Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—An Introduction1

Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction1

JÖRG ROGGE

,QWKHGHEDWHVDERXWWKHWKHRU\DQGPHWKRGVRI(XURSHDQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHLQ WKHSDVWWKLUW\\HDUVFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODSSURDFKHVDQGIRUPXODWLRQVRITXHV- WLRQVSOD\HGDQGGRSOD\DQRXWVWDQGLQJUROH7KHLQWHUHVWLQWKLVZDVVWLPXODWHG E\WKHFKDQJLQJSUHYDLOLQJSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQVRQWKHRQHKDQGDQG DQ LQFUHDVLQJ GLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ ZLWK WKH GRPLQDQW KLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀF FRQFHSWV RQ WKH RWKHU7KXV DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH V LQ WKH )HGHUDO 5HSXEOLF RI *HUPDQ\FULWLFLVPRI6RFLDO+LVWRU\RU+LVWRULFDO6RFLDO6FLHQFHLQWHUHVWHGLQ VRFLRHFRQRPLFVWUXFWXUHVDQGSURFHVVHVZKLFKSDLGKDUGO\DQ\DWWHQWLRQWRWKH FXOWXUDOPHDQLQJGLPHQVLRQVRIKLVWRULFDOUHDOLW\ZDVWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUWKH QHZO\DZDNHQLQJLQWHUHVWLQFXOWXUHDQGWKHSHRSOHZKRKDGSURGXFHGWKHLUUH- VSHFWLYHFXOWXUH7KHLQYLWDWLRQJLYHQE\KLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHWRSD\PRUHDWWHQWLRQ DJDLQWRWKHDFWRUV³DGPLWWHGO\QRWWRWKHgreat men³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

0DQ\7KDQNVWR-RKQ0LFKDHO'HDV\.ULVWLQD0OOHU%RQJDUGDQG&DWKOHHQ6DUWL IRUWKHLUPDQLIROGVXSSRUWGXULQJWKHHGLWLQJSURFHVVRIWKLVYROXPH

11 Jörg Rogge

FRQWULEXWHWRWKHLUEHKDYLRXUDQGDUHWKHEDVLVIRUWKHLULQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHLU ZRUOG3HRSOHZHUH DQGDUH OLQNHGWRJHWKHUDQGZLWKWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWE\VR- FLDOSUDFWLFHVDQGYDULRXVIRUPVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KHKLVWRULFDODFWRUVH[SUHVV WKHLURSLQLRQRQWKHLURSSRVLWHQXPEHUVDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKH\WKXVJHQHUDWH PHDQLQJVDQGJLYHWKHLU OLYLQJ ZRUOGDPHDQLQJ2 $JDLQVWWKLVEDFNJURXQGDQHZIRUPRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GHYHORSHGLQ*HU- PDQ\GLIIHULQJIURPWKHROGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIWKHFORVLQJ\HDUVRIWKHthDQG HDUO\SDUWRIWKHthFHQWXU\,QGLVDVVRFLDWLRQIURPVRFLDOKLVWRU\RQHOHWRQH- VHOIEHLQÁXHQFHGDERYHDOOE\HYHU\GD\DQGPHQWDOLW\KLVWRU\³WKHFRQFHSWV of the AnnalesSULPDULO\3DVZHOODVKLVWRULFDODQWKURSRORJ\4,QDGGLWLRQFDPH JUDGXDOO\)UHQFKEXWDERYHDOO$QJOR$PHULFDQFRQFHSWVDQGPHWKRGVVXFK as the New Cultural HistoryPHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFKHVRIJHQGHUKLVWRU\5DQG LQSDUWDOVRRIFXOWXUDOVWXGLHV%XWLQ*HUPDQ\ROGHUNH\SOD\HUVLQFXOWXUDO VWXGLHVLQWKHthDQGthFHQWXULHV .DUO/DPSUHFKW(EHUKDUG*RWKHLQ(UQVW &DVVLUHU0D[:HEHU ZHUHDOVRUHGLVFRYHUHGDQGXVHGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI FXUUHQWFXOWXUDOVWXG\FRQFHSWV+RZHYHUWKHIRUEHDUV·LGHDVDQGFRQFHSWVKDYH EHHQWUHDWHGPDLQO\XSWRQRZZLWKDYLHZWRWKHLUSRWHQWLDOIRUDKLVWRULFDO FXOWXUDOVFLHQFHDQGKDYHQRW\HWEHHQH[SORLWHGIRUHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK6(YHQLI WKHZRUNVRIROGHU*HUPDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDYHEHHQUHDGDJDLQLQWKHODVWIHZ \HDUVLWLVUDWKHUWKHZRUNVRI(XURSHDQDQG$PHULFDQKLVWRULDQVZKLFKKDYHLQ WKHPHDQWLPHDFTXLUHGWKHVWDWXVRIFODVVLFVWKDWKDYHJDLQHGDPRGHOFKDUDFWHU for German cultural historians.7 7KHSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUNVDIWHUWKHWXUQRI WKHPLOOHQQLXPERWKLQWKH*HUPDQVSHDNLQJDUHDDQGLQ(XURSHVXSSOLHGWKH EDVLVIRUÀUVWVXPPDULHVRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIPHWKRGVDQGWKHRU\LQWURGXFWLRQV WRD(XURSHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOV\QWKHVHVIRULQGLYLGXDO centuries.107KHVHSXEOLFDWLRQVSURYHWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVRQWKHZD\WRHVWDE-

2 On this cf. ROGGE, 2010. 3 RAPHAEL 4 DÜLMEN,TANNER,:,17(5/,1*2006. 0HWKRGRORJLFDOO\SDWKEUHDNLQJZDVSCOTT,6HHDOVROPITZ, 2005. 2QWKLVIRULQVWDQFHWKHZRUNVE\OEXLE,DQGOEXLE, 7KHVHDUHHJGINZBURG, DAV IS,DARNTON,BURKE, 2002. GREEN76&+233:(%(5POIRRIER,TSCHOPP, 2005, ARCANGELI 2010. /$1':(+5672&.+2567, 2004, MAURER, 10 SALMI,

12 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

OLVKLQJLWVHOIDVDFRQFHSWLRQIRUUHVHDUFKLQWRWKHSDVWDORQJVLGHRWKHUPHWKRGV of access in historical science. +RZHYHUWKDWKDVQRWEHHQPDGHHDV\IRULW³HVSHFLDOO\QRWLQ*HUPDQ\ 7KHUHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVDQGLVQRWXQGLVSXWHG,WKDVEHHQFULWLFLVHGE\UHS- UHVHQWDWLYHVRIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀFFRQFHSWLRQVIRUZKRPGLYHUVLW\ZDV DQGLV DV\QRQ\PIRUDUELWUDULQHVV11$GPLWWHGO\WKHDGYRFDWHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO DSSURDFKHVKDYHIRVWHUHGWKLVFULWLFLVPWRDFHUWDLQH[WHQWE\OHDYLQJRSHQZKDW H[DFWO\FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVPHDQWWREHDQGLV12 Therefore the notions of what cul- WXUDOKLVWRU\LVPHDQWWREHZLWKUHJDUGWRPHWKRGRORJ\DQGFRQFHSWUDQJHIURP FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DVDVHFWRUDOGLVFLSOLQHRIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHOLNHWHFKQRORJLFDO RUHFRQRPLFKLVWRU\WKURXJKWKHYLHZWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVDVSHFLÀFPHWKRG RIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHWRWKHSRVLWLRQWKDWKLVWRU\DVDZKROHVKRXOGEHFRQFHLYHG DVDKLVWRULFDOFXOWXUDOVFLHQFH$WDOOHYHQWVDQLQFUHDVLQJO\ZLGHO\KHOGFRQ- VHQVXVREMHFWVDQGWRSLFVZHUHWKXVLQWHQGHGWREHH[DPLQHGIURPDFXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDOSRLQWRIYLHZWRRZKLFK³OLNHSROLWLFVDQGODZ³ZKLFKSUHYLRXVO\ OD\RXWVLGHWKHIRFXVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQV7RSLFVRQZKLFKWKHWUDGLWLRQDOIRUP RIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDGH[SOLFLWO\WXUQHGLWVEDFN13 %XWRQHRIWKHGLVWLQJXLVKLQJIHDWXUHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVDWDOOHYHQWVLWV FODLPWRUHÁHFWLWVRZQDFWLYLW\³WKHUHVHDUFKFRQFHSWVWRSLFVDQGÀHOGV%H- FDXVH WKH UHVXOW QRW RQO\ RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO UHVHDUFK LV XOWLPDWHO\ D FRQ- VWUXFWLRQ E\ KLVWRULDQV ZKR DUH LQÁXHQFHG E\ WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH FXUUHQW VRFLDO DQGFXOWXUDOFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KLVYLHZLV³VRDWDQ\UDWHWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO FUHGR³WKH SUHUHTXLVLWHIRUWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVDUHEDVHGRQDVFL- HQWLÀFUDWLRQDOJDLQRINQRZOHGJH147KLVSURFHVVRIVHOIUHÁHFWLRQLVDQLQWHJUDO SDUWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUNDQGWKHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKLVUHÁHFWLRQ EHPDGHWKHREMHFWRIFRQVLGHUDWLRQ7KHGLVFXVVLRQDERXWWKHREMHFWVDQGÀHOGV RIZRUNDVZHOODVDERXWPHWKRGRORJLFDODFFHVVDQGRSHUDWLRQDOLVDWLRQLVWREH FRQWLQXHGMXVWDVTXHVWLRQVPXVWEHDVNHGDERXWWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVRIFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\DQGLWVFDSDELOLW\LQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHUFRQFHSWV7KLVDSSOLHVgrosso

