A Description of Plot in Charles Dicken's Novel

A DESCRIPTION OF PLOT IN CHARLES DICKEN’S NOVEL OLIVER

TWIST

A PAPER

WRITTEN

JULIANATIKA

REG.NO : 152202038

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am Julianatika, declare that I am sole of the author of this paper. Except where references is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for a awarded degree.

No other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in this main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed: ......

Date : November 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Julianatika

Title of Paper : A DESCRIPTION OF PLOT IN CHARLES DICKEN‘S

NOVEL OLIVER TWIST

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Cultural

Studies, University of North Sumatera the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed: ......

Date: November 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT The title of this paper is A Description of Plot In Charles Dicken’s Novel “Oliver Twist”. Plot is the literary element that contains the event has cause in a story where the event has cause and effect relation. The plot itself has a structure which consists of exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. In this novel tell about a nine years old orphan who fought for his life alone. In this research the writer uses qualitative description method to describe the plot which is presented in the novel.

Keyword : Description, Plot, Novel

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Kertas karya ini berjudul A Description of Plot In Charles Dicken’s Novel “Oliver Twist”. Plot adalah unsur sastra yang memuat kejadian– kejadian dalam sebuah cerita dimana kejadian tersebut memiliki hubungan sebab akibat. Plot itu sendiri memiliki struktur yang terdiri dari exposisi, rising action, climax, falling action, dan resolusi. Dalam novel ini menceritakan seorang anak yatim piatu yang berusia sembilan tahun memperjuangkan untuk hidupnya sendiri. Penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menggambarkan plot yang sudah terkaji dalam novel. Keyword: Deskripsi, Plot, Novel

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Almighty God for His blessing and leading me during all my life. Praise is to the prophet Muhammad

SAW, the leader of messengers and guiding of faithful so that I could finish my study to fulfill one of requirements for the degree of Ahli Madya from the English

Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

Then, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,

University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., and all the staffs for their help during the period of study in this faculty.

I would like to thank to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum. as the

Head of English Department for giving all facilities and opportunities during my academic years and in completing this paper. I would like to express my special gratitude to my Supervisor Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum, thanks for his support and beneficial suggestion, and their willingness to share time in correcting this paper throughout the preparation of this paper and the period of doing this paper. I also would like to thank to all lecturers who have given so much knowledge throughout my academic years especially to my academic supervisor.

I would like to thank to Kak Dedek who always helps me in administration process.

My best, deepest appreciation and love are dedicated to my beloved mother, Aida Simarmata,who always pray, support, and advice me with their love.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA For my brother Ramadani, I would like to thank a lot for their love, support and time toshare and lead me. All of my big family, for their love and support. I really love them all. I hope I can make them proud of me.

I would like to thank to my girls in English Fadillah A Nst, Nurul U. A,

Vivi Armayani. Who always help and support me every time in every condition, thank for their love and care, thank for their having great time together and spending our three years in sweet memories, I love you all, girls. I also would like to thank to my best friends Rani, Silvia, and Tri H, thank you for filling my life with our friendship, thank for their help, support, advice and love for having great time together.

To all my classmates in English Departmen‘15 whose names can‘t be mentioned one by one, thank for their help and support for spending our great times together in three years. I‘m lucky to know them all, the last thanks are dedicated to my senior and junior in SOLIDAS GROUP.

Finally, may this paper be advantageous for the readers. May the grace and love of the Almighty Allah SWT be with us all forever.Amin.

Medan, 23 November 2018

The Writen

Julianatika

Reg. No. 152202038

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION……………………………………………..…… i

ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………..……….. iii

ABSTRACK……………………………………………………………..………iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………….. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………vii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………..….…….1 1.2 Problem of the Study…………………………………………..…....5 1.3 Objective of the Study…………………………………………..…..5 1.4 Scope of the Study……………….……………………………..…..5 1.5 Significance of the Study………….……………………………...…5 1.6 Method of the Study……….……………………………………...... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Defenision of Novel……………………………………………………7 2.3. Definision of Plot………………………………...……………………9 2.2.1 Exposition…………………………………………………………...10 2.2.2 Rising Action……..……….…………………………………….…..10 2.2.3 Climax…..……………..…………………………………………...... 11

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2.4 Falling Action……………..……………………………………..…..11

2.2.5 Resolution………………..…………………………………………..11

CHAPTER III: THE DESCRIPTION OF PLOT 3.1 Exposition……………………………………………………...... 14 3.2 Rising Action…………………………………………………...... ….16 3.3 Climax…………………………………………………………………..19 3.4 Falling Action………………..………………………………………. ...20 3.5 Resolution……………………………………………………………....20

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion…………………………..……………………………...….22

4.2 Suggestion…...……………………….………………………………...23

BLIBIOGRAPHY…………….…………………………………………….….24

APPENDICES……………….…………………………………………………25

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is creative expression of human imagination or wishes that it is almost impossible to create an exact definition of it. Basically, literature comes from Latin, ‖littera‖ which means the smallest element of the alphabetical, refers to written or printed words..

Literature is a kind of imaginative writing. It reflects a problem of life done by human being. This reflection gives reality of life as what happens to man; whether, it is sad or happy problem of life. This writing is truly a part of man‘s life or the summary of man‘s life. Imagination is inspired from thinking of something which relates for life, nature, and fantasy. It can be restrained as one please. Taylor (1981: 1) says that ―Literature, like other arts, is essentially an imagination in selecting, ordering and interpreting life-experience‖,beside that, not so far different from Taylor, Roberts (1993: 1) defines ―Literature refers to compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotion, and analyze and advocate ideas.‖This means literature as a reflection of life imaginatively.

Literature contents of emotion expression, such as felling of sad, happy, and jealous and so on. In the story finds the expressions emotion like happy because falling in love, sad because losing money, jealous because leaved a honey.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Monnerand Ralph (1998: 58) state that literature is written work as a collective body, thewhole sum of writings belonging to particular era, language or people. That literature cannot be studied at all.It means that, itjust can be enjoyed as anentertainment. We can only read, enjoy, and appreciate it. Literature is oftencreated as the reflection of human experiences, and aspiration, and also as adramatization of human life story. It provides the readers about some stories oflife which could be considered as containing some kind ofthe truth or a story only. It can be considered as the truth when the readers feels that literature makesso many similarities to the readers experiences or because it touches the readers‘s feelings right after reading the work of literature itself. Frequently, it helps the readers to see the beauty of the world around us.

