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3 Shame and Guilt in Scripture Hannes Wiher Shame and Guilt edition iwg - mission academics Band 10 herausgegeben für das Institut für Weltmission und Gemeindebau von Dr. Thomas Schirrmacher Band 9 Robert Badenberg The Body, Soul and Spirit Concept of the Bemba in Zambia Band 10 Hannes Wiher Shame and Guilt: A Key to Cross-Cultural Ministry Hannes Wiher Shame and Guilt A Key to Cross-Cultural Ministry edition iwg - mission academics scripts 10 Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft Culture and Science Publ. Dr. Thomas Schirrmacher Bonn 2003 Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. © 2003 by Hannes Wiher eMail: [email protected] ISBN 3-932829-65-4 ISSN 0944-1069 (edition igw - mission academics) Printed in Germany Lektorat & Satz: Hans-Christian Beese Umschlaggestaltung und Gesamtherstellung: BoD Beese Druck, Friedensallee 76, 22765 Hamburg Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft (Culture and Science Publ.) Friedrichstr. 38, 53111 Bonn Fax 0228/9650389 www.vkwonline.de/[email protected] Verlagsauslieferung: Hänssler Verlag 71087 Holzgerlingen, Tel. 07031/7414-177 Fax -119 www.haenssler.de/[email protected] Understanding Shame and Guilt as a Key to Cross-Cultural Christian Ministry An Elenctical Study Hannes Wiher Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) in Missiology Department of Theology of the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education Promotor: Prof. Faan Denkema July 2002 6 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to help missionaries and those who train them better understand the differences of conscience orientations between peoples and cultures, and the implications of these differences for missions. After an introduction, an interdisciplinary literature survey in the second chapter presents material from Scripture, theology, philosophy, psychology, cultural anthropology and missiology, in order to arrive at a working definition of the conscience and an appreciation of the importance of shame and guilt in the functioning of the conscience. In a third chapter on Scripture, shame and guilt are investigated through selected word and concept studies, and through exegetical studies. The fourth and fifth chapters deal with theoretical and practi- cal implications of conscience orientation for cross-cultural Christian ministry. The sixth chapter evaluates the importance of understanding shame and guilt for cross-cultural Christian ministry and indicates areas of further research. In view of the fallen state of man, the author proposes a soteriological defi- nition of the conscience. The research shows that every definition of conscience must include shame and guilt. Even if the term „conscience“ does not appear, the conscience is engaged when shame or guilt are present. In the first psycho- analytic model, the differential definition of shame and guilt is either a short- coming in relation to an ideal or a transgression of a standard. According to the second cognitive model, it is either a global or a specific attribution of failure. These two models are helpful, but have their limitations. The interdisciplinary approach to the conscience has proved fruitful. The study of Scripture has shown that the Bible is not only a guilt-oriented message. God’s goal in his redemptive history with man is a balanced shame and guilt-oriented conscience. Shame before God is as appropriate and as frequent as guilt before God. One of the major messages of the Bible is that God is and has to be our significant other. Further research shows that conscience orientation influences both person- ality and culture. Hypothetical extremes of shame and guilt-oriented personali- ties and cultures are presented. It is shown that personalities and cultures are al- ways a mixture of both shame and guilt orientation. Theology as a part of culture is also a function of conscience orientation. This concerns all its disci- plines. The conscience orientations of missionary and target people influence all domains of cross-cultural Christian ministry. The proposed soteriological model is simple enough to be applied by any missionary in his everyday situations. Conscience states can be attributed to the shame-honour or the guilt-justice axis. Practical situations are however always a mixture of both. The everyday use of the model can simplify, enrich and pro- mote cross-cultural Christian ministry. 7 STRUCTURE Table of Contents..................................................................................................8 List of Tables ......................................................................................................15 List of Figures .....................................................................................................17 Table of Transliteration.......................................................................................18 Abbreviations......................................................................................................19 Preface ...............................................................................................................25 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................26 2 WHAT IS THE CONSCIENCE ? TOWARD A WORKING DEFINITION..............................................30 3 SHAME AND GUILT IN SCRIPTURE ......................................................179 4 THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL CHRISTIAN MINISTRY ...............................282 5 PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL CHRISTIAN MINISTRY ...............................343 6 A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF CONSCIENCE CAN ENRICH AND PROMOTE CROSS-CULTURAL CHRISTIAN MINISTRY .412 APPENDICES ..................................................................................................416 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................435 INDEX OF AUTHORS ....................................................................................510 INDEX OF SUBJECTS....................................................................................516 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents..................................................................................................8 List of Tables ......................................................................................................15 List of Figures .....................................................................................................17 Table of Transliteration.......................................................................................18 Abbreviations......................................................................................................19 Preface.................................................................................................................25 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................26 1.1 Background of the Study .......................................................................26 1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................26 1.3 Aim and Objectives ...............................................................................27 1.4 Hypothesis .............................................................................................27 1.5 John’s Story ...........................................................................................27 1.6 Method and Research ............................................................................28 2 WHAT IS THE CONSCIENCE ? TOWARD A WORKING DEFINITION..............................................30 2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................30 2.2 The Bible and its Context ......................................................................33 2.2.1 The Hebrew Concept of Conscience ...........................................33 2.2.2 Hellenism’s Concept of Conscience............................................36 2.2.3 The NT Concept of Conscience...................................................38 2.2.4 Conclusion...................................................................................41 2.3 Theology and Philosophy ......................................................................42 2.3.1 Jerome’s Translation and Gloss...................................................43 2.3.2 Thomas Aquinas’ Synteresis and Conscientia.............................44 2.3.3 Martin Luther’s Reform...............................................................46 2.3.4 Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative....................................48 2.3.5 Friedrich Nietzsche’s Nihilism....................................................50 2.3.6 Wladimir Solowjow: Conscience and Shame..............................51 2.3.7 Emil Brunner’s Man in Conflict..................................................53 2.3.8 Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Analysis of the Fall..................................54 2.3.9 Conclusion...................................................................................57
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