ou ess a a ed mse f of h s whil , I di t d , d btl v il hi l i ’ no e e c ances and o or un es et ere as n I n k wl dg , h pp t iti , y , th w t an ’ dian on the Overland Trail that doubted Bridger s word

M rs few ee s at or aram e seeme e a ream so y ﬁ t w k F t L i d lik d , s ran e was all aroun me and ou ma be sure t g d , y y I took note of all a u m bo t e. Indians in thei r blankets of gaudy colors ; un ers and ra ers in e r uc s n su s e e r h t t pp th i b k ki it , with b ad d shi ts and ecora e ea ear ere all of n ense n ere to me d t d h dg , w i t i t st . But there was another ﬁgure that soon claimed my attention a a e ui man in a n ci an ar t ll , w ll b lt pl i vili g b, with nothing in his ma eu to mar him a ar from men as e a eared k k p k p t th y pp bac east. A man who quietly went his way and seemed foreign to all 242 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

a ou him but no ce a the ofﬁcers at the os as e as b t , I ti d th t p t, w ll ll a scou s and un ers a him mar e eference. So much t h t , p id k d d did this come under my notice that in time my curios ity prompt ed me to as k who was s s ran e u e man and ma ne m thi t g , q i t , i gi y sur r se on e n o a h s was im r er the rea es p i b i g t ld th t t i J B idg , g t t of scou s in his me a man who to use a r e s a n ne t ti , t it yi g, k w the Rocky Mountain country like a book ; a man invaluable to the government ; a man consulted on all important military movements in fac an orac e i n all a er a ne to the as t , l th t p t i d v t

u r urr n n was m rs ns n o r er. co nt y s ou di g. This y ﬁ t i ight i t B idg An army man whose duties brought him much i n personal contact with B ridger was Captain Lee Hum e ffi 1 8 a fr ville, an old cavalry o cer, who , in 99, wrote book entitled Twe nty Yea rs A mong O ur Hos til e I n d a s B i n . In his mention of ridger he says

e r er or as he was fam ar s o en of in a Jam s B idg , , ili ly p k th t ‘ ’ coun r old im r er was the mos effic en u e moun t y, J B idg , t i t g id , taineer a nsman ra er and n an er a e er ed , pl i , t pp I di fight th t v liv n He ne more of a coun r an ll i the far West . k w th t t y d a things i e r ne h e e H n ts or s an an o w o has e r . e cou withi b d th y v liv d ld , the aid of a s c scra c on the roun a ma of the with ti k, t h g d p whole western country that was more correct than those made at that time by skilled topographical engineers with all their n men a e seen r er oo a a r n ed scientific i stru ts. I h v B idg l k t p i t o i fec Hi e er ence in a map and p int out ts de ts at sight. s xp i th t

coun r was not con ne to a few r es of n ans but to all . t y fi d t ib I di , He was a marvelous trailer unquestionably the most expert e ld an mme e es he a e er e . en n o d th t v liv d Ev wh with di d y ight, cou run a ra en moun e as fas as his orse cou d ld t il , wh t d , t h l He no e e er fea ure of the coun r s ec a arr him. c e c y ti d v y t t y, p i lly its con ura on and ossess n as he a re en e memor fig ti , p i g did , t tiv y , r reca all an mar s unerr n accurac he could inva iably ll l d k with i g y , em f even though he had not seen th or years . He was much res pected by army ofli cers and by the authori

e a as n on as e as all es om he came ti s t W hi gt , w ll by whit with wh n a earn fear and res e hi he n a s so e to c m. in contact. T I di l l d p t hene er an m or an m ar e e on was anne Brid W v i p t t ilit y xp diti pl d, g ’ r ere c r ene er e er s se vices w se u ed wh v possibl .

Th e B oze ma n Tra i l

’ s ee in the af ernoon sa hree four or five o c oc h e l py t , y by t , l k, en to bed and en he a o e sa in four five or six ours w t , wh w k , y , h , ‘ ’ he ou ar se ma e a fire roas mea eat and s n n un w ld i , k , t t, it i g I j ,

to use his own erm the res of the n . If he had a tin an t , t ight p he ou ea on the o om mak n a no se e an n an w ld b t b tt , i g i lik I di - H er n r ed tom tom. e ne ate un he was u and as he v til h g y, liv ar e on mea s he was n and s are ou h s ron and l g ly t , thi p , th g t g r Hi manner of n ur n the n er did not co n wi y. s livi g d i g wi t i c e m a s or eas an means so r e to en er id with y h bit id , by y , I t i d t tain him afternoons and keep him awake unt il nine or ten ’ eff r was in rea n to him. o clock in the evening. My ﬁrst o t di g ‘ ’ c of a a a was foun amon the roo s c I A opy Hi w th d g t p , whi h H er re to him a on as be erm e . e ou sit en o ad s l g p itt d it w ld b t v , his on e s cross ed his aun an s and arms c as n his l g l g , g t h d l pi g nees and s en to the rea n a en e un a ass a e k , li t di g tt tiv ly, til p g re e in c on fe r ra e an n ian en was ach d whi h L g llow po t y d I d , wh r er af er a er od of uneas r n on his sea arose B idg , t p i y w iggli g t, er rat s ear n a the o e s or was a lie ha he v y w hy, w i g th t wh l t y , t t ‘ ou en to no ore of and a no s c n un e er w ld list m it, th t i h I j v ’ h s a ened o er and over a a n. f er a e I lived . T i h pp v g i A t whil u e e him and e an rea n a a n but af er a s or me he q i t d b g di g g i , t h t ti was sure to s o me s ear n a he ou d not is en an t p , w i g th t w l l t y er t an nf a l e long o such i ern l i . ’ ur n ha n er r er s su of u k n c n D i g t t wi t , B idg it b c ski lothi g and was all he had ecame nfes e erm n an i n ( it ) b i t d with v i , d des a r he at en as e me how he cou et ri em p i l gth k d ld g d of th . I told him if he would take off his bucks kin j acket and breeches and wra mse f in a uffa o ro e ou un er a to i p hi l b l b , I w ld d t ke r d hi c o of the He ere n i s l thes pests . th upo took h s clothing 03 and urne f er rea n n t d it inside out . A t sp di g the garme ts on the roun oure a r e of un o er h ea h g d, I p d idg g p wd down t e s ms of t e su and ouc e it off. urne the erm n and a it, t h d It b d v i , it lso urne the uc s o b d b k kin cl thing badly. O n the seams of the leggings I had sprinkled so much powder that it burned the armen s to c arre ea e e e r g t h d l th r. Th y w re d awn up short at the seams and af er e n urne eac le cur e u un , t b i g t d , h g l d p til it oo e e a f-m n r l k d lik a h l oo . B idger looked at me for a moment in ‘ ’ rea s us and en a oa a - g t di g t, th with big th s id : I am a goin to ’ ou for a . was afra he ou ma e his re o kill y th t I id w ld k th at g od , for he w as cer a n er n nan . au e at him an t i ly v y i dig t I l gh d , d J im B ridg er Gra nd Old M a n of th e R ocki es 245 taki ng hold of the leggings I s tretched them into the best shape " oss e but the ea er was urne to r eness and roke p ibl , l th b d b ittl b o r er no for e me for s for at the slightest t uch . B idg did t giv thi two or ree a s ur n c me he was com e e to o th d y , d i g whi h ti p ll d g about in a buffalo robe until another bucks kin suit could be re procu d . ' ’ An iﬁ fance of Bridger s courage happened under my own e cou n in the ou ar he was our observation . Whil s ti g S th P k

e e a so had us some ra a oe n ans and a guid . W l with A p h I di f f er a s ar en white man who had an Arapahoe wi e . A t h p gagement with a war party of Indians who greatly outnum

ere us we ere com e e to ra to the s e . As b d , w p ll d withd w hill id soon as the n ans saw our os on a num er of arr ors dis I di p iti , b w i r mounted and hid themselves in the bushes and tall g asses . not From this concealment they began ﬁring upon us . I did cons ider it advis able for the time being to separate the command r r ll and send a party to charge into the ambush . B idge a this me was ro n res ess and at as c a en ed one of the ti g wi g tl , l t h ll g Arapahoe allies to go into the copse with him and attack the - - The ra a oe refuse and r er n ans an to an . h d I di h d h d A p d, B i g i a Th n abused h m soundly by means of the s ign langu ge. e I h r dian at las t gras ped B ridger by the hand and t e two sta ted . r ix- r It was not lon efore I hear the e ort of a s shoote , and . g b d p in a few m nu es r er re urne o n in his han the i t B idg t d , h ldi g d f r H sca o a a r or co ere arm oo . e had found lp w i , v d with w bl d an n an in the rus and efore the a er had t me to mo e I di b h , b l tt i v

had ed him. The ra ahoe not re urn n was sa s e kill A p t i g, I ti ﬁ d a his ear career was en e or a a orse fa e was in th t thly d d , th t w t

s ore for him. e erm ne to urn the a dr rass and t I d t i d b t ll , y g , ordered the white man who had the I ndian wife to send one

of the ra a oe n ans to se on fire. e all refuse A p h I di t it Th y d, until B ridger ridiculed them so unmercifully that the whole ar m an im h r re acco e h and t e ass was . urne p ty p i d , g fi d It b d ra and was not on un l the erce ames sc ose pidly, it l g ti fi fl di l d a rea man n ans en in he un er ru he the g t y I di hidd t d b sh . W n comman o ene fire u on em e ran in e er rec on d p d p th th y v y di ti , but soon re urne e r moun e arr ors read t resume t d with th i t d w i , y o the r r n e r fight. B idge i s ist d that unde no ci rcumstances must we ea e our res en os on as ere ere at ea r l v p t p iti , th w l s t two o ree n r th I dians to one of us . In a sho t time they made an at 246 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

a but we had the a an a e of h roun and cou an c t ck, dv t g hig g d ld ti r er e off he rs I n ipate their every movement. B idg pick d t ﬁ t h t n ran of his ea r e and the es dian w o go withi ge d dly iﬂ , b t shots among the troopers also used their Spencer carbines with fe e n ans ere us re en e from e n near us ef c . Th t I di w th p v t d g tti g ,

and after a few hours of this kind of ﬁghting they withdrew . r He a n O n no occas ion would Bridger t ust an Indian . m i ained a a ra es na e was of some oo but a an nd an t th t ttl k g d , th t I i f He r e mse f on the fac a an was good or nothing. p id d hi l t th t y

- n an n an cou do he cou out do the n an. e thi g I di ld , ld I di Whil

r er had am e cau on he a so had the coura e of a on. B idg pl ti , l g li

O ne B of the best stories related about ridger, which well illustrates the wonderful knowledge he possesse d R M th e of the ocky ountains , is told in connection with R building of the Union Paciﬁc ailroad . It appears that the engineers running the survey were in consulta tion at Denver as to the most feasible point to build th e R Th line across the ockies . e consultation became a

no he . wrangle, and tangible agreement could arrived at Finally somebody suggested to them that Jim B ri dg er knew more about the Rocky Mountains than any the t other living man , and could easily tell them bes

point to run the line . It was thereupon decided to B consult the famous mountaineer . ridger happened

to be in St . Louis at the time on some business matter . h Communication was at once opened with him, althoug the real object under discussion was withheld from to for him , but he was urged start Denver immediately , as his advice was needed on some very important mat

. was w ters A railway pass forwarded , and about t o zz weeks later in walked the gri led frontiersman . T T o hen the engineers started to talk . hey told l d im J what they wanted , and as the plans were laid out before him and the query propounded as to where h e considered the best point to run the line across th e

248 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

r He remarking that he never missed one when he was ou age. fe an rare a e of his ex o s and his was devoid of ar d ly t lk d pl it , tory has lost many a thrilling adventure by his indiﬂerenee t o i He w a rea fr end of ef asha ie of th e public ty. as g t i Chi W k n e ere a ou the same a e and had man Shosho es . Th y w b t g , y r e et er If he was cornere and as ked hair rais ing expe ienc s tog h . d to a he ou e the mos ou an s arns and t e n t lk , w ld t ll t tl di h y h chuckle to himself and wonder if his questioner had gotten what h e e want d .

hi s B o f For ﬁrst wife , ridger married the daughter a The e i v e n Flathead chief . date of this marriag s not gi , T e en but the wife died in 1 846. h re were two child r by — e educ at this union Felix and Josephin , and both were h ed in St. Louis . Felix served throughout t e Civ il M r th e War in the Second issouri A tillery, and was on Te an d plains with Custer, ﬁghting the Indians in xas the T T 1 8 6 h i s Indian erritory. his son died in 7 on ’ M father s farm near Little Santa Fe , issouri . B hi s an ridger married for second wife a Ute wom . 1 Th 8 . e She died July 4, 49, at the birth of her child one B is to little was named Virginia, and ridger said ’ ff o She e have brought her up on bu al s milk . marri d m Waschman on a man na ed , after receiving an educati th e ol in convent at St. Louis , where she attended scho

t - wi h her half sister, Josephine . B ridger married again in 1 850 a woman of the Snak e T ribe , and soon after that bought a small farm nea r e M e hi s Littl Santa Fe , issouri , removing thenc , with B T w e family, from Fort ridger the same year . here er — M 1 8 two children by this marriage ary, born in 53, 1 T B r . d 8 he 1 8 8 . i and William , in 57 wife died in 5 g er was out on one of his numerous trapping trips at th e of time her death , but soon after he returned to his farm , e 1 862 where he r mained until , when the government for again sent him to guide troops across the plains . J im B ridg er Gra nd Old M a n of th e R ocki es 249

was 1 8 0 For eight years he thus employed , but about 7 e 1 8 1 his health began to d cline , and in 7 he moved back to his farm again . M r O f his s . the last years of life , his daughter , Waschman : , says

’ I n 1 8 fa er s ea e an to fa him and his e es 73 th h lth b g il , y ere er bad so a he cou not see e and the on wa w v y , th t ld w ll , ly y e he could distinguish a person was by the sound of their voic . e fas an s wor I n 1 8 his e es was ea n him r d. h 74 y ight l vi g v y t, t i m m e ou et er ner ous and r e hi uc . uc mes h i d h At s h ti w ld g v y v , h to w a him and wanted to be on the go all the time . I ad tch

lead him around to pleas e him. Finally I got him a gentl e old horse so he could ride around m n h e e had a o a and have so e way of pass i g t e tim . W d g th t i i e f er cou o e er always accompanied h m. Wh l ath ld n t se v y e the fa fu old orse ou d u e him a on as he ro e w ll , ith l h w l g id l g d

aroun the farm. ome mes the orse ou o ron and d S ti h w ld g w g, h e he do ou come they would get los t in t e woods . Th n t g w ld ome and e n to ar and en we ne somet n was the h b gi b k, th k w hi g ma er The do ou ne aroun un ou o tt . g w ld whi d til I w ld g out an fa r ea m ac me a o a d find the and l d hi b k ho . Occ s i n lly he ou d a e the do and cane in an ou o out to the w l t k g, , h d , w ld g e e a ro a er wheat fi ld to see how th crop w s g wing. F th would ere et o n on his an an nees an feel for the ea th g d w h ds d k d wh t . an a was the a he assed he ime d th t w y p t t . He wished so much that he could regai n his eyes ight so he cou a a n see the moun a ns and o ac o em He d ld g i t i g b k t th . woul on so muc to see his old com an ons and a e a c a h l g h p i , h v h t wit em of the old mes a a ack in the f es a n h u . e o th ti w y b fi ti Ag i , w ld have a great desire to see some of his old friends connected with ‘ the arm and ou sa : ou e an t n in h r y, w ld y I w ld giv y hi g t e wo ld if cou d see some of em and a e a a of the o en mes I l th h v t lk ld ti , but I know I will not be able to see any of my old-time moun

a n fr en s an more as no a m me is near. fee t i i d y , I k w th t y ti I l

' a m ea is fa n me fas and a am not the same th t y h lth ili g t, th t I ’ as I used to be.

the B was At time of his death , ridger living in a - the long, two story building. Later, people in the 250 Th e B oze ma n Tra il d neighborhood called it the haunted house , and woul not go near the place . E B to Colonel . . C . Judson , who years ago , used write

oo - - th e bl d and thunder dime novels of the west, under “ of B B u non de plume Ned untline, hunted ridger p in the latter days of his life to get material for a series

B u . of western novels , with ridger as the chief ﬁg re Judson was given facts enough about the great plai ns B rid r ' an d man to keep him busy writing for years . ge o e Colonel Juds n became fast friends , and the not d story- writer accompanied him on one of his last trips the t to mountains . Soon after his , the series of J im B T e ridger stories were started . hey appeared onc a ’ B au week in a popular publication , and ridger s comp I ions used to save them up and read them to him . t e B uf was this same Judson who , some years later, mad “ ” falo Bill a popular western hero in much the same

manner. G G M B r eneral renville . Dodge, under whom ridge

scouted and trailed, was one of the greatest admi rers him i n of the veteran plainsman , and pays tribute to the following language

’ Unques tionably Bridger s cl aims to remembrance res t upon h ra r n r i h e t e ext o di a y part he bore n the explorations of t e W st . As a u e he was ou an e ua and s is the es mon g id with t q l , thi t ti y f r r m e He w a orn o o ra h o eve yone who eve e ploy d him. as b t p g p er the o e es was ma e out in his m nd and suc was ; wh l W t pp d i , h his ns nc e sense of oca and rec on a use to be i ti tiv l lity di ti , th t it d said of him that he could smell his way where he could not see He was a com e e mas er of the a ns and of oo craf it. pl t t pl i w d t, e ua to an emer enc and fu of resources to o ercome an q l y g y, ll v y n fa in l m e er ence ne er saw r er o s ac e . I c a l b t l t, y xp i , I v B idg , or an o er of the o a ers of the a ns and moun a ns meet y th v y g pl i t i , e o o ercom any obstacle which th y could n t v e. h e r er was not an e uca e man s an coun r W il B idg d t d , till , y t y a he had e er seen he cou fu and n e en escribe th t v , ld lly i t llig tly d ,

252 The B oze man Trail

1 804 JAMES BRIDGER 1 88 1

e e ra ed as a un er ra er Fur ra er and Gu de C l b t H t , T pp , T d i . sco ered rea al a e 1 82 the ou ass 1 8 Di v G t S t L k , 4 ; S th P 2 7 ; s e e o one a e an e n Vi it d Y ll wst L k d G ysers 1 830. Fou ded Fort ’ r er 1 8 ene er an rou e r er B idg 43. Op d Ov l d t by B idg s Pass to

rea Sa ake. Was u de for or n edit ons Al G t lt L G i Expl i g Exp i , ’ n m i 1 8 er S dne ohnso s r n an . od e in . P. b t i y J A y 57 d G. M D g U u e n - is monu e S rv ys and I dian Campaigns 1 865 66 . Th m nt is Erected as a Tribute to His Pioneer Work by Major-General

. o e. G M . D dg Jim B ridger was a true type of the man necessa ry as a trail - blazer to the great unexplored regions of th e

w . no e e r mighty est He had many imitators, but p s . He was the uncrowned king of all the Rocky Moun tai n s m we n couts, guides, trailers, trappers, and plains en bet e 1 1 0 830 and 87 . Afte rw o rd

he 1 st After t Hayfield fight of August , and the o Box 2 1 86 Wag n fight of August , 7 , the Indian de manded from our government better equipment for s fighting, in response to which reque t, the Indian De p artment distributed to them modern guns with which to d fo r defen themselves and to hunt, the white men h ad driven the game off the favorite hunting grounds d R in the Pow er iver country, sending it into the moun ff tains , where the bow and arrow were not e ective O ur o enough to furnish meat for the tribes . g vernment found justification in meeting these demands of the

Indians for modern rifles , on the ground that, though not yet restricted to their roaming th ey were neve rth e on x less being confined a reservation , and were e pected to furnish themselves with meat by means of the hunt . Th e cross - purposes of our government are here again displayed , in that the War Department furnished guns th e to whites with which to fight the red men, while the Indian Department equipped the Indians with modern rifles which they successfully used to drive back the soldiers and emigrants ! Th e coming of the Union Pacific Railroad through ‘ “ Wyoming in 1 867 - 68 drove the red men out of the country traversed by the Overland Stage Route and O T of the regon rail , thus leaving the northern part the B ze R was not o man oad , which crossed by the new rail

a . road , point of special attack

1 35 W omi n Terr tor was or an e i n Ma 1 86 . y g i y g iz d y, 9 254 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

A Peace Conference held at Fort Laramie in th e fa ll 1 86 h e dl of 7 , brought fort no desired results , a few fri n y Red d fi an t Crows joining in the council , but Cloud , e to s ss n e r a as ever, refused be pre ent, sending by me e g statement as to what was his aim for the continued wa rs against the white man to save the valley of th e Powd e r “ R to h i s iver country, the only hunting ground left ” Re co fe r . 1 868 d nation In April , , Cloud agreed to n for at Fo rt with a Commission Peace, meeting again the s m e Laramie , though he did not appear before a of a i n until November that year, with the underst nd g that his former protests should be recognized — non- i h v asion of the cherished hunting grounds east of th e Bi M to av e g Horn ountains . It took over six months h this treaty signed by representatives of our governm e n t Red a i n and Cloud and his warriors , the first signing t k g 2 1 868 Red no fi x n h i place April 9, , Cloud t af i g s x of O n M 2 d signature until the si th November. arch red of that year, the President of the United States orde the abandonment of the three forts on the Bozem an T o not m fo r rail , the rder being carried out until sum er “ ? ts R e no lack of transportation facilities When For , P K . . t n e hil earney, and C F Smi h were thus abando d Red e om and the troops withdrawn , Cloud had a c p lish ed his object ; his protests and his wars had yield e d their specific purpose ! O n account of this action on to the part of our government, many years had p ass before the Powder River country and the land al ong

1 3° u ust 1 8 1 868 h as een st ate s ome aut or t es as the at A g , , b d by h i i d e of a an onment . letter a re s se to the aut ors e ar n ate of u 0 b d A dd d h b i g d J ly 3 , “ 1 1 rom the n te tat r tm n t 9 9, f U i d S es Wa Dep ar e t s ates : With the i nform a

t on t at the recor s s o t at ort e arne . . m t and R e no i h d h w h F Phil K y, C F S i h , , ere a an one i n u ust 1 868 the e act ate of the mont not sh ow w b d d A g , , x d h n b ut r or to the th of t at mont . ne . . a rr s The A ut p i 7 h h ( Sig d ) P C H i , dj a nt ” r Gene al .

