DOCSLIB.ORG

Reliable Moisture Determination in Power Transformers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reliable Moisture Determination in Power Transformers Preface – Electra offers students or young engineers the possibility of publishing articles of a scientific nature. The present paper is a sum- mary of a PhD thesis published at the University of Stuttgart, Germany. Reliable Moisture Determination in Power Transformers Maik Koch, personal member of Cigré Abstract – This article describes and compares methods for reliable assessment of moisture in oil-paper-insulated power transformers. The work concentrates on the use of equilibrium diagrams and dielectric response methods for on-site moisture determination. Case studies illus- trate the practical application of the achievements. I. MOISTURE IN TRANSFORMERS Among aging phenomena of power transformers, moisture in the liquid and solid insulation in recent years became a frequent- ly discussed issue because of uncertainties of traditional measurement methods, the availability of new methods and its detrimen- tal effects on the insulation condition. Moisture decreases the dielectric withstand strength of oil and paper, accelerates paper aging and causes the emission of bubbles at high temperatures. For describing the moisture concentration in materials, today two measures are used. This is firstly relative moisture saturation (RS in %), as the ratio of the actual water vapor pressure to the saturation water vapor pressure, having the same physical meaning like the well-known relative humidity in gases. Secondly, water content is used, calculated by the ratio of water mass to insulation mass and given in % for cellulose materials and ppm for oils. The decision about maintenance actions as for example on-site drying requires dependable knowledge about the actual mois- ture concentration. Though the bulk of water resides in the solid insulation (pressboard, paper), it cannot be readily assessed in transformers and indirect methods are needed. State of the art are equilibrium diagrams, where one tries to derive the moisture content in paper/pressboard from moisture content in oil (ppm), [1]. In recent years, dielectric response methods were developed, which deduce moisture in paper and pressboard from dielectric properties of the insulation. Dielectric response analysis promises higher accuracy and is designed for onsite moisture determination, [2]. This background lead to the initiation of research work at the University of Stuttgart, partly financed by the European research project REDIATOOL (Reliable Diagnostics of HV Transformer Insulation for Safety Assurance of Power Transmission Sys- tem), whose outcome is summarized in this article. II. MOISTURE MEASUREMENT THROUGH MOISTURE EQUILIBRIUM A. Moisture Equilibrium Moisture equilibrium has been used for decades by measuring moisture in oil and concluding on moisture in paper. Physically, moisture equilibrium is based on three conditions: thermal equilibrium (temperature), mechanical equilibrium (e.g. pressure) and chemical equilibrium. In the condition of moisture equilibrium, the migration of water molecules inside materials and between oil and cellulose has ceased; the thermodynamic property "water potential" becomes equal throughout the system. Because of load and temperature changes, equilibrium is never fully reached for operating power transformers. Still for locally limited areas as e.g. the oil flowing around paper-insulated conductors, equilibrium is established. In this case, relative saturation can replace the term water potential, and the equilibrium law can be written as: Equilibrium is reached in adjacent materials, if moisture saturation RS becomes equal (1). The material might be cellulose, oil, air or even a plastic. In other words, differences in relative saturation are the driving force for moisture migration. RSCellulose RSOil RH Air (1) B. Conventional Equilibrium Diagrams It is a standard procedure for operators of power transformers to derive moisture content in cellulose from moisture content in oil (ppm) using equilibrium diagrams, [1]. However, various errors affect this procedure: - Sampling, transportation to the laboratory and moisture measurement by Karl Fischer titration. Water titration by the Karl Fischer method suffers from different procedures releasing water from the sample lead to unsatisfying comparability of the results, [3]. - Equilibrium conditions are rarely achieved (depending on temperature after hours/days/months), - A steep gradient and