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Backside of Newberry Volcano: Glaciers? Lakes? Floods?

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Backside of Newberry Volcano: Glaciers? Lakes? Floods? 2017 Bretz Club Field Trip The Backside of Newberry Volcano: Glaciers? Lakes? Floods? Leaders: Daniele McKay (OSU-Cascades); Jim O’Connor (USGS); and Robert A. Jensen (US Forest Service, retired) 29 April 2017 121° 30’ 121° 15’ 121° 00’ Bend (3 mi, 5 km) 44° 00’ Major channel Tributary channel Channel filled Deschutes River by lava flow Hwy. 2-920 Badlands olcano CAPS Informal V draw name Rd. 18 Hwy. 97 2-1 Field Trip 2-8 Dry River Canyon Stop 1-3 3-1 1-2 Lava Butte+ Horse Ridge 3-2 ANS EV Lava Top Butte + ORPHAN JUNCTION Mokst + Butte SMITH PILPIL 2-7 Pilpil BROOKS Butte + 3-4 Deschutes River STEARNS 3-3 Tepee Draw Paulina 43° 45’ Cinder + Little Deschutes River Rim Hill MCKAY SCANLON Caldera 2-6 SABOL 2-1 Creek 2-4East POT HOLES CROSSING Paulina2-3 Lake Lake 2-2 Red 2-5 + WICKIUP Hill Paulina + HIXON China Peak +Weasel + Butte CHINAHat HAT East SHEVLIN + La Pine Butte . 97 Finley Cinder y + Butte+ Cone Hw DEVILS HORN Rd. 22 SAND Green + Butte+ Indian Butte SOUTH ICE IPSOOT CHINA HAT 43° 30’ OOSKAN Hwy. 31 0 2 4 6 MILES 0 2 4 6 KILOMETERS Rd. 18 Figure 16. Map showing drainages on Newberry edifice. All paleo drainages are presently dry channels, except Paulina Creek, which drains west from Paulina Lake. Dash-dot lines are paved roads; dotted lines are major unpaved roads. The backside of Newberry Volcano has tantalizing evidence of glaciation, a pluvial lake, and outburst floods. Could all this be true? Could Dry River Canyon have been incised all at once? If you want certain answers to these questions, DON'T COME on this Bretz Club field trip! But if you want to see and discuss some of the perplexing features indicating a vigorous hydrologic system, please do attend. This trip will start at Pilot Butte in Bend, with an overview of Newberry Volcano and regional drainage systems. We will proceed from there to the northeast flank of the volcano where we will examine dry waterfalls, lake shorelines, and dry canyons, pondering as we go the story of water and ice on Newberry. As for all Bretzian field-trip guides, it derives from a hodgepodge of reputable and disreputable sources, has not undergone any kind of review, and is not a citable document. ! Newberry Volcano From Jensen and Donnelly-Nolan (2017) Newberry Volcano and its surrounding lavas cover about 3,000 km2 in central Oregon (fig. 1 and 2). This massive, shield-shaped (fig. 3) volcano is located in the rear of the Cascades volcanic arc, ~60 km east of the Cascade Range crest. The volcano overlaps the northwestern corner of the Basin and Range tectonic province, known locally as the High Lava Plains, and is strongly influenced by the east-west extensional environment. Lava compositions range from basalt to rhyolite. Eruptions began about half a million years ago and built a broad composite edifice that has generated more than one caldera collapse event. At the center of the volcano is the 6- by 8- km caldera, created ~75,000 years ago when a major explosive eruption of compositionally zoned tephra led to caldera collapse. The volcano hosts Newberry National Volcanic Monument, which encompasses the caldera and much of the northwest flank of the volcano (fig. 2) where mafic eruptions occurred about 7,000 years ago (the "northwest rift zone;" an informal name first used by Peterson and Groh, 1965). These young lava flows erupted after the volcano was mantled by the Mazama tephra, a blanket of volcanic ash generated by the eruption that created Crater Lake about 7,700 years ago (Bacon and Wright, 2017). Newberry’s most recent eruption took place about 1,300 years ago in the center of the caldera and produced tephra and lava of rhyolitic composition. Prior to that, a significant mafic eruptive event occurred (Mckay and others, 2009) about 7,000 years ago along the northwest rift zone and produced lavas ranging in composition from basalt to andesite that erupted over a distance of 35 km from south of the caldera to Lava Butte, where erupted lava flowed west to temporarily block the Deschutes River (fig. 4). Because of its proximity to populated areas, the presence of hot springs within the caldera, and the long and recent history of eruptive activity including explosive activity, the U.S. Geological Survey has installed monitoring equipment on the volcano ! 2! Figure 1. Location map of central Oregon. Box indicates area of Figure 2. Colored digital elevation map is modified from Figure 1 of Bacon and Wright (2017). 