Afterward 2 57 the northern part of the Bozeman Trail became safe for ” travel and settlement. To illustrate the distrust that the Indians had for the word of our government that the hated forts should not i s the again be used , shown by the action taken upon abandonment of the fortiﬁcations , for our soldiers were not yet out of sight of Fort Phil Kearney before the set to watching Indians raided it and ﬁre the buildings , O ld e Littl Wolf applying the torch . With th e surrender of the three forts to the ravages of the Indian , freighting on the trail ceased for a num

1 3" n Hi r o M nt n 1 it tat l e eso . . s to o a a . : n e es L ( M A ) y f , p 99 U d S Mi i tar osts . Th ui n at ort m t to uar the o eman and y P e b ldi gs F C . F. S i h ( g d B z ’ aco s route of 1 86 -1 86 and of ort ! e arne and eno i n 1 866-1 86 J b 3 4) F Phi K y R , 7 , afi orded proof positive th at the government was d etermined to check all ost t es et er recte n ans or i te me n and to uarantee to h ili i , wh h di d by I di wh , g th tra rs or mm r ants ro ntr e on ountai n e vele i ig a s afe ad to the cou y b y d the m s . The o c was e flectual in a re at me a sure and not scont nue ou p li y g , if di i d w ld un ou t a had th flect f r n i n e a nt th territor The d b edly h ve e e o b i g g p ce i o e y. tre at t the n ans ne ot ate i n 1 868 ro e for th e e acuat on of y wi h I di , g i d , p vid d v i the t re orts ment on No sooner was the ait of the o ernment oh h e f i ed . f h g v se r e t an the ou too os s es s on of the u n s a e t em u to fire v d h Si x k p i b ildi g , g v h p , and c a me so e om n on o er the countr and new s ett ers rres ecti e of l i d l d i i v y l , i p v tre at sti u ati ons . To reme t i s a s e ste the War e artment aut or y p l dy h f l p, D p h i zed th constru t on of e ens s nd arr a h o s c e c i d f e a b cks i n addition to t e p st , whi h r not uat and t t s r é blis hmen orts we e evac ed, o hi o der i s due the re st a t of f t rou out th t r tor h gh e e ri y. McClure Thr Th n i , ee ous a d M les Through the Rocky Mountains The propos ed s urrender of the Bozeman or Powd er Ri ver route as an Indi an reser at on ou be a stu en ous o ors - i t ou b r me T ose v i w ld p d f lly ; w e w ld e c i . h who h ave advi s ed its abandonment either w ant a war of extermination or no not n of th a u of h ut T o wh s a t no k w hi g e v l e t e ro e . h se o y i i s t needed a e stu e the est to tt e ur os e or e on to the te am res of h v di d w li l p p , b l g whi v pi the a ns . I t i s the natural route to ontana and the on r act ca e pl i M , ly p i bl ro t r n i ntan a u s n o an u e ove l a d . By t Mo a i s re ched wi tho t cro s i g the R cky r ge ; the o er an routes s out of the mounta ns must be cros s e t e I t v l d h i d wic . tra ers es the eastern as e of the mount a ns has fine stre ams and astura e v b i , p g , and i s th on rout t a a t s r a t a Th mere e ly e h t h s he e p iceless dvan ges . e a bandonment of the forts and route by th e nati onal authoriti es would be of litt le consequence ; but the eflect to s urrender i t to the Indi ans by tre aty and e c u e the tes rom it as has een ro os e ou be a ool s att em t x l d whi f , b p p d , w ld f i h p on the art of the o e rn nt to do an m ossi h n p g v me i p ble t i g. 2 58 Th e B oze ma n Trail ber of years ; the emigrants sought a more safe th ough M Th e ro longer route to ontana . dangers along the ad in the late sixties and early seventies were i nfin itely greater than the days when the soldier guarded the road th e -fields th e o ts to gold . When the soldiers left f r the Indians were in full and exultant control of thei r t reas red Th a u possessions . e coming of the Union P cific Railroad now made it possible to transfer freight over ’ the iron trail which ran north of B ri dger s Pass in 1 868 and was completed in the following year . With the event of the railway the Powder River country and the Bozeman Trail were absolutely abandoned by the white man for a long That the abandonment of the Bozeman Trail w as a disastrous policy is shown from the following qu o ta i G r 6 t on made by eneral Sherman , dated Septembe 2 , 1 868

The mo es of the eace omm ss oners ere umane bu tiv P C i i w h , t there was an error of j udgment in maﬁ ng peace with the I n ans as fa he s ou a e een un s ed and made di l t ll . T y h ld h v b p i h t o e u the un er ca ure c e now o and aft e r giv p pl d pt d , whi h th y h ld ro er su m n to the m ar and s or n e r unde r p p ly b itti g ilit y di g gi g th i pl , r they should have been tu ned over to the civil agents . Th is T r error has given more victims to savage ferocity. he p esen t

1 38 o n unton i n at ort Laram e most of the t me s ince 1 8 6 i J h H , l vi g F i i 7 n “ a etter he ari n ate u ust 6 1 20 state s : ter Reno earne an l g d A g , 9 , Af , Phil K y, d m t ere a an one i n the s ummer of 1 868 t ere was a so ute C . F. S i h w b d d h b l ly no travel ove r the B ozeman Tr ai l between the North Pl atte and Big Horn ers unt the roo e e ti ons i n 1 8 6 re ters or an ot er wh te Riv il C k xp di 7 , by f igh y h i men e ce t os s one or two sma m n n e e it ons o n to or from , x p p ibly ll i i g xp d i g i g ” h more rom 1 868 to 1 6 no tr t e ac i s nto ontana . urt er 8 ame Bl k H ll i M F h , f 7 , at o er as arr o n rt o th att B the terms of th e 1 8 wh s ev w c i ed n o h f e Pl e. y 68 tre at no te man was a o e to enter the te rr tor nort of t i s r er. y, whi ll w d i y h h iv I t i s true th e n ans ere a o e to me an er at to the sout of th e , I di w ll w d d will h ’ ort P atte ste a n the te man s catt e and m c co s but the arm of N h l , li g whi l il h w , the law re ach ed out to th e white man if he d ared att empt to rescue th e to s c o s t r th ou tr rt of th P atte I s len tock by r s ing he iver into e c n y no h e l . f ’ the i te man ntru e nto th e n an s countr he was arreste s o ers wh i d d i I di y, d by ldi rom ort etterman and ace i n a l a a ti n tri a f F F pl d j i w i g l.

Th e B oze ma n Tra il

ritor th e M ssou ri Ri y embraced in lands west of the i ver, and between th e forty-third and forty- six th p a rall els d a n N o and east of th e one hundred and fourth meri i . t only were these almost countless acres given to th e Si oux e was ran within d ﬁnite boundaries , but the Indian g ted the right to hunt and travel in unceded territo ry no rth of the North Platte and on the Republican Fo rk of the R T to Smoky Hill iver . his hunting and roaming was continue as long as the buffalo in sufficient numb e rs lived on the prairies to supply the Indians with m e at T h m n an and robes . hat therewere at t is time see i gly unlimited number of the buﬁ alo for the hunt i s wi t nessed by the fact that in the summer of 1 868 G en e ra l

' Sherman and his command rode for three days th rough ufi lo d one continuous band of b a . When the In ians of th e Sioux nation were thus given the right to hun t and r b th e travel over the alloted territo y, they believed, y t th e e os e granting of these rights, hat they were sol p s s of r T sors that count y and acted accordingly . hey we re firm in their conviction that for the white man to g o r over this territo y was an act of invasion . The provisions of the treaty which prohibited th e ’ whites from settling on the Indian s land without h i s Th e consent was constantly violated . seekers of gol d and home were the most flagrant violators of this p ro ’ To te r vision . mention the invasion of the red man s ri tory by individuals and offi cers in 1 874 in the B lack Hills country where gold had been discovered is to ’ x G e plain Custer s last battle . During that year enera l e x e Georg A . Custer was sent on an e t nded scouting expedition into the Black Hills from where he reported e i that there were gr at riches to be found in gold min n g . Th e report created a stampede into the new gold camp R ed 1 8 against which Cloud , in 75, made an angry p ro Afterwa rd 26 1

test. Depredations as a result of this invasion he came so numerous that the government decided that the h t roaming Indian should no longer have t at liber y, but i B and must be confined within reservations . S tting ull z to Cra y Horse, leading chiefs , refused leave their ancient hunting grounds and be confined within re s ri c ed T t t districts . o force the Indians on the selected the reservations , to drive them back to make room for advancing white man with his family caused the tragedy 2 1 8 6 G of June 5, 7 , when eneral Custer, fighting against x t the Siou , made his last stand . In his battle, as in that “ ”

2 1 1 866 no . of December , , there were survivors Th e old Bozeman Trail is marked at irregular i n fervals from the North Platte River to the northern of the boundary Wyoming, last stone being placed just ne northwest of Parkman . O substantial monument, m Ma erected by our govern ent, marks the trail on ssacre 26 1 866 Hill overlooking the battle ﬁeld of December , , 1 08 the unveiling ceremonies occurring July 3, 9 , Col onel Th Carrington delivering one of the addresses . e

monument is made of native boulders , with a large bronze shield bearing the following inscription :

ON THIS FIELD ON THE TWENTY-FIRST DAY OF 1 866 DECEMBER, THREE COMMISSIONED OFFICERS AND SEVENTY-SI! PRIVATES

S. OF THE EIGHTEENTH U. INFANTRY AND OF THE T O U . . W SECOND S CAVALRY, AND CIVILIANS UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN BREVET

LIEUTENANT COLONEL WILLIAM J . FETTERMAN WERE KILLED BY AN O VERWHELMIN G FORCE OF SIOU! UNDER THE COMMAND OF RED CLOUD THERE WERE NO SURVIVORS

The ta et i es our but i s i n error i n so o n . bl g v f , d i g 262 Th e B aze ma n Tra il

The n ol remaining markers , all of rough , u p ished e n 1 1 su e rvi granite , hav bee placed since 9 3 under the p

- sion of the Wyoming O regon Trail Commission . M ost of these stones along the old trail bear the simp l e in “ ” The B T scription , ozeman rail , a number of them being located where the State Highway autom obile a road crosses the trail . Somewhat more substanti l are the two stones that mark the sites of Fort Phil Ke a rney Box and the Wagon fight. Along the Bozeman Trail there have been built no z M on cities of considerable si e east of Livingston , the country has been and is occupied by stock of fi men , ranchmen and the farmer, the lands once erce combats being largely turned over to the peaceful p os session of cattle and used for grazing and agricultural o purposes . No north and south railroad in Wy ming bufi alo has penetrated this land of the , deer, and ante of u lope, the home and hunting ground the peacef l x Th e of R o Crows and the warring Siou . site Fort en , on the Powder River remains today much i n the sam e the x — an o e d condition as it was in si ties open , unpe pl

sun- d as di d territory, the stock enjoying the cure grass h ff h Th t e t e . e bu alo , hunted by their enemies, Indians battl e ground of Fort Phil Kearney is today a pro duc h a tive alfalfa ﬁeld , where the hum of the reaper s ’ supplanted the war cry of Red Cloud s thousands o f m warriors . Fort C . F . S ith is in the heart of the C row

reservation , rich in its productiveness . o of B u f C reek was In Wyoming, the t wn f alo , on Clear , , 1 8 B z in 79 , the ﬁrst to be established along the o eman T e 1 88 1 rail north of the North Platt . In the town of

1 39 ust e ast of o eman as s on the e st s e of the e o stone R e J B z P , w id Y ll w iv r. “ 0 The ca o ur n ton and Qu nc and the ort ern ac c a roa s Chi g , B li g i y N h P iﬁ R il d , i n ontana cros s the old o eman Tra in ar on ount est of th M , B z il C b C y, w e Crow n an es er at o I di R v i n.

264 Th e B oze ma n Trail

‘ ’ try as trail blazers in the sixties must have been s trong ly impressed with the grandeur in earth and sky o f th at country lying along the Big Horn Mountains from M Th h . . e assacre Hill to Fort C F Smith . soil t roug h this area is a sandy loam that yields bountifully to th e i s t h o of h a plow, and of such fertili y t at abundant cr ps y, tu i s grain , and vegetables are raised wherever na re M of m m a . the e properly assisted uch land is , and or y s and be, irrigated from the numerous mountain stream , , i t h was not as in the northwest, would seem t at nature asking too much of man when she furnished eve ryth ing and required of him the pleasant task of applying th e he water to t land . “ At a point about three and one - half miles north wes t M m of Parkman the trail enters ontana from Wyo ing , i . . t and from that point to Fort C F Smith , I judge to be

- five T e nd about forty miles . hrough all this distanc a a r r reaching for miles on either side, there is no b en M i i sus . t s land , and little, if any, waste land ost of ” ce tibl e p to home building. Th e m t Crows have , after years of conflict and co ba n d with both the white man and the red man, regai e possession of their coveted land on which their ancesto rs o h roamed , and over which their warriors hunted , thr ug h h which other tribes wandered and lived , and for w ic our soldiers bravely and uncomplainingly paid th e e Th sec supr me sacrifice . e present condition of that tion of land in Wyoming through which the Bozem an R M of oad passed , duplicates itself in ontana . South the Yellowstone River no cities of great importan ce x T w have come into e istence . here are but a few to ns

. t of along the trail from Fort C F . Smith to the ci y Liv i n ston B z i m g . o eman and Livingston are the most portant of cities along the trail from the North Platte Afterwa rd 265

to Virginia City . Among other small towns along the n B ri d trail in the regio of the Yellowstone are Prior, g

- off E B i shtal e er (on a cut ) , ager, oyd , F , Absarokee, H “ ot . Springdale , and Springs An interesting feature by way of contrast is the fact that the Montana Agri o at B z cultural C llege is located o eman , and the peace ful pursuits of agriculture are now being taught on the very ground over which the red men raced and whooped ” 1 " in bloody foray, even in comparatively recent times . In the valley of the Yellowstone are prosperous c r farms and ranches . Sto k raising, farming, dai ying, th e ﬂour milling, and manufacturing are chief gainful h . T e occupations most productive crops being alfalfa ,

flax . oats, , barley, corn , and wheat In place of the wrathful Indian with his guerilla hon warfare , fighting fiercely and savagely for what he estl i nhe ri tence now y believed was his rightful , are to

be found peace and prosperity, the heritage of children born of th e pioneer wh o fought for occupancy in the B z lands along the o eman Trail . In the neighborhood the B r of the end of trail , in the eaver Head count y where once tens of thousands of hectic prospectors

rubbed shoulders with the outlaw, the murderer and or the peaceful and honest homeseeker, where law and

der were daily challenged , may be seen schools and

homes ; horses , sheep , and cattle in the forest reserves ;

orchards of apples and small fruits ; ﬁelds of alfalfa ,

r e . clover, timothy, wheat, oats , barley, y , and root crops V d six irginia City, with a new worl at her feet in the its ties , her wide open camp with frame buildings , saloons , gambling dens , and dance halls , now numbers t her law abiding population only by the hundreds , a ci y

1 “ i i a n rk ol 11 . . ee er 0 . . The Tra l o Lew s d Cla v Wh l ( D ) f , , p 333 266 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

h b o i with a fascinating past, wit memories , and of ist r cal signiﬁcance . O ur national expansion h as been a western move was o ment, one that the m st romantic and most epochal e in all of our written history . Change is the immutabl Men of e law of progress . and women energy, courag , and dete rmination are th e ones who have sought in th e broad expanse of the west a refuge from social stagna tion felt in the localities from which they have migrat The of of . the ed freedom the plains , low death rate , the territory surrounded by the pure, invigorating ai r the of Mi s of mountain regions , the free lands west the souri contributed to the cause of territorial expansion . “ z It has been a social movement of conquest, coloni ation x o i ts t to ac and e pansion , wing bir h that passion of qui si ti on and possession of large tracts of virgin soil no no on which were inhabitants , through which were ”

s . road , and over which there was a limited government is It a wonderful history of pioneer struggles , of priva s h and tions , of hardships , conﬂict wit Indians , of long s to r dangerou journeys unknown parts of our count y , of the subduing of mountains and streams , the making trails over trackless prairies and through treacherou s wa . s passes Yet all of this not in vain , for these hard c ships , dangers , and tribulations gave backbone , our hO e to age, p , sinew, and mental power our frontiers —to men our nation builders . It i s the frontiersman with the pioneer Spirit that builds a nation and founds com-monwealths within th at T nation . his class of men and women have been our nation builders .

I n de x

Aaaons Pawn s ENRY E . : 21 note 1 82 k lle etterman , H I , 3 , II , ; i d F , I, “ ” s araka : 26 1 2 ootnote 1 88 a ls o ootnote Ab I , 3 3 , f , II, , f n ans : s ee ro n ans Amer cans : ro i s ona o ernment Abs ara ka I di C w I di i p v i l g v , s aro ee : 26 I Ab k II , 5 . 57 c erman r ate re eri c : 2 1 mmun t on : 1 1 0 1 A k , P iv F d k I , 3 A i i I , 3 , II , 5 , 5 , 57 , ams and l : 1 0 a ls o oot 60 6 1 8 2 1 02 1 1 oot Ad Sybi I , 4, f , , 3, 9 , , II , 3 , f note note at corr a s at Ha ; l , II, 43; y o e u l n s : 2 1 0 oot e i t 1 62 1 6 1 68 at Ad b B i di g I , 7 , 4, f ﬁ ld F gh , II , , 5, ;

note 1 22 at ort . . m th Wa on B ox t care , II , ; F C F S i , g Figh , II , 74 ; 11 1 1 6 1 oou mu u uar e 2 o ne 1 35, 3 : 39, f s f lly g d d , I , 93; w d by ootnote 1 1 at ort arami e n ans 2 o er a ons f , 7 ; F L , I , I di , I , 57 ; p wd w g 1 06 1 0 8 1 1 2 2 at ort eno ne ar ﬁre 2 1 scarc t at ort , , , II, 55 ; F R , , I , 5 ; i y F r i on 1 2 1 1 ootnote see a so . . m t 28 sca c t II, 7 , 3 , f ; l C F S i h, I , 4 ; y B uildi n s ai ns 1 1 6 1 82 1 8 1 8 g pl , I, 44, 7 , , 4, 9 , ate 22 1 82 2 268 26 0 2 tr a e Ag II , , 57 , , 9, 3 9, II , 9 ; d d r cu ture : 262-26 at ort for urs 2 1 tr a e I n Ag i l II , 5 ; F f , II , 7 ; d d by ar ami e 1 1 2 at ort Phi ! i ans 1 ootnote s ee Artil L , I , ; F d , II , 43, f ; e arne m ements ler Firea rms K y, II , 99 ; i pl , I , y, 2 268 i n ontana 20 m ut at on : neces s ar account of se 4 , ; M , I , 7 A p i y amo Te as : 1 ere e at er 26 1 0 Al ( x ) I , 3 5 v w h , I , 3 , II , 5 mus m nts : at ort a ec u uer ue . 6 e e 8 Alb q q ( N I , 4 A F H ll k, I , 9 er ulc : o el e 206 ance at ort arami e 1 at Ald G h g ld yi d d , I , , d F L , I, 3 9 ; 22 ort l e arne 2 8 3 F Phi K y, I , 94, II , 9 m erson Pr ate T omas : 22 n erson a or : 1 66 1 68 1 A b , iv h I , 3 A d , M j M I , , , 79, m u ances : 0 1 0 1 at ort 1 8 1 8 1 I S A b l II, 9 , ; F 3. 4. 94. 9 e no 2 0 at a on B ox i t n o e r 1 2 R , I , 3 ; W g F gh , A d v II , 9 ’ 6 s ent to Fetterman s re e nnu t es : 1 1 rece e o e II , 9, li f, A i i I , 7 ; iv d by B z ’ 0 8 man s mur erers 22 I , 3 d , I, 5 mer can E e it onar orces : nte o e : 2 1 2 1 6 s ee A i xp d i y F A l p I, 5 , 5 3, II , 4 ; ou n ans i n 26 Ga me Si x I di , II , 3 mer can a s : 0 nt on : A i F ll I , 5 A h y, D . R II, 33 ’ merican a : at Red ou s ome ac e n ans : 2 1 cam A Fl g Cl d h , Ap h I di I , 5, 77 ; 1 2 rst r a se i n o e r ai n 1 82 II , 9 ; ﬁ i d P wd Riv p g , II , e r countr 2 0 ra a oe n ans : 1 2 1 2 1 0 y, I , 9 A p h I di I, 5, 5 , 9, 3 , mer can Fur om an : 1 1 1 1 8 I I 0 2 2 6 26 2 6 A i C p y I , 39, , 3 , 59. 7 , 35, 5 . 7 . 7 . 20 1 20 ootnote 2 1 6 2 1 at 2 8 2 80 II 1 0 1 I 1 , 9, f , II , , 9 ; 7 . , , 3 . 7 . 43, 59. 94. ren e ous 21 o ne ort ootnote 2 at P att e r e d zv , II , 7 ; w d F f , 45 ; l B idg a ram e 1 02 1 08 1 1 6 t ati on 1 at eet ate r St a L i , I , , , S , I , 93; Sw w Ame r can orse i e : 1 0 oot ti on 1 6 c e s at etterman i H , Ch f I , 3, f , I, 3; hi f F 270 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

s aste r an c a me t anti c t 20 Di , I , 339 ; l d l i d by A l Ci y I , 3 1 1 6 2 8 r a ro s 1 t ant c ce an : 1 2 0 I , , 5 ; id C w , I , 55 ; A l i O I , 37 , 4 , 4 , 5 , II , s urren er 1 28 tre at es t 2 1 d , I, ; i wi h, 5

arami e 2 u r . n . S . 1 1 u G e . 1 0 ootnote U , I , 7 ; kill L , II , 33; A g , I, 3, f mean war 1 , II , 45 rcti c Oce an : 2 8 B acxsons Mounu m : 1 A II , 3 II, 44 Ar c aree or : 80 ac - one R e : 1 2 1 i k F k II , B k b idg , 7 r ona : 2 1 82 B ad an s : 1 2 cara ans att ac e d A iz I , 9, II , L d I , 5 ; v k r ans as er : 2 2 1 1 1 1 i n 2 0 A k Riv I , 7 , 9, , 37 , I , 3 Arm and a ourna l : uoted a e a t : 2 1 a so ootnote y N vy J q , I, B il y, C p II , , l f , 2 ootnote 8 accom ani e P s 34 , f 97 , 9 ; p d hillip , I , rm osts : see Forts Ca m s 1 6 ootnote A y p , p 3 , f ’ rro s : 1 62 2 1 1 60 62 a e s n n am : art r ai e A w I , , 57 , 3 , II , , , B il y Mi i g C p p y d d , 6 6 1 26 1 ﬁre 11 62 2 8 3. 7 . 7 9. 93. . 74 ; . . . I, 3 8 8 1 66 num er oun i n ea a r Pri v a te : s ee Bla ir 7 , 4 , ; b f d d d , B i ,