high uncertainty in the low moisture region compounds the accuracy, - Diagrams from various literature sources lead to different results, - Equilibrium depends on moisture solubility in oil and moisture adsorption capacity of cellulose. The validity of equilibrium diagrams is restricted to the original materials that were used to establish the diagrams. Particularly oil aging changes the moisture adsorption capacity substantially; shifting the equilibrium curves towards the oil, Figure 1. Because of these errors, traditional equilibrium diagrams (ppm-based) tend to overestimate moisture content in pa- per/pressboard. New Aged Figure 1: Oil aging changes moisture partitioning between oil and paper and makes traditional equilibrium diagrams unreliable, [1] C. Measurement via Moisture Saturation of Oil Instead of moisture content in oil (ppm), the relative saturation in oil (%) is utilized for assessing moisture in paper. Based on equation (1), the moisture content in cellulose is derived from moisture relative to saturation of the surrounding oil. Figure 2 was measured at aged paper and illustrates the use of such equilibrium diagrams, [5]. This leads to several advantages: Oil aging and its influence on moisture saturation level becomes negligible. With relative saturation the graphs become less temperature de- pendent (Figure 2). Errors due to sampling, transportation to the lab and titration are excluded. Continual, accurate measurement and easy implementation into a monitoring system become possible. 65 10 5 60 % / 55 Oil temperature 8 4 50 paper 45 40 6 Kraft 3 35 2,2 RS in oil aged 30 4 % / saturation Relative 2 Top oil temperature / °C / temperature oil Top 25 Aged KP 21°C 20 RS in cellulose Aged KP 40°C 15 2 in Moisture 1 10 Aged KP 60°C 5 4,1 Aged KP 80°C 0 0 0 01.06.2003 05.06.2003 09.06.2003 13.06.2003 17.06.2003 0 10 20 30 40 Time, date Moisture relative to saturation / % Figure 2: Determination of water content in paper via moisture saturation in oil D. Measurement and Implementation of Moisture Saturation in Cellulose Moisture saturation is a critical factor that determines the amount of water available for interactions with materials. The de- structive effects of water in insulation systems depend on water molecules that are available for interactions with materials. This is not the case for molecules that are strongly bound, e.g. by hydrogen bonds to OH-groups of cellulose molecules forming a monolayer. Just water content, as measured by Karl Fischer titration, reflects the bound and therefore less active water as well. In contrast to this, moisture saturation determines the available water for destructive effects. Conclusively, using relative saturation in oil and paper gives the following advantages: Neither oil, nor paper aging effect the accuracy, conversion via equilibrium charts becomes unnecessary, a direct relation to the destructive impacts of water is given and the possibility for drying of the insulation system is directly observable. Figure 3 illustrates the application of a relative saturation measurement using a capacitive probe in a power transformer equipped with an online monitoring system. A long term average equates the relative saturation in oil with the relative saturation of the surrounding cellulose and comes to 4.1 %. Using a moisture isotherm as Figure 2 one can derive the moisture by weight in cellulose as well, that would be 2.2 % in this case. 65 10 5 60 % / 55 Oil temperature 8 4 50 paper 45 40 6 Kraft 3 35 2,2 RS in oil aged 30 4 % / saturation Relative 2 Top oil temperature / °C / temperature oil Top 25 Aged KP 21°C 20 RS in cellulose Aged KP 40°C 15 2 in Moisture 1 10 Aged KP 60°C 5 4,1 Aged KP 80°C 0 0 0 01.06.2003 05.06.2003 09.06.2003 13.06.2003 17.06.2003 0 10 20 30 40 Time, date Moisture relative to saturation / % Figure 3: Top oil temperature, relative saturation in oil and in cellulose measured resp. calculated by an online monitoring system III. MOISTURE DETERMINATION BY DIELECTRIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS Dielectric response analysis measures dielectric properties of insulation systems over a very wide frequency or time range and calculates condition variables like moisture content and oil conductivity by use of mathematical modeling. It is applied as a non- intrusive technique for quality control in the factory and periodical assessments of the aging condition. A dielectric response measurement involves a three terminal measurement circuit that includes output voltage, sensed current and guard. The guarding technique insures for an undisturbed measurement even at onsite conditions with dirty insulations and electromagnetic interfer- ences. For measuring the most important insulation between high and low voltage winding, the voltage output is connected to the HV winding, the current input to the LV winding and the guard to the tank. The test can be performed in time domain while applying a DC voltage for a time of typically 1-10'000 s (Polarization and Depolarization Currents PDC) or in Frequency Domain while applying an AC voltage across a frequency range of 1 kHz – 0.1 mHz (Frequency Domain Spectroscopy FDS). Both test techniques reflect the same
