Ka puana pa‘a ‘ole: glo al stop varia on in Hawaiian
Ka e Drager, Bethany Kaleialohapau‘ole Chun Comstock, and Hina Puamohala Kneubuhl
University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa
Washington D.C., LSA Annual Mee ng 2016 1 Hina Puamohala Kneubuhl
• host of Hawaiian language learning program, Ka Leo Hawai‘i on ‘Ōiwi TV
• co-owner of Kealopiko (clothing company)
2 outline
• background: phone c reduc on and predictability
• the “glo al stop” in Hawaiian
• phone c reduc on in Hawaiian word kēia
• implica ons and ques ons for future work
3 Probabilis c phone c reduc on
• High predictability leads to more phone c reduc on in words (Ayle & Turk 2004; Baker & Bradlow 2009; Bell et al. 2009) and morphemes (Davis 2003; Blevins 2005; Rose et al. 2015)
• Repeated words undergo reduc on (Fowler & Housum 1987; Fowler 1988)
• Greater reduc on in func on word tokens that have high condi onal probabili es based on previous and following words (Bell et al. 2009)
• Effect of repe on found for content not func on words (Bell et al. 2009)
4 Research ques ons
Do probabilis c or social factors influence phone c reduc on of func on words in Hawaiian?
And while there was no effect of repe on for func on words in Bell et al. (2009), they are already highly frequent.
Perhaps with func on words there could be an effect of the repe on of word pairs rather than single words?
5 focus on kēia ‘this’
• allows for greater control than if looking at mul ple words
• calculate speaker- and corpus-based measures for the likelihood of the following word
• examine repe ons of word sequences
• Pukui & Elbert (1986) list two variants:
• fluent and semi-fluent speakers o en lack varia on found in speech of people who learned from intergenera onal transmission (NeSmith 2005)
• factors influencing varia on unknown ! informs revitaliza on movement 6 Phone c varia on in Hawaiian
• interviews with 8 na ve-speaking kūpuna, recorded in 1970
• born between 1884-1894
Hawaiʻi Oʻahu males 2 2 females 2 2
• transcrip on is me-aligned using ELAN
• 422 tokens analyzed of the 488 tokens extracted from SOLIS using LaBB- CAT
7 Phone c varia on in kēia
4 categories of reduc on A: [keʔia], [ke:ia], [keʔea], [kaʔia], [te:ia] B: [ke?i], [ke?e], [ka?i], [keia], [ke:a], [ke:i], [ke?a] C: [ke:], [kea], [kei], [kia], [keo] , [kai], [keu] D: [ke], [ge], [ki], [te]
non-reduced: o [keʔia] po‘e (Minnie Parker Paloney from O‘ahu) reduced: [ke] wahi nei (John Campbell from Hawai‘i)
8 Varia on in glo al stop realiza on
kēia mea (Hilda Kawelo)
9 model of glo al stop in kēia
Estimate Std.Error z value Pr(>|z|)
(Intercept) 0.539 0.2954 1.825 0.0681 gender = male -1.4112 0.4186 -3.371 0.0007 following word = ‘okina but not first -0.302 0.2808 -1.076 0.2821 following word = starts with ‘okina -1.6447 0.4173 -3.942 <.0001
10 glo al stop in the following word females males
Females' glottal stop production Males' glottal stop production
80
60
60
Contains.any.kind.gs Contains.any.kind.gs 40 n n 40 y y Number of tokens Number Number of tokens Number
20 20
0 0
no ʻokina ʻokina but not first starts with ʻokina no ʻokina ʻokina but not first starts with ʻokina Following.okina.trinary Following.okina.trinary
11 Phone c varia on in kēia
4 categories of reduc on A: [keʔia], [ke:ia], [keʔea], [kaʔia], [te:ia] B: [ke?i], [ke?e], [ka?i], [keia], [ke:a], [ke:i], [ke?a] treated as C: [ke:], [kea], [kei], [kia], [keo] , [kai], [keu] reduced D: [ke], [ge], [ki], [te]
12 overview
• reduc on exhibited by: – 5/19 (26%) tokens followed by a pause – 205/403 (51%) of tokens not followed by pause
– 4/8 (50%) at start of IP – 2/12 (17%) at end of IP – 204/402 (51%) IP-medial
• remaining analysis focuses only on IP-medial tokens not followed by a pause
13 model
Estimate Std.Error z value Pr(>|z|)
(Intercept) -1.01153 0.32564 -3.106 0.0019 gender=male 1.57869 0.43967 3.591 0.0003
bigram repetition 0.05822 0.02647 2.2 0.0278
14 reduc on and speaker gender Reduction in kēia by gender 80
60 p<.001
gender 40 F M Number of tokens Number
20
0
A B C D Degree of reduction (D = most reduced)
15 males Males: reduction level B Males: reduction level A 10.0 10.0
7.5 7.5 A B
5.0 5.0 Density Density
2.5 2.5
0.0 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Word sequence repetition Word sequence repetition Males: reduction level C Males: reduction level D
10.0 10.0
7.5 7.5 C D
5.0 5.0 Density Density
2.5 2.5
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 Word sequence repetition 0 5 10 15 20 25 Word sequence repetition 16 females
Females: reduction level A Females: reduction level B
15 15
A B 10 10 Density Density
5 5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Word sequence repetition Word sequence repetition
Females: reduction level C Females: reduction level D
15 15 C D
10 10 Density Density
5 5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Word sequence repetition Word sequence repetition 17 What does this tell us?
• Phone c reduc on in func on word linked with repe on of word sequences – analogous to content word repe on
• Bigram probability not a predic ng factor once bigram repe on is taken into account
• Effect in Polynesian language: evidence that effects of probability on phone c reduc on is widespread
18 Phone c reduc on and gender
• Previous work on English has found: – greater phone c reduc on among male speakers (Byrd 1994; Bauer 2005) – that females are more intelligible (Bradlow, Torre a & Pisoni 1996) – that male speakers perceived as masculine exhibit more reduc on (Heffernan 2010)
• But not about reduc on being associated with males or even masculinity – less effort ! indexes less investment ! toughness and stoicism (Kirtley 2015:204)
19 Moving forward: spreading the word
• Three findings in par cular will be of interest to L2ers hoping to a ain na ve-like fluency: 1. the realiza on of the word kēia with the glo al stop is highly frequent 2. males and females have different pa erns of realiza on 3. the Hawaiian “glo al stop” is o en not realized as a glo al stop
• How to spread the word? – reaching Hawaiian language scholars who teach – reaching speakers beyond the university
20 Reaching speakers beyond the university
• Making our me-aligned transcripts freely available
• Website with sounds and/or video
• Podcasts like those by Kealopiko
21 In Sum
• The “glo al stop” – o en not a stop – frequently realized in kēia by the female speakers – less frequently realized if the following word starts with a glo al stop
• Phone c reduc on – common for the male speakers – bigram repe on increases reduc on in the func on word kēia
22 Acknowledgements
• James Grama, Chris an Langstrof, and Victoria Anderson
• Linda Lambrecht
• Clinton Kanahele for conduc ng the Hawaiian language interviews and making them available
• all of the kūpuna
23 mahalo
[email protected] [email protected] references
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