1 0 1 2 see B ows a nd a e r er t. ames : 22 I , 7 , 3 4, II , 9 ; B k , S g J I , 3 Arr ws a er im : 1 0 ootnote o B k , J I, 3, f rt er : 1 2 II 2 a er Pr ate am : 1 A ill y . 43. 333. 337 . 339. . 9. B k , iv Willi A II, 7 , 2 at ort earne I ootnote 79, 9 ; F Phil K y, , f 2 ecomes use e s s 2 6 can a ock : e e ans 2 2 75 ; b l , I, 5 ; B ll R kill d Pi g , I , 4 non 6 at ort aram e an ts : Te a s an ts 28 , II , 9, F L i , I , B di x b di , I , 1 1 rst on re on Tra annac 1 20 1 2 20 2 3, ﬁ O g il , I , 39 ; B k I, , 3, , a t Ten E c s en s for 08 20 206 2 1 C p . y k d , I , 3 , 5, , 4 1 0 1 o t er 1 66 8 at anner anc : 1 1 II, ; h wi z , I , , II , 5, B R h II , 7 atte r e tat on 1 8 1 0 annoc n ans : Pl B idg S i , I, 9, 9 , B k I di I , 39, 97 1 1 6 r tene n ans a r er o : at ort eno 1 2 95 , 9 , f igh d I di , I , B b Sh p F R , II, 7 ’ 2 8 i n ull s E e t on 1 2 arnes r nc a us c a n : 2 0 3; S y xp di i , I , 5 ; B , P i ip l M i i I , 9 at Wa on Box t 68 a rr ca es : at h a ﬁeld 1 62 b a r g Figh , II , B i d y , II , ;

s e G en. am : re s use for 6 1 6 6 A hl y, Willi H I , 37 , 39, l d , II , 55 , , 3, 7 , 74, 0 r er o ns 206 rst to 8 nec - o es us e for 2 6 1 4 ; B idg j i , II , ; ﬁ 7 ; k y k d , II , 5 , , tra i n n a n unt n roun s o s use for 1 66 p I di h i g g d , I , 74 ; will w d , II ,

a ert s ement s s ue arr . : 1 8 1 2 34 ; dv i i d by, I , B y, D F I , , II , ootnote ren e ous of a rton r ate s ton P : 1 34, f ; d zv , I , 35 B , P iv A h II , 7 , s e Fur om an : so at ootnote A hl y C p y ld , I, 39 ; f rst ren e ous 8 a s n 2 1 ootn ote ﬁ d zv , I , 3 B i I , 9, f stor o n aco : 1 0 a sti ons : 1 06 1 1 2 6 1 2 1 2 A , J h J b I , 3 , 4 B I , , , II , 3 , 5 , 7 , “ ” stori a : 2 8 1 2 A I , 3 , 9 7

stor a E e t on : re ente rom a uer or . usta e : 2 1 A i xp di i p v d f B , C p G v A I , 3 a anc n 1 e a r : 2 6 86 1 6 account of dv i g, I , 3 B I , 7 , II , , 4 ; ’ A stori ans : 2 a s o ootnote as s s com at 20 r I, 3 , l f , 33; Gl b , II, 9 ; g izzly, I , rst to re on Tr ai 6 2 ﬁ O g l, I , 33 9 . 54 tc s on 6 68 ear uttes : 2 1 2 8 A hi I , 5 , B B I , 5 , 5 tc s on To e a 8: ant a Fé a l e ar ree : 1 1 A hi , p k S R i B C k II, 5

wa : I 2 a so ootnote ear R er : 8 0 8 ootnote y , 7 , l f B iv I , 3 , 5 , 9, f , t anta 2 1 20 2 1 0 A l II , 7 , II,

27 2 Th e B aze ma n Tra il

erence 2 mes s a e rom Bow and arro s : 8 t e f , I , 77 ; g f , I, w I , 9 , II, 5 3 ; 2 2 uote 26 -26 s e to ace re arms 2 2 see A r 7 ; q d , I , 3 4 ; wi h d pl d by ﬁ , I , 9 ; s urren er 2 8 r ows d , I , 7

ac e tt e e : 1 2 o ers er t. C . : 00 0 1 Bl k K l , Chi f I, 7 B w , S g R I , 3 , 3 ; ac i t ef : 1 06 i e Bl k N gh , Chi I , k ll d , II , 99 Ta eer tat on : 1 20 o e 1 Bl ack il D S i I , B wi I , 3 5 ac oot n ans : 1 8 a so oot o o n : 2 2 Bl kf I di I , 3 , l f B yd , J h II , 3 note 1 1 0 220 ootnote o 26 , 55, 7 , , f , II , B yd II, 5 1 2 2 1 at P atte r e t at on B o eman o n : 21 6 2 1 a so 3 , 7 ; l B idg S i , z , J h M I , , 9, l 1 att ac fur tr a ers 2 1 6 ootnote 220 ootnote 22 2 0 I , 93; k pp , II, ; f , , f , 5 , 5 , eterm nat on to a en e 0 1 ootnote 1 2 1 con ucted emi d i i v g , I , 3 , 3 f , II , ; d osti e 2 e o eman rant tr ai n 220 en route to h l , I , 35 ; kill d B z , I , g , I , ;

2 1 22 1 22 m sta en for ro s ort . . m t 22 1 ra e of 3, , 5 ; i k C w , F C F S i h, I, ; g v , 22 1 -22 s rmi s i t r er 22 22 ollo e nd ans I , 4 ; ki h w h B idg , I , 4, 5 ; f w d by I i , r a r oot 1 k 2 1 8 21 t e c e 2 2 e on wa to ort . F II , , 9 ; h y, I , 35, f I, 5 ; ill d y F C . note countr 21 6 mit 2 1 oto ra ; y, II , S h, I , 3; ph g ph, II , 4 ; B ac s m t s o s : at ort B r er tr a l a e b 1 2 tr a n amed l k i h h p F idg , i bl z d y, I 3; il 8 0 220 at ort ar am e for 2 1 I , 4 , 5 , II , ; F L i , , I , 4

1 0 1 08 at ort P earne o ema n t ont. 1 2 206 I , 5 , ; F hil K y, B z [Ci y] ( M ) I , 3, , 2 8 2 1 220 ootnote 22 2 2 2 I , 9 4, , f , 9, 3 , 35, B lai r r ate : 1 2 1 i e 2 289 2 II n o 1 2 1 1 , P iv II , 3 , 55 ; k ll d , 57 . . 95. . . . 43. 1 26 ootnote 26 26 establi s ed II , f , 4, 5 ; h , I, a r s : 1 6 2 i n oc oun 21 0 a so ootnote 2 1 1 Blizz d II , , 4, R ky M , l f , t a ns 2 see Wea ther o eman- acobs route : 2 oo i , I , 3 7 ; B z J II , 57 , f t oc ous es : 1 2 8 2 8 2 0 note Bl kh I , 7 , 7 , 9, 9 ,

II at ort . . B o eman Creek : 220 ootnot 333. 334. 339. . 93; F C F z I , , f e mi t 1 1 at ort eno o eman E e t on of 1 8 : 1 1 8 S h, II , 4 ; F R , II , B z xp di i 74 II, 1 2 1 2 at eet ater t at on o eman e rr : 221 9, 7 ; Sw w S i , I , B z F y I , 8 ootnote erecte o ern o eman Pas s : 1 2 21 0 2 1 2 1 5, f ; d by g v B z I, 3, , 4, 9, ment ootnote 2 2 ootnote 1 2 1 262 , I , 7 3 f , 3 , f , II , , , B lue ors e e : ootnote name 2 1 6 s oul H , Chi f I , 339 f ; d , I, ; h d ue er : see B i a nd Littl e Blue a e een aca a ea a ss I 220 Bl Riv g h v b S j w P , , , Riv ers footnote

B ob Tai e : at con e rence ozeman oa : 2 2 1 2 l , Chi f f , I , B R d I , 3, 99 , 3, 54, 2 2 61 ootnote 26 26 266 77 , f , 4, 5, , 267 , o e Le s : 2 2 ootnote 0 2 0 286 28 2 2 2 1 I I 1 B g y, wi V I , 7 , f , 34 7 . . 7 . 9 . 97 . 3 9. . 7 9. o se as n a o : o sco e r 1 8 1 2 2 ootnote 26 ea B i B i (Id h ) g ld di v , 5 3, 57 , f , 4 ; h vy ed 206 tr affi c o er 2 n ans on , I , v , I, 79 ; I di , I , o s e er : 86 2 2 ac of rotecti on 280 0 B i Riv I , 5 ; l k p , I , , 33 ; onan a Tra : s ee B ozema n Tra il r nc a route to ontana 2 2 B z il p i ip l M , I, 3 ,

B onne e a t . en am n : 0 ootnote s ee B ozema n R ou vill , C p B j i I , 39, 4 f ; te, oat emete r : 2 B ozema n Tra il B Hill [C y] I , 7 or ea u 8 1 0 ootnote o eman out e : 2 B d x I , 9 , 3, f B z R I , 57

oul er ont . M oni tor : 22 o eman Tra : 2 2 8 1 8 B d ( M ) I , 5, B z il I, 4, 7 , , 9, 99, ootnote 1 0 1 20 1 2 1 8 20 1 -2 6 f 3, , 5, 4 , 3 , 2 38,

ou er Ri e r : 1 20 1 2 1 261 ootnote 26 2 0 2 6 1 B ld v I , , II, , f , 4, 7 , 7 , 3 2, I ndex

2 II 1 6 9 8 1 r er- o eman r a ce : 2 1 also 3 3. 343. 345. . 4. . 3s. 4 . . B idg B z I , 9, 82 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 262 ootnote 1 1 ootnote , II , 4, 7 , 7 , 3 , 57 , , f , II , 9, f a so ootnote 26 26 a an on r er 1 2 1 26 l f , 3, 5 ; b d B idg II, , 5 ment of 2 8 a so ootn ote r er ree : 2 1 220 ootnote , II , 5 , l f ; B idg C k I , 9, , f orts on or ere a an one r er ross n : 1 f , d d b d d , II, B idg C i g II , 7 3 ’ 2 a s o ootnote mar e 26 1 r er s err : 26 26 2 54, l f ; k d , II , ; B idg F y I , 5, 9, 95, II , route of 1 1 - 1 8 to ns on " 1 1 , II , 3 4 ; w , 37 . 4. 5 ’ 262 2 6 a r ous name s for r er s at : 8 II , , 3; v i , I , B idg Fl I , 35, 3 2 1 2 1 e 2 1 r n a r er a e : 2 1 3, 4 ; vi w, I , 7 ; Vi gi i B idg L k II , 5 t o ecti e o nt of 2 s ee r er ount a ns : 220 oonote Ci y bj v p i , I , 33; B idg M i I , , f B ozema n Route B ozema n Road r e r a s s : 1 1 8 220 , B idg P I , 55 , 7 , 93, 5 , , rac ett ree : 2 1 ootnote 2 2 2 8 B k C k I , 9 f , II, 5 , 5 ’ r a e ames : ournal uote r er s Pass tat on : 1 20 B dl y, J H J q d , B idg S i I, 93, ; 1 0 ootnote ra n of 1 2 1 II , 4 , f d wi g , I ,

B r a . T : I ndia n Fi hts a nd r r e a : 220 ootn ote dy, C g B idge P k I , , f Fi hters uote : 20 ootnote oa : s ee Ov erla nd Tra il g , q d I , 3 , f Bridger R d ’ ra e o i e : r s Tra l : 1 2 1 B v W lf, Ch f I , 339 B ridge i II , re a er - of- rro s i e : 1 06 r t W i am : 202 ootnote B k A w , Ch f I , B igh , ill H I , , f

B r er oe : mot er of ames r tne eut. 1 6 1 82 1 8 idg , Chl h J B i y, Li I , 7 , , 4, r e r 20 B idg , II, 5 1 86 B r er e i : 2 8 2 1 B ro li n ri ate T omas : 22 idg , F l x II , 4 , 5 g , P v h I , 3 r m s : I 1 8 er a e 8 roo e Gen. B idg . J . 34. 3 . 39. 47 . B k , II , 9 8 1 86 1 0 ootnote 1 0 oot roo s Pr ate arles : 1 oot , , 95, 3, f , 4, f B k , iv Ch II , 7 , f 1 1 n 0 note, 45 , 2 9, foot ote, 22 , foot note

note 2 8 2 28 2 02 8 rou o n : 22 . 4 . 55 . 5 . 95 . 3 . 33 . B gh, J h C II , , 33 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 20 -2 2 as u e ro n coo 62 6 II, , 3, , 5 5 ; g id , B w , k, II, 45, , 3

for Gen . a nol s 1 1 ro n r ate e an er : 1 I, 97 , R y d , II, 9, B w , P iv Al x d II, 7 ,

ootnote for Col. C arr n ton f , i g , I , footnote

266 2 2 for Col . nne I 2 ro n r ate en s : 1 oot , 7 , Ki y , , 79, B w , P iv D i II , 7 , f for m ss onar e s 2 s ur e s i i i , I, 4 ; v y note o eman ra 1 1 eclare ro n a t re e r c : 2 B z T il, II , 9 ; d d B w , C p . F d i k H I , 49, ’ o eman s roa m racti ca le 2 9 1 0 - 06 0 1 0 1 2 B z d i p b , I , 28 . 3 . 3 3 3 . 3 9. 3 . 3 . 2 1 ; n s s te 2 2 ma b a so ootnote 20 2 9 ﬁ d i , I , 7 ; p y, I , l f , 3 , 33 , 335, II, 1 6 ; s ent to i nter iew rows 20 1 1 88 o mut ate v C , II, , 35 , ; b dy il d , II, tra els ent re len t of B o e 1 1 urie 1 v i g h z 0 ; b d , I , 3 5 ’ ’ man s Tr a l 1 1 8 i s te ro s ro n s or : 1 20 i , II, ; v i d C w , B w F k II, ’ 28 ro n s r n s : 1 228 I , 3 B w Sp i g , ’ B ri er Mrs . ames : at ort B rid o n s r n re e : 1 1 dg , J F g Br w Sp i g C k II , 4 er 22 n H ecretar of , , 3 ro n O . : . 8 . II B w i g, U S y B r e r ames : at er of a or nter or : 2 2 ootnote 1 idg , J f h M j I i I , 7 , f , 34 B ri er 20 rule ou n ans : 1 1 8 26 dg , II , 5 B Si x I di I , 9, 3 , 7 r er os i n e e : 2 8 treat it . S . 1 1 B idg , J ph II , 4 y w h U , I, 7 r er ar : 2 8 B rund e eor e : ourna l 220 B idg , M y II , 4 g , G g J , I , , B r er r n a : s ee Was chma n idg , Vi gi i , footnote

Mrs . r ant E n : Wha t I s aw i n Cal B y , dwi ri er Wil am : 2 8 2 1 i ornia uote : 1 1 1 E. B dg , li II , 4 , 5 f , q d , I , 274 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

B uch anan : ri ate Henr 2 1 B u ar Pri ate o n : 1 oot P v y, I , 3 zz d , v J h II, 7 , f B uﬁ alo : 2 1 1 6 228 260 note I , 5 , II , 4 , , ; urn s e a ll n i ans es red f i h d I d d i , II, 1 unti n 2 robes for CACHB La Pounn Rrvaa : 1 6 77 ; h g, I , 53; I , 9 3, 3, s a e at ort B ri er 22 tr a 2 l F dg , II , 3; d II , 3 ed for ammuni ti on 1 oot ac e Ls Pou re R ad : see O , II , 43, f C h d v er note la nd Route

B ufi alo 2 1 1 1 1 6 a e em : s utler at ort Re no I, 55, II, 5, , C ldw ll, K p F , 1 1 262 1 1 3 , II , 7 B ufi alo : s e o m C al orn a : 2 2 al e a . so Bill C dy, Willi F if i I , 5, 9, 33, 5 3, 54, B u ee r ate am : 22 ootnote 6 6 x 8 6 gb , P iv Willi L I , 3 f . 59. 4. 3. 7 . . B u n s : at ort eno 1 22 at ootnote 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 20 1 ildi g F R , II , ; f , 94, 5, 3 , 4 , 3, , u s r 202 20 2 m n r r m e u 2 fi . at ort . e s o J l b g, I , 7 ; F C F. , 9, II , 39 ; i f , I, m t 1 6 at ort P i ear 206 econ a a r 2 8 26 1 S i h, II, 3 ; F h l K ; S d C v l y, I, 3 , ; ne s t eet ater tat on so i ers 2 8 y, II , 95 ; Sw w S i , ld , I , 4 8 s ee Adobe B uildi n s a orn a ta e L ne : 0 I , 5 ; g C lif i S g i I , 9 u n e hi e : 2 8 ootnote a li orn a rai : I 6 86 206 B ll K if , C f I , 7 , f C f i T l , 59, 5, , ’ B u s Ta i e : 1 06 see Ore on Tra il ll il, Ch f I, g B u Tra ns : 0 2 a er Pri ate ki lled at ort ll i II, 4 , 5 C ll y, v F u oc et : 0 P l e arne 2 0 B ll k, S h I , 33 hi K y, I, 9

u ock li am .G : 1 0 ootnote ame s : us e on re on Tr ai l 6 B ll , Wil I , 4, f , C l d O g , I , 3 2 2 am i l am: uoted 1 66 II , 3 C p , W l i q , II , , B u ac ers : ootnote 1 6 ootnote llwh k II, 55 f , 7 , f un ne N n am olli ns : t ed : see uds o . Col . E . ootnote B li , J , C p C I , 93, 94, f ; s a i B C. ee so Fort Coll ns . l

ur a roun s s ee Ce meteri es am o e : 1 8 B i l G d , C p D dg I, 5 Gra v e am ars al : 8 1 s C p M h l I , 79 , B ur e Pri ate omas : 2 1 am i tc el : k , v Th I , 3 C p M h l I, 75 B urli n ton a roa ol o s old am Proctor : 1 g R il d : f l w C p II, 4 a on route 2 1 ootnote am ank n : see Fort S ed wi ck w g , I , 9, f C p R i g am Wa ac : 8 B urnett . : 1 uote 1 1 , F G I , 7, q d, 5 , C p lb h I, 9, 94

a s o ootnote 2 ootnote 2 61 am e l o n : rst G ov . of l f , 35 , f , , C pb l , J h A ﬁ

a s o ootnote 1 1 also ootnote W o. 202 ootnote l f , II , 3, f , y , I , , f 1 1 1 2 1 1 ootnote 1 1 1 6 am e obert : 1 0 oot 4, 9, 3 , f , 4 , 3; C pb ll, R I , 34, 3, f uote 2 -2 8 account of note 2 1 8 q d , II , 47 4 ; , II , ort mi 1 6 1 ana a : 1 286 B ri er v i si te . . t 1 F C F S h, II, 35, 3 , 59 C d I , 47 , ; dg d , 1 2 8 74 II , 3 urnot e : i n coun i t R d annon al R er : 1 26 B , F lix c l wi h e C b l iv I, ou 1 antonment eno : 20 Cl d , II, 99 C R I , B urnt ort : s S ou h a i a e orn : ootnote F ee t Pass S t t on C p H I, 54, f urre r ate eor e W : 2 1 ara ans : 26 2 6 226 2 1 B ll , P iv G g I , 3 C v I , , 7 , 3, , II , 7

i r r . or B urro s a t. 0 1 e on n to S eo e e w , C p I , 3 b l gi g G g G , II , us r ate ames E : ma e cart 22 Bo eman comman e 2 1 B h, P iv J d 5 ; z d d , I , 5 ; r es 1 82 on o eman rai 220 on O re idg , I , B z T l, I , ; B utterﬁe ld out rn rlan Mai ! on Tra 1 1 s e of 2 8 S he Ove d g il , I , 3 ; iz , I , ; oute : 6 s u 60 tr a e ni t R I , 4 pply I , ; v l by gh , I ,

Th e B oze ma n Tra il

man oa 2 86 an Creek 1 8 1 0 2 26 2 6 2 8 a so R d , I , ; S d 3 . 7 . 35. 9. 7 . 7 . l as s acre 1 2 s ee a so I ndia ns ootnote 2 2 80 2 2 8 0 M , I , 9 ; l f , 79, , II , 5, , 7 , — Cas ualti es 80 1 act a s s es for oux , 59 ; pi Si , I, ’ i t ’ atho cs : 20 Red ou s a 8 at Col . a rr n ton s con e r C li II , 3; Cl d f h, 33 ; C i g f 1 200 ence 2 at att e r e S t a II , 95, , I , 77 ; Pl B idg att e : 2 1 2 c ai ms t on 1 80 1 8 1 86 1 at S an C l I, 4 , 37 , II , 9 ; l i , I, , 4, , 93; d sett e 2 die rom ac of ree 1 2 ban e t i oux l d, II, 5 ; f l k C k, I , 9 ; d d wi h S

water 2 0 rom Tex a s 22 1 8 1 ri n re ort to Col. , I , 4 ; f , I , 9 ; I , 5 , 59 ; b g p ans not ant 2 2 stam arr n ton 1 0 c e s at Fet Indi did w , I , 3 ; C i g , II, 4 ; hi f ed and stolen n ans terman s aster cr ue t p ed by I di , I, Di , I , 339 ; l y, 1 1 1 1 61 2 0 1 0 s a ree t ou 39, 4 , , 3 I , 5 ; di g wi h Si x , II , a a r : 00 1 ootnote 1 60 1 88 s e r er 2 1 C v l y I , 3 , II , 47 , f , , ; di lik d B idg , II, 3 ;

1 at ort . . m t 1 6 enem es w t ro s 26 l an 7 3; F C F S i h, II , 9 ; i i h C w , I , 4 ; d t ort a ram e 1 1 6 escort for c ai med 1 1 6 ort ern a F L i , I , ; l by, I, ; N h , I , n mai uar e sta e st ati o s , 1 8 1 26 26 ; on O r e on l, I , 95 ; g d d g 5 , 59, 3, 7 g ors es oun e a 2 58 ; Tra 1 2 ra Cro s 1 I, 74 ; h f d d d , I , il, I , 3 ; id w , I , 5 5 i n u E e ti on 1 2 nee e s e r soners 1 1 0 s ur S lly xp di , I , 5 ; d d ll p i , I , 49, 5 ;

C arri n ton 2 8 1 s tati one ren er 1 28 tre at t U. S . by g , I, ; d d , I , ; y wi h , at ort e c 2 1 1 F S dgwi k, I , 7 I , 7 n ans : mur ere W tman e enne as s : 0 Cayuse I di d d hi , Ch y P I, 9 2 1 ootnote e enne er : 228 2 2 0 2 1 II, 7 , f Ch y Riv I , , 37, 4 , 5 ,

emeter es : 02 at ort . . 2 8 28 1 28 1 1 C i I , 3 ; F C F 5 , , 3, II, 5 m t 1 ootnote 1 0 oot ca o ur n ton and Qu nc ai l S i h, II , 39, f , 4 , f Chi g , B li g i y R note at ort ar am e 1 1 at roa : 262 ootnote ; F L i , I , 3; d II, , f ort eno 1 28 1 2 1 1 oot ca o Times : corres on ent th F R , II , , 9, 3 , f Chi g p d wi

note at ro enc 1 2 Ge n. roo 1 2 1 8 ; C w Ag y, II , 3 ; C k, II , 7 , 4 a i ona l ama u a t Pow see a lso Cus ter B a ttleﬁeld N t Chick ga C p . Cemeter Gra v es ell at 2 y, , II, 7 entr a t 206 ua ua exi co : 26 C l Ci y I , Chih h (M ) I , Centr a ac c a roa : com ete h ren : 1 at ort l P iﬁ R il d pl d , C ild I , 59, II , 57 , 9 ; F 68 aram e 1 1 1 at ort Ph I, L i , I , ; F il entr a oute : 6 e arne 20 2 2 2 1 6 2 C l R I , 5 K y, I , , 9 , 94, II, , 7 ,

an er E . : 2 2 ootnote 8 2 1 ca ture n an s Ch dl , B I , 7 , f 3 , 95, 3 ; p d by I di , a e r ate 1 1 2 n ans ant to tra e Ch pp l, P iv I , 95 I , 3 ; I di w d , II , Charboune au Touss a nt : 1 oot 0 i n mi s si onar an 2 I n , i I, 3 , f 9 ; y b d, I, 4 ; note d an e 1 2 1 k e d i , kill d , I , 9, II , 94 ; ill ar es -At-or- il s - o e Mrs : n ans 8 i n car a ans Ch g K l Ab v , II, by I di , II , 9 ; v , I , 220 of r er 2 8 of R e d ; B idg , II , 4 ; ar ot : 22 ou 200 sca s 1 8 1 Ch l I , 9 Cl d , II , ; lp , I ,

ase one Mrs . ann e : 200 mne oc : 8 8 0 Ch Al , F i II , Chi y R k I , 49, 7 , 9, 33 , II , att anoo a 8 oot 1 1 Ch g II , 9, f 4 note e a ste am oat : 20 oo Chipp w ( b ) I, 9 , f t ” Cherok ee City : s ee La tha m note

e enne 6 1 0 oot tten en . : His tor o A m Ch y I , 7 , 3, f Chi d , H M y f e r note 2 80 8 1 2 2 i ca n Eur Trad e o Fa r Wes t uot , II , 5 , , , 33, 34 f , q e enne n ans : 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 ed ootnote cite o Ch y I di I , 5, 5, , 3 , , I, 34, f ; d , 49, f ot I ndex 277