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Precision Moisture Generation and Measurement
    SANDIA REPORT SAND2010‐1721 Unlimited Release Printed March 2010 Precision Moisture Generation and Measurement Adriane N. Irwin, Steven M. Thornberg, and Michael I. White Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550 Sandia National Laboratories is a multi‐program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin company, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE‐AC04‐94AL85000. Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited. Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors. Printed in the United States of America. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods to Avoid and Detect Internal Gas Cylinder Corrosion
    METHODS TO AVOID AND DETECT INTERNAL GAS CYLINDER CORROSION AIGA 062/09 GLOBALLY HARMONISED DOCUMENT Asia Industrial Gases Association 3 HarbourFront Place, #09-04 HarbourFront Tower 2, Singapore 099254 Tel : +65 6276 0160 • Fax : +65 6274 9379 Internet : http://www.asiaiga.org AIGA 062/09 GLOBALLY HARMONISED DOCUMENT METHODS TO AVOID AND DETECT INTERNAL GAS CYLINDER CORROSION PREPARED BY : Hervé Barthélémy AIR LIQUIDE Wolfgang Dörner LINDE GROUP Giorgio Gabrieli SIAD David Birch LINDE GROUP Alexander Kriese MESSER GROUP Joaquin Lleonsi CARBUROS METALICOS Els Vandereven AIR PRODUCTS Andy Webb EIGA Disclaimer All publications of AIGA or bearing AIGA’s name contain information, including Codes of Practice, safety procedures and other technical information that were obtained from sources believed by AIGA to be reliable and/ or based on technical information and experience currently available from members of AIGA and others at the date of the publication. As such, we do not make any representation or warranty nor accept any liability as to the accuracy, completeness or correctness of the information contained in these publications. While AIGA recommends that its members refer to or use its publications, such reference to or use thereof by its members or third parties is purely voluntary and not binding. AIGA or its members make no guarantee of the results and assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the reference to or use of information or suggestions contained in AIGA’s publications. AIGA has no control whatsoever as regards, performance or non performance, misinterpretation, proper or improper use of any information or suggestions contained in AIGA’s publications by any person or entity (including AIGA members) and AIGA expressly disclaims any liability in connection thereto.
    [Show full text]
  • MODEL 3050-OLV Process Moisture Analyzer
    MODEL 3050-OLV Process Moisture Analyzer PROCESS INSTRUMENTS Welcome to the new world of process moisture analysis The Model 3050-OLV measures trace levels of moisture in a gas through the use of a quartz- crystal oscillator sample cell. AMETEK is the leader in quartz-crystal technology, which for thirty years has offered significant advantages over other measurement techniques: • It is the most accurate trace moisture measurement technology available • It responds far faster to both increasing and decreasing moisture levels • It is specific to moisture in most applications • It provides a much more rugged sensor Because of these advantages, the quartz-crystal oscillator has become the industry standard for applications ranging from ultrahigh purity semiconductor gases to natural gas streams containing 30% H2S. Now, the 3050-OLV brings the benefits of quartz-crystal technology to a broad spectrum of moisture measurement applications. Humidity measurement vs. moisture measurement Most process moisture sensors measure relative or absolute humidity, with the data commonly expressed as dew point. But, absolute humidity is a function of not only moisture concentration, but also the pressure of the gas. Relative humidity varies with both pressure and