According to Wellek and Warren ( 1963: 15): Literature really opens a new world for us and a new view point of everything other than what we have done before. Moreover, literature has also its characteristics; it is looked like human being, which each work of literature has its individual characteristics; but it also shares common properties with other work of art just as every man share traits with umanity with all members of his sex, nation, class, profession, etc. The artistic quality of literature depends on the literature work itself. The more general, the more abstract and hence empty it will seem: the more concrete the work of art the easier it will elude our grasp. Literature is considered as an art because it is interesting to be read. The use of common words is very important to make literature more interesting. All words in every literary work of art are, by their very nature ‘general’ and not particular. 2

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It is undeniable that literature is very interesting because most of the literature can offer pleasure for everybody who loves to read it. It contains so many beautiful things that please the readers. According to Richard Dutton in his book An Introduction to Literary Criticis (1984:80), literature has three genres.

They are drama, poetry, and prose fiction. This study discusses propose that can be divided into fiction such as short story, novelette, and novel, moreover non- fiction, such as biography, letter, journal, and diary.

The novel is a long-term prose containing a series of stories of one's life by those around him by highlighting the character and nature of each actor.

According to Revee (1985): says that novel is a picture of real life and manners, and of the time in which it is written. Based from the quotation above, a novel seems as the portrayal of human life and behaviour in reality. In other words, the novel tends to be the representative of the activity of human real life, which concerns too many things and aspects such as: ambition, feeling, emotion, desire, obstacles in life, problem, etc.

Plot is a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story, or the main part of a story.According Bocker (1963:91), Plot is an important in element of literary work, because the plot tells the important event that occurs in a story. Plot of the structure of action is used to indicate almost any kind of action that found in a story, including the closed plot, the open plot, and the straight narrative with little or no serious complication.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Staton (2007:26) was stated that plot is a series of the event in a story.

How a certain event affecting another event that can not be ignore, since the event will be effecting for all story. Plot is very close to the existence of the character. If the story only has a little in character, there will be more close and simple to plot; in contrast a novel that has many characters in the story the plot will be more complicated. Plot also helps the reader in understanding the story of the novel.

The clarity of the plot makes the reader easier in understanding the story. Usually a good or popular novels uses simple plot, so, the strength of the novel also depends on the plot.

Oliver Twistis a novel written by Charles Dickens (1812-1870), a man who had a difficult life. He had worked since he was a child and he had no money.

He gave Oliver , the protagonist, those characteristics. Oliver Twist or The Parish

Boy's Progress is author Charles Dickens's second novel, and was first published as a serial 1837– 39. The story centres on orphan Oliver Twist, born in a workhouse and sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. After escaping, Twist travels to London, where he meets "The Artful Dodger", a member of a gang of juvenile pickpockets led by the elderly criminal, Fagin.

The writer is interested to analyze the plot used in the novel. This strory is about the life orphan named Oliver Twist. This novel talking about poverty, social class, violence that occurred during the industrial revolution in Inggris.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.2 Problem of the Study

How is plot structures portrayed in the novel?

1.3 Objective of the Study

The main objective of the research is to know how the plot of the novel is developed.

1.4Scope of the Study

The description of this paper is limited to plot in the novel. Therefore the scope of this paper is Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Resolution.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Theoretically, the significance of this description is to increase the literary understand in terms of literary works and plot found in novel Oliver

Twist. Practically, it has significance for the readers understand what plot in a novel.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.6 Method of the Study

Writing this paper needed some data which relevant to the paper. Without data in writing paper is going to be difficult to finish moreover it is going to be error. To complete this paper the author applies two methods to collect the data, they are library research and internet research. Method of library research For finding data is collection some book which relevant with the analysis of this paper and copy part of material in the book to be reference.Method of internet research is inviting the website that relevant to this paper to find the material then the data is copied to be reference.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Definisition of Novel

Novel is a story which tells about someone life. Novels do not, however, present a documentary picture of life. Alongside the fact that novels look at people in society, the other majorcharacteristic of the genre is that novels tell a story. In fact, novels tend to tell the some few stories time and time. The source or the inspiration of writing novel can be a based on true story. Their true storyretelling in a story that we call as life experience.This true story more reliable than the other one that which based on imagination. It is because the second one sometime could not happen in real life .Reeve (1785) says that novel is a picture of real life and manners, and of the time in which it is written. Based from the quotation above, a novel seems as the portrayal of human life and behaviour in reality. On the other words, the novel tends to be the representative of the activity of human real life, which concerns too many things and aspects such as: ambition, feeling, emotion, desire, obstacles in life, problem, etc.

According to George Watson (1979:3) says that novel is the name of a literary kind, and there is a story to tell about how, over the centuries, its substance has widened and its conventions changed. So it means novel is literary work, narrate about the life in centuries ago. Of course, novel is a way to send message in social, such as in novel find character that plays role hero and felon.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Hero in novel will be success but not felon will be loser. From this message the reader can get inspiration that hero is good but felon is bad.Reading a novel can help reader to think the conversation of character, it makes the imagination improved became more criticism. Watson (1979:3-4) says that novel is a way of learning about how things were or are-cognitive instrument; and those who distrust stories as evidence should consider how often in conversation we use them to make points or answer questions.

Novels and short stories are two forms of literature that once called fiction.

Differences between the novel and short stories are a formality in terms of story length. A long story which is in hundreds of pages, it cannot be called as a short story, but more appropriately called a novel. Novel is able to present the development of one character, a complicated social situation, relationships that involve many or few characters, and a variety of complicated events occurring in greater detail. The novel is able to create a complete universe at once complicated.

This means that the novel is both easy and more difficult to read when it is compared with the short story.

Sumardjo (1998: 29) says that novel is a story with the prose form in long shape, this long shape means the story including the complex plot, many character and various setting. A novel is a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a totality, the novel has passages elements, most related to one another in close and mutually dependent.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The elements of a novel-builder that then collectively form a totality that-in addition to the formal elements of language, there are many more kinds. The division of the element in question is the intrinsic and extrinsic elements.

2.2Definison of Plot

Plot is one of the elements of fiction and organized the sequence of events and actions that make up the story. A novelist uses plot to arrange the sequence of events. In most stories, these events arise out of conflict experienced by the main character. The conflict may come from something external, like a dragon or an overbearing mother, or it may stem from an internal issue, such as jealousy, loss of identity, life, or overconfidence. As the character makes choices and tries to resolve the problem, the story's action is shaped and plot is generated. In some stories, the author structures the entire plot chronologically, with the first event followed by the second, third, and so on, like beads on a string. However, many other stories are told with flashback techniques in whichplot events from earlier times interrupt the story‘s " current" events.

Plot must be effective and it includes a sequence of incidents that bear a significant causal relationship to each other. Causality is an important feature of realistic fictional plot because something happens because of a result something else. In other words, it's what mostly happened in the story or novel or what the story's general theme is based on, such as the mood, characters, setting, and conflicts occurring in a story.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA An intricate, complicated plot is known as an imbroglio, but even the simplest statements of plot can have multiple inferences, such as with songs the ballad tradition.

