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Current Status of Ectoparasites in Sheep and Management Practices

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ary Scien in ce r te & e T V e f c h o n n l Journal of VVeterinaryeterinary Science & Bedada et al., J Veterinar Sci Technolo 2015, S:10 o o a a l l n n o o r r g g u u y y DOI: 10.4172/2157-7579.S10-002 o o J J ISSN: 2157-7579 TTechnologyechnology Research Article Open Access Current Status of Ectoparasites in Sheep and Management Practices against the Problem in Ectoparasites Controlled and Uncontrolled Areas of Arsi Zone in Oromia Region, Ethiopia Hailegebriel Bedada, Getachew Terefe and Yacob Hailu Tolossa* College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit-34, Ethiopia Abstract A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites of sheep in ectoparasites controlled and uncontrolled areas, assess major risk factors and evaluate effects of ectoparasites on livelihood of farmer in ectoparasites controlled and uncontrolled areas of Arsi zone. A total of 969 sheep (646 sheep from controlled and 323 sheep from uncontrolled areas) were examined for ectoparasites. From controlled 371 (57.43%) and from uncontrolled area 285 (88.24%) were found to be infested with ectoparasites. The ectoparasites identified in controlled area were B. ovis 48.9%, Linognathus spp 0.93%, sheep keds 7.4%, 2.32% B. decoloratus, 1.46% A. variegatum, 1.08% A. gemma, 4.59% R. evertsi evertsi, and 0.31% mixed ticks infestation and 12.5% mixed infestation with various ectoparasites. Similarly from uncontrolled area identified B. ovis 81.4%, Linognathus spp 0.9%, 1.79% B. decoloratus, 2.62% A. variegatum, 9.29% R. evertsi evertsi, 4.3% mixed ticks infestation and 32.2% mixed infestation. The risk of ectoparasites infestation of sheep in uncontrolled area was 5.644 times higher than in controlled (OR=5.644). Significantly higher prevalence of ectoparasites in the uncontrolled area than controlled was recorded. The risk of lice, keds and tick infestations in uncontrolled area was 7.061, 3.836 and 2.074 times higher than controlled areas respectively. Poor animal management and weak animal health services were believed to have attributed for widespread distribution of ectoparasites. The effectiveness of ectoparasites control in selected zones of Oromiya region is also under question the. The growing threat of ectoparasites to sheep population in the study areas requires well-coordinated control intervention. Keywords: Controlled/uncontrolled; Arsi zone; Ectoparasites; According to Yacob Hailu Tolossa, Asnake Fekadu et al.[3,9] Sheep; Oromiya in many part of the Ethiopia, skin diseases due to ectoparasite have prevented many farmers from keeping sheep and becoming serious Introduction threat to sheep production. Despite the large population of sheep in Small ruminants represent the most important part of the Ethiopian Arsi zone of Oromiya region, ectoparasites are still among serious livestock system; about 24.2 million sheep are estimated to be found in problems in the area [10]. Even though the Oromiya regional state has the country [1]. In Ethiopia sheep is reared in all agro climatic zones. The started control program against ectoparasites in some selected districts highland area comprises 70% of the sheep, while the lowland pastoral and of east and west Arsi zone, the impact of this control program on the agro pastoral area have 30% of the sheep population [2]. However, the status of ectoparasitism was not yet studied. The objectives of this study current level of contributions of sheep in Ethiopia is below the expected were therefore (i) To determine the prevalence of major ectoparasites of potential. Among major constraints hindering the productivity of sheep sheep in selected districts of ectoparasite controlled and uncontrolled in the country are diseases, among which sheep skin diseases caused by areas of Arsi zone (ii) Identify and assess the major risk factors ectoparasites accounts a wide range of health problems that confront the associated with the problem (iii) to evaluate effect of ectoparasites on productivity. Ectoparasites are very common and widely distributed in all livelihood of the farmers. agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia [3]. Material and Methods Skin diseases caused by lice, keds, ticks, and mange mites; are among the major diseases of sheep causing serious economic loss to small holder Study area and population farmer, the tanning industry and the country as a whole. Skin diseases Arsi Zone is found in the central part of the Oromiya Regional cause mortality, decreased production and reproduction; in addition to State. This zone lies between 60 45’ N to 80 58‘N and 380 32’ E to 400 these, currently skin diseases affecting the tanning industry very seriously causing enormous down grading and rejection of skins and hides [4,5]. It is reported that 35% of sheep skin rejections in Ethiopia are attributed *Corresponding author: Yacob Hailu Tolossa, College of Veterinary Medicine to ectoparasites [6]. All these established facts imply that ectoparasites and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit-34, Ethiopia, Tel: 0251-911- pose serious economic losses to the farmer, the tanning industry and the 476006; Fax: 0251114-339933; E-mail: [email protected] country as a whole [7]. Received June 10, 2015; Accepted June 29, 2015; Published July 01, 2015 The control program against ectoparasites and skin diseases have Citation: Bedada H, Terefe G, Tolossa YH (2015) Current Status of Ectoparasites been designed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of in Sheep and Management Practices against the Problem in Ectoparasites Ethiopia in 2005 and launched in Tigray, Amhara and Afar regions. In Controlled and Uncontrolled Areas of Arsi Zone in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol S10: 