- note ellowstone Pa rk uote o e Col . e son : 2 2 2 ; Y , q d , II , C l , N l I , 37 39, 44, 2 1 1 -2 1 2 260 ' comma n re use to 4 57 , d f d n t n i ans mman n ton Col. . : attac s I 2 co Chivi g , J M k ﬁgh I d , I , 39 ; d ans 1 28 1 2 censure est tute 2 comman m ss di , I, , 9 ; d , I, d i , I, 59 ; d i 1 2 a so ootnote i n 2 8 9, l f g , I , 5

v n ton ass acre : 1 a so o ns L eut. a s ar : 1 6 8 1 2 Chi i g M II , 94, l C lli , i C p I, , 3, 5 , 1 60 I I 2 1 1 2 at footnote ; see S a nd Creek Mas s a cre . 7O . 7 . 7 3, 7 5, 47 ;

ole r a : s e e D is eas e att e r e t 1 8 1 8 Ch Pl B idg Figh , I , 3, 4, outeau erre : 220 1 86 1 8 1 8 1 2 etters uote Ch , Pi II, , 7 , 9, 9 ; l q d, u ate r ree : 22 - 8 e 1 68 1 Ch gw C k II , I , 95 9 ; kill d , I, , 99

marron es ert : 2 o ns Col . W am O : 1 6 Ci D I , 7 C lli , illi I, , 93, marron R er : 2 1 2 1 8 Ci iv I , 7 9s. 7 . 3

1 o ns Mrs . mot e War : 6 68 6 02 r of eut . Ca s Civil I , 5 , , 9, 74, , C lli ( ) h Li ootnote 1 2 1 1 8 1 0 ar o ns : f , 4, 37 , II , 5 , 9, 3, p C lli I, 95 ’ 1 62 1 6 r er s son i n 2 8 o ora o : 2 60 1 1 1 20 1 26 , 5 ; B idg , II , 4 ; C l d I , 9, 33, , 7 , , ,

a t. o e s er e i n 2 de 1 2 2 1 econ a a r 26 1 C p P w ll v d , II, 7 ; 4 , 4 ; S d C v l y, I, ; serters o to ontana 20 8 ci t ens at n ton ass acre g M , I , ; iz Chivi g M , r f 1 sco r of ol Gen . arr n ton ete an o 2 e 0 C i g v , I , 34 , II, 94 ; di v y g d , I, 7 , tnot eter ans i n n an s er 20 1 202 foo e ; v I di , ce 2 8 o ora o R er : 2 2 1 vi , I , 4 C l d iv I, 9, II, 7 anc r ate Patr c : 22 o ter o n : 2 1 1 2 1 2 esca e Cl y, P iv i k I , 3 C l , J h II , , ; p d r m a a r Col. o c oot 220 ootnote Cl k, I , 95 f Bl kf , I , , f o m i a er 1 ar eut. 6 u : 1 2 0 Cl k, Li I, 9 C l b Riv I , 3 , 3 , 4 , 5 , a r o ns : 2 2 86 8 20 2 1 0 222 Cl k, H pki II , 3 , 9, 9, , II , ar a t Wi i am : 0 1 o um us 2 8 . 2 2 Cl k, C p ll I, 3 , 9, C l b I, 3 , 39

ootnote o n a t. . : 1 6 1 68 f C lvi , C p D A H, 3, , ’ a r s or : 1 20 2 1 1 20 2 6 1 6 i n c ar e at a e t Cl k F k I , , 9, II , , 3 9 ; h g H yﬁ ld Figh , a r e 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 6 Cl k , II , 5 , 5 , 5 , 54, II, 5 1 6 o n Z e e : 1 62 1 6 1 6 1 66 5 C lvi , k II , , 3, 5, a us re er c : 1 8 1 oot omanc e n ans : 2 1 0 at Cl , F d i k I , , II , 7 , f C h I di I , 5 , 7 ; note account of a on B ox t atte r e tat on 1 ; W g Figh , Pl B idg S i , I, 93 82 -8 on on Pr ate ame s : 61 II , 7 C d , iv J II, 55 , , e a r ree : 1 1 6 1 1 262 62 6 6 1 ootnote Cl C k II, , 9, , 3, 7 , 7 , f , 74 e ar or : 2 one sto a Wa on Tra n : cost 6 Cl F k I , 7 5 C g g i , I, 7 , ot n : m ttens need e 28 ootnote s ee a so Vehi cles Cl hi g i d , I , 5 f ; l nee e so ers 2 2 on e rences : e i t o one C a r d d by ldi , I , 44, 45 C f h ld w h C l l ou Pea : 20 2 1 2 6 r n ton 2 t E ans Cl d k I , , 5 , 7 i g , I , 77 ; wi h v , I, oa : i n orn ount a ns 2 1 2 s ee Lara mie P ea ce Con erence C l Big H M i , I, 55 ; 7 ; f

ne ar ort ! e arne 2 6 on e or . a : 6 F Phi K y, I , 7 C l y, C p P ddy II, 4 o am : 2 0 attac e onnect cut : enera a rr n ton C dy, Willi F II , 5 ; k d C i G l C i g ou 8 orn i n 2 ootnote by Si x, I , 5 b , I , 34 , f o 1 1 onne e am E : 1 8 8 oot C dy II , 7 C ll y, Willi I , , 5 , f ’ oeur d Alene ounta ns : 6 note 1 60 ootnote 1 ootnote C M i I , 3 , , f , 79, f

Coffenbur rus : a on tra n of onnor Gen. atr c E : 1 6 1 2 y, Cy C w g i , C , P i k II, 4 , 7 , 226 1 8 2 2 8 2 2 9 2 1 2 I , 7 . 37 . 3 . 39. 4 . 4 . 44. o r n ree : 1 20 2 8 2 8 260 261 26 2 0 1 22 C ld Sp i g C k II , 4 , 5 , , , 4, 7 , II , , 278 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

228 22 2 2 cam d on at ans 1 ma e b a on box , 9, 34, 35 ; m ly di , I , 59 ; d y w g s r n s I 2 censure 2 es 11 p i g , , 49 ; d , I , 45 ; . . 43 reca e 2 6 comman oor Council Fire a nd Arbitra tor : uoted ll d , I, 4 ; d p ly q , e u e 261 ootnote s kirm 1 -200 q ipp d , I , , f ; II , 99

i sh t ra a oes 2 6 ea es ounci . ro e 2 wi h A p h , I , 5 ; l v C l G v I, 7

ort aram e 2 remo ed ourt ouse oc : 1 1 . F L i , I , 47 ; v C h R k II, 4 rom comman 2 ren e Cout ant eor e : ootnote f d , I , 59 ; d z , G g I, 339, f ; ous 2 re r man e 2 His tor o W omi n uote v , I , 57 ; p i d d , I , 47 ; y f y g , q d , I , mes s a es rom 1 0 or ere to 1 2 1 6 ootnote 1 oot g f , I , 5 ; d d 9, II, 33, 4 , f , 47 , f o eman Tra 1 8 note B z il, I , 4 onti nenta e : 2 ootnote o eta Count ome of C l Divid I , 3 , f C w y h Con erse ount 26 o ema n 2 1 v C y I , 5 B z , I, 4 “ ” Coo : or us e n i ans 2 8 Co btes : 1 26 w d d by I d , I , 7 , y II,

1 r a Ca t. 3 4 C ig, p I, 95

Coo a t. ames : 1 2 1 22 ra orse C i e : 2 1 8 k, C p J H I , 7 , , , C zy H , h f I , 3, II, 9, 1 2 ootnote ootnote 22 1 261 3 , f , 339, f , II , , 94, ’ 2 1 8 - 1 2 200 20 20 oto r az oman s Creek : 2 2 3, 5 9 , , 3, 4 ; ph C y W I, 37 , 49 ’ ’ ra 1 8 Red ou s most ra oman s or : 1 20 2 g ph, II , 3; Cl d C zy W F k I , , 54, nt mate te ri en 1 82 v a l 2 2 2 28 1 26 II 6 9 1 1 i i whi f d , II , ; 59. 7 . . 3 . . 3 . 9 . s. uable aid to o ernment ur n 1 1 6 1 1 1 8 g v d i g , 9, 7 n an trou es 1 82 re ton Ed ar : 0 20 I di bl , II , C igh , w d T I , 7 , 5

Coo e Gen. P St . eor e : O n a e 20 i en a s o n i n k , hilip G g I, [ p g 5, g v J h 6 a e to s en re n orce e rror for E ar T 335 , 33 ; f il d d i f dw d . ] ments 0 etter rom 2 re ton o n : see Crei hton Ed , I , 33 ; l f , I , 33 ; C igh , J h g , met o s to s u ue n ans 2 8 wa rd T h d bd I di , I , 9 , . 2 or ers r er sc ar e roc ett a id : 1 99 ; d B idg di h g d , II , C k , D v I , 3 5

2 2 or e rs troo s to ort C . . romer Cre amer : B r r 3 ; d p F F C ( ) , Phil idge m t re e e rom com a rent ce to 206 S i h, I , 337 ; li v d f pp i d , II ,

man Ge n. erman 0 Croo Gen. eor e : 1 2 d by Sh , I , 34 ; k, G g I , 9, 3, II,

n cates Col . arr n ton 0 1 2 1 1 at ort ett erma n vi di C i g , I , 34 ; 7 , 7 ; F F , II , S cenes a nd Adv entures i n the 1 ootnote n ans bad ai th 47 , f ; I di f

Arm uote 1 1 1 . i n 1 y, q d , I , , II , 97 oo er ames en more : 2 2 rook Ex edmon of 1 8 6 2 8 C p , J F i I , 4 C p 7 , II , 5 , oo e r Tom : 22 22 en route ootnote C v , I , 3, 4 ; f ” to ort . . m t 22 1 ette r ross anc : 1 1 6 F C F S i h, I , ; l , C H R h II ,

22 1 a so ootnote 222 22 ro enc ont. 1 2 I , , l f , , 3 C w Ag y ( M ) II , 3 Corno r ate W am : 22 ro n ans : 1 2 ootnote y, P iv illi L I , 3 C w I di I , 5, 3 , f , 39, 001 1 2 11 : I 2 II 9 1 26 2 6 2 8 1 28 1 0 1 1 62 . 93. . 49. 5 . 5 . 7 , 7 , , 4, II , 3, 43, , 8 62 6 6 -6 6 - 1 6 2 1 2 2 262 26 o n i te 5 9 9 3) 5 7 3 97 7 3 797 9, 4, 3 , , 4 ; j i wh s 1 2 1 26 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 to t ou 1 0 at counci l 5. . 3 . 49. 55 . 5 . 57 . ﬁgh Si x, II , 4 ; 1 61 -1 6 1 6 1 66 1 0 2 at ort at ort ar am e 2 r e r 3, 5, , 7 , 35 ; F F L i , II , 54 ; B idg

. . mi t 1 6 at ort L ar a ri en of 2 1 cam e ne a C F S h, II , 3 ; F f d , II, 3 ; p d r

am e 1 1 at ort e arne ort . . m t 2 2 enemi i , I , 5 ; F Phil K y, F C F S i h, I , 3 ; es 28 at ort eno 1 2 u t t ou and e ennes 26 I , 9 ; F R , II , 9 ; b il wi h Si x Ch y , I , 4 , re ters 2 1 u t I n 1 r en 280 r end l by f igh , I , 3 ; b il by II , 7 7 ; f i dly, I , ; f i y

280 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Do e Gen. re n lle : 8 E orn Cree : 1 1 dg , G vi M I, 5 ; lkh k II , 4 uote 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 Elm reek : 8 1 q d . 7 . 3 . 33. 4 . 44. 45. C II , 1 6 1 2 26 2 2 Elston Mr : ca tures n i ans 1 4 . 47 . 37 . 3. 3 ; , p I d , I, 49 uote 2 0-2 1 a s s more Emba r o : of 1 8 2 q d , II , 5 5 ; k g 43, I , 9 troo s 1 8 aut or t 1 2 Emi rant Gulch : 22 22 2 2 p , I, 4 ; h i y, I , 4 ; g I , 5, 7 , 3 cam a n met o s 2 rst or Emi rant Roa : see O re on Trail p ig h d , I, 37 ; ﬁ g d g ’ der 1 i n c ar e of n an Emmi l s ork : 1 20 , I , 37 ; h g I di F II, 1 i m Mo. 1 I n a n Ca e t. of d En an : tre at wit D p , I , 3 ; gl d y h, I, 57 a i n o Wi nter o [86 -6 uoted Esse o n : 6 p g f f 4 5 , q , J h I, 9

1 2 1 a so ootnote E ans Gov . o n : 1 2 uoted I , 4 , 43, l f v , J h I, 7 , q , o s : at ort P i ea rne 1 28 D g F h l K y, II, 45 ; o ne b ra a oes 2 6 t Ew an os e : k le n i ans w d y A p h , I , 5 ; wi h b k, J ph il d by I d , Si r eor e ore 22 I G g G , II, 5 s o an n Mr l Pri ate err F : 22 E ba s s . os e : ca tured b D , v P y I, 3 w k , J ph p y omest c n ma s : at Fort P i l n i an s 1 1 0 D i A i l h I d , I , 49, 5 e arne 1 2 II K y. . 95 . . 99 ono an Pr ate : i e i n s i rmi s Paxt on Tue : D v , iv k ll d k h, , II, 34 0 1 Ferr : 8 1 constructi on of 82 I , 3 y I , , , I, ;

oran Pr ate . B : 22 on e o stone Ri er 1 2 D , iv U I , 3 Y ll w v , I , 3 o le Pr ate T omas 2 F s en en : 1 8 2 : es . 8 D y , iv h II , 5 , 57, d , F M I, , 94, II, 9, 8 6 1 ootnote ki e 6 1 ootnote 5 , 9, 7 , f ; ll d, II , f

6 1 n Mrs . : accom ani r ut. l am : 1 F s n ew e es e e . ed D , Li Wil i Y I, 4, 79, d , F M p ootnote us an 0 f h b d, II, 9 r s n re 2 1 6 Fetterma n a t lli . am : 1 D ip , A d w, II , , C p Wi J I , 9, r sco l enn s : 1 oun e 2 1 28 2 - 0 1 0 - 1 0 1 2 also D i l , D i II, 43; w d d , , 7 , 99 3 , 3 3 3 , 3 , 1 ootnote 29 2 uoted II , 44 f . 3 . 33 . 333. q . 335. r un ennes s : ra re amon so ers 1 H 1 6 2 3 6 ’ D k g ldi , I, 339: 34 3 : s , 43 : 7 s 0 100 1 0 1 26 1 ort named for 334 9 , , , ; f , D r Creek : 2 ootnote 1 i e mer can Horse y I, 44, f II , 47 ; k ll d by A i , u o s ree : 1 20 1 20 1 88 a so ootnote s ent to di s D b i C k I , , II , II , , l f ; ull ni e e : 1 0 ers e n ans 1 1 80 uri e D K f , Chi f I, 339, II, 4 p I di , II, 79, ; b d, at con erence 2 I f , I, 77 : uncan eor e : 1 6 Fetterman i saster : 8 1 also D , G g II, 3 D I, 7 5 , ,

ute or . am : 2 1 ootnote 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 oot D , C p Willi I , 3 f , 3, 94, 3 , 3 , f D M : i n com 8 - 6 11 1 e Ma . am cE note 2 2 2 20 y , j Willi . 7 . 95. 97 34 . . 5 . . man at ort etterman 1 2 26 2 0 2 1 86 d F F , II, 47 5 . . 3 . 34. 4 . 49. 5 . 7 . . 1 1 1 06 1 8 1 0 1 3 0 3, 04, 3 5 : 372 1 Es osa Moa n : 26 1 1 80 1 88 1 o es e ume ( ) II, 5 7 5, , , 94 ; b di xh d E a e He a ef : a nd re ur e 1 ootn ote gl d , Chi I , 339 b i d, I , 3 5 , f ; E a e oc : 1 20 a s e re orts of 2 2 one gl R k I , f l p , I , 3 4, 3 5 ; Ec o an on : 1 20 of t ree att es t no s ur ors h C y I, h b l wi h viv ,

E ar s . : 1 1 monument erecte 26 1 dw d , P L I , 4 I , 3 5 ; d , II, ; El aso Te as : 6 Red ou too no act e art i n P ( x ) I , 4 Cl d k iv p , Elk : 1 6 1 8 res u t of II , 4 II , 7 ; l , II , 39 Elk ount a n : 1 1 Fetterman as s acre emori a l Mon M i I , 7 , 9 , 93 M M Elk ounta n t at on : 1 20 ument : 82 M i S i I , II, I nd ex 28 1

Fetterman as s acre : see Fetterma n t atr ck e at ort P i M Fi zp i , kill d F h l D is as ter e arne 2 0 K y, I, 9 F nert o n : 1 uote 1 8 t atri c omas : 8 i y, J h F II, 47, q d, 4 ; Fi zp k, Th I , 37 , 3 , 39, Wa r a th a nd B iv oua c uote 2 1 0 2 1 6 2 1 8 p , q d , II , II, , , 1 2 -1 1 1 8 at e a n ans : 2 1 7 3 , 4 Fl h d I di I , 39, II, 7 ;

F n roc Dr . . : uote 8 r er marr e 2 8 i f k, J H q d , I , 9 , B idg i d , II, 4 also ootnote o o n B : 1 0 ootnote f Fl yd , J h I, 4, f F rearms : 1 8 268 06 0 ont anelle Luci en : 8 1 i I , 5, , 3 , 3 7 , II , F , I, 3 , 39, 4 , 60 8 1 1 1 6 at Fort 1 1 54, , 4, 9 , 54, 9 ; 0 P l e arne at H a e nn D an : 1 hi K y, I , 337 ; yﬁ ld Fly , II , 5 F t 1 62 1 68 at latte B ri e oo : belon i n to I ndi ana urne igh , II, , ; P dg F d g g b d, t at on 1 1 80 1 6 1 at 2 re a cut t atc et S i , I , 79, , 9 , 97 ; I , 57 ; b d wi h h h , I,

a on Box t B o e 26 for ort . . m t 2 W g Figh , II, 77 ; z 3 ; F C F S i h, I, 35 ; ’ man s 22 reec -loa n r e for ol -seekers 20 lack of , I , 4 ; b h di g ifl g d , I, 7 ; , rst use on a ns 1 80 col 1 1 1 6 2 1 2 8 26 1 ootnote fi d pl i , II , ; I , 7 , 7 , 4 , 5 , , f , lected n ans 2 2 contract 268 most canne at ort Ph l by I di , I , 9 ; ; ly d F i tra n une u e 2 8 em r ants e arne 2 oni ons us e to i q ipp d , I , 5 ; ig K y, I , 95 ; d une u e 2 exc an e for treat scur 1 0 8 r ces of q ipp d , I, 7 9 ; h g d vy, II, ; p i , I, e ts e nr r es a nov 1 scarce at ort e arne p l , II , 7 9 ; H y ifl 33; F Phil K y, elt 1 I ndi a na eman 0 1 0 tra n loa for mi n y, I , 3 3; d d, II , II, 39, 4 , 5 ; i d 2 n ans e ui e t 1 8 i n cam 22 5 3; I di q pp d wi h, I , 3 , g p, I , 9 1 1 28 n ans ofi er fiv e on es oote anc : 1 1 6 4 , 3; I di p i F R h II, for re o er 2 n i ans own oreman Pr ate at an : 22 v lv , II , 9 ; I d F , iv N h I , 3 nc ester r es 1 new at ors t eor e : S tor o a S ol Wi h ifl , II , 7 3; F y h, G g A y f Fort i e a rne no more dier ootnote Ph l K y, II, 43; , I , 74, f efi ecti v e t an arro s 2 2 not ort Atc i son : 8 h w , I , 4 ; F h I , 77 , 9 racti ca e 2 8 o ne I n ort B enton : 1 20 206 20 also p bl , I , 4 ; w d by F , 5 , , 9, i ans 8 scarc t of ootnote 2 1 0 2 2 2 d , II , 4 , 7 9 ; i y , I , f , , 3 , 35 scarci t at ort P l e ar ort B ert ol : 228 337 ; y F hi K F h d II, ne 20 2 1 so ers not ro ort oi se : 0 86 y, II , , ; ldi p p F B I, 44, 5 , er e u e 261 ootnote ort B ri er : 1 9 6 ly q ipp d , I, , f ; F dg . 44. 5 . 5 3. 54. 5. rin e r es stolen ootnote 1 86 8 ootnote Sp gfi ld ifl , II , 47 ; by f , 7 , , 9, f , 94, n ans 2 2 troo s carr old 1 1 1 20 1 8 20 220 222 I di , I, 7 ; p y 9, , 5 , 9, II , , , st e 2 1 use i n a on B ox 22 2 2 8 2 2 escr ti on of yl , I , 3 ; d W g 4, 43, 4 , 5 ; d ip , F t use n ans 222-22 esta li s e B ri d igh , II , 74 ; d by I di , II , II , 4 ; b h d by g us e to s u r ess muti n 2 er 8 te ams con re ate at I 53; d pp y, I , 39 ; , I , 4 ; g g d , , S ee Ammuniti on

F rst r a oons : 2 ort . F. mit : 1 1 ootnote i D g II, 7 F C S h I, 5 , f , i s er s a ac : 0 06 o 22 1 22 2 2 a so ootnote 2 F h , I I, 3 5, 3 ; b dy , 3, 3 , l f , 35, oun 1 ur e 1 a so ootnote 261 ootnote 26 f d , I , 3 3; b i d , I , 3 5 l f , , f , 5, Fi shtale : 2 6 ootnote 2 6 2 ootn te 8 II, 5 f , 7 , 79, f o , 2 3, Fi t era l and r er a ree 2 8 2 1 2 6 20 1 06 1 1 zg d , B idg g 5, 9 , 33 , 34 , II , , , 3

- - to nurse . ass 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 8 1 22 1 2 1 1 also Gl , II, 5, , 3 , 35 47 , Fi t era l r ate An re : ootnote 1 1 1 1 1 8 22 zg d , P iv d w M I, f , 5 , 59, 74, 7 , 9, 22 2 3 2 34, 254, also footnote, 57 , foot

F t u 1 0 ootnote note 2 8 ootnote 262-26 l an i zh gh, I , 4, f , 5 , f , 4 ; p , 282 Th e B aze ma n Tra il

1 1 1 ammun t on scarce Fort o n : 1 02 1 0 1 1 1 ra II, 37 , 4 ; i i J h I , , 4, ; d w at 28 Colonel arrin ton o i n 1 0 s ee Fort La ra mi , I , 4 ; C g p g, I , 9 ; e os es a an onment 28 1 282 Fort earne 8 6 p b d , I , , ; K y I, 4 , 9, ro s cam e near 2 2 e tra 8 8 1 1 6 1 1 1 22 22 C w p d , I , 3 ; x 7 7 4 9. . 9. 43. 5 . 9. arr son at 2 i n an er 266 2 1 2 ootnote 11 g i , I , 79 ; d g , I, . 9 . 333. 34 . f . . 39.

