Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus – Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability

AZ 372545 Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus – Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability

Source: http://www.meine- vitalitaet.de/ernaehrung/warenkunde /gemuese/spargel-richtig-essen- tradition-verpflichtet.html Ulrike Lohwasser Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank Dept., Gatersleben, Germany Press Release March 2017 from the German statistical office (Statistisches Bundesamt)

Asparagus the market leader in the German vegetable cultivation also in 2016!

Asparagus was the market leader in the German vegetable cultivation with a cultivated area of 27,000 ha (+ 5% compared to 2015). In 2016 asparagus was cultivated on 22% of the whole cultivated area of vegetables. The total yield was 120,000 t produced by 1,850 farms. Asparagus harvested area 2014 Area harvested (ha) 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 Italy Peru Chile Israel Spain China Japan Kenya World France Turkey Poland Austria Greece Mexico Finland Canada Czechia Belgium Bulgaria Slovakia Ecuador Slovenia Hungary Thailand Australia Morocco Denmark Germany Lithuania Colombia Argentina Costa Rica Zimbabwe Philippines Switzerland Netherlands New Zealand United Kingdom United The former Yugoslav… former The

China, Taiwan Province… Area harvested (ha) Iran (Islamic Republic of) UnitedStates of America 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Italy Peru Chile Israel Spain Japan Kenya France Turkey Poland Austria Greece Mexico Finland Canada Czechia Belgium Bulgaria Slovakia Ecuador Slovenia Hungary Thailand Australia Morocco Denmark Germany Lithuania Colombia Argentina Costa Rica Zimbabwe Philippines Switzerland Netherlands New Zealand United Kingdom United The former Yugoslav… former The Iran (Islamic Republic of)

(FAOSTAT, August 2017) UnitedStates of America China, Taiwan Province of Province Taiwan China, Asparagus production in 2014 Production (t) 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 Italy Peru Chile Israel Spain China Japan Kenya World France Turkey Poland Tunisia Austria Greece Mexico Finland Canada Czechia Belgium Bulgaria Slovakia Ecuador Slovenia Hungary Thailand Australia Morocco Denmark Germany Lithuania Colombia Argentina Costa Rica Zimbabwe RÃ©union Philippines Switzerland South Africa South Netherlands New Zealand United Kingdom United

The former Yugoslav… former The Production (t) Iran (Islamic Republic of) UnitedStates of America 400000 of Province Taiwan China, 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 Italy Peru Chile Israel Spain Japan Kenya France Turkey Poland Tunisia Austria Greece Mexico Finland Canada Czechia Belgium Bulgaria Slovakia Ecuador Slovenia Hungary Thailand Australia Morocco Denmark Germany Lithuania Colombia Argentina Costa Rica Zimbabwe RÃ©union Philippines Switzerland South Africa South Netherlands New Zealand United Kingdom United The former Yugoslav… former The Iran (Islamic Republic of)

(FAOSTAT, August 2017) UnitedStates of America China, Taiwan Province of Province Taiwan China, Asparagus production in 2012 (metric tons) Source: FAO

Country Production Export Import China 7,350,000 4,543 192 Peru 375,978 118,034 n/a Mexico 119,789 112,206 410 Germany 102,395 4,340 26,409 United States 34,518 40,201 187,351 Netherlands 15,700 19,128 15,253 • Very important vegetable with high production rates BUT • Narrow genepool, many cultivars go back to “Ruhm von Braunschweig“ and “Argenteuil“ • Low adaptation to climate change (changes in temperature, rain fall, soil) • Stable disease resistance necessary (Fusarium wilt, Stemphylium leaf spot, Phytophthora rot, rust, potyvirus AV1, etc. Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus – Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability

• Ex situ Collections World-wide • Asparagus Collections • The German Genebank in Gatersleben – Maintenance of Asparagus • Availability of Material – International Regulations • Genepool/Gap Analysis • Taxonomy of Asparagus Ex situ Collections

90% were conserved as seeds

FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture In vivo In vitro Seeds Ex situ conservation is the conservation and maintenance of samples of living organisms outside their natural habitat, in the form of whole plants, seed, pollen, vegetative propagules, tissue or cell cultures. Ex Situ Collections world-wide

7.4 Million accessions world-wide

9% 7% 6% Cereals Food Legumes 15% Forages Vegetables 8% Fruits Roots and Tubers Fibre Crops 45% Oil Crops Others

Asparagus not mentioned and counted in the report FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Ex situ Collections world-wide

The 10 largest world-wide germplasm collections by crop

Crop Genus Accessions Wheat Triticum 857,940 Rice Oryza 773,947 Barley Hordeum 470,470 Maize Zea 327,931 Bean Phaseolus 262,369 Sorghum Sorghum 235,711 Soybean Glycine 229,947 Oat Avena 148,260 Groundnut Arachis 128,461 Cotton Gossypium 104,780

FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Ex situ Collections world-wide

NCGRP USA 508,994 ICGR China 391,919 NBPGR India 366,333 VIR Russia 322,238 NIAS Japan 243,463 CIMMYT Mexico 173,571 IPK Germany 151,007 ICARDA Syria 132,793

FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Ex situ Collections world-wide

Svalbard

1,475 Genebanks world-wide 130 > 10,000 Accessions

FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture • Ex situ Collections World-wide • Asparagus Collections • The German Genebank in Gatersleben – Maintenance of Asparagus • Availability of Material – International Regulations • Genepool/Gap Analysis • Taxonomy of Asparagus European Search Catalogue for Plant Genetic Resources (EURISCO) National Inventory No of Accessions Armenia 13 Austria 3 Azerbaijan 8 Belgium 6 Bulgaria 2 Croatia 4 Czech Republic 22 Georgia 1 Germany 45 Hungary 8 Ireland 4 379 accessions in total Israel 11 (August 2017) Italy 58 Nordic Countries 25 Poland 1 Portugal 1 Romania 2 Slovakia 10 Spain 50 Ukraine 4 United Kingdom 101 Genus: Asparagus Total hits: 363 Homepage: http://ecpgr.cgn.wur.nl/LVintro/ but not updated anymore Asparagus Collections in USA

JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1962 From Stratens Forgstation, Spangsbjerg, Esbjerg, Denmark. 277822. 'Dansk Kaempe'. 34 Accessions 277823. 'Spangsbjerg Nr 1'. 30 A. officinalis L. 277824. 'Spangsbjerg Nr 2\ From Wageningen, the Netherlands. 2 A. hybr. 277825. 'Glory of Brunswick'. Selection Franken 60008. 1 A. maritimus Mill. 277826. No. 60009. Allmale. ML X RV. 1 A. brachyphyllus Turcz. 277827. No. 60012. Allmale. MAB X RV. From England. 277828. 'Connover Colossal*. From Sutton's, Reading. 277829. Trench Argentevil'. From J. L. Clucus, Ltd. 277830. KBF. From Captain Kidner, Hakenheath. 277831. Turple Argentevil\ From Elsom's, Hines. Asparagus Collection in Japan

NARO Genebank the focal point in Japan for conservation of plants, animals, micro-organisms and DNA materials related to agriculture 5 Accessions

JP No. Scientific name Cultivar Status Source Origin

37708 Asparagus officinalis ZUIYOU Breeders line Introduced JAPAN(HOKKAIDO)

37709 Asparagus officinalis GOLDSCHATZ Unknown Introduced GERMAN FED

RUHM VON 37710 Asparagus officinalis Landrace Introduced GERMAN FED BRAUNSCHWEIG

37711 Asparagus officinalis EDEN Unknown Introduced CANADA

37712 Asparagus officinalis NEW JERSEY 322 Unknown Introduced USA JP No. (Accession No.) 37708 Plant name Garden Asparagus Scientific name Asparagus officinalis L. Cultivar/Accession name ZUIYOU Origin JAPAN(HOKKAIDO) Status Breeders line Collection source Introduced Donor HOKKAIDO Conservation ID 42099 Form of Distribution Seed Standard Quantity of distribution 20 seeds Germination percentage 92% Availability Yes

C&E data Plant height 65 (cm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk thickness 3 (mm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk internode length 31 (mm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk number 7 (GUNMA, 1990) Asparagus Collections in India

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Gene Bank, New Delhi, India

29 accessions from 4 species

Photo: Dr. A. Börner (2011) Wiews Germplasm Report (©FAO 1990-2011)

