DOCSLIB.ORG

INTRODUCTION to SUBNETTING How to Maximize Network Addresses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INTRODUCTION to SUBNETTING How to Maximize Network Addresses Volume 1 • Issue 8 September–October 2000 Introduction to Industrial Ethernet, Part 5. Part 4 was featured in Issue 6, the MAY–JUNE 2000. If you would like a copy, please send your request to EXTENSION [email protected] A Technical Supplement to control NETWORK © 2000 Contemporary Control Systems, Inc. INTRODUCTION TO SUBNETTING How to maximize network addresses. By George Thomas, Contemporary Controls INTRODUCTION address to distinguish it from the Class Addressing other computers. With IP In a previous article we discussed addressing, servers and IPv4 is called a classful system the Internet Protocol and the workstations are all termed hosts under RFC 761 with IP addresses structure of IP addresses. An IP but each address not only identifies being defined as belonging to one address identifies the source and a host but the address of the of five classes A, B, C, D or E. destination of a directed or unicast network on which the host resides. Classes A, B and C define different possible combinations of network message and is defined in RFC 761. This is because IP is an and host addresses. Class D is IPv4 is the most common version internetworking protocol that not reserved for multicasting. of IP addressing requiring 32-bit only allows communication Multicasting is the ability of one addresses. Although IPv6, the 128- between hosts on the same host to communicate with many bit version, will be used in the network, but communication other hosts with one transmission future, this article will restrict the between hosts on different and is beyond the scope of this discussion to IPv4. IPv6 was networks as well. The 32-bit IP article. Class E is reserved for future developed because the explosive address identifies a particular host growth of the Internet will soon use. The classes of interest to along with the network on which subnetting are A, B and C. deplete the inventory of available the host resides. The structure of IP addresses. At one time, 32-bit addressing is defined so that any With class A addresses, the first byte addresses seemed to provide more host on the public Internet can be of the address identifies the network than enough addresses but there found by any other host. address while the three remaining was much waste in initial bytes identify the host. With class B assignments and the class structure The format of the 32-bit address is addresses, the first two bytes of IP addresses was inefficient. In <netid, hostid> and it is usually identify the network address while order to make more efficient usage shown as four bytes of data. the remaining two identify the host of IP address, the concept of Although each byte could be address. With class C addresses, the subnetting was introduced with represented as a binary, decimal or first three bytes identify the network RFC 950. This article introduces hexadecimal number, the decimal- address while the last byte identifies this concept. dot-decimal notation is the most the host. That seems simple enough popular. Therefore, the range of IP but how do you know you are addresses can span 0.0.0.0 to looking at either an A, B, C, D or E Networks and Hosts 255.255.255.255. For example address? 193.5.8.254 is a valid IP address but When we talk about a network we it is difficult to determine which part The four-byte IP address is viewed usually envision a cluster of of the address is the network ID from left to right with the first byte workstations with one or more and which part is the host ID. To on the left. This is the most servers connected to a local area significant byte. The first few bits understand the two you need to network. Each server and (most significant) of that byte know about class addressing. workstation would have a unique identify the class of address. For a 1 class A address, the left most bit SUBNETTING mask. Only those bits that are set as must be a zero. For a class B a 1 will be considered when address, the first two bits must be a Subnetting creates additional defining a network address. In this 10. For a class C address, the first network IDs at the expense of host case, all the bits in the first byte of three bits must be a 110. For a IDs and can be used with either A, the IP address will be considered. class D address, the first four bits B or C class addresses. If you look The natural mask for a class B must be a 1110. For a class E at figure 2, you will notice that a address is 255.255.0.0 and for a class address, the first four bits must be a class B address uses 14 bits for C address it is 255.255.255.0. In 1111. Therefore, it is only necessary network addressing and 16 bits for order to create more network to observe the first byte of the IP host addressing. By simply addresses (subnets) we need to address to determine its class. reassigning one of the host bits to a move the mask bits to the right Figure 1 shows the decimal value of network bit, you would double the (changing 0 bits into 1s) in order to the first byte for each class. number of available network convert host bits into network bits. addresses but halve the number of The best way to understand the host addresses. Carrying the concept is to use an example. Reserved Addresses argument further, move eight of the host bits (actually the complete third There are some reserved IP address byte) to the network side. The result besides those identified as classes D is 22 bits for network addressing Class A 1-126 and E. For example, the class A and eight bits for host addressing Class B 128-191 network address 0.X.X.X cannot be which is quite similar to a class C Class C 192-223 used since it is used to indicate address. These additional network “this” network. Class A address addresses are called subnets and not Class D 224-239 127.X.X.X is reserved for loop back networks because to the Internet, Class E 240-254 testing. With the host portion of the the original address is still a class B address, you cannot have an all 0s network address but locally the Figure 1. The class of an IP address host, which refers to the network class B network address can be can be quickly identified by address where the hosts reside. broken down to manageable observing only the first byte. Likewise you cannot use the all 