temperature. Humidity sensors, therefore, require pressure and temperature compensa- tion to convert their readings to true moisture concentration. The Model 3050-OLV measures moisture concentration directly, in parts per million by volume, parts per million by weight, or mass of water per standard volume. There is no need for pressure or temperature compensation because the true moisture concentration is totally independent of these parameters. The quartz-crystal oscillator The heart of the 3050-OLV analyzer is a quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor and sampling system developed by AMETEK specifically for highly accurate moisture measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Analysis Fourth Edition
    Food Analysis Fourth Edition edited by S. Suzanne Nielsen Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA ABC II part Compositional Analysis of Foods 6 chapter Moisture and Total Solids Analysis Robert L. Bradley, Jr. Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA [email protected] 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2.1.4 Types of Pans for Oven Drying 6.1.1 Importance of Moisture Assay 87 Methods 90 6.1.2 Moisture Content of Foods 87 6.2.1.5 Handling and Preparation of 6.1.3 Forms of Water in Foods 87 Pans 90 6.1.4 Sample Collection and Handling 87 6.2.1.6 Control of Surface Crust Formation 6.2 Oven Drying Methods 88 (Sand Pan Technique) 90 6.2.1 General Information 88 6.2.1.7 Calculations 91 6.2.1.1 Removal of Moisture 88 6.2.2 Forced Draft Oven 91 6.2.1.2 Decomposition of Other Food 6.2.3 Vacuum Oven 91 Constituents 89 6.2.4 Microwave Analyzer 92 6.2.1.3 Temperature Control 89 6.2.5 Infrared Drying 93 S.S. Nielsen, Food Analysis, Food Science Texts Series, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1478-1_6, 85 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 86 Part II • Compositional Analysis of Foods 6.2.6 Rapid Moisture Analyzer Technology 93 6.5.4 Infrared Analysis 99 6.3 Distillation Procedures 93 6.5.5 Freezing Point 100 6.3.1 Overview 93 6.6 Water Activity 101 6.3.2 Reflux Distillation with Immiscible 6.7 Comparison of Methods 101 Solvent 93 6.7.1 Principles 101 6.4 Chemical Method: Karl Fischer Titration 94 6.7.2 Nature of Sample 101 6.5 Physical Methods 96 6.7.3 Intended Purposes 102 6.5.1 Dielectric Method 96 6.8 Summary 102 6.5.2 Hydrometry 96 6.9 Study Questions 102 6.5.2.1 Hydrometer 97 6.10 Practice Problems 103 6.5.2.2 Pycnometer 97 6.11 References 104 6.5.3 Refractometry 98 Chapter 6 • Moisture and Total Solids Analysis 87 6.1 INTRODUCTION (d) Glucose syrup must have ≥70% total solids.
    [Show full text]
  • Trace Water Vapor Analysis in Specialty Gases: Sensor and Spectroscopic Approaches
    CHAPTER 7 TRACE WATER VAPOR ANALYSIS IN SPECIALTY GASES: SENSOR AND SPECTROSCOPIC APPROACHES MARK W. RAYNOR,1 KRIS A. BERTNESS,2 KEVIN C. COSSEL,3 FLORIAN ADLER,3 AND JUN YE3 1Matheson, Advanced Technology Center, Longmont, Colorado 2National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 3JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Colorado, Depart­ ment of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 7.1 Introduction The analysis of water vapor impurity (often also referred to as moisture) is important in a number of specialty gas applications. However, the main driver for the development and advancement of trace moisture analysis techniques has been the microelectronics industry. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) details the gas purity requirements for various wafer fabrication processes on their website (www.itrs.net). Oxygenated contaminants such as water vapor in the materials used and in the wafer environment are primary causes of defects and process variations that compromise yield. Because even trace levels of water in the process gases can seriously decrease device performance, analytical techniques must be capable of detecting water vapor from ppmv (umol/mol) down to the low and even sub-ppbv (nmol/mol) range. Measurement of water vapor at trace levels is quite challenging not only due to the adsorptive nature of the water molecule on metal and other surfaces, but also because of the range of gas matrices (including inert, oxide, halide, hydride, corrosive, hy- Trace Analysis of Specialty and Electronic Gases. 195 By William M. Geiger and Mark W. Raynor. Copyright ©2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 196 TRACE WATER VAPOR ANALYSIS IN SPECIALTY GASES drocarbon, and halocarbon gases) that can potentially interfere with the measurement process.