3 Figure 2. Map showing extent and ages of lavas from Newberry Volcano. (From Donnelly-Nolan and others, 2011). EXPLANATION Pre-caldera lavas 400,000 to 75,000 years old Redmond Post-caldera lavas Airport 75,000 to 12,000 years old Post-glacial, pre-Mazama lavas 12,000 to 7,700 Stop 1 years old Post-Mazama lavas Stop 4 7,700 years old to Stop 3 present Stop 2 Newberry National Volcanic Monument Lakes and rivers Volcanic vents less than 12,000 years old This map shows the region surrounding Newberry Volcano, Oregon, which first began to erupt about 400,000 years ago. Extending about 75 miles north to south and 27 miles east to west, the volcano and its broad apron of lavas (outlined in yellow) cover a total area of almost 1,200 square miles, making it the largest volcano of the Cascades volcanic chain. Colors show the extent of lavas erupted before the caldera formed about 75,000 years ago; after caldera formation; after glaciation but before the catastrophic eruption about 7,700 years ago that destroyed ancient “Mount Mazama” and formed Crater Lake, an event that deposited a thick volcanic ash layer over Newberry Volcano; and after deposition of Mazama ash. The Deschutes River, which lies on the volcano’s western flank, has at times been shifted to the west by Newberry lavas. At other times, eruptions from volcanoes on the Cascades crest to the west have shifted the river channel eastward. 4 4 Figure 3. Panoramic photograph of Newberry Volcano. View south is from Pilot Butte (Stop 1) in the city of Bend. 5 121° 15’ A. >350 ka B. ~350 ka 97 44° 30’ ImpactsFigure 4. of Newberry pre basalt basalt of Impacts of Newberry of Crooked Stop Crooked eruptions on centralon central River Gorge 11 River Gorge OregonOregon rivers. rivers SR 97 paleo - Crooked River Highway Location of modern river B = Bend 126 R = Redmond R R 44° 15’ DC = Dry Canyon . 126 SR = Smith Rock r 20 umalo C T Estimated paleo-river locations paleo - Paleo river in modern location paleo - Deschutes River Mafic lavas of NW rift ~7 ka Basalt of Lava Top Butte ~70 ka B B Basalt of Bend ~75 ka 44° 00’ 20 Basalt of Crooked River Gorge ~350 ka 0 5 10 MILES 0 5 10 KILOMETERS 97 C. ~75 ka D. ~70 ka E. ~7 ka basalt of basalt of mafic lavas Bend Lava Top of NW rift Butte Crooked River SR SR DC DC R R R Deschutes River r. Tumalo C B B B Stop 9 6 (Donnelly-Nolan and others, 2011). A recent geophysical study by Heath and others (2015) indicates the presence of magma at 3 to 5 km depth beneath the caldera. Newberry Volcano is located east of the High Cascades at the northwest end of the High Lava Plains, a sub-province of the extensional Basin and Range province. Some authors view Newberry as a product of a propagating hot spot (e.g. Humphreys and others, 2000) that generated a northwest-younging rhyolite progression (Jordan, 2005). However, the preponderance of evidence from recent geologic, geophysical, isotopic, and petrologic work at Newberry Volcano (Donnelly-Nolan and Grove, 2015) indicates that despite its non-traditional shape, Newberry is a Cascades arc volcano fundamentally related to subduction. This updated interpretation reflects the role of fluids from the downgoing slab in generating the Newberry magmas (Graham and others, 2009; Carlson and others, 2008; Grove and others, 2009; Till and others, 2013; Mandler and others, 2014). The subducting plate is now known to be at a depth of <100 km, less than 20 km deeper than its location under the Cascades crest (McCrory and others, 2012). Recent books intended for a popular audience (Lillie, 2015; Bishop, 2014; Miller, 2014) have not yet incorporated the most recent scientific findings and instead offer interpretations that exclude Newberry from the Cascades volcanic arc. Hildreth (2007) correctly placed Newberry in the Cascades rear-arc along with the very similar Medicine Lake volcano (Donnelly-Nolan and others, 2008), which is located ~200 km farther south, although he incorrectly described this >1-km-high caldera-centric composite volcano as a distributed volcanic field. Ice and Water on Newberry Volcano From Donnelly-Nolan and Jensen (2009) Nestled within the scenic caldera at the top of Newberry Volcano (figs. 1 and 2) are two beautiful lakes – Paulina Lake and East Lake – both are popular destinations for fishing, boating, swimming, and camping. Paulina Lake covers ~6 km2 whereas the smaller East Lake covers only ~4 km2. East Lake, which has no surface outlet, is ~15 m higher than Paulina Lake, which has a surface elevation of 1930 m. The latter drains across a small dam sited on the low western caldera rim into Paulina Creek, and the creek is augmented just below the dam by a small cold spring. No surface springs or creeks feed either lake. Both are fed by snowmelt and by groundwater, including thermal water.
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