2 1 n este n ans 2 1 0 8 l f ‘ t - 1 2 ‘ 33 3; i f d by I di , I , ; 7 3s 93 953 3s ﬂs s 93 oto ra of ru ns 1 re n 3 3 ! ph g ph i , II , 33; i 37. 4 orcements not se nt s etc Fort o a : 2 1 0 f , I , 337 ; k h, Ki w II, 1 1 2 s i rm s near 28 st a ﬁ Fort aram e 2 1 II , ; k i h , I , 3; L i I, , 39, 44, at I 6- 8 1 . . 33 337 4 . 49. 5 3. 54. 65. footnote. 66. 8 .

Fort arr n ton : s ee Fort Phil K ea r 82 8 8 also ootnote 6 C i g , 5 , 9, f , 94, 95, 9 , 8 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 ney 9 . 9 7. 9. 27 . 1 36. 1 39.

Fort as ar : 8 1 8 1 6 1 2 6 1 1 1 F 8 1 i " 1 2 C p I , , 5, 3 , 57 , 4 , 4 : 44, 4 3 493 5 : 5 , 3 3 3 u ‘ oo" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 33 3 5: 3 9: s 37 : 47 : f 56, 59, 62, 66, 72, 7 3, 7 8

not s e Sweetwa t r S ta tion 1 1 8 8 1 e ; e e , 8 3, 2 3, 225, 22 , 2 3 , 24 , 244,

a B rid S ta ti on 8 1 Pl tte g e 24 . 249. 253. 259. 26 . footnote.

Fort lar : 1 0 1 266-2 1 2 8 2 282 28 2 C k I, 7 , 7 , 79, , 5, 93, ort o l ns 1 1 2 1 6 ootnote 1 1 0 1 F C l i I , 7 , 94, 7 , 3 . f . 3 7 . 3 9. 33 . 33 . 1 8 1 2 s ee a so Ca m Collins II 1 6 1 -2 2 -2 2 1 2 5 , 7 ; l p 344. . . 9 3. 5 7 . 9. 3 . 3 . Fort o ns oa : 1 6 9 8 0 1 02 1 0 C lli R d I , 93 3 . 37 . 39. 4 . 7 3. 3. 9 . . 4. Fort onnor eno : 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 1 28 1 C (R ) I, 5 , 44, 5, 3, 5, 9, , , 49, a lso ootnote 2 2 2 2 2 8 1 1 6 1 2 22 228 2 f , 45, 5 , 54, 5 , 1 5 . 5 . 7 . 5. . 33. 234. 2 26 268 26 1 22 com 2 6 2 2 1 2 2 II 2 8 59, 5 , , 9, II , ; 3 . 39. 4 . 54. 55. . 5 . an cs st at one at 2 0 I n ootnote r er at 2 2 3 p i i d , I , 7 ; f ; B idg , II, 3 ; ans att ac conti nuous 2 1 n i an counci l e at 26 di k ly, I , 7 I d h ld , I , 5, II, c an ca alr at 2 8 oot 1 1 2 0 ro s at 22 Mi hig v y , I , 4 , f 77 , 99, 3 ; C w , I , 3; note s ee a so Fort Reno escr t on rawi n 1 1 ; l d ip i , I , 97 ; d g, I , 3; Fort us se l : 2 r t n out ts e a e at . e D A R l II, 33 f igh i g ﬁ d l y d , I , ’ Fort El s : 1 2 2 2 u lt to uar 22 onnor s comman oun for li , 3 , 35 ; b i g d 9 ; C d b d , as s 2 1 0 a lso ootnote ra 2 n ans as s em le at p , I , , f ; d w I , 45 ; I di b d , I, i n 2 1 1 266 n ans un at 1 1 mes g , I , ; I di h g , I , 5 ; ort Fetterman : 2 2 2 8 s en er s ent to 1 ne er no n F I , 49, II , 5 , 7 , 3, g , I , 3 5 ; v k w 1 1 1 6-1 8 2 8 ootnote r er as ort o n 1 0 sol ers at 4, 4 4 , 5 , f ; B idg F J h , I , 4 ; di , trans erre to 2 2 so i ers rom anta oni s t c f d , II, 34 I , 39 ; ld f g i ort s er : 2 2 to ar s eneral arr n ton F Fi h I , 3 w d G C i g , I , Fort re tee e : 2 tre at ma e at 1 most F d S l II , 34 333; y d , I , 57 ; ort Ha l! a o : 8 0 68 m ort ant ost 8 F (Id h ) I , 44, 4 , 5 , , i p p , I , 7 86 1 0 ootnote s ee Err at a at ort arne : 1 2 , 94, 5 , f [ F L d I , 7

end of v ol . 1 1 6 1 1 1 20 206 ort e a en ort : 1 1 1 1 82 1 , 9, , , F L v w h I , , , 3 7 , 2 1 2 1 esta s e W et II 20 8 1 3, 5 ; bli h d by y h, I , . . 7 3. 0 ort e a en ort Tre at : II 1 4 F L v w h y , 94 ort a - r n a t oute : 2 1 ort ons : con erence at 1 2 F H ll Vi gi i Ci y R I , 5 F Ly f , I , 7 ; ort a ec : 1 0 1 n ans at 1 2 8 F H ll k I , 55 , 7 , 9 , 9 , 93, I di , I , 8 1 20 1 8 1 2 con ort McK i nne : 2 94, 95, 9 , , 5 , 7 ; di F y I, 55 t ons at - 8 ors es stam e ort McPhers on : 266 0 1 i , I , 95 9 ; h p d F I , , 33 , 34 , ed at ootnote 2 ootnote 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 , I , 94, f 34 , f , II , 3, 4, 9,

2 8 Th e B oze ma n Tra il 4,

1 1 6 a so ro t i tm nn mi ootnote 22 m 8 er . L s a e 7 5, 3 , l f , II , , 33 f , II , 3; S g

accom an es Col. oonl t r ate rom 2 p i M igh , I , g d f , II , 7 1 2 te e r a o erator at ors e e r a s e an a t ste : 2 1 0 5 ; l g ph p H G v i , J B p i I , 39 , II , s oe tat on 2 1 ost ance War : 2 1 1 82 h S i , II , Gh D I , , II , 45 , , Fru t : at Fort a ec 1 2 Red ou not act e i n i H ll k, I , 95 9 ; Cl d iv , II , ’ Fr Col . ames : Ar m S a cri ices 1 0 Red ou s reas ons for y, J B y f , 9 ; Cl d , II , uote 1 - 2 1 -1 q d , II , 7 7 95 99 Fur m an e s : s ee un er ar ous son r t o e . amuel : 1 C p i d v i Gib , S g S I , 7 , II, 5 5, names of com an es 1 oo n ount p i 7 , f t ote, 82 ; acc of Wagon

Fur Tra e : 1 8 arti cles B ox t - 1 ra n d I , 3 , 34, 3 ; Figh , II , 39 7 ; d wi g by tr a e route tr a e e 2 8 ortr a t 1 s etc d d , I , 39 ; v l d by I , 7 ; p i , II , 4 ; k h by, tr a ers 8 too art i n n a n C am d , I , 4 , 49 II, 55 ; k p I di Fur Tra n ost s : 8 ai ns 0 di g P I , 3 , 39, 44 p g , II , 7 a er : 2 Gil Riv I , 9 ALLA HER Pam cx : 2 1 Tra : G Coup . a ootnote 6 rout G , I , 3 Gil il I , 54, f , 3 ; e a at n : 1 20 1 2 20 6 of 2 G ll i I , , 3, , I , 9 a at n er : 2 1 2 1 6 2 1 c r st i le at ort l G ll i Riv I , 4, , 9, II , Gil h i , k l d F Phi 1 20 1 2 1 earne 2 0 , K y, I, 9 a at n a e 20 2 1 more a nd ar er : bull G ll i V ll y I , 7 , 9, Gil P k II , 43 ; a lso ootnote 220 a so oot ote tra n at ort l earne 0 f , , l f n , i F Phi K y, II , 4 22 catt e s e to 22 tter r ate o n : 22 3; l hipp d , I , 9 Gi , P iv J h I , 3 G allati ne l s : 22 as s u : com an on of ri e r Mi l I , 3 Gl , H gh p i B dg , a l an e Troo s : 1 62 1 1 20 2 1 0 G v iz d p I , , 79, 93, II, 9,

1 1 6 . en o 8 1 95. 9 Gl d I

ame : 6 a un ance of enn eut . 6 G I , 9 , 97 ; b d , I , Gl , Li I , 95, 9 , 97

220 2 2 at ort . F. mi t enroc : 8 1 , 3 ; F C S h, II , Gl k I , 1 1 6 at Fort a lec o e r e a : 6 a s o oot 45, 4 ; H l k, I , 95 Gl v , Ridg w y II , 9 , l f G anard Lou s : 82 ui t r e note le n ans 2 82 , i I , ; b l b idg , , 97 ; kil d by I di , I , 1 8 o : 20 1 202 sco ere I , 5 G ld I, , ; di v d , I , 33, G an ni er a t ste : 1 0 ootnote 20 6 20 ros ectors for 22 g , B p i I , 3, f , , 7 ; p p , I , 7 1 8 a s o ootnote 1 0 i n con o -ﬁe lds : also ootnote 1 1 II , 5 , l f , 9 ; G ld I , 54, f , 9 , rence t Red ou 1 8 1 2 1 2 26 2 0 ootnote fe wi h Cl d , II , 9 3, 5, 4, 7 , f

- ar er A. : 1 o s ee ers : 2 1 6 20 1 202 2 1 G b , L I , 7 G ld k I , 9, 4 , , , 3 1 1 ar er Mrs . . : 1 oo a r ate eor e E . : 2 1 G b , A L I , 7 , II , 3, G d ll, P iv G g R I , 3 a s o ootnote 1 1 1 22 1 2 uote oose ree : 2 28 1 1 1 l f , 5, , 9, q d , G C k I , 37 , , II , 9 1 1 ootnote 1 1 n ormati on re or on r ate Fr anc s : 2 1 3 , f , 4 ; i f G d , P iv i S I , 3 F r F m t 1 ar n o t . . 35, ore Si r eor e : 22 226 22 g di g C S i h, II , G , G g II, 5, , 7 , 1 6 1 22 8 urns hi s out t 22 3 . 39 ; b ﬁ , II , 7 arrett r ate o n : 6- 8 our um n uttes : 2 0 G , P iv J h M II , 4 4 , G d ( P pki ) B I , 5 0 1 ootnote ra r ate o n : 6 1 5 , 7 , f G dy, P iv J h II , 4 , 5 , 5 3, ar er ran armon : Ea rl Emi 6o 61 62 6 1 ootnote G v , F k H y , , , 3, 7 , f ra nt R oad: a nd Tra il: i n Mon r an rm of the e u c : g G d A y R p bli II , 33, tana uote 1 2 1 , q d , II , 34 au e : 1 8 ran s and : G l , Chi f II , 9 G d I l I , 49

eor e Col. 1 6 ran er : 20 G g , I , 4 G d Riv II , 9

erman : re er ck a us em rate r ant G en. . : 1 2 2 2 G y F d i Cl ig d G , U S I , 4 , 7 I ndex 285

. ras s Lo e ree : 1 20 Gumford r ate ar es : 22 G dg C k II , , P iv Ch l I , 3 ra es : a on routes 2 2 oot G v l g , I , 3 , f ’ n ote for Fetterman s comman K ack a'r i e at ort i l ; d , I, , k ll d F Ph 1 en t of 1 on re on e arne 2 0 3 5 ; l g h , I , 3 5 ; O g K y, I , 9 Tr a l 1 H a ert r ate enr : 8 i . . 54. 55 gg y, P iv H y II , 55, 5 , ” ra Fox : see Crook Genera l 1 ootnote i e 61 G y , 7 , f ; k ll d , II , ” re at mer can esert : or- n Henr : H a ec a Ge . G A i D I , 59 ll k, M j y W I , 93 reat a s 2 1 1 a er Pri ate ark 1 oot G F ll II , H ll , v M II , 7 , f “ re at e c ne oa of the note oun e be ar 86 G M di i R d ; w d d by , II , ’ ite s s ee Ore on Tra il am s or : 0 Wh g H F k I , 5 re at a t La e : 2 1 1 2 8 am ton W o. see Miners D e G S l k I , 39, II , , 3 , H il ( y ) 2 2 2 B r r a t 39, 5 ; idge cl ims o have light sco ered 2 1 0 am ton or : 1 1 6 di v , II , H il F d II reel e Horace : 6 H ammon oun e 1 6 G y, I , 7 , 93 d, w d d , I , 4 reen r ate an e :I 22 H anes Bill : 1 6 G , P iv D i l , 3 , y II, 3 reen er : 8 o 1 an n al G Riv I , 37 , 3 , s , 9 , 94, H ib , II , 95 oo n t ote, 1 20 2 1 220 oto H arne .Gen 1 0 ootn ote f , II , 7 , ; ph y, I , 3, f ra of ren e ous at a rr s g ph , I , 35 ; d zv , II , H i , II, 2 1 trai n cros s n 1 s ee Bla ck 7 ; , , ; H arr s . C : 2 ootnote i g I 5 i , P II , 54, f

H arr s . : Ca tholic Church in i , W R ree n Ri er Ren ezv ous : 1 Ameri ca ci te ootnote G v d I , 37 , 4 , d , I, 34, f r en e e Col : arr es at ort . . H rr n 1 a so eut. 1 0 G , iv F C F i , Li II, m t i , , 1 6 arten Pr ate c ae : 2 1 S h II 9 H , iv Mi h l I , 3

reer a t. G , p , 1 62 1 6 Hart Ca E ar L I , 7, t. : 1 C z, p dw d II , 37 1 70 ; i n command at atte ridge oes for el 1 6 Pl B , g h p, II , 7 1 6 , 6 Ha us er i le at Fort i l I , k l d Ph re osi G gg, a : car a an cond ucted b e arne 2 0 J h v y, K y, I , 9 2 Comm I, 7 , erce of the Pra iri es H a el t : 1 2 6 1 , I, yﬁ d Figh I, 4, 34 , II, 39, 2 oo n 7 , f t ote ootnote 1 -1 2 lan 1 6 f , 59 74, 5 3; p , II , 3 rifﬁn Pri vate As a : 22 , H a en G en . B ra s e G . : s Fort H I , 3 z , W p i ri nne B , G. : Fig hting Che ennes P l e arne 28 286 G ll y , hi K y, I , 5, 1 0 cite , 3 ; d , , 1 87 He art Ri er : 1 26 I II v I , Gr oet eers Rev . H : 1 g , , 8 zoo e ar race Ra mon : Pathbreak I , II, H b d, G y d ros s r ate enr G , i : , 7 1 oot ers rom Riv er to O cean : uote P v H y II , f f q d , note 1. 39 G rouard , ran : 1 1 6 He ena 6 1 20 1 2 20 F k II , l I, 3, , 3, 5, Grull , contractor : k lle b ( ) i d y 20 6, 22 1 n ans ’ di , , 2 83 e s ate : 6 I I H ll G I, 3 G rummond i u , e t . eor e : 00 Henr n re : a s o ootnote L G g W I , 3 , y, A d w I, 34, l f , 0 0 0 06 1 3 3. 3 4. 3 5 . 3 . 3 2. 2 1 I I 1 206 20 offers re ar for 3 . . 9. II , , 9 ; w d

95. 99. uri e 1 1 nurs n las s 20 b d . . 3 5 i g G , II, 9 G rummond Mrs eor 1 , e : enr Gen. G us : 1 66 G g W II , 9, H y, I, 20 0 1 02 at ort l earn , 4 , ; i e enr Gen . Gu : uote 1 6 F Ph K y, H y, y V q d, I, 7 2 see a so a rri n ton Fra nce I, 94 ; l C g , s 1 7 7

C. enr ic ael : 1 8 H y, M h I , uerri er i l am : 1 0 ootnote erman er t G , W l i I , 4, f H , S g . 286 Th e B ozema n Tra il

- IIerri an or . omas F u l : 2 8 : 22 orton Dr. am e g , C p Th I, 3 H , S M I , 7 , II, ilt ri ate : 1 oun e 6 H y, P v I, 95 ; w d d , I , 9. 95 1 orton Mrs : at Fort P i ea rne 97 H , h l K y, i nes rummer : 1 2 H , D II, 45 . 94 oback i er : 2 ootnote os ital : 1 ; at Fort i e ar H R v I, 3 , f H p I , 34 Ph l K

Ho i n er t . woun e 1 6 ne 28 at Fort Reno 1 26 ld g, S g d d , I , 4 y, I, 7 ; , II , , Holi ster : see Hollis ter

Ho l a a B en : 1 26 e u ment of Hot ri n s : 26 l d y, I , ; q ip , Sp g II , 5 6 68 Hot r n s al e : 1 2 1 I , 7 , Sp i g V l y II ,

Holli a . H : On the Plai n in ou Emerson : Trav eli n Old d y, G s H gh, g ’ 6 1 6 ootnot Tra ils uote ootnote 5 , I , 3 , f e , q d , I , 57 , f Ho ster oli ster 1 6 ouser Pri ate Fer i nan : 22 lli ( H ) II, 3; H , v d d I, 3

ki lle 1 68 u bar L eut. 1 0 d , II, H b d , i I, 7 olt r ate ur e at Fort u son B a om an : 1 86 H , P iv b i d H d y C p y I , 35, 4 , , Reno 1 8 286 acce t ro i s ona o ern , II , 2 97 , ; p p v i l g v Ho os ar Mi ssl on : Red Clou ment at rst ren e ous ly R y d , I, 57 ; ﬁ d zv , I, bur e at zoo ack Red C ou 8 ea uarters 0 ootnote i d , II, ; J l d 3 ; h dq , I , 5 , f ; bur e at 20 los s of o er i d , II , 4. p w , I, 43

r r t : 8 6o Humfreville a t. Lee : Tw ent Hoo e e . Fra k v , S g n II, 55, 5 , , , C p y 1 ootnote ea rs Amon Our Hostil e I ndia ns : 7 , f Y g Hoo er er t o n s uote 11 2 2 -2 6 . : ee Hoov er v , S g J h M , q d , , 4 4 ’ t Fra nk um re s am : S erg . H ph y C p II, 37 Horse ree : 1 6 1 6 1 66 unt i lson r ce : 1 C k I, 3 , 5 , H , W P i I, 3 “ ” ors e o er Pu man : 6 unton o n : 1 8 1 02 a ls o oot H p w ll I , 7 H , J h I , , , f orses : 22 26 2 8 ootnot note 1 0 a lso ootnote 1 0 oot H I, , , , f e, 53, , 3, f , 4, f 6 6 2 8 2 21 Fort note 2 uote 2 8 ootnote 59. 3. 5. 3. 93; , II, 4, q d , 5 , f ; P il earne 6 at Fort rawi n i n col ecti on of 1 2 h K y, I , 33 ; C . d g l , I ,

F. m t e on n to Fet e ar enera C ar S i h, I, 337 ; b l gi g Hyd P k G l ’ terman s comman l e 1 2 rin ton e at 2 ootnote d ki l d , I, 3 ; g di d , I , 34 , f ; di e rom e austi on 2 1 2 2 ome of the arr n tons 0 82 f xh , I, 4 , 4 ; h C i g , II, 3 , c a ms s ettle for 2 eet l i d , II , 5 ; f mufﬂe 1 oun ea c Warns Sp u nos : 1 20 d , I , 34 ; f d d d, I, II, 2 8 n ans co ete 2 2 ke t a o : 1 2 6 1 1 5 ; I di v d , I , 3 ; p Id h . 3 . 33. 53. 57 . 3. 9. s a e at ort P e arne 1 20 1 6 1 6 20 206 2 1 ol ddl d F hil K y, II , , 3, 5, 5 , , 3; g d o ne b r a a oes i n 20 1 202 94, 99 ; w d y A p h , I, , I, , 2 6 ; stam e e 1 2 1 a o Terr tor : 8 8 5 p d d , I , 94, 37 , 7 , Id h i y I , 7 5, 7 , 79, 3 22 1 ; s t ar e 1 0 stolen no s : Fort - ni nt n antr 8 II , v , II, 5 ; , I, Illi i y h I f y, II , 9 1 66 22 28 1 20 ta en n e en ence 26 a so oot , 3, 4, II , 7 9, 9 ; k I d p d I, , l f b Col arr n ton 68 t y . i g , , 2 ; wi note 2 6 8 82 h . . 44 4 . 4. 7 . . C I 7 . 9 Si r eor e ore 22 ; see a s o 86 2 2 starti n o nt for G g G , II , 5 l , II, 33, 34 ; g p i Mules est W , I , 7 7 ors es oe ree : 1 1 n e en ence oc H h C k II, 4 I d p d R k I , 49, ors es oe tati on a o 8 8 ootnote 1 2 1 6 1 2 1 H h S (Id h I, 5, 9, f , 5 , , II , 5 8 1 1 6 26 1 6 a s o ootnote n an a ents : ra t 1 1 6 7 5, 7 , , 9, 3 , l f , I di g g f , II, 93, 9 21 -2 6 ll s rst n an e rr tor : 1 2 2 8 II, 3, 33, 37 , 4 ; Phi ip ﬁ I di T i y I , 4 , II , 4 st0 1 6 ootnote n ans : 1 6 1 20 2 1 22 2 2 p , I , 3 , f I di I, , 9, , , , 4, 5,

2 88 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

1 0 s u erst t ons 1 s ur r s o nston Gen. ert : 22 5 ; p i i , I , 3 4 ; p i J h , Alb S II , 4, ed 1 s u ose to be i n ant 2 2 , II , 7 3; pp d w , 5 2 t ou t ort earne ones r ate Fran : 2 I , 3 5 ; h gh F Phil K y J , P iv k I , 3 3 m re na e tra ls 2 ones r ate : 2 oot i p g bl , I, 344 ; i , I , 3 ; J , P iv Philip C II , 7 , f t reat 1 1 ant to bu a note y, I , 7 ; w y b by, II,

0 war etween t e mse es onesboro a t. o e l 9 ; b h lv , I , J C p P w l 2 war met o s 1 60 oun e at 2 79 ; h d , I , , 343; w d d , II , 7 atc mo ements of a rr son os e e : 1 w h v g i , I , J ph, Chi f II , 7 5 2 e a ons 1 1 1 8 u accom an es o n P l 99 ; w p , I, 4 , 5, II , 54, J dd , p i J h hi 6 66 8 1 88 e a r n te l s 6 4, , 7 9, 4, ; w U i d ip , II , 4 t ates un orms 2 2 2 s ee u t as n : 22 S if , I , 4 , 43; J di h B i I , 4 a so un e r names of ar ous tr es u t G a : 22 l d v i ib J di h p I , 4

n a s a or . : 1 8 or u son Col . E . . : 2 0 I g ll , M j G W I , ; p J d , B C II, 5 tr a t loane 1 1 ule at er : 1 1 8 i d , I , J , F h II , 95 , 9 ” n an ara : 22 u es ur : 8 6 2 8 8 a s o I y K I , J l b g I , 5 , 9, 7 , 7 , 9, l o a : s ol ers on a ns 2 8 Sev ootnote 0 1 2 1 8 1 0 1 0 I w di pl i , I , 4 ; f , 9 , 94, 5 , 3 , 4 , 5 , enth a a r 1 1 2 8 266 11 8 1 0 2 6 2 C v l y, , 43, 3 . . 7 3. 9. 9 . 3 . 37 ; r n eor e W : mem er of o e act t es at 2 att ac e I n I vi , G g b B z ivi i , I , 7 ; k d by ’ man s art 2 1 6 ans 1 0 res cut at 1 62 p y, I , di , I , 3 ; wi , I , r n as n ton : As toria uote unct on 206 I vi g, W hi g , q d , J i I , 2 ootnote I , 3 , f ansas : 2 1 1 1 2 1 8 K I , 9, 7 , 4 , 5 , II, 33; ack son s m E : E ev ent a a r 8 1 1 1 J , I, 34, 39 l h C v l y, I , 5 , 4 , 43,

ac s on . : Centur o D is honor 1 8 a so ootnote 1 60 1 a lso J k , H H y f , 4 , l f , , 79, 1 ootnote ootnote 1 82 1 8 1 8 1 2 1 II, 94, f f , , 3, 5, 9 , 95, ac son ree a e : 1 1 200 228 2 6 E e ent o unt r J k C k V ll y II, 7 , , 4 ; l v h V l ee s aco s o n : 2 1 s ent to latte r e 1 8 t J b , J h M I , 4 P B idg , I , 9 ; Fif h acobs - o man ut -06 e C : , 2 1 3; a a r teent a a lr J B z I C v l y, II , 34 ; Six h C v y, n ame use for o eman Tr a 1 2 8 d B z il , , I , 3 2 1 6 ans as t 26 ootn ot K Ci y I , , f e ; ’ efferson t : 1 2 r er s rema ns remo e to J [Ci y] I , 3 B idg i v d , II, ff rs on rr Mo 2 1 e e a ac s St . ou s . J B k ( L i , ) 5 2 ans as t ourna l : 2 1 2 II , 7 K Ci y J II, e ffers on or s : 2 1 1 2 1 6 ans as stor cal oci et : 8 oot J F k II , , K Hi i S y I , 5 , f

en s on Col . note 1 60 ootnote J i , II , 34 , , f

ennes s e ut . o n : 2 ans as er : 26 1 1 6 J , Li J h C II , 5 , 55 , K Riv I , , 49,

8 62 6 1 ootnote 8 1 2 K ars ton or . ran : 22 5 , , 9, 7 , f , 3, 3 ; , C p F k I , 3 e 6 1 8 8 e an r ate ames : 22 kill d , II , , 7 , 4 K , P iv J I , 3 o ns on e at ort e arne Herald : 6 J h , kill d F Phil K y I , 33 e arne 2 0 r n t n W : 28 ea ne Ge . e e 2 K y, I , 9 K y, S ph I , , 9, o ns on r es ent : me s s a e to Con 1 1 1 comman s rst cam a n i n J h , P id g ; d ﬁ p ig re ss 2 West 1 1 1 g , I , 95 , I ,

o ns on W. : Ex eri ences o a e r ate errman : 22 J h , G p f K il , P iv H I , 3 ’ er uote : 11 222 -22 e Mrs ann : ca ture I n 49 , q d , 4 K lly, . F y p d by

o ns on ount W o. 2 oot ans 1 2 J h C y ( y ) I , 44 , f di , I , 5

note 2 1 1 6 e or . ames : 22 1 26 , 55 , II , K lly, C p J I, 3 , II , I ndex 289

e r ate art n : 2 1 ootnot S ee also E rrat a at end K lly, P iv M i I , 3 f e . [

en r c . : 1 8 of v ol 11 K d i k, J B I , . ] es s er a r es : 1 1 r a aram e ac ues : 1 02 2 K l , Ch l N II , ; d w L i , J q I , , II , 33 i o t n f 1 1 1 2 n s n c ec o o ar am e W o. 1 02 i g ll i , I , , L i ( y ) I , 93,

Col. 2 8 ar am e ount : 1 02 1 0 ootnote Kidd , I , 5 L i C y I , , 3 f er 8 aram e For : 1 08 see a so Pla tte Kilb g, II , 4 L i k I , ; l

n G en. ar es : 1 8 1 Ca m iv r Ki g, Ch l I , , 3 7 ; R e a i ni n with Crook uote a r am e ounta n : 1 06 p g g , q d , I , L i M i I , 1 - 1 8 aram e eace on erence : 2 0 77 7 L i P C f II , 3 ,

nne a t . Ki y, C p 2 54

nne . : 1 aram e ea : 2 1 22 1 02 1 1 Ki y, J F I , 34 L i P k I , , , , 3, nne r ate c ael : 22 I I 2 Ki y, P iv Mi h I , 3 . 39

nne Col . . C : 1 s ent to aram e la ns : 1 0 1 02 Ki y, N II , 35 ; L i P i I , 7 , 9 , 93,

est a s ort . . m t 2 arami e i er : 8 1 02 1 0 bli h F C F S i h, I , 79 L R v I , 39, 7 , 94, , 4, o a n ans : 2 mean war 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 8 Ki w I di I , 5 ; , 5, 9, 3, II , 5 , 4, I I 1 aram e a le : 61 2 . 45 L i V l y I , , II , 33 r en al u : 22 2 ar an : s oots n an 1 8 Ki k d l , H gh I , 7 , II , 9 L d , H k h I di , I , 7 rt an eut : 2 2 1 0 ar mer Mrs : ca ture n i ans Ki l d , Li I , 3 9, II , 9 , 5 , L i , p d by I d , 1 1 1 -1 6 1 2 5 , 54 5 I , 5 ttre e 8 ar mer art : att ac e n i ans Ki dg , II ,4 L i P y k d by I d , oc eter : 2 2 ootnote 1 2 K h, P I , 3 , f I , 5

u en a . : Fronti er D a s : La r ente ur arle s : Fort ears a K yk d ll , W L y p , Ch y Y 22 8 ootnote Fu T ad n Miss ouri : I , , f r r er a Upper 22 1 also ootnote II , , f L A onn : Mex . 2 oan 2 8 Las e as . B F I , 4 V g ( N ) I , 7 “ ” La onte tat on : 8 1 1 a t n u : r t n am fo B S i I , , 93 L s Ch a ce G lch ﬁ s e r L a otte a t : 21 0 ootnote e ena 20 M , C p I , ,f H l , I , 5 La orte : 0 1 1 at am : 8 ootnote 0 1 20 P I, 9 , 9 L h I , 9, f , 9 , 94, ; La rele : 8 1 m ort ant st a e st at on 0 oot P I , i p g i , I , 9 , f La re e ree : 1 1 1 not P l C k II , 4, 47 e La amée ac ues : s ee La ra mi e L au hlotts R , J q , g , II , 95 a c ues e a en ort Times : 6 J q L v w h I , 33 La am e ac ues see La ra mi e Lee an el : 1 R i , J q ; , , D i I , 4

a c ues Lee ct n Gov . E ar : I J q , A i g dw d M , a e au nto ne : 1 0 20 L d , A i I , 4 5 a n r ate : ur e at ort eno Lee ason : 1 L ggi , P iv b i d F R , , J I , 4 1 28 Hi o onta na eeson . : s tor M II, L , M A y f , a a 221 1 ootnote uote 2 L idl w, II , II, 43, f , q d , II , 57 , a e D e met : 2 2 2 1 1 ootnote L k S I , 55, 7 , II , 9 f “ an of the ro s : s ee Abs a raka e ton . : 1 1 ootnote 261 L d C w L igh , A C I , 5 , f , , an of the ou : s ee Powd er Riv er ootnote 1 1 6 stoc stolen L d Si x f , II , 59, 9 ; k Countr n ans 2 6 s ut er at Fort y by I di , I , 9 ; l

an 8 eno 1 2 s ut er at ort . L g, II , 4 R , II , 5 ; l F C F. t u ustus : 0 1 m t 1 6 Lan er . 2 g, S g A g I , 3 5, 3 S i h, II , 3

Lan or . : Vi il a nte D a s a nd ennon or . o ert : 2 1 gf d , N P g y L , C p R b I , 3

Wa s : uote 1 20 ootnote 1 0 e s a t . er et er : 0 y q d , , f , 5, L wi , C p M iw h I , 3 29° Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Le s and l ar E e t on : 0 Lo e o e ree ros si n : 8 wi C k xp di i I , 3 , dg P l C k C g I, 9

' 1 1 1 Lo e Tra l Ri e : 2 oo 06 3 . 9 dg i dg I , 99, 3 , 3 , Le ston : 8 1 1 1 2 6 II 1 1 8 wi I , 5 3 . 3 . 34 . . 7 . 7 L cense s : to tra e wit n ans Lo e Tra l R e oa F t : 6 i d h I di , I , dg i idg R d igh I , 33

ootnot Lo an E . : 1 8 34, f e g , A I , Li tle ar e Loui s e : reat - ran Lon ello : rea to ri e r 2 gh , M i g g d gf w d B dg , II, 44 au ter of r er 2 1 Los n eles 2 d gh B idg , II , 5 A g I, 9 L nco n ra am : 66 8 1 Loui s e : 1 6 i l (Ab h ) I , , vill II , 4 Li nco n 82 ootnot Lou Ri er : 2 0 l II , , f e p v I , 4 L n Lo er ne For eut . 1 : 2 0 i k, Li II , 9 w Pi y k I , 5

Li n . : 1 22 ootnote 1 1 ummi s . Pi oneer Tra ns or k, H H II , , f , 3 , L ( C p ootnote ta ti on i n Ameri ca uote 6 f , q d , I , 7 , L uor : us e as me ici ne 6 ootnote ci te 6 iq d d , II, 9 f , d , I, 9 ’ Li s a s ort : 220 ootn t u ton : F I, , f o e L p I, 94 “ ” L ttle B at : s ee Ga n ni r i g e , B aptis te Li ttl McCaa'rmr e orn R er : 1 2 1 , Ltatrr. Fanncxs : 6 Big H iv I , 4, 95, II , 4 2 1 1 1 8 1 20 1 21 n McC art A rti ﬁcer o n : 22 37 , 3 5, II , , , ; I di ans y, J h I , 3 nter ne ar 1 6 cc ure Three Thous a nd wi , II, 4 ; see also Big M l , Horn Riv er Mil es through the Rocky M oun

tt e ue er : 1 ta i ns 22 ootnote uote 2 2 Li l Bl Riv I, 49, 26 , I, 5, f , q d , 3 , Li tt e Bob : 1 6 ootnote uote 2 ootnot l , II , 3 f ; q d, II , 57 , f e tt e B ox E er : 1 ccum er r ate 6 Li l ld I, 52 M b , P iv II , 4 L tt e oose ree : 228 McDonald 1 0 i l G C k II , , I , 7

tt e . oos e a le : 1 1 McDonou h r ate ac : 6 Li l G V l y II , 7 g , P iv J k II , 45 , 4 L tt e s M Do souri er : 1 2 2 8 c u al er t. 1 1 i l Mi Riv I , 5, 3 , 240 g , S g I , 95, 97 tt e oon e : 2 s ee McG ui re r ate ames : 2 Li l M , Chi f I , 77 ; Tw o , P iv J P I , 3 3 M oons Chi e ac a a or : 1 6 , f M k y, M j I , 4 tt e McK nzi ne ree : 2 2 1 e e, . S : , 224, a ls o ootnote Li l Pi y C k I , 7 5, 97 , 3 9, W I f 1 - 8 62 McK enzi e and es a : 222 II, 5, 45 4 , 5 3, , see R h w I , a s o B i Pi ne Creek Pin McK enzi e Ri er : 2 8 l g y , ey Creek v II, 3 L tt e an R e r : 0 ac e a t : i l S dy iv I , 5 M k y, C p I, 95 McK oll r ate o n : 2 y, P iv J h I , 3 3

tt e o e : II 1 0 McLou hli n D r. o n : ment one Li l W lf, Chi f I , 339, , 4 g , J h i d , I, tt e oun e : 1 82 ootnote Li l W d , Chi f II , 53, f ttmann Max : 1 1 MeN a r ate 6 i , , 7 , , 49, , y, i , 4 L I II 55 7 , ll P v II ootnote account of a B o Mc uari e o n H : s ee Mc ui er f ; W gon x Q , J h Q y, t - H 2 82 ohn . Figh , II , 7 J

Li v enber er r ate rst man Mc ui er er t. o n : 1 g , P iv ﬁ Q y, S g J h H II , 44, 5 , e at ort e arne 2 0 8 6 1 62 1 ootnote kill d F Phil K y, I , 9 53, 5 , , , 7 , f n t M lv ane an e : v s on Col. . : 1 0 1 1 cU Li i g , R R I , 4 , 4 , D i l II , 33 v n ston 22 262 a en r ate omas : 22 Li i g I , 3, II, , M dd , P iv Th M I , 3 ootnote 26 a s on : 1 2 1 1 ootnote f , 4 M di I , 3, II, 9, f

ocomot e : rst at e enne 80 a son Ri er : 1 2 1 L iv ﬁ Ch y , II , M di v II , o e ra s s ree : 1 1 8 a a ne : at ort eno 1 2 L dg G C k II , M g zi F R , II , 7 Lo e o e ree : 2 8 8 1 a ars : com are t n ans as dg P l C k I , 7 , 7 , 9, 35, M gy p d wi h I di 1 0 1 1 to war t act cs 4 , II , 4 i , I , 343

292 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

ormon Tr tc e Gen. o ert : 8 1 0 a l : 22 220 Mi h ll , R b B I , 9 , 4 ; M i I, 5, II , ort name for 8 ormons : 2 8 1 1 2 2 f d , I , 7 M I , 5 , 44, 5 , 3 , II , 7 ; oe man : 1 6 82 8 sli e r er 22 on O r e M ll , C I , , 7 5, 79, , 7 , di k d B idg , II , 4 ; 1 " 1 on Tr a 9 . 3. 7 3 g il, I, 45

onarc 1 orri s er t . 6 M h II , 43 M , S g I, 95, 9

orr s Mrs . Est rt on e . : 2 er o a : rs t M d ll , F W II , 5 M i , h H b ﬁ oman ust ce of ea i n o Monker 1 1 6 ce W . , II , w J i P y , ont ana : 1 2 1 6 202 M . . 33. 5 3. 57 . 3. I, 68 1 0 ootnote 1 1 1 20 1 1 ount as n ton emeter : B rid , 7 , 9 , f , 9, , 3 , M W hi g C y g ’ 1 1 6 20 6 20 2 1 e r s rema ns remo e to 2 1 55 . 5 . . 7 . 3 i v d , II , 5 2 1 2 1 ootnote 220 22 22 ounta n e and sons : t 5, 9, f , , 3, 5 , M i Chi f wi h 22 8 2 2 2 1 ootnote 2 ro s 22 22 , 35, 37 , 4 , f , 54, C w , I , 3, 4 26 26 2 0 ootnote 1 6 ounte o unteers : 2 1 0 4, 5 , 7 , f , 3 5 , 33 , M d V l I , 2 1 1 8 1 1 ootnote 1 2 1 1 2 Mud r n s : 1 s rmi s at II , 3 , , 9, f , , 3 , Sp i g I, 39 ; ki h , 1 1 8 1 2 0 2 ootnote 2 8 1 1 45, , 3 , 57 , f , 5 , I , 4 a s o ootnote 2 262 ootnote u ree : ootnote l f , 59, , f , M ddy C k I, 93, f 2 6 26 car a ans for 226 u es : 22 26 2 8 ootnote 60 6 3, 4 ; v , I , ; M l I , , , , f , , 3, o sco ere 1 2 1 201 6 8 1 66 n ans co eted g ld di v d , I , 5 , 77 , , 9 , II, 7 , ; I di v , I , 20 2 20 2 1 o e rnor ca e or 2 2 num er us e 6 starvi n , 5 , 4 ; g v ll d f 3 ; b d , I , 7 ; g, o unteers 2 1 0 ome of ac 2 sto en n ans 2 80 v l , I , ; h Bl k I , 3 9 ; l by I di , I, ; oot n ans 0 l aw and or s ee a so Hors es f I di , I , 3 ; l

d er 20 20 8 o u at on of u en eut . o n s u er i s e , I , 7 , ; p p l i , I , M ll , Li J h p v d 2 1 of cam s 206 r nc a roa : 20 3, p , I , ; p i ip l d I , 9 route to 2 2 ootnote s ort er u en oa : 2 1 0 , I , 3 , f ; h M ll R d I, route 1 2 s u e s for 22 ur r ate ur e at ort , I , 3; ppli , I , 9 ; M phy, P iv b i d F trans ort n s u es 2 1 eno 1 2 8 p i g ppli , I , 3 R , II , ontana r cu tur a o e e : 26 ur u : 21 M Ag i l l C ll g II , 5 M phy, H gh I , 3 ontana t : 206 urra M Ci y I , M y, II , 95 ont ana stor ca oc et Colle c urra e an er : rawi n M Hi i l S i y M y, Al x d H d g by, ti ons : uote 202 ootnote 21 6 1 0 q d , I , , f , , I , 9 ootnote 226 ootnote uote us c : rass an of ort eces f , , f , q d , I , M i b b d f y pi 2 2 ootnote 1 1 ootnote 1 t arr n ton 268 3 , f , II , 3, f , , wi h C i g , I, 22 1 ootnote uote 1 oot ut n : on a ns 2 , f ; q d, II , 39, f M i y pl i , I , 39 note 1 0 ootnote 22 ootnote , 4 , f , II, 5, f ont ana P os t : 22 1 ootnote N enaasxs : 1 1 1 2 2 8 1 M I , , f I , 7 , 4 , 95 , II , , ont a na oa : 2 1 1 2 8 1 M R d I , 3, II, 7 5

oon t G en. T omas : uote e r as a Terr tor : 8 1 0 M ligh , h q d , I , N b k i y I , 7 5 , 7 , 4, 1 1 1 8 also o tn t 1 1 1 n 1 4 , 4 , f o o e, 52, 6 , foot ote, 42

1 62 1 6 re ort 1 e r as a n ers t : 1 1 , 3, II , 34 ; p , I , 49 N b k U iv i y II , 9 oore a e : 6 e ro s : s er ant t rt M , D v II , 4 N g e v s a Fo Phil Ke ar

oore e a W. : America n I ndia n ne 1 2 M h d , K , y. . 94 uote 11 1 2- 1 r en of Re d e a a : 2 1 02 ootnote q d , , 9 95 ; f i d N v d I, 9, 33, 53, , f , ou 1 2 1 2 202 206 o i n 20 1 Cl d , II , 9 3, , ; g ld , I, ;

or an e r t. W am : 2 1 m ners 20 M g , S g illi I , 3 i , I, 7 or an a : 1 e a a t : 206 M g R id I , 93 N v d Ci y I , “ ” ormon oa : s ee Ore on Tra il N ew En an : 8 M R d g gl d II, 3 I ndex 293

N ew H aven Red Cloud 2 54 ; prevents Indi ans from t e si ts 1 86 turn n 2 6 vi , II, i g, I, 5 Ne w e co : 2 8 1 2 s an Cli ﬁ : 2 1 M xi I, , 4 Ob idi II , 3 N ew or Tribune : 6 a a a ou n ans : 20 1 8 Y k I , 33 Og ll l Si x I di I , , 3 , Ne z e rce n ans : 1 2 1 1 26 2 8 20 at etter P I di II , 7 5 , 7 49, 7 , II , , 3; F

. man s ast r Red ou c erson a t . . G : 1 8 e Ni k , C p H I , Di , I , 339 ; Cl d ,

co nton o : 1 1 s etc t e r c e 1 treat t . Ni li, A i , 7 ; k h by, I, h i hi f, II , 7 5 ; y wi h U 2 1 1 7 3 S I , 7 ’ ne -mi e ree : 1 1 O G arra r ate c ae : 2 1 Ni l C k II, 5 , P iv Mi h l I , 3 ’ o rara R er : 22 2 2 0 2 8 en s o e : 2 1 1 Ni b iv I , , 39, 4 , 5 , Ogd H l II , ’ 22 1 82 1 1 O Har a T e o ore : II , , , 9 , h d II , 7 orr s re et-ma or 2 o : 1 1 0 E e ent C av N i , B v j I , 3 9 Ohi I , 93, II , 7 ; l v h ort a or ran : 1 8 2 2 6 alr 1 1 6 8 8 1 8 N h, M j F k I , 3 , 53, 5 , y. . . 7 5 . 7 9. 3. 7 . 9 . 9 . 22 n s e a orses 2 8 1 1 1 2 1 66 1 68 1 2 1 1 II, 9 ; ﬁ d d d h , I , 5 ; 3. 5 . . . 7 . 7 3. 7 5. 8 1 1 oes to re e of Col. o e 2 1 2 8 8 1 26 1 2 2 6 g li f C l , I , 57 , 3, 4, 93, , II , 34, 3 i n comman of n ans i n 8 st ati one at ort a ec on d I di U. . d F H ll k, I , 94 ; rm 2 8 2 8 26 1 a ns 2 8 A y, I , 3 , 4 , pl i , I , 4 ort or : 2 8 Oil : oun at a e D e met 2 N h F k I , 5 f d L k S , I, 55 ort atte ountr : 1 26 a oma : 8 N h Pl C y I , Okl h I , 33 ort atte i er : ro i e : uote 1 6 N h Pl R v I , 33, 49, 54, 55, Old C w, Ch f q d , I, 5 66 0 8 8 1 8 ootnote 1 02 Old a i e : 2 6 , 7 , 7 , , 9, f , 99, , D vid , Ch f I , 5 1 0 ootnote 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 20 Old tt e Wo e : 2 4, f , 5 , 9, 9, , Li l lf, Chi f II , 57 1 1 1 1 8 1 6 1 1 Old onee rs of W om n : see W 43. 55. 57 . 5 . 7 . 7 9. 2 5. Pi y i g y 2 1 6 6 1 omin Old Pi oneers , 225 , 22 , 24 , 247 , 248 , 263, g

