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Cd His Last 13 Years.Pdf へのリンク Preface It is essential to draw the real image of an author as faithfully as possible not only for the sake of the author himself but for the interpretation of his works. The biography of Charles Dickens has been written by many writers, but regrettably they all have overlooked the important fact that Dickens underwent ‘conversion’ in the sense of ‘a spiritual change from sinfulness, ungodliness, or worldliness to love of God and pursuit of holiness’ (OED) in 1860. Three years earlier Dickens employed the three professional actresses, Mrs. Thomas Lawless Ternan, her second daughter Maria and her third, Ellen, for the August performance of The Frozen Deep by his amateur theatricals. Soon he became infatuated with the 18-year-old Ellen, made her his mistress, and denied the fact to the public although some persons knew of his love affair. The hard changes in his circumstances ensued thereafter, and they caused the conversion within him, after which he suffered from his compunction and remorse, made efforts to improve himself, and died as a penitent Christian man. Without grasping this operation of his mind we could neither draw the real image of Charles Dickens himself nor could we understand his works from A Tale of Two Cities to The Mystery of Edwin Drood satisfactorily. In this book his spiritual operation in the last 13 years i from 1857 to his death will be revealed by the four essays: ‘Dickens and Gad’s Hill Place,’ ‘Reading Dickens’s three novels: David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities, and Great Expectations,’ ‘Dickens Self-Denying,’ and ‘Dickens Cornered.’ The first of the four was published in The Japan Branch Bulletin of the Dickens Fellowship (No. 30, November 2007), and some revisions and addition have been made. The second was made public on 22 October 2009 on the website: <http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/dickens/archive/general/g-terauchi-3.pdf>, and some revisions have been added. The third was originally given out under the title of ‘Dickens’s Death’ on 6 September 2010 on the website: <http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/dickens/archive/general/g-terauchi-4.pdf>, and much addition to the first half of it has been made under the title of ‘Dickens Self-Denying’ with some revisions. The fourth is brought out for the first time, and all illustrations in this book are also appearing for the first time. The following books, which are alphabetically arranged by writers’ surnames, are the biographies or biographical writings of Dickens which were roughly glanced over but are not listed in ‘Bibliography’ and ‘References’ in my four essays. G. K. Chesterton’s Charles Dickens (1906; New York: Schocken 1965); W. Walter Crotch’s Charles Dickens, Social Reformer (London: Chapman, 1913), The Pageant of Dickens (London: Chapman, 1915) and The Touchstone of Dickens ii (London: Chapman, 1920); A. E. Dyson’s The Inimitable Dickens (London: Macmillan, 1970); Martin Fido’s Charles Dickens, An Authentic Account of His Life & Times (London: Hamlyn, n.d.); K. J. Fielding’s Charles Dickens, A Critical Introduction (London: Longmans, 1958) and Charles Dickens (Harlow: Longmans, 1969); Percy Fitzgerald’s Memories of Charles Dickens (1913; New York: AMS, 1973); Robert Giddings’s The Changing World of Charles Dickens (London: Vision, 1983); George Gissing’s Charles Dickens (London: Gresham, 1903); John Greaves’s Dickens at Doughty Street (London: Elm, 1975); Christopher Hibbert’s The Making of Charles Dickens (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967); Humphry House’s The Dickens World (London: Oxford UP, 1941; rpt. 1950); Patricia Ingham’s Dickens, women & language (Toronto: U of Toronto, 1992); T. A. Jackson’s Charles Dickens, The Progress of a Radical (New York: Haskell, 1971); Edgar Johnson’s The Heart of Charles Dickens (New York: Duell, 1953); Fred Kaplan’s Dickens, A Biography (New York: Morrow, 1988); W. R. Kent’s Dickens and Religion (London: Watts, 1930); Frederic G. Kitton’s Charles Dickens: His Life, Writings, and Personality (London: Jack, 1902); Stephen Leacock’s Charles Dickens, His Life and Work (New York: Doubleday, 1933); J. W. T. Ley’s The Dickens Circle, A Narrative of the Novelist’s Friendships (London: Chapman, 1918); Norman and Jeanne Mackenzie’s Dickens, A Life (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1979); André Maurois’s Dickens (New York: Ungar, 1967); Charles H. McKenzie’s The Religious Sentiments of Charles Dickens, Collected from His Writings (New York: Haskell, 1973); Hillis iii Miller’s Charles Dickens: The World of His Novels (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1958); Sylvère Monod’s Dickens the Novelist (Norman: U of Oklahoma, 1967); Hesketh Pearson’s Dickens, His Characters, Comedy, and Career (London: Methuen, 1949); Una Pope-Hennessy’s Charles Dickens (London: Chatto, 1945); J. B. Priestley’s Charles Dickens