Talking about plot means we talk about the actions or events that are usually resolved at the end of a story. The fictional plot maybe a struggle between opposing forces, love and many others and it is usually resolved by the end if the story.There are five essential parts of plot:

2.2.1 Exposition

The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed.

The exposition is the introduction to the characters and setting of the story. The exposition hooks the reader, providing enough interest and information to the intended audience to encourage the reader to continue reading. Every story must have a beginning, the start, or exposition, is where the characters and setting are established. During the part of novel, the conflict or main problem is also introduced.

2.2.2 Rising Action

This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax). The rising action introduces the conflict or problem in the story. This part of the plot tells us what it is that the main character or protagonist is facing. During the rising action, the main character struggles with this conflict or problem.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3.3 Climax

The climax is the high pointof the story, where a culmination of events creates the peak of the conflict. The climax usually features the most conflict and struggle, and usually reveals any secrets or missing points in the story.

Alternatively, an anti-climax may occur, in which an expectedly difficult event is revealed to be incredibly easy or of paltry importance. Critics may also label the falling action as an anti-climax, or anti-climactic. The climax isn't always the most important scene in a story. In many stories, it is the last sentence, with no successive falling action or resolution.

2.3.4 Falling Action

The falling action is the series of events which take place after the climax; it is where the protagonist must react to the changes that occur during the climax of the story. The events and complications begin to resolve them. The reader knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between climax and denouement).

2.3.5 Resolution

The part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict. The resolution, also often called denoument, which is French for ―to untie‖ or ―unraveling‖, is the conclusion of the story. Here, the conflicts are resolved, all lose ends are tied up, and the story concludes with either a happy or sad ending.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In a story, the events maybe rise and fall repeatedly and actually a plot develops a series of complications or intensification of the conflict that leads to a moment of great tension. Sometimes the author will usesome techniques in writing the plot to make the story more interesting or to add a twist or turn.

Foreshadowing is where the author may hint at what might happen in the future.

Flashback is where the author might tell us something that has happened in the past to help explain the present. Irony is when the author has something happen in the story that is the opposite of what the reader expects.

Plot can be divided into two types, they are closed and open. This division is based on the way how an author presents the resolution of his story, they are:

1) Closed plot: in this type of the plot the end of the story is clear because the author presents a definite resolution of conflict. Most narrative works use closed plot, because the end of the story is clear, readers do not have to think a lot about it.

2) Open plot: this type of plot has little or no resolution at all. The author, however, creates some clues in the story that will lead his readers to conclude the resolution of the story. ― Crane in his work, The Concept of Plot states that any novel or drama represents a composite of three elements: action, character, and thought. Plot is, thus, the particular synthesis of the three elements. Razali Kasim

(2005:20) divides plot into three kinds,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a) Plot of Action: in this kind of plot the interest lies in ―what happens next‖, while the character and thought are portrayed minimally. We rarely, if ever, find any serious or intellectual issues. b) Plot of Character: this kind of plot deals with the process of change in the moral character of the protagonist. c) Plot of Thought: this kind of plot deals with the process of change in the thought of the protagonist and in his feeling.

In a well plotted story, things precede or follow each other not simply because time ticks away, but more importantly because effects follow causes. In a good story nothing is relevant or accidental; everything is related and causative.

The controlling impulse in a connected pattern of causes and effects is conflict which refers generally to people or circumstances that a character (often the protagonist) must face and try to overcome (often the antagonist). Conflict brings out the extremes of human energy, causing characters to engage in the decisions, actions, responses, and interactions that make up most stories. Conflict is the major elements of plot because opposing forces arouse curiosity, cause doubt, create tension, and produce interest.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

THE DESCRIPTION OF PLOT

3.1 Exposition

The exposition of this novel begins with a nine yearsold little boy named

Oliver Twist. Oliver is born and raised into a life of poverty and misfortune in a workhouse in an unnamed town 70 miles north of London. Oliver is an orphan, his mother died during childbirth and her father‘s mysterious absence. Oliver was surrounded by very good people, namely grandmothers who were careful about him, an aunt who was worried about him and a wise doctors but those who are good to him will surely be killed in short time. Many difficulties faced by Oliver and he still had humble attitude and continued his struggle.

―Now, if during this brief period Oliver had been surrounded by careful grandmothers, anxious aunts, experienced nurses, and doctors of profound wisdom, he would most inevitably and indubitably have been killed in no time. (Oliver Twist, p:4) Then Oliver story continues and the Oliver is given with little conditions based on poor law and spends the first nine years of his life in baby fram in ―care‖ by woman named Mrs. Mann. Oliver grew up with a little food and some decent comfort.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Then Oliver is taken away by Mr. Bumble. Mr. Bumble is a bad person who has no mercy. He took the oliver to a place/room in which there were fat people. Oliver can only cry when dealing with them, even he is very afraid to answer their questions. Oliver was said to be stupid when silent and didn‘t answer the question they gave. This is a ―Parish Workhouse‖ residence where many children have the same fate as Oliver. In this place Oliver comes to be educated and taught useful skills. But skill that must be done is as a worker choosing oakum.

―Not having a very clearly defined notion of what a live board was, Oliver was rather astounded by this intelligence, and was not quite certain whether he ought to laugh or cry. He had no time to think about the matter, however; for Mr. Bumble gave him a tap on the head, with his cane, to wake him up: and another on the back to make him lively: and bidding him follow, conducted him into a large whitewashed room, where eight or ten fat gentlemen were sitting round a table. ―Bow to the board,‖ said Bumble. ―What‘s your name, boy?‖ said the gentleman in the high chair. Oliver was frightened at the sight of so many gentlemen, whichmade him tremble: and the beadle gave him another tap behind,which made him cry. These two causes made him answer in a verylow and hesitating voice; whereupon a gentleman in a whitewaistcoat said he was a fool. Which was a capital way of raising hisspirits, and putting him quite at his ease. (Oliver Twist, p:12)

Oliver who worked hard with very little food, remained in the homeless for six months. One day, very hungry children decide to play games with long straps, and who gets the broken rope will ask for porridge and the task falls to the

Oliver himself. In the next meal he came forward and trembled with a bowl in his hand and begged Mr. Bumble to ask for porridge in a low voice.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Child as he was, he was desperate with hunger, and reckless with misery. He rose from the table; and advancing to the master, basin and spoon in hand, said:somewhat alarmed at his own temerity:

―Please, sir, I want some more.‖

The master was a fat, healthy man; but he turned very pale. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on the small rebel for some seconds, and then clung for support to thecopper. The assistants were paralysed with wonder; the boys with fear.

―What!‖ said the master at length, in a faint voice.