002. doi:10.4172/2157-7579.S10-002 Oromia regional state this activity started in 2010 and still ongoing. Despite such national and regional efforts and emphasis given to the control Copyright: © 2015 Bedada H, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted programs against ectoparasites, some reports from north-west Amhara use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and region indicate the problem seems to be still alarming [3,8]. source are credited. J Veterinar Sci Technolo Veterinary Medicine ISSN: 2157-7579 JVST, an open access journal Citation: Bedada H, Terefe G, Tolossa YH (2015) Current Status of Ectoparasites in Sheep and Management Practices against the Problem in Ectoparasites Controlled and Uncontrolled Areas of Arsi Zone in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. J Veterinar Sci Technol S10: 002. doi:10.4172/2157- 7579.S10-002 Page 2 of 7 50’ E. The mean annual temperature of the Zone is 20-250C in the low in labeled universal bottles containing 70% ethanol and identified land and 10-150C in the central high land with the mean annual rainfall under a stereoscopic microscope according to the descriptions of 633.7 mm to 1059.3 mm [1]. Walker [13,14]. This study was conducted from October 2013 to May 2014. Study Questionnaire survey animals were indigenous sheep from three districts (Tiyo, Diksis and Guna) of Arsi Zone which are found 179, 199 and 230 km away from A structured questionnaire was introduced to obtain general Addis Ababa, respectively. According to CSA [1] Arsi zone has a total information on livestock ownership pattern, importance of keeping population of sheep 1,207,182, and goats 653,327. sheep, awareness of ectoparasites that affect sheep and their effect on sheep production and market value of the skin and the effect of Sampling method and sample size determination ectoparasite control program in the area. For the sake of convenience of data and time management a total of 60 individuals who owns This study involved three districts, peasant associations (PAs) and sheep were interviewed. For this purpose a total of 20 sheep owners sheep as a sampling unit. The districts were selected purposively based were selected from each district (20 individuals from uncontrolled on their representation of ectoparasite controlled and uncontrolled; area and 40 individuals from controlled area). In addition structured five PAs from each district having the corresponding control status questionnaire format was introduced to attain general information were also be selected randomly. Sheep found in selected PAs were on the preconditions set by skin collectors to purchase skin, the cost selected randomly from animals grazing in communal pastures. of ectoparasite infested skin with respect to healthy one, the way of The required sample size was determined as described by Thrusfield storing collected skin and what was the tannery looking while receiving [11]. The expected prevalence of ectoparasite was taken from previous the collected skin. Nine (9) skin collectors, three from each district work of Hailu [10] in the area before initiation of control program were included in the study. was 70% and by setting 95% confidence level and 5% desired level of precision. Based on the above formula and the livestock population Data analysis of each study agro-ecology, a total of 969 sheep were examined for Raw data was carefully recorded and stored in Microsoft Excel ectoparasites. Hence, 646 sheep where sampled from the controlled database system used for data management. Statistical software package districts (Diksis and Tiyo) and 323 sheep were sampled from called SPSS for windows version 17.0 was used for data analysis. uncontrolled district (Guna). Descriptive statistics, percentages and 95 % confidence intervals were used to summarize the proportion of infested and non-infested Study design animals. The effects of different environmental and host risk factors A cross-sectional study was employed and animals were examined were analyzed by regression and χ2 test. Statistical significance was set for presence of ectoparasites and skin lesions and after proper at p ≤ 0.05. restraining and specimens were collected from ectoparasites positive animals.
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    RESIDENT / HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR REPORT ON THE USE OF CERF FUNDS ETHIOPIA UNDERFUNDED EMERGENCY ROUND II 2014 RESIDENT/HUMANITARIAN COORDINATOR Ms. Ahunna Eziakonwa-Onochie REPORTING PROCESS AND CONSULTATION SUMMARY a. Please indicate when the After Action Review (AAR) was conducted and who participated. No formal After Action Review was conducted. However, CERF and CERF projects are regularly discussed at inter-cluster meetings. b. Please confirm that the Resident Coordinator and/or Humanitarian Coordinator (RC/HC) Report was discussed in the Humanitarian and/or UN Country Team and by cluster/sector coordinators as outlined in the guidelines. YES NO UNICEF, FAO, UNFPA, UNHCR, IOM, UNDP, WFP and WHO compiled the draft report and shared with OCHA for review and consolidation. The guidelines and components of reporting were shared with the agencies prior to the preparation of the report. c. Was the final version of the RC/HC Report shared for review with in-country stakeholders as recommended in the guidelines (i.e. the CERF recipient agencies and their implementing partners, cluster/sector coordinators and members and relevant government counterparts)? YES NO The zero draft report was shared with the above agencies for their review and comment; after which the report was amended as per their feedback. The HC also reviewed and endorsed the report. 2 I. HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT TABLE 1: EMERGENCY ALLOCATION OVERVIEW (US$) Total amount required for the humanitarian response: US$403 million Source Amount Breakdown of total CERF 11,593,620 response