    [Show full text]
  • Reliable Moisture Determination in Power Transformers
    RELIABLE MOISTURE DETERMINATION IN POWER TRANSFORMERS Von der Fakultät Informatik, Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Universität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktor-Ingenieurs (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Abhandlung vorgelegt von Maik Koch aus Guben Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Tenbohlen Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. S. M. Gubanski Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14.02.2008 Institut für Energieübertragung und Hochspannungstechnik der Universität Stuttgart 2008 Acknowledgements At first, I will express my deepest gratitude to Professor Stefan Tenbohlen for the encouraging, cooperative and kind way of supervising this research work. Without his challenging leadership to new questions and topics the achievements of this work would not have been possible. He also ensured a close connection between University research and practical application. My special thanks appertain to the second supervisor Professor Stanislaw Gubanski for the amendments to the thesis and the very fruitful cooperation within the European research project REDIATOOL and the CIGRÉ Task Force D1.01.14 "Dielectric response diagnoses for transformer windings". The research within the European project REDIATOOL essentially accelerated the outcome of this work especially in the field of dielectric diagnostic methods. I very much appreciated and profited from the open discussions with researchers from Poznan University of Technology (Poland) and Chalmers University of Technology (Göteborg, Sweden). Furthermore I gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the European Union. The collaboration and discussions in the CIGRÉ Working Group A2.30 "Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Migration within Transformer Insulation Systems" helped me very much to see the issue of moisture from different points of view and to relate my investigations to the findings of international experts.
    [Show full text]
  • ARPA/NBS Workshop V Moisture Measurement Technology for Hermetic Semiconductor Devices
    NAT'L INST. OF STAND " & TECH " ' NBS Ill PUBLICATIONS NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 400-69 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards iconductor Measurement Technology: ARPA/NBS Workshop V Moisture Measurement Technology for Hermetic Semiconductor Devices QC 100 U57 No.TO-691 1981 c. 3L . NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act ot Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard Reference Materials; and provides calibration services. The Laboratory consists of the following centers: Absolute Physical Quantities^ — Radiation Research — Thermodynamics and Molecular Science — Analytical Chemistry — Materials Science.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Moisture Measurement By: Douglas Wright, President
    December 2018 Principles of Moisture Measurement By: Douglas Wright, President There are many methods of reporting and analysing moisture. Here below are listed some of the more common methods for rapid analysis and explanations of them. Relative Air Humidity Relative humidity shows the degree the air is saturated with water vapour. The key principle of Relative Humidity or R.H. is that it measures the moisture content of air relative to the temperature. Absolute Humidity Absolute humidity shows the amount of water contained in the air, regardless of temperature. It is expressed in grams per cubic meter of air (g/m3). Moisture content Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in solid materials like crops or wood, paper and other materials, in relationship to the total weight (or dry weight). Equilibrium Moisture Content EMC Hygroscopic materials: wood, paper, grain The equilibrium moisture content of a hygroscopic material surrounded at least partially by air is the moisture content at which the material is neither gaining nor losing moisture. The value of the EMC depends on the material and the relative humidity and temperature of the air with which it is in contact. Dew point The dew point is the temperature at which the air is saturated with water vapour. Above the dew point, liquid water will begin to condense on solid surfaces. December 2018 Conductance Measurement Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity, and measures a materials ability to conduct an electric current. This measuring principle is based on the fact that electrical conductivity changes according to the moisture content of a porous material.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Transformer Diagnostics, Monitoring and Design Features
    Power Transformer Diagnostics, Monitoring and Design Features Edited by Issouf Fofana Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Energies www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Power Transformer Diagnostics, Monitoring and Design Features Power Transformer Diagnostics, Monitoring and Design Features Special Issue Editor Issouf Fofana MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Issouf Fofana UniversiteduQu´ ebec´ a` Chicoutimi (UQAC) Canada Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Energies (ISSN 1996-1073) from 2015 to 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies/special issues/power-transformer) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-441-3 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-442-0 (PDF) c 2018 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Issouf Fofana and Yazid Hadjadj Power Transformer Diagnostics, Monitoring and Design Features Reprinted from: Energies 2018, 11, 3248, doi:10.3390/en11123248 ..................
