Spielpraxis Der Saiteninstrumente in Der Romantik Bericht Des Symposiums in Bern, 18.–19

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Spielpraxis Der Saiteninstrumente in Der Romantik Bericht Des Symposiums in Bern, 18.–19 Spielpraxis der Saiteninstrumente in der Romantik Bericht des Symposiums in Bern, 18.–19. November 2006 Herausgegeben von Claudio Bacciagaluppi, Roman Brotbeck und Anselm Gerhard Edition Argus Diese PDF-Version ist seitenidentisch mit dem gedruckten Buch, das 2011 in der Edition Argus erschienen ist. Für die PDF-Version gelten dieselben Urheber- und Nutzungsrechte wie für das gedruckte Buch. Dies gilt insbesondere für Abbildungen und Notenbeispiele. Das heißt: Sie dürfen aus der PDF-Version zitieren, wenn Sie die im wissenschaftlichen Bereich üblichen Urheberangaben machen. Für die Nutzung von Abbildungen und Notenbeispielen müssen Sie gegebenenfalls die Erlaubnis der Rechteinhaber einholen. Musikforschung der Hochschule der Künste Bern Herausgegeben von Roman Brotbeck Band 3 Spielpraxis der Saiteninstrumente in der Romantik Bericht des Symposiums in Bern, 18.–19. November 2006 Herausgegeben von Claudio Bacciagaluppi, Roman Brotbeck und Anselm Gerhard Publiziert mit Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung Inhalt Vorwort 7 Daniel Leech-Wilkinson Early recorded violin playing: evidence for what? 9 Marianne Rônez Pierre Baillot, ein Geiger an der Schwelle zum 19. Jahrhundert. Ein Vergleich seiner Violinschulen von 1803 und 1835 23 Rudolf Hopfner Nicolaus von Sawicki – Paganinis Geigenbauer in Wien 58 Robin Stowell Henryk Wieniawski: »the true successor« of Nicolò Paganini? A comparative assessment of the two virtuosos with particular reference to their caprices 70 Heinz Rellstab und Anselm Gerhard »Möglichst zugleicherklingend« – »trotz unsäglicher Mühe«. Kontroversen um das Akkordspiel auf der Geige im langen 19. Jahrhundert 91 Beatrix Borchard Programmgestaltung und Imagebildung als Teil der Aufführungspraxis: Joseph Joachim 106 Renato Meucci Changes in the role of the leader in 19th-century Italian orchestras 122 Claudio Bacciagaluppi Die »Pflicht« des Cellisten und der Generalbaß in der Romantik 138 Lucio A. Carbone Fernando Sor and the Panormos: an overview of the development of the guitar in the 19th century 156 Roman Brotbeck Aschenmusik. Heinz Holligers Re-Dekonstruktion von Robert Schumanns Romanzen für Violoncello und Klavier 167 Namen-, Werk- und Ortsregister 183 Die Autorinnen und Autoren der Beiträge 192 Vorwort Durchaus mit einem gewissen Stolz präsentiertdieHochschulederKünsteBern(HKB) mit dem vorliegenden Band schon den zweiten Symposionsbericht innerhalb seines Forschungsfeldes Interpretationspraxis des 19. Jahrhunderts. Das Symposion war einge- bettet in die internationale Saitenwoche der HKB, in der während acht Tagen zahlreiche Facetten der Streicherpraxis in Konzerten, Vorträgen, Workshops, Ausstellungen und Meisterkursen behandelt wurden. Zugleich bildete das Symposion den Abschluß einer Forschungsarbeit zur Streicherpraxis des 19. Jahrhunderts, welche von der Berner Fach- hochschule unterstützt wurde. Für die sprachliche Unterstützung bei den Texten von Bacciagaluppi, Carbone und Meucci danken wir Laura Möckli und Susan Orlando. Der vorliegende Symposionsbericht zeigt die Spannweite der Problematik auf, in der sich instrumentenbauerische, streichertechnische, biographische, ästhetische und repertoirebezogene Aspekte vermischen. Dabei schälten sich während des Symposions zwei entscheidende Übergangsphasen heraus: Die eine Phase zeigt sich zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts, wo in einem vielverzweigten Prozeß die klassischen Klangideale und Formhaltungen abgestoßen wurden; die zweite zeigt sich ab den 1890er Jahren, während denen die entscheidenden Neuerungen des 20. Jahrhunderts vorbereitet wurden. Die erste Phase wargeprägtdurch ein Suchen in verschiedenste Richtungen, die zweite durch ein Streben nach Standardisierung und internationaler Durchsetzung der Interpretati- onshaltungen, das sehr bald durch die Reproduktionsmöglichkeit der Musik unterstützt wurde. Es liegt in der Sache, daß die viel offenere erste Übergangsphase auchin diesemBand von äußerst unterschiedlichen Gesichtspunkten her angegangen wird. Lucio A. Carbone zeigt, wie in dieser Zeit mit starker Unterstützung von FernandoSor sich der sechssaitige, dem romantischen Klangideal entsprechende Gitarrentyp durchsetzte, allerdings auch hier noch in Konkurrenz mit anderen heutevergessenenModellenwiederHarfengitarre und der hohen Terzina. Marianne Rônez führt ähnliches anhand der Entwicklung des französischen Geigers und Violinpädagogen Pierre Baillot aus, dessen Schulen sie in allen Parametern analysiert. Während Carbone und Rônez die Zeit eher nach vorne analysieren, indem sie die Änderungen fokussieren, gehen Renato Meucci und Claudio Bacciagaluppi ihren Ge- genstand eher ›von hinten‹ her an: Sie untersuchen, wie lange sich die