―Please, sir,‖ replied Oliver, ―I want some more.‖ (Oliver Twist, p:12)

3.2 Rising Action

Rising action that happened was Oliver went to London, he left quietly without anyone knowing it. Oliver went to London on foot, Oliver walked 20 miles through all the obstacles at the time. As long as the Oliver‘s journey feels hungry and there is only dry bread crust the rest of the others and he drinks the water that is on the road, and when night falls he becomes a meadow and sleeps in a makeshift place, he initially feels scared but he insists on sleeping to forget the he left.

―Oliver walked twenty miles that day; and all that time tasted nothing but the crust of dry bread, and a few draughts of water, which he begged at the cottagedoors by the roadside. When the night came, he turned into a meadow; and, creeping close under a hay-rick, determined to lie there, till morning. He felt frightened at first, for the wind moaned dismally over the empty fields: and he was cold and hungry, and more alone than he had ever felt before.Being very tired with his walk, however, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles. (Oliver Twist, p:47)‖

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

After working so long, the next morning he felt cold and stiff.

Circumstances like that Oliver forced to continue that destination. The next day he could barely crawl until he finally met a ten years old boy who greeted Oliver.

The young man asked many questions, Oliver only answered ― I walked for seven days‖ and the young man took the initiative to take him to his residence.

The young man was named ―Jack Dawkins‖, better known as ― TheArful

Dodger‖. Oliver looked confused where he should be. Jack Dawkins managed to bring the oliver to his Mr. Fagin. Jack Dawkins introduces Fagin to Oliver. He was greeted with laughter at frist.

― These all crowded about their associate as he whispered a few words to theJew; and then turned round and grinned at Oliver. So did the Jew himself, toasting-fork in hand. ―This is him, Fagin,‖ said Jack Dawkins; ―my friend Oliver Twist.‖ The Jew grinned; and, making a low obeisance to Oliver, took him by the hand, and hoped he should have the honour of his intimate acquaintance. ―We are very glad to see you, Oliver, very,‖ said the Jew. (Oliver Twist, p:53)‖

After Fagin introduced himself and talked about the day, Fagin demonstrated how to steal. After showing the action, the two young men and

Oliver started stealing. Jew and Charley start stealing near the bookstore while oliver only sees and doesn‘t dare of steal. By the time they steal the bookstore guards see they take Mr. Browlow cloth and they are immediately struck by thieves. Many people think that Oliver is the real thief, and Charley – Jew also say

―there are thieves over here‖.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Eventually Oliver was caught and taken to the police office, the innocent overseer was beaten by the public so he fell and bleding his face.When the Oliver was found guilty and the officer took him to the cell, the bookstore guard came and witnessed that he was not the theif. The book shopkeeper explained that there were two young men and an innocent culprit. Mr. Browlow also brought the oliver home because his body weakened.

―What was Oliver‘s horror and alarm as he stood a few paces off, looking on with his eyelids as wide open as they would possibly go, to see the Dodger plunge his hand into the old gentleman‘s pocket, and draw from thence a handkerchief! To see him hand thesame to Charley Bates; and finally to behold them, both, running away round the corner at full speed. (Oliver Twist, p:60)

Fagin was very angry because he caught the oliver. Bill asks Dogger how can the child be caught, the Fagin panic is caught by an Oliver because is afraid that Oliver will tell the truth and put them in danger. Fagin told Nancy pick up the

Oliver at the police office. Nancy was forced to find Oliver.

Oliver didn‘t feel at the police office but he was at Mr. Browlow‘s house.

They continue to monitor the oliver so that they can bring the Oliver home by all means to get it.

――Hush! hush! Mr. Sikes,‖ said the Jew, trembling; ‗don‘t speak so loud.‘ ―None of your mistering,‖ replied the ruffian; ―you always mean mischief when you come that. You know my name: out with it! I shan‘t disgrace it when the time comes.‘‖ ―Well, well, then- Bill Sikes,‖ said the Jew, with abject humility. ―You seem out of humour, Bill.‘ ―Perhaps I am,‖ replied Sikes; ―I should think you was rather out of sorts too, unless you mean as little harm when you throw pewter pots about, as you do when you blab and- (Oliver Twist, p:60)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.3 Climax

Someone who is Fagin‘s friend them going out with sikes and Oliver.

They want to rob an house in Chertsey. But, before he get what they want, Oliver was shoot by housekeeper in that house, but Sikes and his friend leave Oliverin there. Oliver turn into the house, but Mrs. Maylie and Rose who owner the house feel pity to Oliver. They were take care for Oliver and teach everything. Fagin was mad again he lose Oliver again. It mean that he will lose his money too, which would be prayed by Monks. If he can turn Oliver into criminal.

In otherwise, Monks keep searching all about Oliver. Until he meet with

Mr. Bumble and his wife. They were have a secret about Oliver, they know it from Sally who help Oliver‘s mother. They also save gold and ring Oliver‘s mother. Nancy, who actually care for Oliver was hear that, then she decided to meet rose. She told about Monks and what Monks planning. In other Noah and his girl goes to London and agree to join with Fagin.

The frist job for Noah is following wherever Nancy going to, the he must report to Fagin. In one night Nancy meet Mr. Browlow then told everything same with what Nancy said before. Noah tell to Fagin then Fagin told to Bill Sikes.

When Nancy arrived home she was immediately killed her lover.

―I told you before,‖ replied Nancy, ―that I was afraid to speak to you there. I don‘t know why it is,‖ said the girl, shuddering, ―but I have such a fear and dread upon me tonight that I can hardly stand.‖ ―A fear of what?‖ asked the gentleman, who seemed to pity her.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ―I scarcely know of what,‖ replied the girl. ―I wish I did. Horrible thoughts of death, and shrouds with blood upon them, and a fear that has made me burn as if I was on fire, have been upon me all day. I was reading a book to-night, to wile the time away, and the same things came into the print.‖(Oliver Twist,p:302)

3.4 Falling Action

Mr. Browlow catches Monk. Then he ask to Monks and explain what happen. He said that he is friend of Oliver‘s father of Monks too. They were half- brother. Monks want to change oliver became criminal for the heirs from his father. He won‘t to share with Oliver and make him like her father. And the another truth about Rose, which she is an aunt for Oliver from his mother.

―Monks cats a look of hate, which, even then, he could not dissemble, at the aastonishedboy,andsatdown near the door. MrBrowlo, had papers in his hand walked to a able, near which Rose and Oliver were seated. (Oliver Twist,p:341)‖

3.5 Resolutiom

Sikes while running away from the mafia. Mr. Browlowinstists that Monks hear the story related to him, which he once called Edward Leeford was Oliver‘s half-brother. Their father used be friends with Mr. Browlow. MrLeeford had to help a dying friend in Rome, and then died there himself, leaving Agnes, "his guilty love", in England. Mr Brownlow has a picture of Agnes and had begun making inquiries when he noticed a marked resemblance between her and Oliver.

