Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—An Introduction1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction1 JÖRG ROGGE ,QWKHGHEDWHVDERXWWKHWKHRU\DQGPHWKRGVRI(XURSHDQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHLQ WKHSDVWWKLUW\\HDUVFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODSSURDFKHVDQGIRUPXODWLRQVRITXHV- WLRQVSOD\HGDQGGRSOD\DQRXWVWDQGLQJUROH7KHLQWHUHVWLQWKLVZDVVWLPXODWHG E\WKHFKDQJLQJSUHYDLOLQJSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQVRQWKHRQHKDQGDQG DQ LQFUHDVLQJ GLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH GRPLQDQW KLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀF FRQFHSWV RQ WKH RWKHU7KXV DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH V LQ WKH )HGHUDO 5HSXEOLF RI *HUPDQ\FULWLFLVPRI6RFLDO+LVWRU\RU+LVWRULFDO6RFLDO6FLHQFHLQWHUHVWHGLQ VRFLRHFRQRPLFVWUXFWXUHVDQGSURFHVVHVZKLFKSDLGKDUGO\DQ\DWWHQWLRQWRWKH FXOWXUDOPHDQLQJGLPHQVLRQVRIKLVWRULFDOUHDOLW\ZDVWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUWKH QHZO\DZDNHQLQJLQWHUHVWLQFXOWXUHDQGWKHSHRSOHZKRKDGSURGXFHGWKHLUUH- VSHFWLYHFXOWXUH7KHLQYLWDWLRQJLYHQE\KLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHWRSD\PRUHDWWHQWLRQ DJDLQWRWKHDFWRUV³DGPLWWHGO\QRWWRWKHgreat men³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örg Rogge FRQWULEXWHWRWKHLUEHKDYLRXUDQGDUHWKHEDVLVIRUWKHLULQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHLU ZRUOG3HRSOHZHUH DQGDUH OLQNHGWRJHWKHUDQGZLWKWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWE\VR- FLDOSUDFWLFHVDQGYDULRXVIRUPVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KHKLVWRULFDODFWRUVH[SUHVV WKHLURSLQLRQRQWKHLURSSRVLWHQXPEHUVDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKH\WKXVJHQHUDWH PHDQLQJVDQGJLYHWKHLU OLYLQJ ZRUOGDPHDQLQJ2 $JDLQVWWKLVEDFNJURXQGDQHZIRUPRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GHYHORSHGLQ*HU- PDQ\GLIIHULQJIURPWKHROGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIWKHFORVLQJ\HDUVRIWKHthDQG HDUO\SDUWRIWKHthFHQWXU\,QGLVDVVRFLDWLRQIURPVRFLDOKLVWRU\RQHOHWRQH- VHOIEHLQÁXHQFHGDERYHDOOE\HYHU\GD\DQGPHQWDOLW\KLVWRU\³WKHFRQFHSWV of the AnnalesSULPDULO\3DVZHOODVKLVWRULFDODQWKURSRORJ\4,QDGGLWLRQFDPH JUDGXDOO\)UHQFKEXWDERYHDOO$QJOR$PHULFDQFRQFHSWVDQGPHWKRGVVXFK as the New Cultural HistoryPHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFKHVRIJHQGHUKLVWRU\5DQG LQSDUWDOVRRIFXOWXUDOVWXGLHV%XWLQ*HUPDQ\ROGHUNH\SOD\HUVLQFXOWXUDO VWXGLHVLQWKHthDQGthFHQWXULHV .DUO/DPSUHFKW(EHUKDUG*RWKHLQ(UQVW &DVVLUHU0D[:HEHU ZHUHDOVRUHGLVFRYHUHGDQGXVHGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI FXUUHQWFXOWXUDOVWXG\FRQFHSWV+RZHYHUWKHIRUEHDUV·LGHDVDQGFRQFHSWVKDYH EHHQWUHDWHGPDLQO\XSWRQRZZLWKDYLHZWRWKHLUSRWHQWLDOIRUDKLVWRULFDO FXOWXUDOVFLHQFHDQGKDYHQRW\HWEHHQH[SORLWHGIRUHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK6(YHQLI WKHZRUNVRIROGHU*HUPDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDYHEHHQUHDGDJDLQLQWKHODVWIHZ \HDUVLWLVUDWKHUWKHZRUNVRI(XURSHDQDQG$PHULFDQKLVWRULDQVZKLFKKDYHLQ WKHPHDQWLPHDFTXLUHGWKHVWDWXVRIFODVVLFVWKDWKDYHJDLQHGDPRGHOFKDUDFWHU for German cultural historians.7 7KHSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUNVDIWHUWKHWXUQRI WKHPLOOHQQLXPERWKLQWKH*HUPDQVSHDNLQJDUHDDQGLQ(XURSHVXSSOLHGWKH EDVLVIRUÀUVWVXPPDULHVRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIPHWKRGVDQGWKHRU\LQWURGXFWLRQV WRD(XURSHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOV\QWKHVHVIRULQGLYLGXDO centuries.107KHVHSXEOLFDWLRQVSURYHWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVRQWKHZD\WRHVWDE- 2 On this cf. ROGGE, 2010. 3 RAPHAEL 4 DÜLMEN,TANNER,:,17(5/,1*2006. 0HWKRGRORJLFDOO\SDWKEUHDNLQJZDVSCOTT,6HHDOVROPITZ, 2005. 2QWKLVIRULQVWDQFHWKHZRUNVE\OEXLE,DQGOEXLE, 7KHVHDUHHJGINZBURG, DAV IS,DARNTON,BURKE, 2002. GREEN76&+233:(%(5POIRRIER,TSCHOPP, 2005, ARCANGELI 2010. /$1':(+5672&.