alte Praxis noch erhalten hat. Renato Meucci zeigt auf, wie spät erst der moderne Dirigent insbesondere in Italien Fuß fassen konnte und wie lange noch der Konzertmeister mit spezieller Stellung zwischen Orchester und Bühne die musikalische Seite der Produktion kontrol- lierte und führte. Claudio Bacciagaluppi seinerseits untersucht die Bedeutung des Cellos als Generalbaßinstrument im 19. Jahrhundertundpostuliertdamiteineradikalneue Interpretationspraxis bei der italienischen Oper des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts. Heinz Rellstab und Anselm Gerhard spüren Indizien auf, wie in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts Akkorde im allgemeinen und Bachs Solokompositionen im Besonderen gespielt worden sind. Die Romantiker störten sich an arpeggiertenViolinakkordengenausowenigwiean arpeggierten Klavierakkorden – im Unterschied zu manchen Geigern des 20. Jahrhun- derts, welche aus Gründen der sogenannten Texttreue die Musik sozuspielen trachteten, ›wie sie auf dem Papier steht‹. Wieviel ›Altes‹ auch beim innovativen Paganini mit- geschwungen hat, zeigt Rudolf Hopfner mit seinen Ausführungen zum Geigenbauer Nicolaus von Sawicki, mit dem Paganini eng zusammenarbeitete. Die zweite Übergangsphase in den 1890 Jahren wird von Daniel Leech-Wilkinson vorerstmiteinem pragmatischen Pessimismus betrachtet. Auch aus den allerersten Ton- aufnahmenkönnenwirnichtaufdas19.Jahrhundert zurückschließen. Akustisch bleibt uns die Musik des 19. Jahrhundert verwehrt, und die Analogien zwischen Beschrei- bungen und effektiver akustischer Realität sind gering. Trotz dieser pessimistischen Ausgangsposition führt uns Leech-Wilkinson mit visualisierten Analysen vor, wie sich beispielsweise bei Kreisler das Vibrato innerhalb weniger Jahre veränderte beziehungs- weise standardisierte und wie der Reichtum der allerersten akustischen Aufnahmen verschwand. Wie sich das Zurückdrängen von Extravaganzen, sogenannt ›unschönen‹ oder ›verspannten‹ Haltungen beim Violinspiel schon in der zweiten Jahrhunderthälfte beobachten lässt, führt Robin Stowell in seinem Vergleich zwischen Paganini und Hen- ryk Wieniawski vor. Beatrix Borchards Ausführungen zum Geiger Joseph Joachim bele- gen nachdrücklich die ›Verwesentlichungen‹, für die seine Arbeit und sein Engagement stehen. Er symbolisiert geradezu den neuen Interpreten, der mit dem Virtuosentypus bricht und sich als Repräsentant der ganz Großen von Bach über Beethoven bis Brahms definiert und wesentlich das bürgerliche Konzertleben des 20. Jahrhunderts vorweg- nimmt. Wieviele Opfer diese ›Verwesentlichung‹ auch mit sich brachte und wie viele in Kraut geschossene Pflänzchen des 19. Jahrhunderts dabei auch vernichtet wurden, versucht mein eigener Text zu den verbranntenundvonHolligerre-dekonstruierten Cello-Romanzen von Robert Schumann zu zeigen. Das Forschungsfeld »Interpretation des 19. Jahrhunderts« wird von der HKB wei- terhin sehr aktiv vorangetrieben. Neben der Erforschung der Blechblasinstrumente dieser Zeit (Ophikleiden, Cimbasso und Klappentrompete) sind momentan auch Er- weiterungen in den Theaterbereich, in die Libretto-Arbeit und mittelfristig auch eine historisch informierte Opernaufführung geplant. Roman Brotbeck Daniel Leech-Wilkinson Early recorded violin playing: evidence for what? Recordings of violin playing from around 1900 tell us something about how some people played the violin around 1900. But what do they tell us about playing in 1890, or 1880, or 1870,andsoon?Itisverytemptingtotrytoarguebackwards.Butisitwise? Two observations are especially relevant. First, we learn from 100 years of recorded music that performance styles change very quickly. They change fast enough and to a suf- ficiently great extent that over about twenty years or so general performance styles are re- cognisably different.1 If that was also true before recordings then we cannot use them as evidence of playing from before about 1880. Secondly, comparing what musicians say about how to play their instrument with what recordings tell us about how they actually played shows absolutely clearly that written evidence is virtually useless as evidence of how people sounded and of how they made music. I cannot emphasise this strongly enough. There is no possibility, using only (for example) Leopold Auer’s textbooks and things his contemporaries say about performance, or Lilli Lehmann’s book How to Sing and the evidence from her contemporaries, of arriving at a performance style anything like what we hear from them on record.2 Written evidence is not nearly enough. Put these two facts together and you have a very compelling argument, it seems to me, for the hope- lessnessof any attempttoreconstructpastperformancestylesnotdocumentedon record. This is indeed a depressing note on which to begin a discussion of nineteenth-cen- tury string playing. But it seems wise to face facts right at the start. And
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