Monks had hunted his brother to destroy him, to gain all in their father's will.

Meeting with Monks and the Bumbles in Oliver's native town, Brownlow asks

Oliver to give half his inheritance to Monks to give him a second chance; Oliver is more than happy to comply.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Monks moves to "the new world", where he squanders his money, reverts to crime, and dies in prison. Fagin is arrested, tried and condemned to the gallows.

On the eve of Fagin's hanging, Oliver, accompanied by Mr Brownlow in an emotional scene, visits Fagin in Newgate Prison, in hope of retrieving papers from

Monks. Fagin is lost in a world of his own fear of impending death.

On a happier note, Rose Maylie is the long-lost sister of Agnes, and thus

Oliver's aunt. She marries her sweetheart Harry Maylie, who gives up his political ambitions to become a parson, drawing all their friends to settle near them. Oliver lives happily with Mr Brownlow, who adopts him. Noah becomes a paid, semi- professional police informer.

The Bumbles lose their positions and are reduced to poverty, ending up in the workhouse themselves. Charley Bates, horrified by Sikes' murder of Nancy, becomes an honest citizen, moves to the country, and eventually becomes prosperous. Oliver and his new family live happily in the country.

―It is because I wasyour father‘s oldest friend, young man,‖ returned Mr. Brownlow; ―it is because the hopes and wishes of young and happy years werebound up with him, and that fair creature of his blood and kindredwho rejoined her God in youth, and left me here a solitary, lonelyman: it is because he knelt with me beside his only sister‘s deathbedwhen he was yet a boy, on the morning that would- butHeaven willed otherwise- have made her my young wife; it isbecause my seared heart clung to him, from that time forth,through all his trials and errors, till he died; it is because oldrecollections and associations filled my heart, and even the sight ofyou brings with it old thoughts of him; it is because of all thesethings that I am moved to treat you gently now- yes, EdwardLeeford, even now- and blush for your unworthiness who bear thename.‖ (Oliver Twist,p:323)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conlusion

After potraying the structure plot in the novel Oiver Twist, the conflict occurred is, The exposition in this novel is to introduce the character and arrangement or the place where the event occurred. The main character is Oliver

Twist, an orphan who struggles with a miserable life. The setting of the place is a social house, London. Ricing action is the journey of the story becomes complicated. Oliver goes to London without anyone knowing. Oliver left because he could not be treated rudely so he tried to get a new place. Oliver walking for

20miles without carrying anything, he tried to survive to get to London. After arriving London Oliver met with young man named Jack, the Jack helped meet with his boss named Fagin. Oliver is trained to steal and at the time Oliver follows

Jack and Jack are caught stealing and Oliver is accused of being the thief and the truth that happened as revealed that Oliver was innocent. Climax is Oliver is innocent and there is a woman who wants to helps her named Nancy. Nancy left without anyone knowing that she went to meet Mr. Browlow says Fagin‘s evil plan. The night arrived, Nancy did not know that someone had followed her and heard their conversation with Mr. Browlow and at the time they returned home later Sikes killed Nancy. Falling action is Oliver and Rose learn true identitas and resolution this novel is oliver and his new family live happily in the country.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2 Sugesstion

The writer suggest to the readers of this paper to understand the important of knowing the plot structure found in the ―Oliver Twist‖ novel. The conflict in this plot starts from beginning until the problems ends and the conflict of this novel about how an orphan fought for life during the Revolusion in Inggris. In addition there are also moral value that can be quoted from the novel. The writer also hopes that readers can better understand how to analyze the structure of plots that are good and true, and the writer hope that readers will get more insight into analyzing novel.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

BLIBIOGRAPHY

Watson, George. 1979. The Story of the Novel. London: The MacMillan Press

Ltd.

Robert, Edgar V et al 1987. Literature to Reading and writing. New Jersey:

Prentice Hall, Inc

Taylor, Richard. 1981.Understanding the Elements of Literature. London: THE

MACHMILLAN PRESS LTD

Dickens, Charles. 1959. Oliver Twist. United States: Pocket Books Inc

Staton, Roberts. 2007.TeoriFiksi. Yogyakarta; PustakaPelajar.

Wellek, Rene & Austin Warren. 1985. Theory of Literature. New York: Penguin

Books. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens http//www.novelguide.com

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

SUMMARY OF OLIVER TWIST

Oliver Twist is born in a workhouse in 1830s England. His mother, whose name no one knows, is found on the street and dies just after Oliver‘s birth. Oliver spends the first nine years of his life in a badly run home for young orphans and then is transferred to a workhouse for adults. After the other boys bully Oliver into asking for more gruel at the end of a meal, Mr. Bumble, the parish beadle, offers five pounds to anyone who will take the boy away from the workhouse.

Oliver narrowly escapes being apprenticed to a brutish chimney sweep and is eventually apprenticed to a local undertaker, Mr. Sowerberry. When the undertaker‘s other apprentice, Noah Claypo le, makes disparaging comments about Oliver‘s mother, Oliver attacks him and incurs the Sowerberrys‘ wrath.

Desperate, Oliver runs away at dawn and travels toward London.

Outside London, Oliver, starved and exhausted, meets Jack Dawkins, a boy his own age. Jack offers him shelter in the London house of his benefactor,

Fagin. It turns out that Fagin is a career criminal who trains orphan boys to pick pockets for him. After a few days of training, Oliver is sent on a pickpocketing mission with two other boys. When he sees them swipe a handkerchief from an elderly gentleman, Oliver is horrified and runs off. He is caught but narrowly escapes being convicted of the theft. Mr. Brownlow, the man whose handkerchief was stolen, takes the feverish Oliver to his home and nurses him back to health.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Mr. Brownlow is struck by Oliver‘s resemblance to a portrait of a young woman that hangs in his house. Oliver thrives in Mr. Brownlow‘s home, but two young adults in Fagin‘s gang, Bill Sikes and his lover Nancy, capture Oliver and return him to Fagin.

Fagin sends Oliver to assist Sikes in a burglary. Oliver is shot by a servant of the house and, after Sikes escapes, is taken in by the women who live there,

Mrs. Maylie and her beautiful adopted niece Rose. They grow fond of Oliver, and he spends an idyllic summer with them in the countryside. But Fagin and a mysterious man named Monks are set on recapturing Oliver. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Oliver‘s mother left behind a gold locket when she died. Monks obtains and destroys that locket. When the Maylies come to London, Nancy meets secretly with Rose and informs her of Fagin‘s designs, but a member of Fagin‘s gang overhears the conversation. When word of Nancy‘s disclosure reaches Sikes, he brutally murders Nancy and flees London. Pursued by his guilty conscience and an angry mob, he inadvertently hangs himself while trying to escape.