11 3HUKDSVWKHPRVWSURPLQHQW*HUPDQFULWLFLV+DQV8OULFK:HKOHUVHHHJKLVUH- YLHZ RI 8WH 'DQLHO·V Kompendium Kulturgeschichte, :(+/(5, 2003, cf. KOCKA, )RUWKHGHIHQGDQWV·DUJXPHQWVVHHHJMEDICK, 2001. 12 DANIELMAURER 13 $WWKHFHQWUHRIWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHDUHDERYHDOOSURFHVVHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQE\ZKLFK VRFLDOSROLWLFDODQGOHJDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDUHÀUVWFUHDWHGVHHIRULQVWDQFHSTOLLBERG- RILINGER.$VXUYH\RIWKHKLVWRU\RIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULRJUDSK\E\WKHFROOHFWLRQ RIHVVD\VFRPSLOHGDQGFRPPHQWHGE\TSCHOPP 14 TSCHOPPSDQGDANIEL, 2006.

13 Jörg Rogge modoIRUDOO(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVLQZKLFKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVSXUVXHGDQGZKHUH LWLVPRUHRUOHVVLQVWDOOHGDWXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV )RUWKLVUHDVRQ,DVNHGFROOHDJXHVIURPWZHOYH(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVWRVNHWFK RXWWKHUHVSHFWLYHFXUUHQWEDVLFFRQGLWLRQV³VFLHQWLÀFSROLWLFDODQGVRFLDODV- VHVVPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\³RUDOVRWKHKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVHEDVLF FRQGLWLRQVIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKLQWKHLUFRXQWULHV7KHFRQWULEXWRUV JLYHLQSDUWIURPYHU\SHUVRQDOSHUVSHFWLYHVDQGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLUH[SHULHQFH ZLWKWKHVXEMHFWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQWKHLUFRXQWULHVDQGLQ(XURSHDVDZKROH DQDVVHVVPHQWRILQVWLWXWLRQVWRSLFVDQGSHUVSHFWLYHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\,QDG- GLWLRQWKH\RXWOLQHWKHLUDVVHVVPHQWVRIWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIWRSLFVDQG À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thFHQWXU\(ULNVHQHPSKDVLVHGWKDWWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI HWKQRORJ\DQGIRONORUHLQWKHVHFRXQWULHVZDVFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHSURFHVVRI PRGHUQLVDWLRQDQGQDWLRQEXLOGLQJLQ6FDQGLQDYLD,QWKHFRXQWULHVVWXGLHGE\KHU FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GHYHORSHGLQWKHUHFHQWSDVWRXWRIWKHGLVFLSOLQHV(XURSHDQHWKQRO- RJ\DQGIRONORUHZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWR(ULNVHQFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVDspecial way in (XURSHDQFRPSDULVRQ6KHLOOXVWUDWHVWKLVE\WKHH[DPSOHRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI2VOR ZKHUHLQERWKGLVFLSOLQHVZHUHFRPELQHGLQWRWKHVXEMHFWCultural History. 6KHGHVFULEHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSWRFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVDVEHLQJUHOD[HGDQGSURGXFWLYH 7KHUHLVQRVWULFWGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQEHWZHHQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVDV WKH\GHYHORSHGIURPWKHVDPHGLVFLSOLQHVDQGWKXVKDYHDFRPPRQKLVWRU\ HANNU SALMIVNHWFKHVRXWRQWKHRQHKDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\LQ)LQODQGVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKHthFHQWXU\GHDOLQJRQWKHRWKHUKDQG ZLWKLWVLQWHJUDWLRQLQWRUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV)LUVWRIDOODQ,QVWLWXWHIRU&XO- WXUDO+LVWRU\ZDVIRXQGHGDWWKH6ZHGLVKVSHDNLQJcER$NDGHPLLQ7XUNXLQ 7KHUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGWKHUHZDVKRZHYHUIRUWKHPRVWSDUWLJQRUHGE\ )LQQLVKVSHDNLQJFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGDWWKH)LQQLVKVSHDNLQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ IRXQGHG LQ 7XUNX LQ LW WRRN XQWLO EHIRUH FXOWXUDO KLV- WRU\EHFDPHLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDVDGLVFLSOLQHLQWKHIRUPRIWKHDepartment for Cultural History7RGD\WKHGHSDUWPHQWLVDPRQJWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWXQLYHU- VLW\LQVWLWXWLRQVLQWKHFRXQWU\ZRUNLQJRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ERWKLQWHDFKLQJDQG UHVHDUFKZLWKDQLQÁXHQFHDOVRLQ6FDQGLQDYLD6DOPLVHHVLQVHPLRWLFVVWUXF-

14 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

WXUDOLVPDQG%ULWLVK&XOWXUDO6WXGLHVLPSRUWDQWVWLPXOLIRUWKHPHWKRGRORJLFDO WKHRUHWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQSUHVHQWGD\)LQODQG LUDMILLA JORDANOVA HPSKDVLVHV WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ SUREOHPDWLFDO VLWXDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(QJODQG$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUHFHUWDLQO\KLVWRULDQV ZRUNLQJRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(QJODQG³VXFKDVHJ3HWHU%XUNH³FXOWXUDOKLV- WRU\DVDVXEMHFWLVQRWYHU\SUHVHQWLQWHDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVKDUGO\ LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDQGRUJDQLVHGWKHUHLQGHSDUWPHQWVRILWVRZQ2QHUHDVRQIRUWKLV LVWKDWXQWLOWKHVLQUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFHVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHGHDOW ZLWKWRJHWKHUHQMR\LQJLQSULQFLSOHHTXDOULJKWV8QGHUWKHLQÁXHQFHRIKLVWRULFDO DQWKURSRORJ\DVZHOODVFXOWXUDOVRFLRORJ\DQGLQFUHDVLQJO\DOVRWKH:DUEXUJ,Q- VWLWXWHDQHZO\FRQFHLYHGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WKHQGLYHUJHGIURPVRFLDOKLVWRU\RIWKH FODVVLFDONLQG$FFRUGLQJWR-RUGDQRYDWKLVQHZFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GLIIHUVIURPROGHU VRFLDOKLVWRU\WKURXJKLWVLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\DQGIURPFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVWKURXJKLWV PRUHSURQRXQFHGO\WKHRUHWLFDOSRO\PRUSKRXVÁH[LEOHDQGRSHQDSSURDFK NICK FISHERUHSRUWVRQKLVSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHVZLWKWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL- VDWLRQRIWKHVXEMHFWDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI$EHUGHHQ+HDQGKLVFROOHDJXHVKDG XQGHUVWRRGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRIUHHWKHPVHOYHVIURPWKHFRQ- YHQWLRQDOERXQGDULHVRIGLVFLSOLQHV,WZDVDOVRDUHDFWLRQWRWKHÀUVWÀQDQFLDO FXWVLQWKHPLGVDQGDQDWWHPSWWRPDNHWKHORFDWLRQ$EHUGHHQDWWUDFWLYH IRUVWXGHQWV6LQFHWKHFRXUVHRIVWXGLHVUHFRUGHGDFRQWLQXRXVULVHLQWKH QXPEHUVRIVWXGHQWV)LVKHUVKRZVKRZGHVSLWHRURQDFFRXQWRILWVVXFFHVVHV FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ ZDV FULWLFLVHG ERWK E\ WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ DQG ZLWKLQ LWV RZQ XQLYHUVLW\RQDFFRXQWRILWVFRQWHQWV$QH[DPSOHRIWKHGLIÀ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¸ LV KDUGO\ LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHG³DSDUW IURPWKH$FDGHP\RI&XOWXUHIRXQGHGLQ³DQGKDVWKHUHIRUHRQO\SRRU SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU GHYHORSLQJ 0Ă57,1ä 0,17$856 DWWULEXWHV WKLV ÀQGLQJ DERYHDOOWR6RYLHWUXOHXQGHUZKLFK/DWYLDQKLVWRULRJUDSK\ZDVLGHRORJLFDOO\ FRQWUROOHGDQGWRDODUJHH[WHQWLVRODWHGIURPH[WHUQDOLQÁXHQFHV$OWKRXJKWKHVH UHVWULFWLRQVQRORQJHUDSSOLHGDIWHUDQGDFFHVVWRQHZPHWKRGVDQGDS- SURDFKHVKDVEHHQHDVLO\SRVVLEOHVLQFHWKHQSROLWLFDOKLVWRU\GRPLQDWHV/DWYLDQ KLVWRULRJUDSK\7KDW LV D UHÁH[ RI WKH QHZ SROLWLFDO LQGHSHQGHQFH +RZHYHU VLQFHWKHPLGVVRPHZRUNVRIWKH)UHQFKAnnalesJHQGHUKLVWRU\DQG