Country Species Total Accessions Country Species Total Accessions Armenia Asparagus officinalis 12 Japan Asparagus officinalis 21 Austria Asparagus officinalis 3 Kazakhstan Asparagus officinalis 5 Azerbaijan Asparagus officinalis 8 Kenya Asparagus africanus 1 Brazil Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus deflexus 1 Bulgaria Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus racemosus 1 Asparagus tenuifolius 1 Asparagus setaceus 2 Canada Asparagus densiflorus 3 Asparagus sp. 1 Asparagus falcatus 1 Lithuania Asparagus officinalis 2 Asparagus laricinus 2 Mexico Asparagus plumosus 2 Asparagus officinalis 2 Namibia Asparagus sp. 1 Asparagus virgatus 2 Philippines Asparagus officinalis 1 Chile Asparagus officinalis 12 Poland Asparagus sp. 2 Colombia Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus officinalis 1 Czech Republic Asparagus officinalis 11 Portugal Asparagus officinalis 1 France Asparagus spp. 710 Romania Asparagus officinalis 1 Germany Asparagus officinalis 33 Russian Federation Asparagus officinalis 16 Asparagus verticillatus 1 Senegal Asparagus officinalis 36 Hungary Asparagus officinalis 8 Slovakia Asparagus officinalis 10 India Asparagus adscendens 2 South Africa Asparagus densiflorus 3 Asparagus officinalis 14 Asparagus falcatus 1 Asparagus racemosus 23 Asparagus laricinus 4 Asparagus rotleri 1 Asparagus virgatus 3 Asparagus sp. 3 Spain Asparagus acutifolius 4 Iran, Islamic Rep. of Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus officinalis 2 Israel Asparagus spp. 10 Asparagus pastorianus 1 Italy Asparagus falcatus 1 Asparagus plumosus 1 Asparagus meyeri 1 Asparagus scoparius 1 Asparagus myriocladus 1 Asparagus sp. 2 Asparagus piramidalys 1 Asparagus stipularis 1 Asparagus plumosus 1 Asparagus umbellatus 2 Asparagus sprengeri 1 Sweden Asparagus officinalis 15 Asparagus virgatus 1 Taiwan, China Asparagus officinalis 4 Country Species Total Accessions Country Species Total Accessions Thailand Asparagus officinalis 12 United States of America Asparagus acutifolius 3 Turkey Asparagus spp. 3 Asparagus africanus 2 Ukraine Asparagus officinalis 2 United Kingdom Asparagus aethiopicus 2 Asparagus albus 2 Asparagus africanus 2 Asparagus aphyllus 1 Asparagus albus 1 Asparagus arborescens 1 Asparagus angusticladus 1 Asparagus asparagoides 4 Asparagus aphyllus 1 Asparagus brachyphyllus 1 Asparagus asparagoides 1 Asparagus bucharicus 1 Asparagus buchananii 1 Asparagus cochinchinensis 3 Asparagus capensis 2 Asparagus dauricus 3 Asparagus consanguineus 1 Asparagus cooperi 1 Asparagus declinatus 3 Asparagus crassicladus 1 Asparagus densiflorus 19 Asparagus declinatus 1 Asparagus falcatus 4 Asparagus falcatus 2 Asparagus gonoclados 1 Asparagus filicinus 1 Asparagus hybrid 2 Asparagus flagellaris 4 Asparagus laricinus 4 Asparagus flavicaulis 1 Asparagus litoralis 1 Asparagus greveanus 3 Asparagus maritimus 1 Asparagus krebsianus 1 Asparagus laricinus 1 Asparagus officinalis 79 Asparagus officinalis 17 Asparagus oligoclonos 1 Asparagus persicus 1 Asparagus pseudoscaber 1 Asparagus racemosus 3 Asparagus racemosus 8 Asparagus retrofractus 1 Asparagus scandens 2 Asparagus rubicundus 2 Asparagus scoparius 1 Asparagus scandens 1 Asparagus setaceus 9 Asparagus schroederi 1 Asparagus schumanianus 1 Asparagus sp. 10 Asparagus setaceus 3 Asparagus stipularis 1 Asparagus sp. 3 Asparagus verticillatus 6 Asparagus stipularis 1 Asparagus virgatus 3 Asparagus suaveolens 1 Asparagus umbellulatus 2 Asparagus vaginellatus 2 1,284 accessions Asparagus virgatus 1 Summary

• 7.4 Million accessions in ex situ collections world-wide • 1,284 asparagus accesions world-wide BUT • No information from all countries available • No updates of accession numbers from all countries (last entry 2012) • No information about availability of the material • In some cases no taxonomical determination • Very few number of wild species, especially of species from the genepool • Ex situ Collections World-wide • Asparagus Collections • The German Genebank in Gatersleben – Maintenance of Asparagus • Availability of Material – International Regulations • Genepool/Gap Analysis • Taxonomy of Asparagus Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research The Federal ex-situ Genebank AZ 372545

Largest Genebank in the EU28

Conservation of Biodiversity (150.000 accessions; 3.000 species)

Distribution of seeds (> 40.000 samples p.a.)