Mr. Brownlow, with whom the Maylies have reunited Oliver, confronts

Monks and wrings the truth about Oliver‘s parentage from him. It is revealed that

Monks is Oliver‘s half brother. Their father, Mr. Leeford, was unhappily married to a wealthy woman and had an affair with Oliver‘s mother, Agnes Fleming.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Monks has been pursuing Oliver all along in the hopes of ensuring that his half-brother is deprived of his share of the family inheritance. Mr. Brownlow forces Monks to sign over Oliver‘s share to Oliver. Moreover, it is discovered that

Rose is Agnes‘s younger sister, hence Oliver‘s aunt. Fagin is hung for his crimes.

Finally, Mr. Brownlow adopts Oliver, and they and the Maylies retire to a blissful existence in the countryside.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES DICKENS

Charles John Huffam Dickens( 7 February 1812–9 June 1870), pen-name

"Boz," was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era, and one of the most popular of all time, responsible for some of English literature's most iconic characters.

Many of his novels, with their recurrent theme of social reform, first appeared in periodicals and magazines in serialisedform, a popular format for fiction at the time. Unlike other authors who completed entire novels before serial production began, Dickens often wrote them while they were being serialized, creating them in the order in which they were meant to appear. The practice lent his stories a particular rhythm, punctuated by one "cliffhanger" after another to keep the public looking forward to the next installment. The continuing popularity of his novels and short stories is such that they have never gone out of print.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA His work has been praised for its mastery of prose and unique personalities by writers such as George Gissing and G. K. Chesterton, though the same characteristics prompted others, such as Henry James and Virginia Woolf, to criticize him for sentimentality and implausibility.

LIFEEARLY YEARS

Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End

Terrace (now 393 Commercial Road), Landport in Portsea Island (Portsmouth), the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens (née Barrow; 1789–1863) and

John Dickens (1785–1851). His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His

Majesty's Navy, gentleman, and head of an established firm, to act as godfather to

Charles. Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickens's novel Dombey and Son (1848).

In January 1815, John Dickens was called back to London, and the family moved to Norfolk Street, Fitzrovia. When Charles was four, they relocated to

Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he thought himself a "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy".

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Charles spent time outdoors, but also read voraciously, including the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson

Crusoe and Gil Blas. He read and reread The Arabian Nights and the Collected

Farces of Elizabeth Inchbald. He retained poignant memories of childhood, helped by an excellent memory of people and events, which he used in his writing. His father's brief work as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education, first at a dame school, and then at a school run by William

Giles, a dissenter, in ChathaThis period came to an end in June 1822, when John

Dickens was recalled to Navy Pay Office headquarters at Somerset House,and the family (except for Charles, who stayed behind to finish his final term of work) moved to Camden Town in London.The family had left Kent amidst rapidly mounting debts, and, living beyond his means, John Dickens was forced by his creditors into the Marshalseadebtors' prison in Southwark, London in 1824. His wife and youngest children joined him there, as was the practice at the time.

Charles, then 12 years old, boarded with Elizabeth Roylance, a family friend, at

112 College Place, Camden Town.[22]Roylance was "a reduced [impoverished] old lady, long known to our family", whom Dickens later immortalised, "with a few alterations and embellishments", as "Mrs. Pipchin" in Dombey and Son. Later, he lived in a back-attic in the house of an agent for the Insolvent Court, Archibald

Russell, "a fat, good-natured,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA kind old gentleman with a quiet old wife" and lame son, in Lant Street in

Southwark. They provided the inspiration for the Garlands in The Old Curiosity

Shop.On Sundays with his sister Frances, free from her studies at the Royal

Academy of Musiche spent the day at the Marshalsea. Dickens later used the prison as a setting in Little Dorrit. To pay for his board and to help his family,

Dickens was forced to leave school and work ten-hour days at Warren's Blacking

Warehouse, on Hungerford Stairs, near the present Charing Cross railway station, where he earned six shillings a week pasting labels on pots of boot blacking. The strenuous and often harsh working conditions made a lasting impression on

Dickens and later influenced his fiction and essays, becoming the foundation of his interest in the reform of socio-economic and labour conditions, therigours of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor. He later wrote that he wondered "how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age".As he recalled to John Forster (from The Life of Charles Dickens).

The blacking-warehouse was the last house on the left-hand side of the way, at old Hungerford Stairs. It was a crazy, tumble-down old house, abutting of course on the river, and literally overrun with rats. Its wainscoted rooms, and its rotten floors and staircase, and the old grey rats swarming down in the cellars, and the sound of their squeaking and scuffling coming up the stairs at all times,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and the dirt and decay of the place, rise up visibly before me, as if I were there again. The counting-house was on the first floor, looking over the coal-barges and the river. There was a recess in it, in which I was to sit and work. My work was to cover the pots of paste-blacking; first with a piece of oil-paper, and then with a piece of blue paper; to tie them round with a string; and then to clip the paper close and neat, all round, until it looked as smart as a pot of ointment from an apothecary's shop. When a certain number of grosses of pots had attained this pitch of perfection, I was to paste on each a printed label, and then go on again with more pots. Two or three other boys were kept at similar duty down-stairs on similar wages. One of them came up, in a ragged apron and a paper cap, on the first Monday morning, to show me the trick of using the string and tying the knot.

His name was Bob Fagin; and I took the liberty of using his name, long afterwards, in Oliver Twist.

After only a few months in Marshalsea, John Dickens was informed of the death of his paternal grandmother, Elizabeth Dickens, who had left him in her will the sum of £450.On the expectation of this legacy, Dickens petitioned for, and was granted, release from prison. Under the Insolvent Debtors Ac, Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors, and he and his family left Marshalsea for the home of Mrs. Roylance.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Although Dickens eventually attended the Wellington House Academy in

North London, his mother did not immediately remove him from the boot- blacking factory. 'The incident must have done much to confirm Dickens's determined view that a father should rule the family, a mother find her proper sphere inside the home. "I never afterwards forgot, I never shall forget, I never can forget, that my mother was warm for my being sent back." His mother's failure (in his eyes), in requesting that Charles return to the blacking factory, was no doubt a factor in the grown man's demanding and dissatisfied attitude towards women.

Resentment stemming from his situation and the conditions under which working-classpeople lived became major themes of his works, and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite, and most autobiographical, novel, David Copperfield: "I had no advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no assistance, no support, of any kind, from anyone, that I can call to mind, as I hope to go to heaven! "The Wellington

HouseAcademy, as it turned out, was not a good scool. 'Much of the haphazard, desultory teaching, poor discipline punctuated by the headmaster's sadistic brutality, the seedy ushers and general run-down atmosphere, are embodied in Mr.