15 Jörg Rogge

VRFLDODQWKURSRORJ\KDYHEHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWR/DWYLDQ0LQWDXUVVHHVWKHUHRU- JDQLVDWLRQRIUHVHDUFKDQGWHDFKLQJLQ/DWYLDDVVWLOOQRW\HWFRPSOHWHDQGHP- SKDVLVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIH[FKDQJHSURJUDPPHVZLWKZKLFKWKHODWHVWPHWKRGV DQGWKHRULHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\FRXOGEHLPSRUWHGLQWR/DWYLDQUHVHDUFKLQVWLWX- WLRQVDQGXQLYHUVLWLHV ,*25.Ć.2/(:6.,FRQFHUQVKLPVHOIDERYHDOOZLWKWKH,QVWLWXWHIRUWKH +LVWRU\ RI0DWHULDO &XOWXUH RI WKH 3ROLVK$FDGHP\ RI6FLHQFHV ,+0&3$1 IRXQGHGLQEHFDXVHGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHLQVWLWX- WLRQDOLVHGWKHUH$IWHUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI&RPPXQLVWUXOHWKHPHWKRGRORJLFDO UHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGFHQWUDOLVDWLRQRIWKHVFLHQFHVWRRNSODFH7KHFHQWUDOLVVXHIRU UHVHDUFKZRUNDIWHUZDVPDWHULDOFXOWXUHDQGDERYHDOOWKHPHDQVDQGWHFK- QLTXHVRISURGXFWLRQZKLFKEHFDPHWKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUUHVHDUFKLQWRFXOWXUH DVDZKROH³DERYHDOORIWKH0LGGOH$JHVDQGWKHHDUO\0RGHUQ3HULRG15 The UHVHDUFKSURJUDPPHZDVGHYHORSHGIXUWKHUXQWLOWKHVWKHWRSLFVDQGÀHOGV RIZRUNZHUHHYHU\GD\OLIHFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGWUDYHOV7KHVHZRUNVKDGWKHLU PHWKRGRORJLFDOIRXQGDWLRQDERYHDOOLQWKH)UHQFKAnnalesVFKRROWKDWLQDGGLWLRQ was the window on the worldIRU3ROLVKKLVWRULRJUDSK\XQWLOWKHHQGRIWKHV ,QWKHVDQGVDJHQHUDORSHQLQJWRZDUGVLQWHUQDWLRQDODSSURDFKHVWR FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WRRNSODFHLQ3RODQGDERYHDOORXWVLGHRIWKH,+0&,QWKH ,+0&ZDVUHQDPHGWKH,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\DQG(WKQRORJ\$WSUHVHQWERWK WKHRUHWLFDOPHWKRGRORJLFDOWRSLFVDUHGHDOWZLWKDQGHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFKLVFRQ- GXFWHGRQFRQFUHWHTXHVWLRQV,QWKHFXUUHQWGHEDWHRQPHWKRGV³XQGHUGLIIHUHQW FRQGLWLRQVIURPWKRVHLQWKHVDQGV³WKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI PDWHULDODUWHIDFWVIRUWKHZRUOGSHRSOHOLYHGLQSOD\VDJUHDWUROHDQGOLQNHGZLWK WKDWWKHTXHVWLRQKRZDPHWKRGRORJLFDODFFHVVWRWKDWFDQEHGHYHORSHG ,Q+XQJDU\DIWHUWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DUDFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVZULWWHQXQGHUQD- WLRQDODXVSLFHV$FFRUGLQJWR$1'5($3(7łWKHWHQGHQF\RIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFH EHIRUHWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUZDVEHVWGHVFULEHGE\&RRSHU·VVWDWHPHQW´HPSLUHV SURGXFHGDVWURQJHPSLUHFHQWUHGLPDJLQDWLRQµ16,QWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGLQ+XQ- JDU\DWUHQGRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\GRPLQDWHGLQ+XQJDU\ZLWKWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI &XOWXUDO+LVWRU\DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%XGDSHVWWKDWKDGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGLQ DVLWVFHQWUHLQZKLFKFXOWXUHZDVFORVHO\OLQNHGZLWKQDWLRQ7KHREMHFWLYHZDV WRDWOHDVWHPSKDVLVHLWVRZQFXOWXUDOVXSHULRULW\DIWHU+XQJDU\KDGORVWSROLWLFDO GRPLQDQFHLQWKH&DUSDWKLDQUHJLRQDIWHU17$IWHUKLVWRULFDOPDWH- ULDOLVPZLWKLWVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIFXOWXUHDVDVXSHUVWUXFWXUHSKHQRPHQRQRIWKH

15 .Ć.2/(:6., in this volume, p. 132. 16 COOPER,SKHUHIURP3(7ł, in this volume, p. 144. 17 3(7ł, in this volume, p. 147.

16 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

PDWHULDOEDVLVGLGLWLVWUXHGRPLQDWHEXWLQWKHVDVLQ3RODQGWKHAnnales ZLWKWKHLUFRQFHSWRIFXOWXUHDVDXQLW\JDLQHGLQÁXHQFH,QDGGLWLRQWKHFRQFHSWV RIROGHU*HUPDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHDGRSWHGXQWLOÀQDOO\LQWKHPLGV DJHQHUDORSHQLQJIRUIXUWKHUZHVWHUQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀFFRQFHSWVWRRNSODFH 3HWŃVWDWHVWKDWDIWHUDFRQFHSWLRQDODQGPHWKRGRORJLFDOPRGHUQLVDWLRQRI +XQJDULDQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHIDLOHGWRPDWHULDOLVHIRUWKHPRVWSDUW,QWHUHVWLQJO\ HQRXJKHYHQKLVWRULDQVRIWKHQHZJHQHUDWLRQKDYHKDUGO\FRQFHUQHGWKHPVHOYHV ZLWK FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVDWLRQ RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LQ +XQJDU\KDVEHHQJUHDWO\KLQGHUHGE\ÀQDQFLDOERWWOHQHFNVDWWKHVWDWHXQLYHU- VLWLHVDQGWKH%RORJQDSURFHVVEHFDXVHLQHGXFDWLRQWKHFODVVLFDOÀHOGVVXFK DVSROLWLFDOHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOKLVWRU\GRPLQDWH7KHUHIRUHLQ+XQJDU\WKH SULYDWHO\ÀQDQFHG&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ8QLYHUVLW\LQ%XGDSHVWZLWKLWVGHFLGHGO\ FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDORULHQWDWLRQLVWKHJUHDWH[FHSWLRQ CHRISTOF DEJUNGHPSKDVLVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKH´6ZLVVFOLFKpµDQG PXOWLOLQJXDOLVPIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6ZLW]HUODQG7KHPDLQÀ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·VDQG5RJHU&KDUWLHU·VUHÁHFWLRQV RIZKDWKDGFKDUDFWHULVHGNew Cultural HistoryVLQFHWKHV7KHQVKHH[- SODLQVFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODQGLQDZLGHUVHQVHFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVUHVHDUFKDFWLYL- WLHV DQG RSSRUWXQLWLHV LQ$XVWULD WDNLQJ WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI9LHQQD LQ SDUWLFXODU LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ/XWWHUREVHUYHGWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKLQ$XVWULDLQ FRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHU(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI*HUPDQ\KDV DVWURQJSUHVHQFHDWXQLYHUVLWLHVEXWSDUWLFXODUO\DOVRDWQRQXQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFK institutionsDQGQHWZRUNV2QHLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQIRUWKLVZDVWKHyounger genera- tion’sLQFUHDVHGLQWHUHVWLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOWKHRUHWLFDOO\LQIRUPHGDQGLQWHUGLVFLSOLQ- DU\FXOWXUDOVWXGLHVUHVHDUFKSDUWLFXODUO\ZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRWKHSROLWLFDOFXOWXUDO

3(7łLQWKLVYROXPHS $PRQJWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\ZHOONQRZQLQVWLWXWLRQVLVWKH,).LQ9LHQQD$GPLWWHGO\ LWVVFRSHIRUDFWLRQLVMHRSDUGLVHGRQDFFRXQWRIWKHFXUUHQWLQWHUYHQWLRQVLQH[WUD XQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVE\WKH$XVWULDQJRYHUQPHQW