    [Show full text]
  • Rosemount Analytical
    Rosemount Analytical MODEL 340 TRACE MOISTURE ANALYZER INSTRUCTION MANUAL 081854-N NOTICE The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Teflon® is a registered trademark of E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc. Viton® is a registered trademark of E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc. Freon12® is a registered trademark of E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc. SNOOP® is a registered trademark of NUPRO Co. Manual Part Number 081854-P January 2001 Printed in U.S.A. Rosemount Analytical Inc. 4125 East La Palma Avenue Anaheim, California 92807-1802 CONTENTS PREFACE SAFETY SUMMARY ..........................................................................................P1 SPECIFICATIONS - GENERAL .........................................................................P3 Non-Portable Analyzers ...........................................................................P3 Portable Analyzers...................................................................................P3 SPECIFICATIONS - PERFORMANCE...............................................................P4 SPECIFICATIONS - ALARM OPTION (PANEL MOUNT ANALYZERS ONLY)..........P4 SPECIFICATIONS - SAMPLE............................................................................P5 CUSTOMER SERVICE, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND FIELD SERVICE............P6 RETURNING PARTS TO THE FACTORY .........................................................P6 TRAINING ......................................................................................................P6 DOCUMENTATION............................................................................................P6
    [Show full text]
  • Flow Measurement New in 2017 Gas Analysis
    FLOW MEASUREMENT NEW IN 2017 TransPort® PT900 - Portable Ultrasonic Clamp-On Liquid Flow Meter Same ruggedness and superior performance as its predecessor, the PT878, but a new level of intuitive capability. Wireless tablet with Bluetooth® communication, easy programming, NEW easy to install clamping fixture, and 8 GB of datalogging storage. Permanent Ultrasonic Clamp-On LiquiD Flow AquaTrans AT600 – Reliable and cost-effective. Correlation Transit-TimeTM for measurement of liQuids in general industrial environments. Installed in just 4 steps … up and running in minutes! DigitalFlow DF868 – Fixed installation liquid flow measurement of velocity, volumetric and energy flow rates TM using Correlation Transit-Time technology. In-Line Ultrasonic Liquid & Gas PanaFlowTM - The GE PanaFlow Meter System for measurement of liQuids and gasses. Offers the benefits of ultrasonic flow measurement, including no pressure drop, no moving parts and low maintenance. The PanaFlow system offers high performance at low cost. It is preferred in the chemical, oil & gas, and other industries for permanent installation in rugged process environments. Ultrasonic Gas & Steam Panametrics XGM868i – Low cost, general purpose gas flow meter. Weatherproof and approved for use in hazardous areas. Panametrics XGS868i – Designed for mass flow rate measurement of saturated or superheated steam. Weatherproof and explosion proof. Vortex Liquid, Gas and Steam PanaFlowTM MV80 – In-line multivariable vortex flow meter. Vortex shedding velocity sensor, RTD temperature sensor, and a solid state pressure transducer that measures the mass flow rate of liQuids, gasses and steam. PanaFlowTM MV82 – Insertion design with the same features as the MV80. GAS ANALYSIS Galvanic Fuel Cell Thermal ConDuctivity Oxy.IQ – Built-in microprocessor XMTC – Thermal conductivity with two-wire loop power.
    [Show full text]
  • BHCS38638 Measurement Technologies for Natural Gas White
    Moisture measurement technologies for natural gas By Gerard McKeogh. Global Product & Sales Manager, Panametrics The measurement of moisture in natural gas is an important parameter for the processing, storage and transportation of natural gas globally. Natural gas is dehydrated prior to introduction into the pipeline and distribution network. However, attempts to reduce dehydration result in a reduction in “gas quality” and an increase in maintenance costs and transportation as well as potential safety issues. Consequently, to strike the right balance, it is important that the water component of natural gas is measured precisely and reliably. Moreover, in custody transfer of natural gas between existing and future owners maximum allowable levels are set by tariff, normally expressed in terms of absolute humidity (mg/m3 or lbs/mmscfh) or dew point temperature. Several technologies exist for the online measurement and for spot sampling of moisture content. This paper reviews the most commonly used moisture measuring instruments and provides a comparison of those technologies. Introduction Instrument technologies for Prior to transportation, water is separated from raw natural measuring water vapor in natural gas gas. However some water still remains present in the Various viable technologies exist for measuring the amount gaseous state as water vapor. If the gas cools or comes in of water vapor in natural gas. These tend to rely on sample contact with any surface that is colder that the prevailing conditioning systems, where a gas sample is extracted, dew point temperature of the gas, water will condense filtered, the pressures regulated and the flow controlled. in the form of liquid or ice.
    [Show full text]