Creakle's Establishment in David Copperfield.

In May 1827, Dickens began work in the law office of Ellis and

Blackmore, attorneys, of Holborn Court, Gray's Inn, as a junior clerk. He remained there until November 1828.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Then, having worked energetically in his spare time to acquire Gurneys system of shorthand, he left to become a freelance reporter. A distant relative,

Thomas Charlton, was a freelance reporter at Doctors' Commons, and Dickens was able to share his box there in order to report the legal proceedings. Here in a court near St. Paul's he was to listen for nearly four years to rambling, involved cases. This education informed works such as Nicholas Nickleby, Dombey and

Son, and especially Bleak House—whose vivid portrayal of the tangled machinations, laborious manoeuvrings, and strangling bureaucracy of the legal system of mid-19th-century Britain did much to enlighten the general public, and was a vehicle for dissemination of Dickens's own views regarding, particularly, the heavy burden on the poor who were forced by circumstances to."go to law".

In 1830, Dickens met his first love, Maria Beadnell. She is thought to have been the model for the character Dora in David Copperfield. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and effectively ended the relationship by sending her to school in Paris.

Journalism and early novels

In 1833, Dickens was able to get his very first story, A Dinner at Poplar

Walk, published in the London periodical, Monthly Magazine. The following year he rented rooms at Furnival'sInnbecoming a political journalist,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA reporting on parliamentary debate and travelling across Britain by stagecoachto cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle. His journalism, in the form of sketches which appeared in periodicals, formed his first collection of pieces

Sketches by Bozwhich was published in 1836 and led to the serialization of his first novel, The Pickwick Papers, in March 1836. He continued to contribute to and edit journals throughout much of his subsequent literary career.Dickens's keen perceptiveness, intimate knowledge and understanding of the people, and tale- spinning genius were quickly to gain him world renown and wealth.

In 1836, Dickens accepted the job of editor of Bentley's Miscellany, a position that he would hold for three years, when he fell out with the owner. At the same time, his success as a novelist continued, producing Oliver Twist(1837–

39), Nicholas Nickleby(1838–39), The Old Curiosity Shopand,finally, Barnaby

Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of 'Eightyas part of the Master Humphrey's

Clockseries (1840–41)—all published in monthly instalments before being made into books. Dickens had a pet raven named Grip which, when it died in 1841,

Dickens had it stuffed (it is now at the Free Library of Philadelphia).

On 2 April 1836, he married Catherine Thomson Hogarth (1816 – 1879), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronicle. After a brief honeymoon in Chalk, Kent, they set up home in Bloomsbury. They had ten children:

•Charles CullifordBozDickensC. C. B. Dickens, later known as Charles Dickens,

Jr., editor for

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA All the Year Round, author of the Dickens's Dictionary of London(1879).

•Mary Dickens

•Kate Macready Dickens

•Walter Landor Dickens

•Francis Jeffrey Dickens

•Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens

•Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens

•Sir Henry Fielding Dickens

•Dora Annie Dickens

•Edward Dickens(Emigrated to Australia)

On 25 March 1837, Dickens moved with his family into 48 Doughty

Street, London, (on which he had a three year lease at £80 a year) where he would remain until December 1839. A new addition to the household was Dickens's younger brother Frederick. Also, Catherine's 17 year old sister Mary moved with them from Furnival's Inn to offer support to her newly married sister and brother- in-law. It was not unusual for a woman's unwed sister to live with and help a newly married couple. Dickens became very attached to Mary, and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837. She became a character in many of his books, and her death is fictionalized as the death of Little Nell.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA First visit to the United States

In 1842, Dickens and his wife made their first trip to the United States and

Canada. At this time Georgina Hogarth, another sister of Catherine, joined the

Dickens household, now living at Devonshire Terrace, Marylebone, to care for the young family they had left behind. She remained with them as housekeeper, organiser, adviser, and friend until Dickens's death in 1870. Dickens modeled the character of Agnes Wickfield after Georgina and Mary.

He described his impressions in a travelogue, American Notes for General

Circulation. Dickens includes in Notes a powerful condemnation of slavery, which he had attacked as early as The Pickwick Papers, correlating the emancipation of the poor in England with the abolition of slavery abroadciting newspaper accounts of runaway slaves disfigured by their masters. In spite of the abolitionist sentiments gleaned from his trip to America, some modern commentators have pointed out inconsistencies in Dickens's views on racial inequality, for instance, he has been criticized for his subsequent acquiescence in

Governor Eyre's harsh crackdown during the 1860s Morant Bay rebellion in

Jamaica and his failure to join other British progressives in condemning it.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA From Richmond, Virginia, Dickens returned to Washington, D.C., and started a trek westward to St. Louis, Missouri. While there, he expressed a desire to see an

American prairie before returning east. A group of 13 men then set out with

Dickens to visit Looking Glass Prairie, a trip 30 miles into Illinois.

During his American visit, Dickens spent a month in New York City, giving lectures, raising the question of international copyright laws and the pirating of his work in America. He persuaded a group of twenty-five writers, headed by Washington Irving, to sign a petition for him to take to Congress, but the press were generally hostile to this, saying that he should be grateful for his popularity and that it was mercenary to complain about his work being pirated.

The popularity he gained caused a shift in his self-perception according to critic Kate Flint, who writes that he "found himself a cultural commodity, and its circulation had passed out his control", causing him to become interested in and delve into themes of public and personal personas in the next novels.She writes that he assumed a role of "influential commentator", publicly and in his fiction, evident in his next few books. His trip to the U.S. ended with a trip to Canada:

Niagara Falls, Toronto, Kingston and Montreal where he appeared on stage in light comedies. Soon after his return to England, Dickens began work on the first of his Christmas stories,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A Christmas Carol, written in 1843, which was followed by The Chimes in 1844 and The Cricket on the Hearth in 1845. Of these, A Christmas Carol was most popular and, tapping into an old tradition, did much to promote a renewed enthusiasm for the joys of Christmas in Britain and America. The seeds for the story became planted in Dickens's mind during a trip to Manchester to witness the conditions of the manufacturing workers there. This, along with scenes he had recently witnessed at the Field Lane Ragged School, caused Dickens to resolve to

"strike a sledge hammer blow" for the poor. As the idea for the story took shape and the writing began in earnest, Dickens became engrossed in the book. He later wrote that as the tale unfolded he "wept and laughed, and wept again" as he

"walked about the black streets of London fifteen or twenty miles many a night when all sober folks had gone to bed."

After living briefly in Italy (1844), Dickens travelled to Switzerland

(1846), where he began work on Dombey and Son (1846–48). This and David

Copperfield (1849–50) mark a significant artistic break in Dickens's career as his novels became more serious in theme and more carefully planned than his early works.

