Ka puana pa‘a ‘ole: glo,al stop variaon in Hawaiian Kae Drager, Bethany Kaleialohapau‘ole Chun Comstock, and Hina Puamohala Kneubuhl University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Washington D.C., LSA Annual Mee2ng 2016 1 Hina Puamohala Kneubuhl • host of Hawaiian language learning program, Ka Leo Hawai‘i on ‘Ōiwi TV • co-owner of Kealopiko (clothing company) 2 outline • background: phone2c reduc2on and predictability • the “glo,al stop” in Hawaiian • phone2c reduc2on in Hawaiian word kēia • implicaons and ques2ons for future work 3 Probabilis2c phone2c reduc2on • High predictability leads to more phone2c reduc2on in words (Ayle, & Turk 2004; Baker & Bradlow 2009; Bell et al. 2009) and morphemes (Davis 2003; Blevins 2005; Rose et al. 2015) • Repeated words undergo reduc2on (Fowler & Housum 1987; Fowler 1988) • Greater reduc2on in func2on word tokens that have high condi2onal probabili2es based on previous and following words (Bell et al. 2009) • Effect of repe22on found for content not func2on words (Bell et al. 2009) 4 Research ques2ons Do probabilis2c or social factors influence phone2c reduc2on of func2on words in Hawaiian? And while there was no effect of repe22on for func2on words in Bell et al. (2009), they are already highly frequent. Perhaps with func2on words there could be an effect of the repe22on of word pairs rather than single words? 5 focus on kēia ‘this’ • allows for greater control than if looking at mul2ple words • calculate speaker- and corpus-based measures for the likelihood of the following word • examine repe22ons of word sequences • Pukui & Elbert (1986) list two variants: • fluent and semi-fluent speakers oien lack variaon found in speech of people who learned from intergeneraonal transmission (NeSmith 2005) • factors influencing variaon unknown ! informs revitalizaon movement 6 Phone2c variaon in Hawaiian • interviews with 8 nave-speaking kūpuna, recorded in 1970 • born between 1884-1894 Hawaiʻi Oʻahu males 2 2 females 2 2 • transcrip2on is 2me-aligned using ELAN • 422 tokens analyzed of the 488 tokens extracted from SOLIS using LaBB- CAT 7 Phone2c variaon in kēia 4 categories of reducon A: [keʔia], [ke:ia], [keʔea], [kaʔia], [te:ia] B: [ke?i], [ke?e], [ka?i], [keia], [ke:a], [ke:i], [ke?a] C: [ke:], [kea], [kei], [kia], [keo] , [kai], [keu] D: [ke], [ge], [ki], [te] non-reduced: o [keʔia] po‘e (Minnie Parker Paloney from O‘ahu) reduced: [ke] wahi nei (John Campbell from Hawai‘i) 8 Variaon in glo,al stop realizaon kēia mea (Hilda Kawelo) 9 model of glo,al stop in kēia Estimate Std.Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) 0.539 0.2954 1.825 0.0681 gender = male -1.4112 0.4186 -3.371 0.0007 following word = ‘okina but not first -0.302 0.2808 -1.076 0.2821 following word = starts with ‘okina -1.6447 0.4173 -3.942 <.0001 10 glo,al stop in the following word females males Females' glottal stop production Males' glottal stop production 80 60 60 Contains.any.kind.gs Contains.any.kind.gs 40 n n 40 y y Number of tokens Number of tokens 20 20 0 0 no ʻokina ʻokina but not first starts with ʻokina no ʻokina ʻokina but not first starts with ʻokina Following.okina.trinary Following.okina.trinary 11 Phone2c variaon in kēia 4 categories of reducon A: [keʔia], [ke:ia], [keʔea], [kaʔia], [te:ia] B: [ke?i], [ke?e], [ka?i], [keia], [ke:a], [ke:i], [ke?a] treated as C: [ke:], [kea], [kei], [kia], [keo] , [kai], [keu] reduced D: [ke], [ge], [ki], [te] 12 overview • reduc2on exhibited by: – 5/19 (26%) tokens followed by a pause – 205/403 (51%) of tokens not followed by pause – 4/8 (50%) at start of IP – 2/12 (17%) at end of IP – 204/402 (51%) IP-medial • remaining analysis focuses only on IP-medial tokens not followed by a pause 13 model Estimate Std.Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) -1.01153 0.32564 -3.106 0.0019 gender=male 1.57869 0.43967 3.591 0.0003 bigram repetition 0.05822 0.02647 2.2 0.0278 14 reduc2on and speaker gender Reduction in kēia by gender 80 60 p<.001 gender 40 F M Numberof tokens 20 0 A B C D Degree of reduction (D = most reduced) 15 males Males: reduction level B Males: reduction level A 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 A B 5.0 5.0 Density Density 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Word sequence repetition Word sequence repetition Males: reduction level C Males: reduction level D 10.0 10.0 7.5 7.5 C D 5.0 5.0 Density Density 2.5 2.5 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0.0 Word sequence repetition 0 5 10 15 20 25 Word sequence repetition 16 females Females: reduction level A Females: reduction level B 15 15 A B 10 10 Density Density 5 5 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Word sequence repetition Word sequence repetition Females: reduction level C Females: reduction level D 15 15 C D 10 10 Density Density 5 5 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Word sequence repetition Word sequence repetition 17 What does this tell us? • Phone2c reduc2on in func2on word linked with repe22on of word sequences – analogous to content word repe22on • Bigram probability not a predic2ng factor once bigram repe22on is taken into account • Effect in Polynesian language: evidence that effects of probability on phone2c reduc2on is widespread 18 Phone2c reduc2on and gender • Previous work on English has found: – greater phone2c reduc2on among male speakers (Byrd 1994; Bauer 2005) – that females are more intelligible (Bradlow, Torre,a & Pisoni 1996) – that male speakers perceived as masculine exhibit more reduc2on (Heffernan 2010) • But not about reduc2on being associated with males or even masculinity – less effort ! indexes less investment ! toughness and stoicism (Kirtley 2015:204) 19 Moving forward: spreading the word • Three findings in par2cular will be of interest to L2ers hoping to aain nave-like fluency: 1. the realizaon of the word kēia with the glo,al stop is highly frequent 2. males and females have different paerns of realizaon 3. the Hawaiian “glo,al stop” is oien not realized as a glo,al stop • How to spread the word? – reaching Hawaiian language scholars who teach – reaching speakers beyond the university 20 Reaching speakers beyond the university • Making our 2me-aligned transcripts freely available • Website with sounds and/or video • Podcasts like those by Kealopiko 21 In Sum • The “glo,al stop” – oien not a stop – frequently realized in kēia by the female speakers – less frequently realized if the following word starts with a glo,al stop • Phonec reducon – common for the male speakers – bigram repe22on increases reduc2on in the func2on word kēia 22 Acknowledgements • James Grama, Chris2an Langstrof, and Victoria Anderson • Linda Lambrecht • Clinton Kanahele for conduc2ng the Hawaiian language interviews and making them available • all of the kūpuna 23 mahalo [email protected] [email protected] references Bauer, Ma (2005). 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