17 Jörg Rogge

FRQFHSWRI%ULWLVKFXOWXUDOVWXGLHV7KHDEXQGDQFHRIH[LVWLQJUHVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHV DQGUHVXOWVSDUWLFXODUO\DWWKHmicro level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ÀQGLQJVKRXOGQRWREVFXUHWKHIDFWWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ LVEHLQJFRQGXFWHGXSWRQRZÀUVWDQGIRUHPRVWLQSURMHFWVDQGLQVWLWXWLRQVIRU OLPLWHGSHULRGVRIWLPH:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRINew Cultural His- tory/DQGZHKUUHFDOOHGWKDWLQWKHVLWZDVIHOWE\WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRI VRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOKLVWRU\WREHDSURYRFDWLRQLIQRWLQGHHGDWKUHDWWRWKHKLV- WRU\HVWDEOLVKHGDWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHV,QWKHPHDQWLPHKRZHYHUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ *HUPDQ\LVUHJDUGHGDVDUHFRJQLVHGPHWKRGRIDSSURDFKLQJWKHSDVW$FFRUGLQJ WR/DQGZHKUWKH1HZ&XOWXUDO+LVWRU\VHHVLWVHOIPRUHDVDPHWKRGRUDVSHFLÀF SHUVSHFWLYHDQGLVOHVVÀ[HGRQFHUWDLQWRSLFVRUÀHOGVRIUHVHDUFK'HVSLWHWKHVH FRPSDUDWLYHO\JRRGLQVWLWXWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVLWLVKRZHYHUDOVRWUXHWKDWLQIDFW WKLVMXVWPDUNVWKHEHJLQQLQJRILQWHQVLYHZRUNLQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ ,Q6SDLQWRRFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVLQJUHDWGHPDQGDWSUHVHQW$VLQ*HUPDQ\ WKHUHWRRFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVDWÀUVWFRQGXFWHGE\KLVWRULDQVVSHFLDOLVLQJLQWKH 0LGGOH$JHVDQG(DUO\0RGHUQ3HULRGCAROLINA RODRÍGUEZ-LÓPEZH[SODLQHG WKLVE\6SDLQ·VLPSHULDOSRVLWLRQLQWKH(DUO\0RGHUQ3HULRGRQWKHRQHKDQG DQG WKH LQVWUXPHQWDOLVDWLRQ RI WKLV brilliant epoch LQ 6SDQLVK KLVWRU\ GXULQJ )UDQFR·VUXOHXQWLORQWKHRWKHU+RZHYHUWKHFRQFHSWLRQDQGLPSOHPHQWD- WLRQRIDPRGHUQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\XVLQJWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOGLVFXVVLRQRQO\EHFDPH SRVVLEOHLQWKHSRVW)UDQFRHUD6LQFHWKHUHKDYHEHHQUHVHDUFKJURXSVLQ- VWLWXWLRQVDQGDFDGHPLFSURJUDPPHVGHDOLQJLQSDUWLFXODUZLWK6SDQLVKFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\7KHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6SDLQZDVDERYHDOOWKHVRFLDO KLVWRU\RIWKHODERXUDQGWUDGHXQLRQPRYHPHQW$IXUWKHULPSRUWDQWLQÁXHQFH IRUWKHFRQFHSWLRQRIPRGHUQ6SDQLVKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVWKHKLVWRU\RILGHDV DQGUHVHDUFKLQWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI6SDQLVKLQWHOOHFWXDOVZKRKDGDOVRIRXJKW SROLWLFDOO\DJDLQVW)UDQFRDQGWKHDXWKRULWDULDQUHJLPH ALESSANDRO ARCANGELIVWDWHVWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVQRWHVWDEOLVKHG DW,WDOLDQXQLYHUVLWLHV,QKLVHVWLPDWLRQWKLVLVEHFDXVHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODS- SURDFKHVDSSHDUÀUVWDQGIRUHPRVWDVimportsIURP)UDQFHDQG%ULWDLQLQ,WDO\ DQG RQH FRQWHQWV RQHVHOI ZLWK WKHLU UHFHSWLRQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LV

18 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

VHOGRPVWXGLHGDVDPDLQVXEMHFWDWXQLYHUVLWLHV7KHUHIRUHLWLVGLIÀFXOWWRGH- YHORSRQH·VRZQDSSURDFKHVRULQGHHGWRLPSOHPHQWWKHPLQWKH,WDOLDQXQLYHU- VLW\V\VWHP&XUUHQWO\KLVWRULDQVVWLOOUHIHUIRUWKHPRVWSDUWWRWKHDSSURDFKHV HPERGLHG LQ WUDGLWLRQDO ,WDOLDQ KLVWRULFDO VFLHQFH DSSURDFKHV 2Q WKLV EDVLV VSHFLDOUHVHDUFKZRUNVHJRQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHERRNQXWULWLRQRUHYHQWKH JHQGHUVKDYHEHHQSURGXFHGZKLFKDUHKRZHYHUVHOGRPXQGHUVWRRGDVEHLQJ LQDJUHDWHUFRQWH[W$UFDQJHOLREVHUYHVWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVEHLQJFRQGXFWHG QRZDQGWKHQZLWKRXWEHLQJGHVLJQDWHGRUUHÁHFWHGDVVXFK%XWSUHFLVHO\WKH ODFNRIUHÁHFWLRQKLQGHUVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDWKHRUHWLFDOO\DQGPHWKRGRORJL- FDOO\VRXQGLQGHSHQGHQWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\VXFKDVIRUH[DPSOHLQ*HUPDQ\ 7KHPDLQIRFXVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOO\RULHQWHGUHVHDUFKLQ,WDO\LVWREHIRXQGDW SUHVHQWLQ3LVD%RORJQDDQG9HQLFHZLWKFKURQRORJLFDOHPSKDVLVRQWKH0RG- HUQ3HULRGDQGHDUO\0RGHUQ3HULRG 2QWKHEDVLVRIWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQVDQGGHVFULSWLRQVLQÁ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³HYHQLIQRW FRPSOHWH³SLFWXUHRIWKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(XURSHUHVXOWV DQGWRSLFVDQGSHUVSHFWLYHVIRUWKHIXWXUHRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\EHFRPHDSSDUHQW

Cultural studies traditions and influences

7KHUHLVDWUHQGWRZDUGVVHYHUDOLPSRUWDQWOLQHVRIWUDGLWLRQWREHUHFRJQLVHG ZKLFKKDYHFRQVLGHUDEO\LQÁXHQFHGFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKLQ(XURSHLQWKH SDVWWR\HDUV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWWUDGLWLRQVDQGLQÁXHQFHVPHQWLRQHGLQ WKHSDSHUVDUHVXPPDULVHGEULHÁ\KHUHEHORZ7KHUHLVDVWUDQGRIWUDGLWLRQLQ (XURSHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WKDWKDVLWVPHWKRGRORJLFDODQGWKHRUHWLFDOURRWVLQ LQWHOOHFWXDOKLVWRU\DQGWKHKLVWRU\RILGHDVDVZHOODVWKHROGHU*HUPDQFXOWXUDO KLVWRU\RIWKHthFHQWXU\VXFKDVLQ$XVWULD*HUPDQ\,WDO\6SDLQDQGWKH %DOWLFFRXQWULHV7KH)UHQFKAnnales HVWDEOLVKDVHFRQGOLQHRIWUDGLWLRQ7KHLU UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDQGFRQFHSWVGLGQRWRQO\KDYHFRQVLGHUDEOHLQÁXHQFHLQ:HVW-

19 Jörg Rogge

HUQ(XURSHEXWDOVRVXSSOLHGFRQFHSWLRQDODQGWKHRUHWLFDOLQSXWWRKLVWRULFDO VFLHQFHLQ3RODQGDQG+XQJDU\GXULQJFRPPXQLVWUXOH :LWKUHJDUGWR6ZLW]HUODQGLWKDVWREHDGGHGWKDWVLQFHWKHODWHthFHQWXU\ WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVVKDSHGE\WKUHHDSSURDFKHV20 On the one KDQG-DFRE%XUFNKDUGW·VFRQFHSWLQZKLFKDUWDQGUHOLJLRQDUHHPSKDVLVHGDV WKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWVRIFXOWXUHLQZKLFKWKHVLQJXODULW\RIDKLVWRULFDOHS- RFK HJWKH5HQDLVVDQFH LVUHÁHFWHG%XUFNKDUGWLVLWLVWUXHVWLOOLQYRNHGWRGD\ DVDQLPSRUWDQWUHIHUHQFHIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\EXWKLVDSSURDFKLVKDUGO\SUHVHQW DQ\PRUHLQFXUUHQW(XURSHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\6HFRQGO\LQ)ULERXUJDFDGHPLFV KDYHWULHGWRVKRZWKHFXOWXUDOELQGLQJIRUFHRI&DWKROLFLVPLQRUGHUWREHDEOHWR XVHLWSROLWLFDOO\DVDQLPSRUWDQWPHDQVIRUVHFXULQJIHGHUDOLVPLQWKHPRGHUQQD- WLRQDOVWDWH+RZHYHUWKHUHFRJQLVDEO\JUHDWHVWLQÁXHQFHRQFXUUHQWFRQFHSWVRI FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6ZLW]HUODQGKDVHPDQDWHGIURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI=XULFKZKHUH FXOWXUDODQWKURSRORJ\DQGHWKQRORJ\ZHUHHVWDEOLVKHGLQVWLWXWLRQDOO\7KHVHVXE- MHFWV ZHUH LQWHUHVWHG DERYH DOO LQ WKH HYHU\GD\ FXOWXUH RI RUGLQDU\ SHRSOH ,Q (QJODQGDVRFLDOKLVWRU\KDGDJUHDWLQÁXHQFHRQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQWLÀFFRQFHSWV WKDWZDVPRUHSURIRXQGO\LQÁXHQFHGE\DQWKURSRORJ\WKDQE\VRFLRORJ\RURWKHU social sciences.21$VRFLDOKLVWRU\GRPLQDWHGZKLFKLQFRQWUDVWIRULQVWDQFHWR WKDWLQ*HUPDQ\ZDVOHVVJUHDWO\LQWHUHVWHGLQHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHVDV WKHLPSXOVHIRUKLVWRULFDOGHYHORSPHQWV3HRSOH·VQRWLRQVDQGFRQYLFWLRQVLQWHU- HVWHG%ULWLVKVRFLDOKLVWRULDQVZKRZLWKUHFRXUVHWRFRQFHSWVRIVRFLDORUFXOWXUDO DQWKURSRORJ\H[DPLQHGIRUH[DPSOHV\VWHPVRIEHOLHIDVFXOWXUDOV\VWHPVZLWK WKHLURZQLQWHJULW\2QDFFRXQWRIWKHUHFHSWLRQRIDQWKURSRORJLFDODSSURDFKHV E\%ULWLVKVRFLDOKLVWRULDQVLQUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFHWKHOLPLWVWRWRSLFVDQGÀHOGVRI ZRUNZKLFKDUHUHJDUGHGDVDFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODOWHUQDWLYHWRVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDO KLVWRU\LQRWKHUFRXQWULHVKDYHEHHQRSHQ7KXVWKHUHZDVQRQHHG³XQOLNHIRU LQVWDQFH LQ WKH *HUPDQVSHDNLQJ DFDGHPLF DUHD³WR GUDIW DQG LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVH DFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\VHSDUDWHIURPVRFLDOKLVWRU\7KHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\SUDFWLVHGLQ %ULWDLQVKRZVSRLQWVLQFRPPRQZLWK1RUZD\DQG6ZHGHQZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH FHQWUDOLPSRUWDQFHRIIDPLO\DQGJHQGHUKLVWRU\DVZHOODVWKHPost Colonial Studies%HFDXVHWKH(PSLUHZDV RULV" RIRXWVWDQGLQJLPSRUWDQFHLQ%ULWDLQIRU KHUQDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\2QO\UHFHQWO\KDYH)UHQFKFRQFHSWVVXFKDVWKHKLVWRU\RI PHQWDOLW\RUGLVFRXUVHEHHQUHFHLYHGZLWKRXWKRZHYHUWKHDSSURDFKHVHJRI 5RJHU&KDUWLHURU3KLOLSSH$ULqVEHLQJGLUHFWO\FRQWLQXHG22

20 DEJUNGLQWKLVYROXPHS 21 JORDANOVA, in this volume, p. 66. 22 JORDANOVA, LQ WKLV YROXPH S ´>«@DSDUW IURP )UDQFH WKH FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO PHWKRGVDQGDSSURDFKHVRI(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVDUHUDWKHUOLWWOHNQRZQLQWKH8.µ

20 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

7KHWKLUGJUHDWOLQHRIWUDGLWLRQWREHQDPHGIRUWKHFRQFHSWLRQRIFXUUHQW FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOWUHQGVDUH³DVDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGIRU6ZLW]HUODQG³IRONORUH DQGHWKQRORJ\)RUPXODWLRQVRITXHVWLRQVDQGPHWKRGVIURPWKHVHGLVFLSOLQHV KDYHKDGDSRZHUIXOHIIHFWQRWMXVWLQ6ZLW]HUODQGEXWDOVRIRUWKHFRQFHSWLRQ DQG UHVHDUFK SUDFWLFH RI FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ LQ 6FDQGLQDYLD DQG )LQODQG7KLV LV VKRZQE\WKHIDFWWKDWDPDLQIRFXVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKLVWKHSHRSOH·V PDWHULDOFXOWXUHDQGHYHU\GD\OLIH

Political significance and function of cultural history in the 19th and 20th centuries

&XOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDGWKHIXQFWLRQRIHODERUDWLQJWKHFXOWXUDOEDVHVRIWKHZD\QD- WLRQVVHHWKHPVHOYHVLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVLQWKHthFHQWXU\DQGXQWLOWKHPLGGOH of the 20thFHQWXU\$VVKRZQE\WKHFRQWULEXWLRQVLQWKLVYROXPHWKDWLVWUXHIRU )LQODQGDQG6FDQGLQDYLDEXWDOVRIRUWKH%DOWLFVWDWHVDQG&HQWUDO(DVW(XUR- SHDQFRXQWULHVGXULQJWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGDQGDIWHU,Q)LQODQG EHFDPHSDUWRIWKH5XVVLDQ(PSLUHDQGLQWKHIROORZLQJGHFDGHVWKHFDOOIRU SROLWLFDOLQGHSHQGHQFHZDVVXEVWDQWLDWHGE\WKHUHIHUHQFHWRWKH)LQQV·FXOWXUDO LQGHSHQGHQFH7KHLURZQODQJXDJHOLWHUDWXUHDQGFXOWXUHZHUHLQYRNHGZKHUHE\ *HUPDQLQÁXHQFH -RKDQQ*RWWIULHG+HUGHU ZDVRIFRQVLGHUDEOHLPSRUWDQFH (YHQDIWHU)LQODQGKDGEHFRPHDQLQGHSHQGHQWVWDWHLQWKH)LQQVGHÀQHG WKHPVHOYHVDVDQDWLRQPRUHWKURXJKWKHLUKLVWRU\DQGFXOWXUHWKDQWKURXJKVWDWH- KRRG23,Q1RUZD\6ZHGHQDQG'HQPDUNWKHIRONFXOWXUHEHFDPHSDUWRIWKH compensation process in the transformation of monarchies into national states LQWKHthFHQWXU\,Q1RUZD\WKHVSHFLÀFIRONFXOWXUHZDVDOHJLWLPDWLRQIDFWRU for the national state.24,WZDVVWDWHGWKDWWKHODQJXDJHFXVWRPVDQGPHQWDOLW\ KDGEHFRPHFOHDUO\GLVWLQFWIURPWKRVHLQ'HQPDUNRU6ZHGHQDQGKDGH[LVWHG VLQFHWKH0LGGOH$JHVHYHQLQWLPHVZKHQWKHUHZDVQR1RUZHJLDQVWDWH7KLV ZDVVXEVWDQWLDWHGE\PHDQVRIIDLU\WDOHVSRHWU\EXWDOVRWKHPDWHULDOFXOWXUHRI RUGLQDU\SHRSOH2QHUHVXOWRIWKLVZRUNZDVWKHYROXPHVHULHVEveryday Life in the North of the 16th Centur\ZKLFKDSSHDUHGLQ$GHWDLOHGSLFWXUH RIWKHSHRSOH·VOLIHZDVJLYHQLQWKLV25 7KHSROLWLFDOXWLOLVDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ3RODQG+XQJDU\DQG/DWYLD UHVXOWVIURPWKHVSHFLDOGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHLUVWDWHKRRGDQGSROLWLFDOLQGHSHQ-