+2567, 2004, MAURER, 10 SALMI, 12 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction OLVKLQJLWVHOIDVDFRQFHSWLRQIRUUHVHDUFKLQWRWKHSDVWDORQJVLGHRWKHUPHWKRGV of access in historical science. +RZHYHUWKDWKDVQRWEHHQPDGHHDV\IRULW³HVSHFLDOO\QRWLQ*HUPDQ\ 7KHUHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVDQGLVQRWXQGLVSXWHG,WKDVEHHQFULWLFLVHGE\UHS- UHVHQWDWLYHVRIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀFFRQFHSWLRQVIRUZKRPGLYHUVLW\ZDV DQGLV DV\QRQ\PIRUDUELWUDULQHVV11$GPLWWHGO\WKHDGYRFDWHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO DSSURDFKHVKDYHIRVWHUHGWKLVFULWLFLVPWRDFHUWDLQH[WHQWE\OHDYLQJRSHQZKDW H[DFWO\FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVPHDQWWREHDQGLV12 Therefore the notions of what cul- WXUDOKLVWRU\LVPHDQWWREHZLWKUHJDUGWRPHWKRGRORJ\DQGFRQFHSWUDQJHIURP FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DVDVHFWRUDOGLVFLSOLQHRIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHOLNHWHFKQRORJLFDO RUHFRQRPLFKLVWRU\WKURXJKWKHYLHZWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVDVSHFLÀFPHWKRG RIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHWRWKHSRVLWLRQWKDWKLVWRU\DVDZKROHVKRXOGEHFRQFHLYHG DVDKLVWRULFDOFXOWXUDOVFLHQFH$WDOOHYHQWVDQLQFUHDVLQJO\ZLGHO\KHOGFRQ- VHQVXVREMHFWVDQGWRSLFVZHUHWKXVLQWHQGHGWREHH[DPLQHGIURPDFXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDOSRLQWRIYLHZWRRZKLFK³OLNHSROLWLFVDQGODZ³ZKLFKSUHYLRXVO\ OD\RXWVLGHWKHIRFXVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQV7RSLFVRQZKLFKWKHWUDGLWLRQDOIRUP RIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDGH[SOLFLWO\WXUQHGLWVEDFN13 %XWRQHRIWKHGLVWLQJXLVKLQJIHDWXUHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVDWDOOHYHQWVLWV FODLPWRUHÁHFWLWVRZQDFWLYLW\³WKHUHVHDUFKFRQFHSWVWRSLFVDQGÀHOGV%H- FDXVH WKH UHVXOW QRW RQO\ RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO UHVHDUFK LV XOWLPDWHO\ D FRQ- VWUXFWLRQ E\ KLVWRULDQV ZKR DUH LQÁXHQFHG E\ WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH FXUUHQW VRFLDO DQGFXOWXUDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KLVYLHZLV³VRDWDQ\UDWHWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO FUHGR³WKH SUHUHTXLVLWHIRUWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVDUHEDVHGRQDVFL- HQWLÀFUDWLRQDOJDLQRINQRZOHGJH147KLVSURFHVVRIVHOIUHÁHFWLRQLVDQLQWHJUDO SDUWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUNDQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKLVUHÁHFWLRQ EHPDGHWKHREMHFWRIFRQVLGHUDWLRQ7KHGLVFXVVLRQDERXWWKHREMHFWVDQGÀHOGV RIZRUNDVZHOODVDERXWPHWKRGRORJLFDODFFHVVDQGRSHUDWLRQDOLVDWLRQLVWREH FRQWLQXHGMXVWDVTXHVWLRQVPXVWEHDVNHGDERXWWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVRIFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\DQGLWVFDSDELOLW\LQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHUFRQFHSWV7KLVDSSOLHVgrosso 11 3HUKDSVWKHPRVWSURPLQHQW*HUPDQFULWLFLV+DQV8OULFK:HKOHUVHHHJKLVUH- YLHZ RI 8WH 'DQLHO·V Kompendium Kulturgeschichte, :(+/(5, 2003, cf. KOCKA, )RUWKHGHIHQGDQWV·DUJXPHQWVVHHHJMEDICK, 2001. 12 DANIELMAURER 13 $WWKHFHQWUHRIWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHDUHDERYHDOOSURFHVVHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQE\ZKLFK VRFLDOSROLWLFDODQGOHJDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDUHÀUVWFUHDWHGVHHIRULQVWDQFHSTOLLBERG- RILINGER.$VXUYH\RIWKHKLVWRU\RIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULRJUDSK\E\WKHFROOHFWLRQ RIHVVD\VFRPSLOHGDQGFRPPHQWHGE\TSCHOPP 14 TSCHOPPSDQGDANIEL, 2006. 