1s subnets that function as actual host address because that indicates network addresses. Why use a broadcast which is a message to subnets? Subnets are interconnected all hosts on the network. Therefore, using routers, and routers improve Assume we begin with IP address with any host addressing on either a network performance by reducing 165.10.0.0. From figure 1 we know class A, B or C network, you lose 2 traffic and minimizing disruption that this is a class B address with a host addresses. Still with 4 billion due to broadcast messages. Large network address of 165.10 with the possible addresses from a 32-bit networks become more manageable capability of assigning up to 65,534 address space, you would think when subnets are deployed. hosts. We do not want 65,534 hosts there are plenty of addresses even on one network but would like to with reserved addresses. The have up to 500 hosts on each subnet. In order to have 500 hosts problem is that there was much MASKING waste when addresses were on one subnet, we need to have 9 originally assigned. For example, a To create subnets you need a bits of host addressing. Currently, class A address can handle 16 subnet mask that defines which bits we have 16 bits of host addressing million hosts per one network ID. will be used to create the new since we possess a class B address. That is an enormous amount of network address out of the 32-bit IP That means that we can reassign 7 hosts for just one network. Even a addresses. By “ANDing” the 32-bit of those bits to signify subnet bits. class B address can handle 65 IP address with a 32-bit mask, we Therefore, the subnet mask would thousand hosts per network ID. A create a 32-IP address that be 255.255.254.0. In binary it class C address can handle only 254 represents <netid, subnetid> would be: hosts per network ID which may be becoming our new network address. 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 too little for some networks. A What do these masks look like? If scheme was needed to obtain a we start with a basic class A address The natural mask for a class B better balance between network and and do not define any subnets, the address is 255.255.0.0 so in order to host assignments and that is called mask would look like 255.0.0.0 create subnets we moved mask bits subnetting. which is called a natural or default to the right in order to convert more 2 host bits to network bits. It must be Address Network Address Host Address remembered that these mask bits Identifier must be contiguous from the left.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How to Find out the IP Address of an Omron
    Communications Middleware/Network Browser How to find an Omron Controller’s IP address Valin Corporation | www.valin.com Overview • Many Omron PLC’s have Ethernet ports or Ethernet port options • The IP address for a PLC is usually changed by the programmer • Most customers do not mark the controller with IP address (label etc.) • Very difficult to communicate to the PLC over Ethernet if the IP address is unknown. Valin Corporation | www.valin.com Simple Ethernet Network Basics IP address is up to 12 digits (4 octets) Ex:192.168.1.1 For MOST PLC programming applications, the first 3 octets are the network address and the last is the node address. In above example 192.168.1 is network address, 1 is node address. For devices to communicate on a simple network: • Every device IP Network address must be the same. • Every device node number must be different. Device Laptop EX: Omron PLC 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 Device Laptop EX: Omron PLC 127.27.250.5 192.168.1.1 Device Laptop EX: Omron PLC 192.168.1.3 192.168.1.1 Valin Corporation | www.valin.com Omron Default IP Address • Most Omron Ethernet devices use one of the following IP addresses by default. Omron PLC 192.168.250.1 OR 192.168.1.1 Valin Corporation | www.valin.com PING Command • PING is a way to check if the device is connected (both virtually and physically) to the network. • Windows Command Prompt command. • PC must use the same network number as device (See previous) • Example: “ping 172.21.90.5” will test to see if a device with that IP address is connected to the PC.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox® Colorqube 8580/8880 Color Printer 3 System Administrator Guide
    Xerox® ColorQube® 8580 / 8880 Color Printer Imprimante couleur System Administrator Guide Guide de l’administrateur système © 2015 Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved. Unpublished rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States. Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any form without permission of Xerox Corporation. Copyright protection claimed includes all forms of matters of copyrightable materials and information now allowed by statutory or judicial law or hereinafter granted, including without limitation, material generated from the software programs which are displayed on the screen such as styles, templates, icons, screen displays, looks, and so on. Xerox® and Xerox and Design®, Phaser®, PhaserSMART®, PhaserMatch®, PhaserCal®, PhaserMeter™, CentreWare®, PagePack®, eClick®, PrintingScout®, Walk-Up®, WorkCentre®, FreeFlow®, SMARTsend®, Scan to PC Desktop®, MeterAssistant®, SuppliesAssistant®, Xerox Secure Access Unified ID System®, Xerox Extensible Interface Platform®, ColorQube®, Global Print Driver®, and Mobile Express Driver® are trademarks of Xerox Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Adobe® Reader®, Adobe® Type Manager®, ATM™, Flash®, Macromedia®, Photoshop®, and PostScript® are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. Apple, Bonjour, EtherTalk, TrueType, iPad, iPhone, iPod, iPod touch, Mac and Mac OS are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. AirPrint and the AirPrint logo are trademarks of Apple Inc. HP-GL®, HP-UX®, and PCL® are trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. IBM® and AIX® are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft®, Windows Vista®, Windows®, and Windows Server® are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Cs-204: Computer Networks