23 SALMI, in this volume, p. 46. 24 ERIKSEN, in this volume, p. 31. 25 ERIKSEN, in this volume, p. 35.

21 Jörg Rogge

GHQFHLQFRPSDULVRQZLWK:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV7KHFRQWULEXWLRQVPDNH LWFOHDUWKDWLQWKHVHWKUHHFRXQWULHVFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\³UHJDUGOHVVRIKRZLWZDV FRQFHLYHGIURPDPHWKRGRORJLFDOWKHRUHWLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZLQHDFKFDVH³ZDV HPSOR\HGDVDQLQVWUXPHQWIRUVKDSLQJWKHFXUUHQWVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOFRQGLWLRQV LQHDFKFDVH,QWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHVHFRXQWULHVZKLFKKDGRIFRXUVHRQO\H[- SHULHQFHGFRPSDUDWLYHO\VKRUWSKDVHVRIVRYHUHLJQW\XQWLOWKHUHZHUH DJDLQDQGDJDLQSHULRGVLQZKLFKUHFRXUVHWRFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\PRVWO\XQGHUVWRRG DVWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHRZQFXOWXUHZDVRISROLWLFDOUHOHYDQFH7KXVLQ /DWYLDLQWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRGWKHPDLQWDVNRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVVHHQDVEHLQJ WRSURYHFRQWLQXLW\RIWKH/DWYLDQQDWLRQVLQFHWKHthFHQWXU\DWWKHVDPHWLPH VKRZLQJWKHGLIIHUHQFHVRIWKHJHQXLQHLQGLJHQRXV/DWYLDQFXOWXUHIURPWKDWRI WKHLPPLJUDQW%DOWLF*HUPDQV26$QGDIWHUFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOZRUNZDV XQGHUWKHPD[LPWKDWWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIWKH/DWYLDQVLVSDUWRIWKHKLVWRU\RI WKH/DWYLDQQDWLRQ&XOWXUDOXQLW\DQGLGHQWLW\ZLWKWKHKHOSRIVFKRODUVKLSZDV LQYRNHGDQGZLOODOZD\VEHVRLQWLPHVLQZKLFKQRVWDWHRIWKHLURZQH[LVWV27 ,Q+XQJDU\DIWHURQHWXUQHGWRWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULRJUDSK\RIWKH LQWHUZDUSHULRGZKLFKRIIHUHGDVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUÀQGLQJWKHQDWLRQ$IWHUGH- FDGHVXQGHU6RYLHWGRPLQDQFHZKLFKZDVFRYHUHGXSDVinternationalism, it ZDVDPDWWHURIVDIHJXDUGRUDJDLQXQFRYHULQJWKHKLVWRULFDOURRWVRIWKHQDWLRQ One means for this was the Cultural History of HungaryZKLFKZDVSXEOLVKHG EHWZHHQDQGDQGZDVRIWHQUHSULQWHGLQ2QHWKXVKDGDW WKHVDPHWLPH³ZKHWKHUFRQVFLRXVO\RUXQFRQVFLRXVO\³DOVRHVWDEOLVKHGLQWHO- OHFWXDOFRQWDFWVZLWKWKH+RUWK\HUDDJDLQ 0LNOyV+RUWK\5HJHQWRI+XQJDU\ ,Q$QGUHD3HWŃ·VRSLQLRQWKLVEHFDPHWKHEDVLVIRUWKHQHZFRQVHU- YDWLYHKLVWRULRJUDSK\LQ+XQJDU\

26 MINTAURSLQWKLVYROXPHS 27 7KLVDSSOLHVDGPLWWHGO\DOVRIRU6FDQGLQDYLD,WDO\DQG*HUPDQ\LQWKHthFHQWXU\ 3(7łLQWKLVYROXPHS%XWLQWKHVLQ+XQJDU\DQGDOVRLQ3RODQGWKHFRQ- cepts of the Annales %UDXGHO&KDXQX DQGWKHROG*HUPDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZHUHWKH PHWKRGRORJLFDOWRROVLQRUGHUWRJHWURXQGWKHGRPLQDQWPDWHULDOLVWLFYLHZRIKLVWRU\ DFFRUGLQJWR3HW|UHPDUNDEO\PDQ\\RXQJFRQVHUYDWLYHWRQDWLRQDOULJKWKLVWRULDQV DVV\PSDWKLVHUVRI3UHPLHU9LNWRU2UEiQZKRDGYRFDWHVDXWKRULWDWLYHDQGQDWLRQDO SRVLWLRQV

22 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

Institutionalisation

&XOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGDWXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGH[WUDXQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFK LQVWLWXWLRQV ,Q DGGLWLRQ UHOHYDQW UHVHDUFK LV FRQGXFWHG LQ SURMHFWUHODWHG DF- WLYLWLHVIRUOLPLWHGSHULRGV,Q*HUPDQ\DQG$XVWULDLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHU (XURSHDQFRXQWULHVVXFKDV%ULWDLQ,WDO\DQG6SDLQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVQRWRQO\ SUHVHQWDWXQLYHUVLWLHVEXWDOVRUHODWLYHO\ZHOOLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHG7KXVIRULQ- VWDQFHDW*HUPDQXQLYHUVLWLHVLQWKHIRUPRI0$FRXUVHVRIVWXGLHV+RZHYHU LWLVDOVRQRWLFHDEOHWKDWXQWLOWRGD\LWLVRQO\À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n DGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHVWLOOXQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFKFHQWUHVIRUDOLPLWHGSHULRGVXFKDV WKH)63+LVWRULFDO&XOWXUDO6FLHQFHVLQ0DLQ]RUWKH+LVWRULFDO&XOWXUDO6FL- HQFHV5HVHDUFK&HQWUHDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7ULHU30 7KHUHIRUHLWFDQKDUGO\EHVWDWHGWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODSSURDFKHVKDYH EHHQVXVWDLQDEO\LQVWLWXWLRQDOO\HVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHVWUXFWXUHVDW*HUPDQXQLYHU- VLWLHV³HYHQLIQDPHVKDYHEHHQUHSODFHG31$WWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI0DLQ]LQWKH FRXUVHRIWKHUHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIWKHIDFXOWLHVDIHZ\HDUVDJRDFaculty of History and Cultural StudiesZDVHVWDEOLVKHG+RZHYHUMXVWOLNHHOVHZKHUHDEXGJHWHG HVWDEOLVKHGSRVWIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZDVQRWLQFOXGHG32

/$1':(+5LQWKLVYROXPHS 30 KWWSZZZKLVWRULVFKHNXOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQXQLPDLQ]GH DQG KWWS ZZZKNI]XQLWULHUGH 31 /XWWHULQWKLVYROXPHRQWKHVLWXDWLRQLQ$XVWULD 32 7KHUHLVQRFKDLURIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ:HVWHUQ*HUPDQ\WKDWLVÀOOHGE\DKLVWRULDQ 6LOYLD6HUHQD7VFKRSSLQ$XJVEXUJLVDOLWHUDU\VSHFLDOLVWE\WUDLQLQJ(YHQKLVWR- ULDQVZKRVHHWKHPVHOYHVÀUPO\DVFXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQVVXFKDV8WH'DQLHO %UDXQ- VFKZHLJ3URIHVVRURI0RGHUQ+LVWRU\ $FKLP/DQGZHKU 'VVHOGRUI3URIHVVRURI

23 Jörg Rogge

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th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ÀQHLW7KHUHIRUHLWLVLQWHQGHGWRUHVHDUFKLQWRKRZFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\FDQ EHH[KLELWHGDWDQGZLWKWKHPXVHXPVLQ1RUZD\33,Q)LQODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ ZDVLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGE\WKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIFKDLUVDWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHV$IWHUWKH 6HFRQG:RUOG:DUcER$NDGHPLDVZHOODVVLQFHWKHVWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI &XOWXUDO+LVWRU\DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7XUNXEHFDPHWKHPRVWLQÁXHQWLDOLQVWLWX- WLRQVIRUFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ)LQODQGEHFDXVHFKDLUVDQGGHSDUWPHQWVZHUHHV- WDEOLVKHGWKHUH7HDFKLQJDQGUHVHDUFKZHUHWKXVDEOHWREHZHOOFRPELQHG34 In %ULWDLQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\XQOLNHVRFLDOKLVWRU\LVKDUGO\DSSDUHQWLQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ 3URIHVVRU-RUGDQRYDREVHUYHV´FXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVUHPDUNDEO\XQLQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHG LQIRUPDOVWUXFWXUHGZD\Vµ357KHUHLVDODFNRIDVSHFLÀFWUDGLWLRQVXFKDVHJ WKDWDWWKHPXVHXPVDQGXQLYHUVLWLHVRILQVWLWXWLRQDOLVHGIRONORUHLQ6FDQGLQDYLD DQG)LQODQGZKLFKFRXOG³DVKDSSHQHGIRUH[DPSOHLQ2VOR³EHIXUWKHUGHYHO- RSHGLQWRGHSDUWPHQWVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\-XVWDVOLWWOHZHUHWKHUHUHFRJQLVDEOH

+LVWRU\RIWKH(DUO\0RGHUQ3HULRG RULQ$XVWULD&KULVWLQD/XWWHU 9LHQQD3URIHV- VRURI$XVWULDQ+LVWRU\ GRQRWKROGQRPLQDOO\FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOFKDLUV 33 ERIKSEN, in this volume, p. 41. 34 SALMI, in this volume, p. 51. 35 JORDANOVA, in this volume, p. 64.