and his world (London: Thames, 1961, 1978) and Charles Dickens, a pictorial biography (London: Thames, 1961); Edwin Pugh’s The Charles Dickens Originals (New York: Scribner’s, 1912); W. Teignmouth Shore’s Charles Dickens and His Friends (London: Cassell, 1909); John H. Stonehouse’s Green Leaves, New Chapters in the Life of Charles Dickens (London: Piccadilly Fountain, 1931); Ralph Straus’s Dickens: A Portrait in Pencil (London: Gollancz, 1928); Geoffrey Thurley’s Dickens Myth, Its Genesis and Structure (London: Routledge, 1976); Dennis Walder’s Dickens and Religion (London: Allen, 1981); Adolphus W. Ward’s Dickens (1889; New York: AMS, 1968); Alan S. Watts’s Dickens at Gad’s Hill (Avon: Bath, 1989) and The Confessions of Charles Dickens (New York: Lang, 1991); Angus Wilson’s The World of Charles Dickens (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972). The following are references, which are arranged by year of publication. Lionel Stevenson’s Victorian Fiction, A Guide to Research (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1966); George Watson’s The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature Vol. 3, 1800-1900 (London: Cambridge UP, 1969); James W. Lee’s iv Studies in the Novel, Charles Dickens Number (Denton: UNT, 1969); Joseph Gold’s The Stature of Dickens, A centenary bibliography (Toronto: U of Toronto, 1971); A. E. Dyson’s The English Novel, Select Bibliographical Guides (London: Oxford UP, 1974); R. C. Churchill’s A Bibliography of Dickensian Criticism 1836-1975 (London: Macmillan, 1975); Frank T. Dunn’s A Cumulative Analytical Index to The Dickensian 1905-1974 (Hassocks: Harvester, 1976); George H. Ford’s Victorian Fiction, A Second Guide to Research (New York: Modern Language, 1978); John J. Fenstermaker’s Charles Dickens, 1940-1975 (Boston: Hall, 1979); Alan M. Chon & K. K. Collins’s The Cumulated Dickens Checklist 1970-1979 (New York: Whitston, 1982); Joanne Shattock’s The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature Vol. 4, 1800-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999); Duane DeVries’s General Studies of Charles Dickens and His Writings and Collected Editions of His Works: An Annotated Bibliography (New York: AMS, 2004); John Welford’s A Cumulative Analytical Index to The Dickensian 1975-2005 (Buckingham: U of Buckingham, 2010). Note Thanks are due to my English teacher, Laura Thompson, who graduated from Yale University, and who is now a lawyer. v Dickens and Gad’s Hill Place Charles Dickens took two heavy traumas in his life; one was in his poor childhood, the other in the period of 1857-58. He raised his status in life by the first trauma, and purged his own spirit by the second, and at the core of the traumas there was Gad’s Hill Place. This will be revealed in the present paper. 1 The first trauma John Dickens, a clerk in the Royal Navy Pay Office, was very sloppy with money. He borrowed £200, though his salary rose to £441, during the period of 1817-22 when he was posted to Chatham Dockyard, Kent; he spent too much money on parties, social gatherings, the theater, and things like clothes, furnishing, food and drink for his growing family. It was at such a hard time that he often brought his eldest son Charles to the Gad’s Hill of Higham by Rochester, and he often said, looking up at the Place on the summit of the Hill, to Charles, ‘If you were to be very persevering, and were to work hard, you might some day come to live in it’ (Forster 1: 4-5; Letters 8: 265-66 and nn; Dickens, Traveller Ch. VII). The Place had been built by a self-made man who rose from an ostler into a brewer of Rochester and into Mayor of Rochester (Letters 7: 531n; Letters 8: 265 and n). John, who was transferred back to London in 1822, vi wasted more and more money, and, in debt for £40, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Marshalsea Debtors’ Prison in February 1824; soon his wife Elizabeth with her four small children moved into his prison room. So Charles had to work at Warren’s Blacking warehouse, and on Sundays he and his elder sister Fanny would visit them in the Prison. At a certain time John broke down in tears in front of Charles, and so did Charles from his despair. In April 1824 John’s mother happened to die, and he inherited £450 through her Will, all of which he had to spend paying his creditors to be released in May 1824. In June, Charles was able to leave the warehouse to go into the Wellington House Academy, but in November 1826 his family’s financial difficulties grew worse, and John could pay neither rent nor schooling expenses for Fanny and Charles. In 1827 the family moved into a cheaper lodging at Somers Town, and Charles, fifteen years old, left the Academy to go out into the world. He could never forget these hard, dreadful days all his life: viz, it was a great trauma, in which Gad’s Hill Place occupied a great space, he later recalled it as ‘a dream of [his] childhood’ (Letters 7: 531).
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