    CS-204: COMPUTER NETWORKS Lecture 5 Chapter 19- Network Layer: Logical Addressing Instructor: Dr. Vandana Kushwaha 1. INTRODUCTION Communication at the network layer is host-to-host (computer-to-computer); a computer somewhere in the world needs to communicate with another computer somewhere else in the world. Usually, computers communicate through the Internet. The packet transmitted by the sending computer may pass through several LANs or WANs before reaching the destination computer. For this level of communication, we need a global addressing scheme; we called this logical addressing or IP address. 2. IPv4 ADDRESSES An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a router) to the Internet. IPv4 addresses are unique. They are unique in the sense that each address defines one, and only one, connection to the Internet. Two devices on the Internet can never have the same address at the same time. But by using some strategies, an address may be assigned to a device for a time period and then taken away and assigned to another device. On the other hand, if a device operating at the network layer has m connections to the Internet, it needs to have m addresses. A router is such a device which needs as many IP addresses as the number of ports are there in it. 2.1. Address Space A protocol such as IPv4 that defines addresses has an address space. An address space is the total number of addresses used by the protocol. If a protocol uses N bits to define an address, the address space is 2N because each bit can have two different values (0 or 1) and N bits can have 2N values.
    [Show full text]
  • Multitech Bluetooth Network Access Point Administrator Guide S000619 Rev 1.2 for Use with Model: MT200B2E
    MultiTech Bluetooth® Network Access Point Administrator Guide MultiTech Bluetooth Network Access Point Administrator Guide S000619 Rev 1.2 For use with model: MT200B2E Copyright This publication may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, without the specific and express prior written permission signed by an executive officer of Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 by Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. makes no representations or warranties, whether express, implied or by estoppels, with respect to the content, information, material and recommendations herein and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for any particular purpose and non- infringement. Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the content hereof without obligation of Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. to notify any person or organization of such revisions or changes. Trademarks MultiTech, MultiConnect, and the MultiTech logo are registered trademarks of Multi-Tech Systems, Inc. Bluetooth is a registered trademark of Bluetooth SIG, Inc. All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Contacting MultiTech Knowledge Base The Knowledge Base provides immediate access to support information and resolutions for all MultiTech products. Visit http://www.multitech.com/kb.go. Support Portal To create an account and submit a support case directly to our technical support team, visit: https://support.multitech.com Support Business Hours: M-F, 9am to 5pm CT Country By Email By Phone Europe, Middle East, Africa: [email protected] +(44) 118 959 7774 U.S., Canada, all others: [email protected] (800) 972-2439 or (763) 717-5863 World Headquarters Multi-Tech Systems, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • An Internet Protocol (IP) Address Is a Numerical Label That Is
    Computer Communication Networks Lecture No. 5 Computer Network Lectures IP address An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: 1- host or network interface identification 2- location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there." The designers of TCP/IP defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 or IPv4, is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the resulting depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995. Although IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, they are usually displayed in human-readable notations, such as 208.77.188.166 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:1:1 (for IPv6). The Internet Protocol also routes data packets between networks; IP addresses specify the locations of the source and destination nodes in the topology of the routing system. For this purpose, some of the bits in an IP address are used to designate a sub network. As the development of private networks raised the threat of IPv4 address exhaustion, RFC 1918 set aside a group of private address spaces that may be used by anyone on private networks. They are often used with network address translators to connect to the global public Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • IP ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT in a MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK Mansoor Mohsin and Ravi Prakash the University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX
    MILCOM 2002 1 IP ADDRESS ASSIGNMENT IN A MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK Mansoor Mohsin and Ravi Prakash The University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX Abstract—A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) consists of a set of iden- proactive approach based on the binary split idea of [5] [6]. tical mobile nodes communicating with each other via wireless links. The network's topology may change rapidly and unpredictably. Such networks II. SYSTEM MODEL may operate in a stand-alone fashion, or may be connected to the larger In- ternet. In traditional networks, hosts rely on centralized servers like DHCP We consider an autonomous Mobile Ad Hoc Network work- for configuration, but this cannot be extended to MANETs because of their ing on its own. It has no gateway or connection to the external distributed and dynamic nature. Many schemes have been proposed to solve this problem. Some of these approaches try to extend the IPv6 state- world. The network is formed by a group of nodes coming to- less autoconfiguration mechanism to MANETs, some use flooding the en- gether. The nodes can join and leave the network any time and tire network to come up with a unique IP address, and others distribute are free to move around. Hence the size and topology of the IP addresses among nodes (using binary split) so that each node can inde- network is dynamic and unpredictable in nature. pendently configure new nodes. None of these existing solutions consider network partitioning and merging. In this paper, we propose a proactive There is no single DHCP server.
    [Show full text]
  • Lab 2.8.1: Basic Static Route Configuration
    Lab 2.8.1: Basic Static Route Configuration Topology Diagram Addressing Table Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway Fa0/0 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 N/A R1 S0/0/0 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 N/A Fa0/0 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A R2 S0/0/0 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0 N/A S0/0/1 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 N/A FA0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 N/A R3 S0/0/1 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A PC1 NIC 172.16.3.10 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.1 PC2 NIC 172.16.1.10 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1 PC3 NIC 192.168.2.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1 Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lab, you will be able to: • Cable a network according to the Topology Diagram. • Erase the startup configuration and reload a router to the default state. • Perform basic configuration tasks on a router. All contents are Copyright © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 1 of 20 CCNA Exploration Routing Protocols and Concepts: Static Routing Lab 2.8.1: Basic Static Route Configuration • Interpret debug ip routing output. • Configure and activate Serial and Ethernet interfaces. • Test connectivity. • Gather information to discover causes for lack of connectivity between devices. • Configure a static route using an intermediate address.
    [Show full text]
  • Not the Internet, but This Internet
    Not The Internet, but This Internet: How Othernets Illuminate Our Feudal Internet Paul Dourish Department of Informatics University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA 92697-3440, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT built – the Internet, this Internet, our Internet, the one to What is the Internet like, and how do we know? Less which I’m connected right now? tendentiously, how can we make general statements about the Internet without reference to alternatives that help us to I ask these questions in the context of a burgeoning recent understand what the space of network design possibilities interest in examining digital technologies as materially, might be? This paper presents a series of cases of network socially, historically and geographically specific [e.g. 13, alternatives which provide a vantage point from which to 15, 36, 37]. There is no denying the central role that “the reflect upon the ways that the Internet does or does not digital,” broadly construed, plays as part of contemporary uphold both its own design goals and our collective everyday life. Wireless connectivity, broadband imaginings of what it does and how. The goal is to provide communications, and computational devices may be a framework for understanding how technologies embody concentrated in the urban centers of economically promises, and how these both come to evolve. privileged nations, but even in the most “remote” corners of the globe, much of everyday life is structured, organized, Author Keywords and governed by databases and algorithms, and “the digital” Network protocols; network topology; naming routing; still operates even in the central fact of its occasional media infrastructures.
    [Show full text]
  • Client – Server Model
    Hands-on Keyboard: Cyber Experiments for Strategists and Policy Makers The Client-Server Model 1. Introduction Exercise Description Q: What is a secure computer? A1: An abacus A2: Unplugged Functionality and complexity are enemies of security. Generally, the more functionality provided by a system, the harder it is to secure. Servers providing services and opening ports to remote users are particularly prone to vulnerabilities. Attackers often use open ports and exposed programmatic interfaces to subvert a system. This exercise involves reviewing the Client-Server model of computing by installing and utilizing Web, File The Air Force Cyber College thanks the Advanced Cyber Engineering program at the Air Force Research Laboratory in Rome, NY, for providing the information to assist in educating the general Air Force on the technical aspects of cyberspace. Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Secure Shell (SSH) clients and servers on Windows and Linux systems. Objectives • Compare and contrast the World Wide Web and the Internet. • Describe the Client-Server model of computing. • Memorize select server port assignment. • Install and utilize a Web (HTTP) client and Web server. o Create and serve a simple web page. o Analyze HTTP Request and Response Headers with Wireshark. • Install and utilize a SSH client and a SSH server. • Command and control a remote system with SSH. • Install and use an FTP client an a FTP server. • Transfer files with FTP. Materials • Computer running Windows with access to an account with administrative rights • VirtualBox • Ubuntu OS .iso file Assumptions • The provided instructions were tested on an Ubuntu 15.10 image running on a Windows 8 physical machine.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox® B205 Multifunction Printer User Guide ©2019 Xerox Corporation