At about this time, he was made aware of a large embezzlement at the firm where his brother, Augustus, worked (John Chapman & Co.). It had been carried out by Thomas Powell, a clerk,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA who was on friendly terms with Dickens and who had acted as mentor to

Augustus when he started work. Powell was also an author and poet and knew many of the famous writers of the day. After further fraudulent activities, Powell fled to New York and published a book called The Living Authors of England with a chapter on Charles Dickens, who was not amused by what Powell had written. One item that seemed to have annoyed him was the assertion that he had based the character of Paul Dombey (Dombey and Son) on Thomas Chapman, one of the principal partners at John Chapman & Co. Dickens immediately sent a letter to Lewis Gaylord Clark, editor of the New York literary magazine The

Knickerbocker, saying that Powell was a forger and thief. Clark published the letter in the New-York Tribune, and several other papers picked up on the story.

Powell began proceedings to sue these publications, and Clark was arrested.

Dickens, realising that he had acted in haste, contacted John Chapman & Co. to seek written confirmation of Powell's guilt. Dickens did receive a reply confirming Powell's embezzlement, but once the directors realised this information might have to be produced in court, they refused to make further disclosures. Owing to the difficulties of providing evidence in America to support his accusations, Dickens eventually made a private settlement with Powell out of court.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Philanthropy

Angela Burdett Coutts, heir to the Coutts banking fortune, approached

Dickens in May 1846 about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen women of the working class. Coutts envisioned a home that would replace the punitive regimes of existing institutions with a reformative environment conducive to education and proficiency in domestic household chores. After initially resisting,

Dickens eventually founded the home, named "Urania Cottage", in the Lime

Grove section of Shepherds Bush, which he managed for ten years, setting the house rules, reviewing the accounts and interviewing prospective residents.

Emigration and marriage were central to Dickens's agenda for the women on leaving Urania Cottage, from which it is estimated that about 100 women graduated between 1847 and 1859.

Last years

On 9 June 1865, while returning from Paris with Ellen Ternan, Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash. The train's first seven carriages plunged off a cast iron bridge that was under repair. The only first-class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was travelling. Before rescuers arrived,

Dickens tended and comforted the wounded and the dying with a flask of brandy and a hat refreshed with water, and saved some lives.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Before leaving, he remembered the unfinished manuscript for Our Mutual Friend, and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it. Dickens later used this experience as material for his short ghost story, "The Signal-Man", in which the central character has a premonition of his own death in a rail crash. He also based the story on several previous rail accidents, such as the Clayton Tunnel rail crash of

1861. Dickens managed to avoid an appearance at the inquest to avoid disclosing that he had been travelling with Ternan and her mother, which would have caused a scandal.

Second visit to the United States

While he contemplated a second visit to the United States, the outbreak of the Civil War in America in 1861 delayed his plans. On 9 November 1867, over two years after the war, Dickens set sail from Liverpool for his second American reading tour. Landing at Boston, he devoted the rest of the month to a round of dinners with such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth

Longfellow, and his American publisher, James Thomas Fields. In early

December, the readings began. He performed 76 readings, netting £19,000, from

December 1867 to April 1868. Dickens shuttled between Boston and New York, where he gave 22 readings at Steinway Hall. Although he had started to suffer from what he called the "true American catarrh", he kept to a schedule that would have challenged a much younger man, even managing to squeeze in some sleighing in Central Park.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA During his travels, he saw a change in the people and the circumstances of

America. His final appearance was at a banquet the American Press held in his honour at Delmonico's on 18 April, when he promised never to denounce America again. By the end of the tour Dickens could hardly manage solid food, subsisting on champagne and eggs beaten in sherry. On 23 April he boarded the Cunard liner

Russia to return to Britain. barely escaping a Federal Tax Lien against the proceeds of his lecture tour.

Farewell readings

Between 1868 and 1869, Dickens gave a series of "farewell readings" in

England, Scotland, and Ireland, beginning on 6 October. He managed, of a contracted 100 readings, to deliver 75 in the provinces, with a further 12 in

London.] As he pressed on he was affected by giddiness and fits of paralysis. He suffered a stroke on 18 April 1869 in Chester.He collapsed on 22 April 1869, at

Preston in Lancashire, and on doctor's advice, the tour was cancelled. After further provincial readings were cancelled, he began work on his final novel, The

Mystery of Edwin Drood. It was fashionable in the 1860s to 'do the slums' and, in company, Dickens visited opium dens in Shadwell, where he witnessed an elderly addict known as "Laskar Sal", who formed the model for the "Opium Sal" subsequently featured in his mystery novel, Edwin Drood.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA After Dickens had regained sufficient strength, he arranged, with medical approval, for a final series of readings to partially make up to his sponsors what they had lost due to his illness. There were to be 12 performances, running between 11 January and 15 March 1870, the last at 8:00 pm at St. James's Hall in

London. Although in grave health by this time, he read A Christmas Carol and

The Trial from Pickwick. On 2 May, he made his last public appearance at a Royal

Academy Banquet in the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales, paying a special tribute on the death of his friend, the illustrator Daniel Maclise.

Death

On 8 June 1870, Dickens suffered another stroke at his home after a full day's work on Edwin Drood. He never regained consciousness, and the next day, five years to the day after the Staplehurst rail crash, he died at Gads Hill Place.

Biographer Claire Tomalin has suggested Dickens was actually in Peckham when he suffered the stroke, and his mistress Ellen Ternan and her maids had him taken back to Gad's Hill so the public would not know the truth about their relationship.

Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral "in an inexpensive, unostentatious, and strictly private manner",he was laid to rest in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads: To the Memory of Charles Dickens (England's most popular author) who died at his residence,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Higham, near Rochester, Kent, 9 June 1870, aged 58 years. He was a sympathiser with the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world.His last words were: "On the ground", in response to his sister-in-law Georgina's request that he lie down. On Sunday,19

June 1870, five days after Dickens was buried in the Abbey, Dean Arthur Penrhyn

Stanley delivered a memorial elegy, lauding "the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn", for showing by his own example "that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters, genius could still be clean, and mirth could be innocent". Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist's grave, Stanley assured those present that "the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and the Old, as that of the representative of literature, not of this island only, but of all who speak our English tongue."

In his will, drafted more than a year before his death, Dickens left the care of his £80,000 estate to his longtime colleague John Forster and his "best and truest friend" Georgina Hogarth who, along with Dickens's two sons, also received a tax-free sum of £8,000 (about £800,000 in present terms). Although

Dickens and his wife had been separated for several years at the time of his death, he provided her with an annual income of £600 and made her similar allowances in his will. He also bequeathed £19 19s to each servant in his employment at the time of his death.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA