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Chemical, Botanical and Pharmacological Aspects of the Leguminosae

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Chemical, Botanical and Pharmacological Aspects of the Leguminosae Pharmacogn Rev. 2020;14(28):106-120 A multifaceted peer reviewed journal in the field of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Review Article www.phcogrev.com | www.phcog.net Chemical, Botanical and Pharmacological Aspects of the Leguminosae Jaisielle Kelem França Benjamim, Karen Albuquerque Dias da Costa, Alberdan Silva Santos* ABSTRACT Leguminosae or Fabaceae belongs to the Fabales order and comprises about 727 genera and 19.327 species. It is the largest family on Brazilian soil. Its biodiversity is present in practically the entire vegetal composition, showing its ecological importance in different ecosystems. It is subdivided into six subfamilies (Caesalpinioideae, Dialioideae, Detarioideae, Cercidoideae, Duparquetia idea and Papilionoideae). It has applications in different areas such as food, reforestation, wood industry, ornamentals, forages and herbal medicine. The secondary metabolites of this family are quite diverse, including the class of flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, anthocyanins, coumarins, saponins, phytosteroids and terpenoids, making it the second-largest family to be used with therapeutic resources in the world. Studies reveal important bioactive properties related to species, such as: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmania, healing, cardioprotective, hypoglycemic, myorelaxant, antiulcerogenic, serine proteinase inhibition, chemoprotective and anti-wrinkles. In this context, this work aims to present a review on the Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz, Inga edulis Mart, Bauhinia purpurea L. Hymenaea courbaril L, Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby, Parkia multijuga Benth, Parkianitida Jaisielle Kelem França Miq., Pterodon emarginatus Vogel and Phanera splendens (Kunth) Vaz species belonging Benjamim, Karen to Leguminosae, approaching its botanical aspects, its occurrence and uses, as well as its Albuquerque Dias da chemodiversity and the associated biological activities. Costa, Alberdan Silva Key words: Biological Activity, Chemical Composition, Ethnobotanical, Fabaceae, Plant Santos* metabolites, Plant metabolomics. Federal University of Para. Laboratory of Systematic Investigation in Biotechnology and Molecular LEGUMINOSAE GENERAL ASPECTS Biodiversity, BRAZIL. Leguminosae or Fabaceae, belonging to the Fabales the family with the largest number of species, order, is the third-largest family in the plant kingdom. followed by Orchidaceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Correspondence It has a cosmopolitan contribution and covers 727 Melastomataceae, Bromeliaceae, Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Alberdan Silva Santos genera and 19.327 species, including trees, shrubs, Euphorbiaceae and Malvaceae.[7] Federal University of Para. Laboratory lianas and herbs, with different climatic typologies.[1-3] This family is very representative of almost all the of Systematic Investigation in It stands out economically as fruit, timber, ornamental, Biotechnology and Molecular vegetal composition of the Brazilian territory, mainly [4] Biodiversity, R. Augusto Corrêa, 01 - forage, bee and medicinal plants. In addition to in the Amazon and in the Caatinga. Some species can Guamá, Belém - PA, 66075-110, BRAZIL. being important candidates for silviculture, being play important interspecific ecological relationships. Phone no : +559132017594 used in the recovery of degraded areas. It comprises Its wide and diverse distribution in plant formation E-mail: [email protected] six subfamilies (Caesalpinioideae, Dialioideae, shows unquestionable ecological relevance in Detarioideae, Cercidoideae, Duparquetioideae and different ecosystems.[8] History • Submission Date: 10-10-2020; Papilionoideae) recently reclassified according to Studies often link part of the family’s evolutionary [5] • Review completed: 24-11-2020; taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny. success to a type of association with polyphyletic • Accepted Date: 16-12-2020 Leguminosae species can be found in almost all groups of bacteria called rhizobia.[6,9,10] They induce DOI : 10.5530/phrev.2020.14.15 terrestrial environments, such as coastal areas, the formation of nodules, in which atmospheric mountains, rain forests, deserts, equatorial areas nitrogen is fixed and, in exchange, plants provide Article Available online and near the poles. The establishment of this group carbon compounds. Because of this, they can colonize http://www.phcogrev.com/v14/i28 in different environments is related to different nitrogen-poor environments and store the largest [2,10] Copyright adaptation strategies and chemical evolution, amount of nitrogen compounds in their seeds. © 2020 Phcog.Net. This is an open- occurring in the Neotropical, Ethiopian, Eastern and However, its wide distribution and colonization of [2,3,6] access article distributed under the terms Australian regions. anthropized soils are also related to the ability to of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. The Brazilian flora presents species from biosynthesize a great structural diversity of secondary different groups (Bryophytes, Lycophytes, Ferns, metabolites. Some of them are more restricted to Gymnosperms and Angiosperms), of which some species and others are widely distributed, such angiosperms are the majority, with approximately as flavonoids and triterpenes.[11] The predominant 92% of the occurrence, being Leguminosae, metabolites are alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenes, Cite this article: Benjamim JKF, Costa KAD, Santos AS. Chemical, Botanical and Pharmacological Aspects of the Leguminosae. Pharmacog Rev. 2020;14(28):106-20. 106 Pharmacognosy Reviews, Vol 14, Issue 28, Jul-Dec, 2020 Benjamim, et al.: Chemical and Pharmacological Aspects of the Leguminosae cyanogens, polyketides and peptides being associated with climatic metabolites of flavonoid class. Between 2014 and 2015, the term chemical typology. Among these metabolites, polyphenols, such as phenolic acids, composition was associated with the keywords plant extraction, isolation flavonoids and tannins (hydrolyzable and condensed) stand out.[12] and purification, phytochemistry, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, This metabolic class has great chemical reactivity because it presents antioxidant activity and in vitro studies. It evidenced the deepening of in its structures groups of hydroxyls, which can interact with forming investigations on the chemical composition and Legumes’ biological hydrogen bonds. In this way, it can complex proteins, DNA and even activities. metal ions. Consequently, many of these polyphenols can act in defense, against insects, pathogens and abiotic stress and in competition, BOTANICAL ASPECTS, USES, DISTRIBUTION preventing the development of other plants.[13-16] There is evidence that AND OCCURRENCE OF LEGUMINOSAE these substances can act in cytoprotection through the chelation of toxic Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz belongs to Leguminosae, metals enabling the development of species in polluted environments.[16] caesalpiniaceae subfamily is popularly known as Jucá or Pau-de-ferro. Most of the legumes secondary metabolites exhibit some biological, It presents occurrence through out the Brazilian territory, standing pharmacological, or toxicological activity, being its metabolic profile one out in the states of Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Amazonas, Amapá, of those responsible for making it the second-largest family of medicinal Ceará and Maranhão, with the Northeast of Brazil having the greatest plants used worldwide as a resource for the treatment of various [29] [17-21] occurrence, emphasizing that this species can reach 10 to 15 m in diseases, presenting hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, height and 40 to 60 cm in diameter.[30] It has composite, opposite, small, antiproliferative, healing and antimicrobial activity.[22-26] alternating, bipinnate leaves, obovate and elliptical blade. Its flowers are Secondary metabolites play an important role in plants and are essential hermaphrodites of yellow color distributed in the form of clusters. The for their ecological suitability. Thus, they must be considered as an fruits are pods of an oblong shape, slightly flattened with 8.3 x 1.8 x 0.8 important feature of the complex process of adaptation and convergent cm dimensions, they present brown color in the ripe phase. The seeds evolution. As a result of the changes that the individual undergoes to have a flattened base and a rounded apex, measuring 0.9 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm, [11,27,28] adapt itself, in this way, guaranteeing the survival of its species. In they present a uniseriate cross-organization.[31] this perspective, this work aims to present a review on the Libidibia ferrea In the last years, Libidibia ferrea has been the target of several studies (Mart. ex Tul.)] L.P. Queiroz, Inga edulis Mart, Bauhinia purpurea L. aiming at investigating its chemical composition and its bioactive Hymenaea courbaril L. Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber properties, since its fruits, seeds, leaves and bark are widely used in ex Ducke) Barneby, Parkia multijuga Benth, Parkia nitida Miq., Pterodon traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal and pulmonary emarginatus Vogel and Phanera splendens (Kunth) Vaz species belonging bronchial disorders, diabetes, rheumatism, uterine problems, diarrhea, to Leguminosae, approaching its botanical aspects, its occurrence and congestion, labyrinthitis, flu, expectorant and inflammations.[29,30,32] The uses, as well as its chemiodiversity and the associated biological activities.
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