266 2 8 2 1 6 a so ootnote an s ra : route of 2 , 7 , 79, 3 , l f , Old Sp i h T il , I , 9 2 25 " " oot ma a : 8 1 0 1 22 2 8 2 3 3. 3 . 345. II, 7 3. 4. 95 f O h I , 7 , 4 , 44, 5, 3 , 39, note 1 6 1 220 2 8 ootnote 2 2 8 1 6 ootnote 1 22 , 4 , 47 , , 5 , f , 44 , 9 , 3 , f , 3 9, II , , 2 260 26 1 26 s ee a so Pla tte ootnote 82 s o ers rom an 59, , , 4 ; l 39, f , ; ldi f Riv r t a oni sti c to ar n arr n e g w d Ge . G i g

ort atte oa : 1 20 1 1 6 t° n 1 N h Pl R d I, , 35, 3 , . . 333 2 1 ma a n ans : i n 8 rm 3 O h I di U. . A y, I , ort atte oute : 2 8 2 8 2 8 N h Pl R I , 7 , 77 , 7 , 94, 3 , 4 2 1 0 s ee a so O re on Tra il re on I 2 1 86 1 1 6 ; l g O g . . 4 . 5 3. 57 . 7 . . 94. . ort atte Tra : 1 8 1 6 1 1 1 6 206 20 2 1 6 N h Pl il I , 5 , II , 7 3 , 3, , 9, II, ort ern aci c a roa : 262 re on ountr : 1 1 0 1 ov N h P ﬁ R il d II , , O g C y I , 4 , 54, ; g ootnote s u ante o eman ernment f ; ppl d B z , I , 57 Tra 1 220 ootnote re on oa : s ee Ore on Tra il il, , , f O g R d g N u ens r ate eor e W : 2 re on oute : mi t a r osts on g , P iv G g I , 3 3 O g R li y p , I , N utta l T omas : 1 1 1 , h I , 4 5 re on ort ne a lroa : 86 O g Sh Li R i d I , , OATH or An nou nce To Unm zn footnote TATES : em rants re u re to t a e re on Terr tor : or an e S ig q i d k , O g i y I, 33 ; g iz d , 20 1 I , 9 . 57 er e at ort l re on Tr a : 1 1 1 6 28 Ob ly, kill d F Phi O g il , 5, , , 33, 34, e arne 2 0 8 oot K y, I , 9 39. 44 . 4 . 49. 53. 54. f ’ : 1 O B ri en a t . c o as 30 note a s o ootnote 60 6 , C p Ni h l J I , , , 57 , l f , 59, , 5, 294 Th e B oze ma n Tra il

66 1 8 8 1 82 86 8 28 6 o ne b uss e ll Ma ors . 7 . 77 . 7 . . . . 9. , 7 ; w d y R , j , 0 1 01 1 0 ootnote 1 0 oot and a ell 68 used b B on 9 , 94, , 3, f , 4, f W dd , I , ; y note 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 6 nevi lle 0 us ed for r ei ti n , 7 , , 7 , 9, 3 , 3 , , I, 4 ; f gh g, 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 1 1 6 2 2 3 . 4 . 5 . 57 . 59. 7 . I , 3 tn 1 0 2 1 22 206 , 209, foo ote, 2 , 5, 5,

266 11 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 . . A NCH : 1 1 8 247 . . . 4. . 5. P K R II , 2 con ti ons on 1 26 con acific oast : 1 2 6 53; di , I , ; P C . 3 . 59. 3. est on on 1 1 1 2 em rant 2 1 0 g i , I , 3 , 3 ; ig tr a ns on 1 rst o e rnment aci c Ocean : 0 86 1 1 20 i , I , 5 ; fi g v P fi I, 3 , 37 , , 3 , 3, e e t on o er rst tra 2 1 xp di i v , I , 43; fi v II , 5 c e b omen 2 rei tin Paci c r n s : 0 rst sto n l d y w , I , 4 ; f gh g fi Sp i g I , 5 ; fi pp i g on 6 ace for em rants on O re on , I , 7 pl ig g r n unct on : 8 1 26 1 1 rai l 20 O i J i I , , 5, II , 4 T , I , 3 s a e n ans : 2 aci c r n s t ati on : 86 O g I di I , 5 P fi Sp i g S I , Pa i T sborne Gov . Tom : c c e le ra om an : 1 2 O , II , 34 fi g ph C p y I , 5 ac tra ns : 26 s ee a r stran er . : 1 22 1 0 , ; C av ans O d , A B I , 7 , II , , 9, P k i I - 1 1 0 1 22 1 2 uote 1 2 1 2 uot Pa mer Gen. enr E : 2 6 uot , , 9, q d , 5 7 , q l , H y I , 4 , q ed 1 0 account of o n P i ed 2 8 2 2 uot e 2 I I , II , 4 ; J h h l . 4 . 53. 55 . q d . 59. . li s r e 2 - 8 remi n scences 1 22 ; ar 2 228 -22 p id , II , 3 3 ; i di y, I, 49, II , 9 of Fort eno 1 -1 8 Pa lmer oel : ournal uote 1 08 R , II , 49 5 , J J , q d , I, Otter Hat e : 1 06 anama oute : ootnote 6 , Chi f I , P R I , 54, f , 4 tter Tai e : 1 0 ootnote Pant er ounta ns : 2 1 also oot O l, Chi f I , 3, f h M i I , 4 , f n u D r . 1 1 1 ote O ld , , 3

Par er Rev . amu : er an oa : 61 1 8 e 1 .2 our Ov l d R d I , , 5 k , S l I , 4 , 4 ;J erlan oute : 0 also oot na l o Ex lori n Tour B e ond th Ov d R I , 53, 9 , f f p g y e note 1 1 266 2 2 con Rock Mounta ins : uote 2 1 , 93, 94, 9, , II , 5 ; y q d , II, 7 diti ons on 1 26 2 1 8 , I , O erlan t a e Route : 1 0 Parkman Franci s : The Ore on Tra il v d S g I , 5, 55 , 9 , , g 1 2 1 2 uote 1 1 2 , II , 53 q d , I, er an r a : 6 6 1 1 1 arkman 261 26 a lso Ov l d T il I , 5 , 7 , 9 , 7 , P II , , 3, 1 1 I 1 I n ootnote 26 48. 1 76. 2 5 . I . 37 . 237 . 24 ; f 4

ans contro 1 1 ma and ex Parmelee E ar : 1 1 22 a l di l, I , 4 ; il , dw d I , 7 , II, , res s route 2 s ee a so Ore so ootnote 1 2 1 1 a lso ootnote p , I , 35 ; l f , 9, 3 , f , on Tra il mi t ar orts 8 uote 1 2 1 1 g ; li y f , I , 47 , 4 ; q d , 3 , 35, II, 54 ° num er of em r ants on I as s ree : 1 1 8 1 20 b ig , , 54 ; P C k II , , at of the ome see e r 2 a nee n ans : 2 1 8 2 2 p h h k , I , 35 ; P w I di I , 5, 3 , 49, 5 3,

on e res s on 6 ra roa 22 a s to . S . 1 p y xp , I , 5 ; il d II, 95, 9 ; id U , I, 39 ; o lo s 8 ootnote route be sco er n an a e 2 6 f l w , I, 9, f ; di v I di vill g , I, 5 ; ore ort r er uilt 0 to l enem es t ou 1 o to f F B idg b , I , 5 ; l i wi h Si x, II , 77 ; g

ates 1 8 ar ous names for re e of Col. o e 2 i n g , I, 5 ; v i , li f C l , I , 57 ; U .

s ee a so N orth Pla tte Route . rm 2 8 2 2 8 2 61 I , 33 ; l , S A y, I , 3 , 44, 4 , Ov erla nd Tra il awnee er e : P Kill , Chi f I , 339 en : 2 cost of 6 oot a ne r ate r an n : 2 Ox I , 7 , 59 ; , I , 7 , f P y , P iv F kli I , 3 3 note st ances ma e 28 a ne anc : 1 1 ; di d by, I , ; P y R h II , 7 rst us e for trans ort at on 26 e ts : exc an e for he ad s 1 0 1 ﬁ d p i , I , ; P l h g d , I, ; names of num e r us e s ee a so beav er s kins , I , 7 7 ; b d , I, l

Th e B oze ma n Tra il

Portneu e r : 8 rett ear i e : at con erence f Riv I , 4 P y B , Ch f f , I , otts 220 ootnote 3 P , I , , f 7 7 our er a t ste : 1 0 ootnote rett E a e : k e e ans 2 2 P i , B p i I, 3, f , P y gl ill d Pi g , I , 4 1 1 1 8 1 0 also ootnote r or : 26 II , 7 , 5, 9 , f ; P i II , 5 re to uar cam 1 1 Prior ree : se e Pr or Creek hi d g d p , II , 7 C k y o er er : 1 2 8 1 1 20 1 2 r or For : see Pr or Fork P wd Riv I, 9, 4, , , 5, P i k y 1 1 1 1 62 1 66 226 2 Pr or Ri er : s ee Pr or Riv er 44. 53. 59. . . . 37 . i v y

2 1 2 2 2 also ootnote 2 Proctor Gen. 2 6 4 , 4 , 44, f , 45, , I , 3 9, II , 3 , 2 8 -2 0 2 2 2 2 2 61 oot 1 6 comman er at Fort eno 4 5 , 5 , 54, 55 , , f 5 ; d R , I, note 26 26 2 0 2 2 2 28 1 6 stoc a e aroun ort eno , 3, 5, 7 , 7 , 7 5, 9, 3 k d d F R , 1 6 II 1 08 1 1 1 22 1 2 3 . . 37 . . 5 . . II , 7 1 2 1 26 1 2 1 1 ootnote 1 ro ost Et enne : 8 5, , 7 , 3 , f , 77 , P v , i I , 34, 3 1 8 22 228 262 26 n ans r or r or ree : n ans not 7 , 5 , , , 3; I di P y (P i ) C k I di tr a e n to ar 2 trou esome est of 2 v li g w d , I , 47 bl w , I , 35 o er Ri er ountr : 1 Pr or Pr or or : 1 20 26 P wd v C y I , 3 , 99, y ( i ) F k II, , 3 1 0 ootnote 1 20 1 1 6 1 8 r or r or er : 1 20 1 20 3, f , , 39, 4 , 4 , P y (P i ) Riv I , , II , 1 1 t 6 3 1 3 6 um n utt es : 2 1 2 8 1 1 55, 59, 7 9 3 9 409 34 9 P pki B I , 5 , 5 , II, 9, 2 2 0 oo ootnote see Gourd B uttes 47 , 5 , f tnote, 260, 263, 264, f ; 26 268 26 2 28 2 1 um n ree : 266 7 . . 9. 7 7 . 5. 9 . P pki C k I, 2 8 0 06 1 1 2 2 9 . 3 3. 3 . 3 3. 3 5 . 3 3. 3 4.

2 ootnote II 1 8 1m m our . oa n : 2 1 34 . f . 343. 345. . 9. 9. 0 , C J I , 3

1 2 1 6 1 8 1 8 22 2 2 ui v el . : ellows tone Ex edi 7 . 4 . 4 . 7 . 9. 5 3. 54. Q y, A M Y p 2 8 car a ans start for 22 ti on o 1 8 1 0 ootnote 5 ; v , I , 9 ; f 74, II , 4 , f e e t on or ere to 2 2 xp di i d d , I , 37 , 39 ; n ans con re ate i n 22 8 ABBIT-THAT- UMPS a mp : at con I di g g d , I , ; R J , C lan se ecte for rst ort i n erence 2 d l d ﬁ f , I , f , I , 77 2 2 num er of so ers i n 266 a lroa s : o o s re on Tr a l 5 ; b ldi , I, ; R i d f ll w O g i , I , Red ou nsi sts on e acuat on 8 ootnote re on Tra l rs t Cl d i v i , 9, f ; O g i ﬁ 1 s ur e e for . 344. 345 v y d , I, 43 o er e r n an E e it on : a n-i n-the- ace e : 0 P wd Riv I di xp d i I , R i F , Chi f II , 45, 7 1 2 1 8 1 6 1 8 2 -261 amé ac ues de la : see La ra mi e 3, 4 , 3, 7 , 37 , II R , J q , 1 22 Ja cques o er Ri er oa : 2 1 2 a i e utte : 2 1 22 P wd v R d I, 3, II , 57 , R wh d B I , , ootnote not enou s o ers on a ns 8 1 ootnote f ; gh ldi , R wli I , , f , 9 3, 228 ootnote 2 0 ootnote 2 1 I , f , 9 , f , II ,

o er er err tor : 1 a mon er t. ranc s : 2 1 P wd Riv T i y I , 43 R y d , S g F i I , 3 r i er a e : 1 n o o e R a nol s Ge . . : u te P wd v V ll y II , 49 R y d , W F I , 44 , q d ,

o e Ma . ames W : 2 8 02 uote 2 0 ootnote P w ll , j J I , 7 , 3 , 47 , q d , I , 5 , f , II ,

06 1 II ' 1 1 8 ootnote rst to rece e ma l 3 . 333. 34 . . 445 , f ; ﬁ iv i 8 6 68 1 oot on e res s 66 5 3. 55 . 57 . 5 . 7 . . 7 . f by p y xp , I , note 8 com ment to Red A rm e : 1 0 at con e r , 7 3, 74, 3; pli , II, , Chi f II , 4 , f 9 2 ence 2 7 7 , I, 77 ra r e D o ree : 1 1 228 22 Red uttes : 1 6 2 1 6 1 2 1 P i i g C k II, 7 , , 9 B I , 9, , II , ra r e D o e : 1 1 6 Red ou e : 1 1 2 1 2 2 P i i g Divid II , Cl d , Chi f I , 7 , 9, , , r a r e ro e : 1 8 2 1 0 ootnote 26 2 0 2 P i i G v I , 5 3, 3, f , 5 , 7 , 99, “ ” ra r e c ooners : 6 0 a so ootnote P i i S h I, 9 3 3. 334. 339. l f . 343. I ndex

11 1 6 26 2 8 2 66 c ar s on ert : 6 . . . . 9. 45. 5 3. . Ri h d , Alb D I , 7 1 86 1 0 1 4 0 22 2 i c mon r er orn at 7 9 : 43 7 5 413 99 54» R h d B idg b , 2 260 2 61 262 comman e I n 20 20 59, , , ; d d II, 5, 7 t r mi t ans 2 8 cunn n 1 de e s : at o t . . di , I , 3; i g, II , 5 ; Riﬂ pi F C F S h, II , cl ared war 2 1 in comman at 1 1 1 , I , 7 ; d 39. 4 Wa on Box t 6 6 met i es : see Firea r ms g Figh , II, 5 , 7 ; h R ﬂ od of te rm nat n counc s e r ate : ur e at ort eno i i g il , I , 345 ; Ril y, P iv b i d F R , re us es to o n counc 26 re 1 28 f j i il , I , 7 ; II, us es to s urren e r 2 8 Ri a na s : 2 f d , I , 7 , 344 ; o G lli I , 7 states os s at a on B ox t Ri o ran e : 2 l W g Figh , II, G d I , 9 0 s ucce ss u r a s 26 coun Ri o ora : 2 7 ; f l id , I , 4 ; M I , 7 ci l t Red ou 1 a rn oa s : to the West see un er ar wi h Cl d , II , 99 ; w R d , d v i i n to te men 20 ou ous names g whi , I, ; w ld s tar e out so ers 2 8 1 o e rs etre at : 1 20 v ldi , I , R bb R I , Red ou ac : 200 20 ur o ert s Cl d , J k II, , 3; b ied R b , I, 97

at o os ar s si on 20 obertson er t. ranci s : 2 H ly R y Mi , II , 4 R , S g F II , 5 , 53, Red C ou enc : 1 8 1 88 62 1 ootnote l d Ag y II , 5 , , , 7 , f oc ree : 1 R k C k I , 7 5 Red ou uttes : 200 20 1 oc ree t at on : 1 20 Cl d B II, , R k C k S i I, “ Red a o eon of th oc ree a e : 1 1 6 N p l e Pl ains R k C k V ll y II , Red Cloud Chi e 1 oc or : 1 20 , f, II , 7 5 R ky F k II , ee r ate e os : 22 oc ounta ns : 2 0 2 R d , P iv D l I, 3 R ky M i I, 5 , 3 , 3 , 34, “ ” e ster of the es ert : 8 86 1 6 2 1 2 R gi D I , 5 37 . 43. . 97 . 4 . 4. 54. e o n : 22 2 2 1 2 6 2 ootnote R id, J h I , 95 II, 5 , 33, 4 , 4 , 57 , f e ous er s : at ort a ounta n Fur om a n : R ligi S vice F Phil Ke r Rocky M i C p y I , ne 8 a so ootnote 2 1 1 2 1 8 y, II, 9 34, l f , 97 , II , , ; en ez ous : 1 0 ootnote at B r er ntereste i n 2 1 0 own R d v I , 3, f ; idg i d , II , ; reen R e r 2 1 of enera ers of G iv , II, 7 ; G l , I , 39 Connor 2 rs t to ort est ounta n as s : 1 , I, 57 ; ﬁ N hw , Rocky M i P I , 3 1 e tat on : 1 62 a so . 35 Rocky Ridg S i I , , l

en u es : 0 ootnote 1 6 1 s ee a so S t. R i , J l I , 9 f , 5 , 7 5 ; l ' eno .Ge n. esse : ort eno name r s S ta ti on R , J L F R d Ma y 1 for 26 ootnote oone er t . atr c : 2 , I , 5 , f R y, S g P i k I , 3 eno oa : 2 1 oot and onne e : Ov erla nd S tage R R d I , 4 R C ll y t e u can er : 1 1 80 2 60 to Ca li ornia 6 ootnote, c e , R p bli Riv I, 4 , II , , f , I , 9, f i d e s a c ar ree : 1 6 0 ootnote R h w (Ri h d ) C k I , 4 9 , f es a rot ers : 1 0 ootnote os e u 2 ootnote R h w B h I , 3, f R b d I , 57 , f e e re au : com are t o n ose u e r : 2 a so ootnote R v , P l p d wi h J h R b d Riv I, 57 , l f , s 1 8 2 8 26 1 20 Phillip , II, 9, 3 5 , 3, II , e o ers : s ee Fi rea rms osen ur r ate aco : 2 1 R v lv R b g, P iv J b I , 3 1 e no s os e : 1 os s , 1 5 R y ld , J ph J I , 9 R II e no s eter anc : 1 1 8 otten ras s ree : 1 1 8 1 20 R y ld , P , R h II , R G C k II , , Mr ou s a : 200 tt n ras s a e : 1 1 8 c a r s . o e Ri h d , L i II, R G V ll y II , Ri c ar e s a : 226 o er n an a ent : r cu e I n h d (R h w) I , R y , I di g idi l d by R c ar s rot ers : s ee Res ha w ans 1 8 i h d B h di , II , 9 Brothers unn n ate r : 1 0 R i g W I, 4 298 The B oze ma n Tra il

uss e Wi am : or an e on note 6 1 1 1 1 2 arra s se R ll, lli H g iz d p y , 3, 7 7 , , 4 ; h d e ress 6 b n ans 1 1 e n t 2 6 xp , I , 5 y I di , I , 4 ; l g h , I , ; usse a ors and a e : e u trame on 26 route of 2 R ll, M j , W dd ll q ip , I , ; , I , 7 ; ment o ne 68 came s us e on 6 re asons for w d , I , l d , I , 3; an r ate ames : 2 tem orar a an onment 2 8 Ry , P iv J I , 3 3 p y b d , I, ; roa of commerce 2 use as d , I , 35 ; d m li tar roa 8 as 11.1. s Cu s x : 2 2 S II , 33 i y d , I, aca a e a n an u e : 1 2 1 ar o n : 1 0 1 S j w , I di g id I, 3 , 9, S py, J h B I , footnote S aville : s ee Ada ms a nd Sybil aca a e a as s : 220 ootnote a m s : 268 2 2 8 28 at S j w P I , , f S w ill I , , 7 5, 7 , 9 ;

ac ett 1 1 ort . . mi t 1 6 1 1 1 S k , II, 7 F C F S h , II , 3 , 4 , 44, acr amento 6 86 1 at ort ette rman 1 S I , 59 , 4, 45 ; F F , II, 47 , a e ree : ootnote 1 1 ootnote at ort e a rne S g C k I, 93, f , II, 4 f ; F Phil K y, II, a e ree t at on : 1 20 0 2 at ort eno 1 2 S g C k S i I , , 33 , II , 37 9 , 9 3; F R , II , 9

St. oe 2 8 2 c on orn nton : 1 1 2 1 2 J II , 3 , 39 S h b , A II, , 3

St . os e 6 cott e ne ra 2 ootn ote J ph I , 5 S , G l I, 34 , f s cott Si r Wa t r : rea t St . ou s 26 a o oot e o B r er L i I, , l f S , l d idg , note 1 a so ootnote 1 2 1 0 226 , 3 , 34, l f , 45 , , II , ’ 82 1 6 22 228 2 6 2 2 8 cott s B luﬁs : 0 1 1 II, , 4 , 5 , , 4 , 47 , 4 ; S I , 49, 33 , II, 4 a rr a of A stori ans at cu Mr : 222 iv l , I , 33; S lly, II,

- B r er am mo e to 206 e c a or Gen. o n : 8 idg f ily v , II , ; S dgwi k, M j J h I, 9

er t . ttmann at 2 ootnote e er er : 2 S g Li , II, 7 , f S vi Riv I , 9 ’ St. ar s tat on ( a o , a es eare : Br er on of M y S i Id h I Sh k p idg f d , II , 8 8 1 2 5 . 7 . 5 22 6, 2 31 ’ St. eter s oc : 22 annon r ate atr c : 2 1 P R k II , 4 Sh , P iv P i k I, 3

a mon a s : 0 ar e or . c ae : 22 S l F ll I , 5 Sh k y, C p Mi h l I , 3 a mon Ri er : 2 1 0 e ree : 1 1 6 S l v I , Sh ll C k II, a t a e : 6 82 0 ootnote e ar rus : 1 S l L k I , 4, , 9 , f Sh p d , Cy I, 4 Cit ta : 1 20 r an en m a r a t a e e G . . : r e co e S l L k y ( U h) I , 94, , Sh id , P H id p d 20 2 2 2 6 to o n s 1 5 , 3 , 4 J h Phillip , II, 3 a t a e o um a and a orn a er an 2 82 S l L k , C l bi C lif i Sh id I , 39, II ,

E e t on : erman .G en . W. T : 1 0 oot xp di i I , 43 Sh , I , 3, f a t a e oa : 20 20 ”ate 2 82 1 1 H S l L k R d I , 7 , 9 , 1 33 1 34 3 t 540 a t a e oute : uote 2 8 2 260 a s e wo S l L k R I , 33 q d , 5 , 59, ; dvi d a t a e Tribune : 261 ootnote men to accom an e e t ons S l L k I , , f p y xp di i , I , am e r er 08 1 2 1 S pl , O d ly I , 3 , 34 9 S an ue : 2 e s er : 2 1 1 2 1 Mig l I , 7 Shi ld Riv I , 9, II, an ree 1 2 1 2 8 e 1 6 S d C k I , 7 , , II , Shipl y. . 95. 9 1 1 os one n ans : 1 2 1 oot 5 Sh h I di I , 3 , 9, f an re e a s s acre : 1 28 1 2 note 2 1 2 8 S d C k M I , , 9, , II, 7 , 4 a so ootnote s ee a so Chiv i n ton Shoshore R e r : 1 l f ; l g iv II , 45 M cr uot as s a e ot e . : 2 e 2 Sh w ll , A J II , 34, q d , 35 anta nna res ent of e co 2 S A , P id M xi 42 1 M 2 8 Shurl a . E . . : s ent to ort I , , 3 5 y, j R P F Mex 2 2 2 anta Fé . . m t 1 S ( N ) I , 5 , 7 , 9, 49 C . F. S i h, II , 44 anta Fé Tra : 2 oot e : s ee Ad a ms a nd i S il I, 5 , 49, 54, f Sibyl [Sibyll ] Syb l