13 Jörg Rogge modoIRUDOO(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVLQZKLFKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVSXUVXHGDQGZKHUH LWLVPRUHRUOHVVLQVWDOOHGDWXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV )RUWKLVUHDVRQ,DVNHGFROOHDJXHVIURPWZHOYH(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVWRVNHWFK RXWWKHUHVSHFWLYHFXUUHQWEDVLFFRQGLWLRQV³VFLHQWLÀFSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDODV- VHVVPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\³RUDOVRWKHKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVHEDVLF FRQGLWLRQVIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKLQWKHLUFRXQWULHV7KHFRQWULEXWRUV JLYHLQSDUWIURPYHU\SHUVRQDOSHUVSHFWLYHVDQGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLUH[SHULHQFH ZLWKWKHVXEMHFWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQWKHLUFRXQWULHVDQGLQ(XURSHDVDZKROH DQDVVHVVPHQWRILQVWLWXWLRQVWRSLFVDQGSHUVSHFWLYHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\,QDG- GLWLRQWKH\RXWOLQHWKHLUDVVHVVPHQWVRIWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIWRSLFVDQG À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thFHQWXU\(ULNVHQHPSKDVLVHGWKDWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI HWKQRORJ\DQGIRONORUHLQWKHVHFRXQWULHVZDVFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHSURFHVVRI PRGHUQLVDWLRQDQGQDWLRQEXLOGLQJLQ6FDQGLQDYLD,QWKHFRXQWULHVVWXGLHGE\KHU FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GHYHORSHGLQWKHUHFHQWSDVWRXWRIWKHGLVFLSOLQHV(XURSHDQHWKQRO- RJ\DQGIRONORUHZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWR(ULNVHQFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVDspecial way in (XURSHDQFRPSDULVRQ6KHLOOXVWUDWHVWKLVE\WKHH[DPSOHRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI2VOR ZKHUHLQERWKGLVFLSOLQHVZHUHFRPELQHGLQWRWKHVXEMHFWCultural History. 6KHGHVFULEHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSWRFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVDVEHLQJUHOD[HGDQGSURGXFWLYH 7KHUHLVQRVWULFWGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQEHWZHHQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVDV WKH\GHYHORSHGIURPWKHVDPHGLVFLSOLQHVDQGWKXVKDYHDFRPPRQKLVWRU\ HANNU SALMIVNHWFKHVRXWRQWKHRQHKDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\LQ)LQODQGVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKHthFHQWXU\GHDOLQJRQWKHRWKHUKDQG ZLWKLWVLQWHJUDWLRQLQWRUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV)LUVWRIDOODQ,QVWLWXWHIRU&XO- WXUDO+LVWRU\ZDVIRXQGHGDWWKH6ZHGLVKVSHDNLQJcER$NDGHPLLQ7XUNXLQ 7KHUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGWKHUHZDVKRZHYHUIRUWKHPRVWSDUWLJQRUHGE\ )LQQLVKVSHDNLQJFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDWWKH)LQQLVKVSHDNLQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ IRXQGHG LQ 7XUNX LQ LW WRRN XQWLO EHIRUH FXOWXUDO KLV- WRU\EHFDPHLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDVDGLVFLSOLQHLQWKHIRUPRIWKHDepartment for Cultural History7RGD\WKHGHSDUWPHQWLVDPRQJWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWXQLYHU- VLW\LQVWLWXWLRQVLQWKHFRXQWU\ZRUNLQJRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ERWKLQWHDFKLQJDQG UHVHDUFKZLWKDQLQÁXHQFHDOVRLQ6FDQGLQDYLD6DOPLVHHVLQVHPLRWLFVVWUXF- 14 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction WXUDOLVPDQG%ULWLVK&XOWXUDO6WXGLHVLPSRUWDQWVWLPXOLIRUWKHPHWKRGRORJLFDO WKHRUHWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQSUHVHQWGD\)LQODQG LUDMILLA JORDANOVA HPSKDVLVHV WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ SUREOHPDWLFDO VLWXDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(QJODQG$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUHFHUWDLQO\KLVWRULDQV ZRUNLQJRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(QJODQG³VXFKDVHJ3HWHU%XUNH³FXOWXUDOKLV- WRU\DVDVXEMHFWLVQRWYHU\SUHVHQWLQWHDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVKDUGO\ LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDQGRUJDQLVHGWKHUHLQGHSDUWPHQWVRILWVRZQ2QHUHDVRQIRUWKLV LVWKDWXQWLOWKHVLQUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFHVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHGHDOW ZLWKWRJHWKHUHQMR\LQJLQSULQFLSOHHTXDOULJKWV8QGHUWKHLQÁXHQFHRIKLVWRULFDO DQWKURSRORJ\DVZHOODVFXOWXUDOVRFLRORJ\DQGLQFUHDVLQJO\DOVRWKH:DUEXUJ,Q-