24 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

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ÀQGLQJ LWV IHHW WKHUH WRR37 $GPLWWHGO\'HMXQJREVHUYHVWKDWLQFRQWUDVWWRWKH*HUPDQVSHDNLQJSDUWRI 6ZLW]HUODQGKLVWRULDQVLQWKH)UHQFKVSHDNLQJUHJLRQRIWKHFRXQWU\DUHVWLOO KDUGO\WRXFKHGE\WKHcultural turn.'HMXQJGHVFULEHVWKH5HVHDUFK&HQWUHIRU $VLDDQG(XURSH 0DLQIRFXVPostcolonial StudiesFXOWXUDOWUDQVIHU LQ=XULFK DVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVGHDOLQJZLWKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ 6ZLW]HUODQG7KH8QLYHUVLW\LQ/XFHUQHKDVEHHQZRUNLQJRQFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO FXOWXUDOVWXGLHVLPDJHEXLOGLQJIRUDERXW\HDUVDOVROLQNLQJUHVHDUFKDQG WHDFKLQJWKURXJKLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\FROODERUDWLRQ ,Q,WDO\DFFRUGLQJWR$UFDQJHOL·VREVHUYDWLRQVWKHUHKDYHRQO\EHHQHQGHD- YRXUVWRHVWDEOLVKFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\PRUHÀUPO\DWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVVLQFHUHFHQWO\ $QDSSURSULDWHDFDGHPLFQHWZRUNKDVEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGDWWKH8QLYHUVLWLHVRI %RORJQD3DGXD3LVDDQG9HQLFHVLQFH,QDGGLWLRQVHPLQDUVZLWKLQWHUQD- WLRQDOVSHDNHUVDUHEHLQJKHOGDQGDERRNVHULHVCultural studies. Concepts and practicesKDVEHHQSODQQHG8QWLOQRZLQ,WDO\FXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO LQGLYLGXDO SURMHFWVKDYHGRPLQDWHGZKLFKDUHÀQDQFHGE\VWDWH³LQSDUWLFXODUE\WKH1D- WLRQDO&RXQFLORI5HVHDUFK³DQGSULYDWHSURPRWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQV2QHPDLQIR- FXVKHUHLVWKHVDYLQJDQGDUFKLYLQJRIPDWHULDOLQGDWDEDVHV another cultural FRQWDFWVLQWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQDUHD,Q+XQJDU\GHSDUWPHQWVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ ZHUHDWOHDVWIRXQGHGDWWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVLQ3pFVLQDQG0LVNROFLQ $GPLWWHGO\DFFRUGLQJWR3HWŃWKH&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ8QLYHUVLW\LQ%XGDSHVWKDV WKHPRVWORJLFDOO\FRQVLVWHQWFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDORULHQWDWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\ ,QWKH(XURSHDQSHUVSHFWLYHIXUWKHURUJDQLVDWLRQDOIRUPVDQGIRUPDWVDUHWR EHSHUFHLYHGLQFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKSUDFWLFH7KHUHDUHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ FHQWUHVDWXQLYHUVLWLHVVXFKDVWKH&HQWUHIRU&XOWXUDO6WXGLHV *UD] DQGXQLYHU- VLW\LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\VWXG\JURXSVVXFKDVWKHCultural Studies Working Group

36 JORDANOVA, in this volume, p. 73. 37 DEJUNG, in this volume, p. 160. DEJUNG, in this volume, p. 166. ARCANGELILQWKLVYROXPHS

25 Jörg Rogge

LQ9LHQQDRUWKHGroup for Cultural History Studies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roup de Recherche sur L’histoire des Intel- lectuelsDWWKH8QLYHUVLWLHVRI3DULV9,,, 6W'HQLV DQG%DUFHORQD)LQDOO\VLQFH 2007, the International Society for Cultural History UHJXODUO\ RIIHUV FXOWXUDO KLVWRULDQVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUFRRSHUDWLRQDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQHZLGHDVIRU MRLQWSURMHFWVLQWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOÀHOGRIZRUNZLWKDQQXDOFRQIHUHQFHVDQG the claim to involve all continents.407KHVHUHVHDUFKIRUPDWV³ZKLFKDUHLQSDUW DOVRXVHGLQWUDLQLQJVWXGHQWVZRUNLQJIRUDGRFWRUDWH³DUHFXUUHQWO\WKHEHVW SRVVLELOLWLHVIRULPSOHPHQWLQJWKHPHWKRGRORJLFDODSSURDFKHVRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ RQDQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DQGLQWHUFRXQWU\EDVLV41 +RZHYHULQWKHPDMRULW\RIFDVHVLQWKHDUWLFOHVLWLVDUJXHGWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ QHHGVDÀUPSODFHDWXQLYHUVLWLHVDVWKHSUHUHTXLVLWHIRUDORQJHUWHUPH[LVWHQFHDV DVHSDUDWHUHVHDUFKPRYHPHQW2QO\LQWKLVZD\FDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DOVRLQÁXHQFH WKHQHFHVVDU\WUDLQLQJRIWKHULVLQJJHQHUDWLRQRIDFDGHPLFV%RWKLQUHVHDUFKDQG LQWHDFKLQJFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LVGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRRSHUD- WLRQDQGQHWZRUNIRUPLQJDUHFXOWLYDWHG,QDGGLWLRQLQWKHDUWLFOHV\RXÀQGDSOHD IRUZRUNZLWKÁH[LEOHFXOWXUDOVWXGLHVFRQFHSWVZKLFKDUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\RSHQ- QHVVDQGDUHLQWHQGHGWRDYHUWWKHGDQJHURIJHWWLQJFDXJKWLQDFDGHPLFLPSDVVHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ FXOWXUDO KLVWRU\ REWDLQV LWV UHOHYDQFH DV D PHDQV RI GHIHQGLQJ SRVLWLRQVRIWKHKXPDQLWLHVLQWKHHYHUÀHUFHUFRPSHWLWLRQIRUÀQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHV :KHUHE\³DVWKHFRQWURYHUVLHVLQ6FRWODQGDQG*HUPDQ\LQSDUWLFXODUSURYH³LW KDVWREHQRWHGWKDWQHZSHUVSHFWLYHVDQGUHVHDUFKDSSURDFKHVDOZD\VOHDGWR ÀHUFHGLVFXVVLRQV6XFFHVVIXOQHZGLUHFWLRQVRIUHVHDUFKDUHFODLPHGWREHDWKUHDW

40ZZZDEGQDFXNLVFK6LQFHFRQIHUHQFHVKDYHWDNHQSODFHLQ $EHUGHHQ*HQWDQG7XUNX2VORLVIROORZLQJLQWKHQ1DQF\LQDQG,VWDQ- EXOLQ 41 7KHJHQHUDOSUREOHPRIDFDGHPLFSROLF\LVWRSURPRWHJUHDWSODQVDQGDFWLYLWLHVLQ- VWHDGRIVXSSRUWLQJWKH´JHQXLQHµSURMHFWVDWZRUNLQJOHYHOLUTTER, in this volume, S

26 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

WRHVWDEOLVKHGVFKRODUVKLSDVWKH\³DSDUWIURPÀQDQFLDODQGSHUVRQQHODVSHFWV³ PLJKWSRWHQWLDOO\GHFLGHZKDWWKHVXEMHFWPDWWHURIKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHZDV42

Problems, perspectives and potentials

6DOPLDQG(ULNVHQHPSKDVLVHWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\RIIHUVDVSHFLDOSHUVSHFWLYHRI WKHSDVW2QHLPSRUWDQWTXHVWLRQLVKRZGLGSHRSOHLQWKHSDVWIRUPWKHZRUOG WKH\OLYHGLQDQGKRZGLGWKH\FRPPXQLFDWHZLWKWKHLUHQYLURQPHQW43,QDGGL- WLRQ(ULNVHQVWUHVVHVWKDWFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDVEHHQDUHDFWLRQWRGRPLQDQWWUHQGV LQKLVWRULFDOVFLHQFHDQGFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVDFRUUHFWLYHWRWKHVHWUHQGV446LQFH WKHVLQKHURSLQLRQWZRturnsKDYHLQÁXHQFHGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ6FDQGL- QDYLD7KHUHÁHFWLYHWXUQE\ZKLFKLWEHFDPHFOHDUWKDWWKURXJKWKHLUZRUNRQ DSKHQRPHQRQHJSHRSOHDQGIRONFXOWXUHLQ1RUZD\UHVHDUFKHUVWKHPVHOYHV FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ7KHVXEMHFWRILQYHVWLJDWLRQE\ FXOWXUDOKLVWRULDQVGRHVQRWH[LVWLQLWVHOIEXWLVMRLQWO\FRQVWLWXWHGE\WKHFKRLFH RIPHWKRGDQGFRQFHSWLRQ7KHQWKHUHZDVWKHanthropological turnDFFRUGLQJ WRZKLFKFXOWXUHLVXQGHUVWRRGDVDXQLYHUVHRIPHDQLQJVV\PEROVDQGDVWKH result of communication. 7KHREVHUYDWLRQVPDGHRQWKH1RUZHJLDQH[DPSOHFDQEHDSSOLHGWR(XUR- SHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFK&XOWXUDOKLVWRU\VKRXOGQRWIDOOEHKLQGWKHVH WZRKHXULVWLFEDVLFDVVXPSWLRQV7KHUHVHDUFKÀHOG QDWLRQDO LGHQWLW\LVVWLOO WRSLFDODVIRUH[DPSOH'HMXQJUHSRUWVIRU6ZLW]HUODQGZKHUHLWLVGLIÀFXOWWR DFKLHYHVXFKDQLGHQWLW\JLYHQWKHOLQJXLVWLFDQGJHRJUDSKLFGLYHUVLW\DVZHOO DVWKHIHGHUDOFRQVWLWXWLRQ,Q,WDO\WRRJUHDWDWWHQWLRQLVGHYRWHGWRLGHQWLW\ 5HVHDUFKLVFRQGXFWHGLQWRWKHLGHQWLWLHVRIODWHPHGLHYDOEXUJKHUVDQGDOVR WKDWRIWKHLQKDELWDQWVRIWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQDUHDLQWKHthDQGth centuries. (XURSHDQFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDVFXUUHQWO\DIXUWKHUSRLQWRIIRFXVLQWKHKLVWRU\RI NQRZOHGJHWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHDFDGHPLFFXOWXUHDQGLWVFHQWUDOPHGLXPRIERRN SURGXFWLRQWKHVWXG\RIDFDGHPLFLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGWKHIRUPDWLRQRIDQHOLWH ,WLVDOVREHFRPLQJDSSDUHQWWKDWUHVHDUFKLQWRFROOHFWLYHDQGFRPPXQLFDWLYH PHPRULHVZLOOVWLOOSOD\DUROHDQGDOVRWKHRFFXSDWLRQZLWKERGLHVDVZHOODV WKHFXOWXUDOO\FRGHGJHQGHUDQGEHKDYLRXUDODWWULEXWLRQVZLOOSURGXFHIXUWKHU

