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Composition Analysis CH0302 Process Instrumentation Lecture 10 – Composition Analysis Department of Chemical Engineering School of Bioengineering SRM University Kattankulathur 603203 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 1 Introduction – Composition Analysis Industrial significance Spectroscopic analysis Gas analysis by thermal conduc@vity Analysis of moisture in gases pH ion concentraon 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 2 Introduction – Composition Analysis Industrial significance Spectroscopic analysis Gas analysis by thermal conduc@vity Analysis of moisture in gases pH ion concentraon 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 3 Introduction – Composition Analysis Industrial significance Why do we need composi@on analysis in process industries? Understand the BIG PICTURE 9 Phases in Process industries 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 4 Introduction – Composition Analysis Industrial significance Spectroscopic analysis Gas analysis by thermal conduc@vity Analysis of moisture in gases pH ion concentraon 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 5 Introduction – Composition Analysis Spectroscopic Analysis What is spectra? and Spectrum? How it helps us in the analysis of composi@on of substances? Classificaon of Spectroscopic Methods 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 6 Introduction – Composition Analysis Industrial significance Spectroscopic analysis Gas analysis by thermal conduc@vity Analysis of moisture in gases pH ion concentraon 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 7 Introduction – Composition Analysis Gas analysis by thermal conduc@vity Methods used Applicaons 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 8 Composition Analysis Industrial significance Spectroscopic analysis Gas analysis by thermal conduc@vity Analysis of moisture in gases pH ion concentraon 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 9 Composition Analysis – Humidity Analysis of moisture in gases (Humidity) Definions Methods – Psychrometer, Hygrometer and Dew point Moisture measurements in Paper and Lumber 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 10 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas Dry bulb temperature Wet-bulb temperature Psychrometer Dew point temperature Hygrometer Humidity Dew Point method Absolute humidity Relave humidity Relaonship between density, pressure and temperature 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 11 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas – Defini@ons Dry bulb temperature Air temperature measured by a thermometer, thermocouple or other conven@onal measuring instrument. Wet Bulb temperature Temperature of air measured by a thermometer covered (thermometer bulb) by wet wick. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 12 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas – Defini@ons Dew point temperature When a vapor is cooled slowly at constant pressure, the temperature at which the first liquid forms is the dew point temperature. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 13 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas – Defini@ons Humidity (Air-water systems) Refers to the amount of moisture present in air Absolute humidity It is the rao of amount of water vapor to that of the dry air kg of H O H = 2 (V) a kg Dry Air 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 14 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas – Defini@ons Humidity (Air-water systems) For example, if the absolute humidity is 0.0150 kg H2O/kg DA then for every kilogram of dry air there is 0.0150 kg H2O water vapor for a total of 1.0150 kg. The mass frac@on of water is 0.0150 of H20/1.0150 kg humid air = 0.0148 kg H20/kg 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 15 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas – Defini@ons Rela<ve humidity It is the rao of par@al pressure of vapor to that of vapor pressure of water pH2O RH = * ×100 p H2O(T) For example, A relave humidity of 40% signifies that par@al pressure of water vapor equals 4/10th of vapor pressure of water at the system temperature. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 16 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas – Defini@ons Rela<ve humidity It is the rao of par@al pressure of vapor to that of vapor pressure of water pH2O RH = * ×100 p H2O(T) For example, A relave humidity of 40% signifies that par@al pressure of water vapor equals 4/10th of vapor pressure of water at the system temperature. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 17 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas – Defini@ons Relaonship between the density, temperature and pressure of an ideal gas can be obtained by relang the specific molar volume (volume/mole) to density − − "litres % M(g / mol) V $ ' = (1) # mole & ρ(g / lit) − M = Average molecular weigth of gas − V = molar volume 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 18 Composition Analysis- Humidity Analysis of moisture in gas – Defini@ons Subs@tu@ng equaon 1 in ideal gas equaon we can have density of the gas − − v PV = RT V = (Specific molar volume) n " − % P$ M ' = RT $ ρ ' # & − M ρ = RT 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 19 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique Psychrometer – (Wet and Dry bulb Method) Hygrometer – (Mechanical and Electrical) Dew Point method 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 20 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Psychrometer (wet-dry-bulb temperature) • It has been a popular method for monitoring humidity, primarily due to its simplicity and inherent low cost. • A typical industrial psychrometer consists of a pair of electrical or pressure spring type thermometers is shown in the figure 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 21 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Psychrometer (wet-dry-bulb temperature) • Air is passed over both the thermometers. • The resultant evaporang cooling produces a wet bulb temperature approximately equal to the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature. • The difference between dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature is called wet bub depression which determines the humidity level. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 22 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Psychrometer (wet-dry-bulb temperature) • The depression of temperature of the wet bulb versus the dry bulb can be correlated with water vapor pressure using the equaon e = e − 66 ×10−5 P(T −T )(1+115×10−5T ) w a w w e = vapor pressure of water in gas (air) ew = saturaon vapor pressure of water at temperature tw P = atmospheric pressure This equaon is valid if the Ta = Dry bulb temperature thermometers are in gas stream of sufficient velocity T = wet bulb temperature w say 200 meters per minute 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 23 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Hygroscopic Mechanical Electrical 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 24 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Hygroscopic Mechanical • This method employs linear contrac@on and expansion of a hygroscopic material like hair, wood, animal membrane or paper. • The most commonly used element are the hair element and the wood element. • A typical hygrometer which uses hair as the primary element is shown in the picture. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 25 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Hygroscopic Mechanical • The hair element is made from a bundle of human hairs set in a fixture with one Primary Pointer element end fixed • The other end is arranged to operate Fixture directly the pointer of the instrument • The element is maintained under light tension by a spring 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 26 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Hygroscopic Mechanical • The movement made by the free end of Primary Pointer element the spring operates the instrument pointer. Fixture 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 27 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Hygroscopic Mechanical Advantages The mechanical type hygrometers are most sasfactory for measuring relave Primary Pointer element humidity of air when dry bulb temperature does not vary widely. Fixture Disadvantage The accuracy of the mechanical hygrometer is not very high since hair and wood element are temperature sensi@ve 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 28 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Hygroscopic Electrical Lithium chloride is used as the primary element (hygroscopic) and gains moisture un@l it is in equilibrium with the par@al pressure of the liquid vapor in the gas surrounding the element. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 29 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Hygroscopic The electric conduc@vity between the Electrical wires depends on the moisture content of the film. By measuring the electrical resistance of the element (Lithium electrode conductor) with a form of wheat stone bridge. The relave humidity can be indicated. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 30 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique – Hygroscopic Advantages Electrical • It is fast in response • The moisture equilibrium between the salt film on the element and the surrounding gas is reached quickly. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 31 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique Dew point measurement 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 32 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture Measurement Technique This method is used to measure Dew point absolute humidity, par@al pressure of measurement vapor and dew point. The electrical conduc@vity between the wires is directly propor@onal to the moisture in the salt taken from the surrounding gas. 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 33 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture analysis in paper and lumber Paper machine – Moist-O-Graph and Verigraph 4/3/15 Chemical Engineering 34 Composition Analysis- Humidity Moisture analysis in paper – Moist–O–graph The moisture problem
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