    Version 1.0 august 2019 702P07600 Xerox® B205 Multifunction Printer User Guide ©2019 Xerox Corporation. All rights reserved. Xerox®, Xerox and Design®, FreeFlow®, SMARTsend®, Scan to PC Desktop®, MeterAssistant®, SuppliesAssistant®, Xerox Secure Access Unified ID System®, Xerox Extensible Interface Platform®, Global Print Driver®, and Mobile Express Driver® are trademarks of Xerox Corporation in the United States and / or other countries. Adobe®, Adobe PDF logo, Adobe® Reader®, Adobe® Type Manager®, ATM™, Flash®, Macromedia®, Photoshop®, and PostScript® are trademarks or registered trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc. Apple®, Bonjour®, EtherTalk™, TrueType®, iPad®, iPhone®, iPod®, iPod touch®, AirPrint® and the AirPrint Logo®, Mac®, Mac OS®, and Macintosh® are trademarks or registered trademarks of Apple Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Google Cloud Print™ web printing service, Gmail™ webmail service, and Android™ mobile technology platform are trademarks of Google, Inc. HP-GL®, HP-UX®, and PCL® are registered trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. IBM® and AIX® are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. McAfee®, ePolicy Orchestrator®, and McAfee ePO™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of McAfee, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Microsoft®, Windows Vista®, Windows®, Windows Server®, and OneDrive® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. Mopria is a trademark of the Mopria Alliance. Novell®, NetWare®, NDPS®, NDS®, IPX™, and Novell Distributed Print Services™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Novell, Inc. in the United States and other countries. PANTONE® and other Pantone, Inc. trademarks are the property of Pantone, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Dell EMC Powerscale Network Design Considerations
    Technical White Paper Dell EMC PowerScale: Network Design Considerations Abstract This white paper explains design considerations of the Dell EMC™ PowerScale™ external network to ensure maximum performance and an optimal user experience. May 2021 H16463.20 Revisions Revisions Date Description March 2017 Initial rough draft July 2017 Updated after several reviews and posted online November 2017 Updated after additional feedback. Updated title from “Isilon Advanced Networking Fundamentals” to “Isilon Network Design Considerations.” Updated the following sections with additional details: • Link Aggregation • Jumbo Frames • Latency • ICMP & MTU • New sections added: • MTU Framesize Overhead • Ethernet Frame • Network Troubleshooting December 2017 Added link to Network Stack Tuning spreadsheet Added Multi-Chassis Link Aggregation January 2018 Removed switch-specific configuration steps with a note for contacting manufacturer Updated section title for Confirming Transmitted MTUs Added OneFS commands for checking and modifying MTU Updated Jumbo Frames section May 2018 Updated equation for Bandwidth Delay Product August 2018 Added the following sections: • SyncIQ Considerations • SmartConnect Considerations • Access Zones Best Practices August 2018 Minor updates based on feedback and added ‘Source-Based Routing Considerations’ September 2018 Updated links November 2018 Added section ‘Source-Based Routing & DNS’ April 2019 Updated for OneFS 8.2: Added SmartConnect Multi-SSIP June 2019 Updated SmartConnect Multi-SSIP section based on feedback. July 2019 Corrected errors 2 Dell EMC PowerScale: Network Design Considerations | H16463.20 Acknowledgements Date Description August 2019 Updated Ethernet flow control section January 2020 Updated to include 25 GbE as front-end NIC option. April 2020 Added ‘DNS and time-to-live’ section and added ‘SmartConnect Zone Aliases as opposed to CNAMEs’ section.
    [Show full text]
  • User Guide Model Number RAC2V1A 802.11Ac Wave 2 Router
    User Guide Model Number RAC2V1A 802.11ac Wave 2 Router C2V1A Router User Guide 1 Table of Contents 1. Overview ............................................................... 5 1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 5 2. Product Overview ............................................... 6 2.1. About The Router ....................................................................................... 6 2.2. What's in the Box? ..................................................................................... 6 2.3. Items You Need ........................................................................................... 6 2.4. About This Manual ...................................................................................... 7 3. System Requirements ........................................ 8 3.1. Recommended Hardware ........................................................................ 8 3.2. Windows ........................................................................................................ 8 3.3. Mac OS ........................................................................................................... 8 3.4. Linux/Unix ..................................................................................................... 8 3.5. Mobile Devices ............................................................................................. 8 4. Installing the Router ........................................... 9 4.1. Front Panel ...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]