300 The B oze ma n Tra il

o o nt t amboats : 26 on s sour r ut u a n Gen. eno e Ri e S h M i R S I , ; Mi i v , ki le at 26 ootnote 20 ootnote 2 1 0 l d , I , 5, f I , 9, f , out ar : 2 te ens Al : 1 6 S h P k II, 45 S ph , II , 3

out aar : 1 2 1 2 8 ternber L eut . e 1 62 S h P . 3 . 39. 4 . 4 . 7 . S g, i kill d , II , , 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 1 1 8 1 6 r nte i n error as trom . 5. 3 . 49. 57 . 5 . 3 [p i d S 1 1 66 1 1 er 1 68 59, , 20 , 2 3, 222 , 252, 2 55 ; b g] , ’ sco ere s e s art te ens Pr ate ar es : 2 di v d by A hl y p y, I , S v , iv Ch l A II , 7 , 20 ormons at ootnote 37 , II, 9 ; M , I, 45 f

out Pass t 8 o te art Ca t. am : 1 S h Ci y I , 5 ; g ld S w , p Willi I , 4 at 20 1 202 a so ootnote oca t lman Fork : 1 20 , I , , , l f ; l S il II, t on 86 oto ra 20 t l ater Ri er : 1 20 1 20 i , I , ; ph g ph, I, 3 S il w v I , , II , out as s tat on a o Terr tock a es : 1 8 2 1 8 1 2 2 S h P S i ( Id h i S d I , 7 , , 4 , 7 9, 5 , tor : 86 8 1 2 8 2 8 2 2 II 1 6 y) I , , 7 , 75 7 . 9. 93. 3 4. 344. . . out P att e R er : 8 6 0 2 1 1 00 1 22 1 26-1 28 S h l iv I , 53, 5 , 9, 7 , . 35. 93. . . . 2 8 a so ootnote 0 1 20 2 66 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 , 9, l f , 9 , , , 3 . 4 . 45. 57 . 7 . 79 ;

1 1 at Fort . F m t 1 220 s ee a s o Pla tte Riv er . at II, 4, ; l C S i h, II , 39 ; out P atte oa : 1 sta e sta ort P l earne 286 at Fort S h l R d I , 35 ; g F hi K y, I , ; ti ons on 1 1 1 20 eno 1 1 ootnote at P att , I , 9, R , II , 3 , f ; l e out Platte oute : 2 8 0 ri e 2 6 S h R I , 7 , 9, 9 , 94, B dg , I , 4 I tone 8 sent to o ert ak 37 S , I, 9 ; v e out Platte ra l : 1 6 o eman 2 1 6 S h T i II, 7 B z , I, ' al n Rev . . : 2 tone A . L : Followi n Old Tra ils Sp di g, H H I, 4 S , g , an s - mer can War : 1 22 ootnote 1 1 also oot Sp i h A i I , 34 I, 9, f , II , 3, f ecimen R e : 21 note Sp idg II, 4 lit ock : 0 tor e son : at ort a rami e wit Sp R I , 5 S y, N l F L h otte a e : 1 2 1 1 0 cattle 22 a so ootnote re t Sp d T il, Chi f I , 9, , 3, , I , 9, l f ; f igh ootnote 2 1 1 8 a ocate i n tra n 22 n ormat on re f , 7 , II , 7 ; dv d g i , I , 9 ; i f i eace 26 as s ass nate ar n Bozeman 22 s u l e p , I, 4 ; i d, II, g di g , I , 4 ; pp i d 1 6 ort mit w t foo 2 9 F S h i h d , I , 55 r h i at u us : ri n A nes R. r t : 1 8 St ac e Pr e 2 oot Sp g, g W igh I , , v J li II, 7 , f r n ree : 1 20 note Sp i g C k II ,

r n u c : 1 1 6 tromber Lieut. see S tern Sp i g G l h II, 35, 3 S g,

ri n a e : 2 6 ber Lieut. Sp gd l II , 5 g, ta e oac es : ares 6 tron ol e : s ee also S g C h I , 53; f , I, 4, S g W f, Chi f I , 339 ; ’ 6 a or s 6 run at ni t Bra v e Wol Chi e 5 ; M j , I , 7 ; gh , f, f s ee see Ca rav a ns tuart ran il e : sco ere old I, 95 ; p d , I , 74 ; S , G v l di v d g ta e nes : 2 6 o ene 1 i n ontan a 2 1 S g Li II , 3 ; p d , I , 44 M , I , 4

ta e tat ons : 3 on out tuart Ca t. ames : 202 uote S g S i I, 77 ; S h S , p J I , , q d , P atte oa 1 1 1 20 see und er 2 1 6 2 1 sco ere o i n Mon l R d, I , 9, ; , 9 ; di v d g ld v a ri ous s ta ti ons tana 2 1 , I , 4 tan n Elk i e : uote 2 6 tuart obert : 2 S di g , Ch f q d , I, 7 S , R I , 3 tan n oc enc : 0 tua rt T omas : 21 S di g R k Ag y II , 45, 7 S , h I, 4 tansbur 8 1 tu ns atts Far m : r er buri e S y, I , S bbi W B idg d tanton ecretar of War : ao on 2 1 S , S y , II , 5 ecdote 1 6 u ette ilton : 8 2 1 0 , II, 4 S bl , M I , 3 , 39, II, , tea ac : 2 1 8 S d , J k II, 95 I nd ex 30 1

T a s : 1 8 ublett e W am : 8 1 01 e , 43, 24 S , illi L I , 34, 3 , 39, , x I 2 1 1 2 1 8 u t ort aram e The r a e o er e : at con er II , , ; b il F L i , B v S ldi , Chi f f ence 2 1. 49 , I , 77 ” - h ette Cut off : 0 s ee a so T e a es : , 20 S ubl I , 5 ; l D ll I 9 T ermo ae : 1 O reg on Tra il h pyl I , 3 5 2 1 Thim s on Pr ate o n : 21 ulli an ri ate ran : , 3 p , i h , 3 S v , P v F k P I v J I

ul ant : 0 T omas , r ate os e : 2 1 S liv Hill I , 3 5 , II , 44 h P iv J ph D I , 3

1 T om son a t. . : 1 1 u .G en. re : 1 2 1 26 0 p , p , 43, , 5, , 4 h 44 S lly, Alf d I C C F II ’ u s E e t on : e u ment 1 2 Thorre r ate an e : 2 1 S lly xp di i q ip , I , 5 y, P iv D i l I , 3 “ ” u ur r n s : 1 20 T ree rot ers : see Teton Pea ks S lph Sp i g I , h B h umm t : 1 2 206 T ree ros s n s tat on : 8 8 S i I , 3, h C i g S i I , 3, 5, 1 n an att a 1 6 1 umner G en. . : 2 1 ; s c S , S S I , 7 5 I di k, I , us se 2 T ree or s : 2 1 1 2 1 6 S x I , 44 h F k II , , : at ort aram e 1 0 oot T a tes eu en o : Ea rl Wes S utlers F L i , I , 4, f hw i , R b G ld y tern Trav els ci te ootnote note , d , I , 34, f , eetwater B r e : 1 6 uote 1 08 Sw idg I , 4 q d , eetwater Ri e r : 8 To acco : 8 Sw v I, 33, 3 , 49, 54, b II , 5

1 1 1 8 1 2 1 8 1 61 1 62 To er t . : 1 82 94. 9. 3 . 5 . 5 . . . dd , S g H I , 1 1 1 ootnote 2 1 ros To r e : on atte er : 226 7 5 , II, 9, f , 5 ; p ll B idg Pl Riv I , ected for o 20 1 To s : r ce s e acte 1 1 8 p g ld , I , ll p i x d , I , 57 , 5 eet ater oa : 1 20 1 Ton ue er : 1 20 1 2 226 22 Sw w R d I , , 43 g Riv I, , 5, , 7 , eet ater oute : 2 1 0 2 2 1 a so ootnote 2 2 Sw w R I , 37 , 4 , l f , 45, 49, eet ater tat on : 82 8 1 6 2 2 6 2 2 8 2 6 2 6 Sw w S i I, , 3, 3 , 55. 5 . 57 . 5 . 3. 4.

- 1 2 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 82 2 n 1 ‘ 5 3 4, 5 7 , 7 37 7 5 , , 79) 3321 ” 269 1 8, ‘ 20 7 226

1 8 escr e 8 ootnote 22 n an lo es a on 1 3; d ib d , I , 5 , f ; 9 ; I di dg l g, I , 33 , ra i n 1 6 s k rm s es at 20 D w g, I, ; i i h , I II, 1 6 Ton ue er a le : 2 8 28 1 0 3 g Riv V l y I , 7 , , 3 4, w t B e ar e : 2 1 1 0 S if , Chi f I , 7 II , 4 : s ee Ada ms a nd S bil To nsen a t att ac e Sybil y w d , C p . k d by S b lle : s ee Ada ms a nd Sybil ou 226 a so ootnote y y Si x , I , , l f T n n 1 o s e . : w d , J K I , 4 A! ATION : u s on B a om an Trabin Postoﬁice : 1 1 T by H d y C p y, g ( ) II , 5 I Trans ort at on : 6 2 1 0 oat . 57 p i I , 9, ; by b , a or r ate ar es : 21 2 1 e ens es 6 ootnote T yl , P iv Ch l M I , 3 I , 3; xp , I , 7 , f ; Te e r a nes : 0 266 o erate re t 20 ootnote of s u l g ph li I , 7 , ; p d f igh , I , 9, f ; p to ont ana 20 re s cut li es 60 6 met o s on anta M , I , 5 ; wi , I , p , I , , 3; h d S 1 6 res torn o n 1 -1 Fé Tra 26 m ita r 2 8 5 ; wi d w , I , 34 35 il , I , ; il y, I , ; Te e r a tat ons : if see un comme rc a 2 on re on l g ph S i I , 77 ; i l , I, 5 ; O g d er v a ri ous s ta ti ons Tra 6 il, I , 7 T n e E c a t . Tenedore : 2 82 Tre at es : 1 2 2 2 266 26 2 0 y k, C p I , , i I , 3, 5 , , 7 , 7 , 2 0 1 2 82 2 2 ootnote ro en 94. 3 9. 333. 339. 34 . , 95 , II , 57 , f ; b k 1 1 s nt t r f tt - 0 e o e e o e er . S . 1 1 of 1 8 6 II , 7 , 3; li f F by U , II , 95 97 ; 4 , I , man 0 8 1 0 1 of 1 8 1 1 6 1 of 1 86 , I , 3 , II , 57 ; 5 , I , 5 , 57 ; 5, e rr anc : 1 1 1 of 1 86 2 of 1 868 T ill R h II, 7 II, 94 ; 7 , II, 54 ; , Terr G en : 1 0 ootnote 1 0 ootnote 1 8 1 2 8 oot y, I , 3, f I , 3, f , II , , 5 , f Teton ea s : 2 note 2 261 ro en te P k I , 3 , 59, ; b k by whi 302 The B oze ma n Tra il

men 2 1 re on wi t lershi 1 0 ootnote e as e an , I , 7 ; O g , I , 57 ; h p , I , 4, f ; l l d n ans 1 1 t ou rom r er 222 ofﬁc a rec I di , I , 7 ; wi h Si x , II , f B idg , II, ; i l 1 see a s o Fort Robins on Trea t o ni ti on of o n s act 2 94 ; l y, g J h Phillip , II , 5 La ra mi e Pea ce Con erence or ers ort a an one 2 2 oot f d f b d d , I , 3 , f Tutt and D augherty : s utlers at Fort note ; organizes commis sion to ne arami e 1 0 ootnote oti ate for e ace rom se L , I, 4, f g p , I , 345 ; p i d T a n ar : me a s to s ur ors of a on B ox w i , M k I , 93 d l viv W g T ent -ﬁv e ard er : 1 20 t 82 re ort re ar n w y Y Riv II , Figh , II , ; p g di g ’ T n ree : 1 1 8 o n s c a ms 2 ant wi C k II, J h Phillip l i , II , 5 ; w Two ace e : ca tured 1 to u a on roa 1 F , Chi f p , I, 49 ; b ild w g d , II, 77 un 1 1 n an e artment : 1 2 1 h g, I , 5 I di D p I , 7 , 7 7 , Two oons i e : 1 8 account 1 8 1 2 re ort of com M , Ch f II, 9 ; II , 9 , 99, 59 ; p of etterman s aster 8 m s s oner to on res s 2 F Di , I , 33 , 339 i i C g , I, 3 5 ; tr ans rr t e rtm nt Two Oce an Pas s : di scovered by fe ed o U . S . D p a e B r er 2 1 of nter or 1 8 s ee a so Unit idg , II , 5 I i , II , 5 ; l Two tr es e : 2 1 ed Sta tes D e a rtment o I nteri or S ik , Chi f I , 7 p f T er resi ent : B r er a stant enate Executiv e D ocuments : yl , P d idg di S I , re at e 2 2 2 2 ootnote 2 ootnote 20 l iv , II , 3 7 , f , 79, f , 3 , footnote

Uncrap as I nnxa ns : s o enate Exe cutiv e D ocument I , S 77 n e r oo nt to o rt a 2 0 ootnote U d w d se ve ke I , 5 , f B o eman 2 1 6 enate Ex ecutiv e D ocument z , I , S 97 n on t : 22 0 Re ort o Mas s a cre o Phil U i Ci y I , 5 I , 33 ; p f f n on ac c a roa : 8 6 K ea rne rst u s e 0 U i P iﬁ R il d I, 53, 5 , 7 , y ﬁ p bli h d , I, 34 22 8 I I 2 2 2 8 om m t s on an nst tute : 1 8 93. 94. . . 39. 53. 5 ; c S i h i I i II , 5 leted 68 en neers consu t War e a rtment 2 p , I, ; gi l D p , I , 3 5 , II , B r er 2 6 2 2 ootnote 2 ootnote at idg , II , 4 , 47 54, f , 57 , f ; n on Pass : 2 a s o ootnote cros s ur os es t n an De U i I, 3 , l f p p wi h I di

n te tates rm : at att r artment 2 Col. C a rri n U i d S A y Pl e B idge p , II, 53; g ’ tati on 82 u os ts on ton s re ort to 0 ac of s s S , I, ; b ild p , I, 7 3; p , I , 3 7 ; l k y a ns 2 re iments on a ns tem 26 1 ootnote mes s a e pl i , I , 4 ; g pl i , , I , , f ; g

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t on for roa 20 ocument tr act rom re ort of s ecret a r i d , I, 9 ; D , f p y, I , ell ows tone Ex editi on uote I 2 Y p , q d, , 33 ootnote re ort of 1 1 26 eace omm s s on 2 8 -2 47 , f ; p 9 3, II, P C i i , II , 5 59 e artment of nter or : 2 o ers : e as te e r a O e r D p I i I, 3 S ldi h ld l g ph p s ecret ar s en s comm ss on to ators 1 y d i i , I , 35 ‘ ou 1 e tract rom r e ort Troo s at ort E s 2 1 0 Si x, I, 99 ; x f p , p F lli , I , , 2 s ee a so United S ta tes I n o tnote I , 33 ; l f o dia n D e a rtment n te t ate s econ a a r : 1 p U i d S S d C v l y I , 7 , e artment of s sour : 1 2 2 28 1 0 at ort h D p Mi i I , 4 7 3, 7 , II , 34, 5 ; F P il o ernment : ro e a t t earne ct ms of Fet G v b k f i h wi h K y, I , 337 ; vi i ou 1 6 comm s s on to sut terman s aster 22 2 Si x, II , 7 ; i i Di , I , 3 , 3 3

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n i ans 2 use i n Wa on 2 ac of 2 0 2 at I d , I , 93; d g I , 55 ; l k , I , 4 , 49 ; B ox t 0 1 8 -8 Wa on Box t 6 1 62 sol Figh , II , 5 , 5 , 7 5, 4 5 g Figh , II , , ;

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a er . : 1 11 1 W lk , C M I , 4 . 95

a er Col. amue : 2 8 2 e at er : e treme 1 1 W lk , S l I , 3 , 39, W h x , I , 74, 43, 44 , 2 2 260 attac e n ans 2 1 6 1 2 26 4 , ; k d by I di , I , 43. 3 . 3 9. 3 5 . 3 . 344. 2 II 1 57 ; comman re us e to t I n . 5 . 1 9. 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 d f d ﬁgh 3. 4. 7 . 39. 4. 5. ans 2 1 0 at orts Larami di , I , 39 7 ; F e and Hal a a al a 6 20 eck 8 see a so Blizza rds W ll W l I , 3, 7 l , I, 9 ; l a ters r ate ert : 21 e a er a i : 22 226 22 W l , P iv Alb H I , 3 W v , D v d B I , 5 , , 7

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a rren enator . E : 1 8 1 1 est ort 26 a so ootnote W , S F I , , II, , W p I , , l f , 2 2 1 r er e ne ar 20 s II, 5 ; B idg di d , II , 7 ; arr or ree : 1 1 6 1 66 ome of r er 2 1 2 W i C k II , 35, 5 , ; h B idg , II, see a so Wa r Ma n Creek W eat e ames : 2 8 0 0 6 l h l y, J S I , 7 , 3 5 , 3 ; Waschman Mrs : au ter of B rid o oun 1 ur ed 1 , d gh g b dy f d , I , 3 3; b i , I , 3 5

e r 11 2 8 2 eaton Gen. ran : 1 2 ma e . . 4 . 49 Wh , F k I , 5 , d as a e e : r en of r e r comman er of a ns str ct W h ki , Chi f f i d B idg , d Pl i Di i , I , 2 8 2 II , 4 59 as n ton Mr : 28 2 1 2 ee er n : Tra il o Lewis a nd W hi g , I , 7 , 94, II , 7 Wh l , Oli D f Was n ton Mrs : II 1 2 Cla rk uote 2 1 ootnote hi g , , 37 , 7 , q d , I, 9, f , II, Was n ton e or e : 1 0 26 ootnote hi g , G g II, 5 5 , f Was n ton s tate : 206 s e at ort r er : 22 hi g [ ] I , 57 , Whi k y F B idg II , 3

Was n ton . 1 8 1 s G a : 1 61 hi g ( D II , 9, 93, Whi ky p I , 1 2 2 B r er s te 11 2 te nte o e e : 1 2 99, 4 ; idg vi i d , , 43 Whi A l p , Chi f I , 7 as n ton Chroni cl e : 6 W te orse e : 2 8 ootnote W hi g I , 33 hi H , Chi f I , 7 , f f 1 a 1 as ta : att e o so oot tman D r. arcus : 2 t e W hi b l , II , 94, l f Whi , M I , 4 , 4 ; ’ note mo es arro rom r e r s ack v w f B idg b , ater : a a 2 at ort 2 1 6-2 1 8 s a n n ans W lk li , I , 94, 54 ; F II , ; l i by I di , II , eno 1 2 i n a e De met 2 1 ootnote R , II , 7 ; L k S , 7 , f I nd ex

“ Wich ahn i Yamoni s ee Cr ook 1 ootnote k e n ans p , 94, f ; ill d by I di , General 8 e t orts unescorte II , 9 ; l f f d , I , W amette er : 0 2 nd an 1 2 numbe r i n ill Riv I , 5 93; I i , I, 3 ; W amette a e : 1 cara ans 220 oneers on O re ill V ll y I , 4 , 57 v , I , ; pi

W ams : u e t Col . C ar on ra 2 sca s 1 8 1 illi , H g id wi h g T il , I , 4 ; lp , I , ; r n ton 266 tr a e s ent re s e r ants at ort P e arne i g , I , ; v l i v F hil K y, I , en t of ozeman Tra 1 1 8 2 s ua s t 2 6 s ua s l g h B il , II , 94 ; q w ﬁgh , I, 5 ; q w ams r ate er : 2 e 1 2 s uﬁra e rante Willi , P iv Oliv I , 3 3 kill d , I , 9 ; g g d Mrs t W l ts ss Vi e : s ee Ga rber . 1 86 i n W o. 20 2 ootnote o il i , Mi , 9 y , I , , f ; ld

A L. to ea e ort 1 6 . l v f , I , 9

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W nne a o n ans : in . . rm 1 201 202 2 1 ootnote 2 i b g I di U S A y, 55, , , 9, f , 37 , 2 8 2 8 2 1 ootnote 2 2 H 0 I , 3 , 4 4 , f , 54, 7 3, , 3 . 37 . W scons n : Red ou e i n 8 1 2 1 1 1 2 a s o i i Cl d liv d , II, 3 . 39. . 45 . 47 . 53. l I ootnote 261 -26 rst to e ten 7 7 f , 4 ; ﬁ x d

Wi s li zenus . E : ourna l to Rock r anc s e to omen 202 oot , F J y f hi w , I , , f M ounta i ns uote 1 0 note , q d , I , 5 Wo ree : 1 1 8 W om n Old oneers : res o ut on lf C k II, y i g Pi l i Wo ounta ns : s ee Pa nther Moun a o te on o n s e at lf M i d p d J h Phillip d h, II , ta ins 1 3 . 32

Wo -T ates - o n e : at con om n - re on Tr a omm ss on lf h Li D w , Chi f Wy i g O g il C i i erence 2 2 62 f , I, 77 II, Wo e s : 8 1 26 1 2 W om n erritor : 8 lv II , 9 , , 3 y i g T y I, 7 ’ Woman s r es s n an scout : D ( I di ) II , 1 ° ALE ommon: 1 8 9 Y C II, 5 Women : 1 a use an ton ar e : 1 0 I , 59, II, 57 , 9 ; b d by Y k Ch li II, 9 n ans 1 1 a se to ac e o s tone ountr : I di , I , 5 dvi d Y ll w C y I , 37 , 44 com an e e t ons 2 1 at e o stone E e t on : 2 0 oot p y xp di i , I , 9 ; Y ll w xp di i I , 5 , f ort r er 222 22 at ort note 1 1 8 ootnote F B idg , II , , 3; F , II , , f La ram e 1 1 1 at ort e o stone err : 1 20 i , I , ; F Phil Y ll w F y II , e arne 20 2 1 2 2 1 6 1 e o stone La e : 2 1 K y, I , , , 9 , II , , 9, Y ll w k II , 3 2 8 2 1 ca ture I n e o stone a r : 2 2 1 2 -2 1 7 , 3 , 95 , 3 ; p d by Y ll w P k I, 3 , II , 5, ’ ans 1 2 1 1 2 co ore s er 2 2 r er s account of 2 1 1 di , I , 3 , 39, 5 ; l d 5 ; B idg , II, ant at ort ea rne 0 e o stone er : 1 1 1 20 v F Phil K y, II , 9 ; Y ll w Riv I , 99, 9, , n T o 1 1 an s ot . r o s 1 2 1 26 1 1 I di h by U . S p , II , 5. . 3 . 43. 55.