42 7KHVHFRQWURYHUVLHVGLGQRWWDNHSODFHLQWKLVLQWHQVLW\LQ,WDO\DQG6SDLQ7KHUHZDV DQGLVQRLQWHQVLYHGLVFXVVLRQRIPHWKRGUDWKHUIRUFHUWDLQWRSLFVRQHUHYHUWVSUDJ- PDWLFDOO\WRFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDODSSURDFKHV 43 SALMI, in this volume, p. 55. ERIKSEN, in this volume, p. 42-43. 44 ERIKSEN, in this volume, p. 37.

27 Jörg Rogge

LPSRUWDQWLQVLJKWV,QDGGLWLRQFXOWXUDOWUDQVIHUDQGFXOWXUDOH[FKDQJHSOD\DQ LPSRUWDQWUROHLQFXUUHQWZRUNVDQGPostcolonial StudiesDUHDSSOLHGLQFRXQWU\ FRQWH[WV $SDUWIURPWKHÀHOGVRIZRUNDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGIRUWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORS- PHQWRIWKHFRQWHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\WKHFRQWULEXWRUVHVWLPDWHWKDWDUWHIDFWV DQGPDWHULDOFXOWXUHZLOOSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWUROH,QWKLVFRQQHFWLRQTXHVWLRQVDUH DVNHGERWKDERXWWKHV\PEROLFVLJQLÀFDQFHRIWKHDUWHIDFWVDVDOVRDERXWWKHLU PDWHULDOLW\DVVXFKDQGWKHZD\LQZKLFKWKH\ZHUHZRUNHG2USXWGLIIHUHQWO\ +RZGRREMHFWVIXQFWLRQLQFXOWXUDOFRQWH[WV" +RZÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUWZLOOGHYHORSZLOODOVREHRIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKH IXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\LQ(XURSH7KXVIRUH[DPSOHLQ)LQODQG DIWHUDSKDVHRILQVWLWXWLRQDOH[SDQVLRQRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\LQ 7XUNXWKHTXHVWLRQZLOOEHKRZWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIVWXGLHVDQGWHDFK- LQJFDQEHVDIHJXDUGHGLIIXUWKHUFXWVDUHPDGHLQWKHDFDGHPLFEXGJHWDIWHU DQGXQLYHUVLWLHVH[SHFWEXGJHWORVVHV,Q,WDO\$UFDQJHOLGLVFHUQVDWUHQG WRZDUGVFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\DPRQJ\RXQJUHVHDUFKHUVEXWKHKDVGRXEWVZKHWKHU WKHVHVFKRODUVZLOOÀQGDSODFHLQWKH,WDOLDQXQLYHUVLW\DQGUHVHDUFKVFHQHDQG IHDUVIXUWKHUHPLJUDWLRQ,Q*HUPDQ\ZHPXVWZDLWDQGVHHZKDWVXFFHVVFXO- WXUDOKLVWRULFDOIRUPDWVZLOOKDYHLQWKHFRPSHWLWLRQIRUH[FHOOHQFHVWDJHGE\ WKH )HGHUDO DQG VWDWH DXWKRULWLHV ,Q 6ZHGHQ WKH WUHQG LV WRZDUGV VRFLDO VFL- HQFHVDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\KLVWRU\ZLWKWKHFXOWXUDOLQKHULWDQFHEHLQJIXUWKHUFXO- WLYDWHGLQWKHPXVHXPV,Q&RSHQKDJHQRQWKHRWKHUKDQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\KDV DVWURQJSRVLWLRQ,Q1RUZD\WKHUHLVWKHPRYHPHQWRICultural StudiesPDLQO\ RULHQWHGWRZDUGVFRQWHPSRUDU\VRFLHWLHV 8QLYHUVLW\RI%HUJHQ DQG&XOWXUDO +LVWRU\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI2VOR ZLWKSURMHFWVRQWKHFXOWXUDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIPL- QRULWLHVLQPXVHXPVDIWHUWKHHQGRIWKHJUHDWQDWLRQDOQDUUDWLYHVRUWKHKLVWRU\ RINQRZOHGJH457KHIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWRIFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ZLOOGHSHQGDQ\ZD\ RQLWVVXFFHHGLQJLQDVVHUWLQJWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRILWVFRJQLWLYHSRVVLELOLWLHVDQG UHVHDUFKUHVXOWVFRPSDUHGZLWKWKRVHRICultural StudiesLQDFDGHPLFDQGVRFLDO competition.

45 ERIKSEN,LQWKLVYROXPHS

28 Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction

Literature

ARCANGELI, ALESSANDRO HG /DVWRULDFXOWXUDOHXQDVYROWDQHOODVWRULRJUDÀD PRQGLDOH"9HURQD BURKE, PETER,3DSLHUXQG0DUNWJHVFKUHL'LH*HEXUWGHU:LVVHQVJHVHOOVFKDIW Berlin 2002. DANIEL, UTE,.RPSHQGLXP.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHthHG)UDQNIXUW0DLQ DARNTON, ROBERT, 'DV JURH .DW]HQPDVVDNHU 6WUHLI]JH GXUFK GLH IUDQ]|- VLVFKH.XOWXUYRUGHU5HYROXWLRQ0QFKHQ DAVIS, NATHALIE ZEMON,'LHZDKUKDIWLJH*HVFKLFKWHGHU5FNNHKUGHV0DUWLQ *XHUUH0QFKHQ DÜLMEN, RICHARD VAN, +LVWRULVFKH $QWKURSRORJLH (QWZLFNOXQJ 3UREOHPH $XIJDEHQ.|OQ GINZBURG, CARLO, 'HU .lVH XQG GLH :UPHU³GLH :HOW HLQHV 0OOHUV XP %HUOLQ GREEN, ANNA,&XOWXUDO+LVWRU\1HZ

29 Jörg Rogge

6&277-2$1:*HQGHU$XVHIXOFDWHJRU\RIKLVWRULFDODQDO\VLVLQ$PHULFDQ +LVWRULFDO5HYLHZ S STOLLBERG-RILINGER, BARBARA HG :DVKHLW.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHGHV3ROLWLVFK- HQ"%HUOLQ TANNER, JAKOB, +LVWRULVFKH$QWKURSRORJLH]XU(LQIKUXQJ+DPEXUJ TSCHOPP, SILVIA SERENA HG .XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH6WXWWJDUW ID.,(LQOHLWXQJ%HJULIIH.RQ]HSWHXQG3HUVSHNWLYHQGHU.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHLQ .XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHHGE\ID.6WXWWJDUWS ID., 'LH 1HXH .XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH³HLQH =ZLVFKHQ %LODQ] LQ +LVWRULVFKH =HLW VFKULIW S ,':(%(5:2/)*$1*(-*UXQGIUDJHQGHU.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH'DUPVWDGW :(+/(5 +$168/5,&+ .XUVEXFK GHU %HOLHELJNHLW 'DV ´.RPSHQGLXPµ GHU ´1HXHQ.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWHµLQID..RQÁLNWH]X%HJLQQGHV-DKUKXQGHUWV (VVD\V0QFKHQS :,17(5/,1*$/2<6 HG +LVWRULVFKH$QWKURSRORJLH6WXWWJDUW

KWWSZZZKLVWRULVFKHNXOWXUZLVVHQVFKDIWHQXQLPDLQ]GH KWWSZZZKNI]XQLWULHUGH KWWSZZZDEGQDFXNLVFK