Safety Duplicates The German Genebank in Gatersleben

Inventory Total number Cultivation/no of acc. of accessions Cereals and Grasses 65,448 2,494 151,002 accessions wheat 28,111 769 barley 23,245 771 rye 2,411 73 3,212 species

Legumes 28,066 1,436 776 genera beans ( Phaseolus) 9,146 283 peas 5,295 180

Vegetable 18,794 2,556 tomatoes 3,544 90 onions 3,319 1,421 beet/Beta 2,320 180

Oil/Fibreplants 7,998 928 rapeseed 2,472 134 flax 2,324 104 Reference collections Medicine/Spice Plants 8,344 1,476 415,888 herbarium sheets Mutants 1,771 266 100,096 seeds & fruits Forage crops 11,786 1,410 forage grasses 10,441 1,115 52,249 cereal spikes Potatoes 6,060 2,991

Total 151,002 13,557 ACCENUMB GENUS SPECIES SPAUTHOR ACCENAME ACQDATE ORIGCTY SAMPSTAT DONORDESCR ASP 2 Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagio di Argentuill 1981---- ITA landrace

ASP 19 Asparagus officinalis L.The AsparagusDansk Kaempe Collection2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 11 Asparagus officinalis L. FRANKULLUS 20021119 DEU advanced cultivar ASP 16 Asparagus officinalis L. Geo-Riesenspargel 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany

ASP 27 Asparagus officinalis L. Giant White Cap 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany

ASP34 26 accessionsAsparagus in officinalistotal L. Gr. Asperge Rue Hative Améliorée D 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany Argenteuil ASP 18 Asparagus officinalis L. Gr. Blanche Amélorée 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany 33 Asparagus officinalis L. ASP1 22 Asparagus Asparagus verticillatus officinalis L. L. Gr. Hatives de Sologne 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 17 Asparagus officinalis L. Huchels 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 36 Asparagus officinalis L. Huchels Leistungsauslese 20150907 DEU advanced cultivar ASP 1 Asparagus officinalis L. Ivancicky 1956---- advanced cultivar ASP 15 Asparagus officinalis L. Mary Washington 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 8 Asparagus officinalis L. OPTIMA 20021119 DEU advanced cultivar ASP 10 Asparagus officinalis L. PRIMUS 20021119 DEU advanced cultivar

ASP 21 Asparagus officinalis L. R.v.B. 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany

ASP 24 Asparagus officinalis L. Riesen Schneekopf 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 31 Asparagus officinalis L. Ruhm von Braunschweig 20080129 DEU advanced cultivar

ASP 23 Asparagus officinalis L. Schneekopf 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany

ASP 20 Asparagus officinalis L. Schwetzinger Meisterschuß 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 35 Asparagus officinalis L. Spaganiva 20150907 DEU advanced cultivar

ASP 7 Asparagus officinalis Spaganiva 1993---- advanced cultivar Dr. Kurt von Sengbusch L. DEU GmbH, Germany ASP 9 Asparagus officinalis SPAGANIVA 20021119 advanced cultivar L. DEU ASP 4 Asparagus officinalis Spitzenschleier 1992---- advanced cultivar Zierpflanzensammlung Erfurt, Germany ASP 3 Asparagus officinalis L. Start 1988---- advanced cultivar VVB Saat- u. Pflanzgut Quedlinburg, Germany ASP 25 Asparagus officinalis L. Viking 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany

ASP 28 Asparagus officinalis L. Wallham Washington 2005---- advanced cultivar BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 12 Asparagus officinalis L. 2005---- landrace BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany

ASP 13 Asparagus officinalis L. 2005---- landrace BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany ASP 14 Asparagus officinalis L. 2005---- landrace BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany

ASP 29 Asparagus officinalis L. 2005---- landrace BAZ Ahrensburg, Germany

ASP 33 Asparagus officinalis 20101123 DEU landrace Irene Schellstede, Germany ASP 37 Asparagus officinalis 20170307 landrace Alfons Scherr, Germany

ASP 6 Asparagus officinalis L. 1991---- RUS landrace ASP 5 Asparagus verticillatus L. 1992---- semi wild Zierpflanzensammlung Erfurt, Germany Genebank Information System (GBIS)

http://gbis.ipk-gatersleben.de/gbis_i/ Quality Management System

Certification according to ISO 9001:2015 • more than 20 ha field area for cultivation • 170 small greenhouses for cross pollinators • more than 3000 m2 greenhouse area

Protocol of Reproduction

species month of sowing preculture life form pollination insect asparagus March necessary perennial pollination

floor species isolation location protection from birds space necessary (by field asparagus distance or (perennial 2 m2 not necessary bagging garden)

species method of harvest first cleaning second third water asparagus picking fermentation hand sorting cleaning Characterization

16 traits, 8 for spears

Cross & Falloon (1996): Asparagus descriptor list for genebank management. Acta Hort. 415

Only characterization of plant height, flowering and harvest time Foto Documentation

Taxonomy

Flora Europaea Vol. 5 Picking of the berries

Squashing

Fermentation Documentation of seeds

ASP 9 - Asparagus officinalis L.

Germination Test Germination rate of cultivated material: 80-100% Germination rate of wild material: 50-100%

Test of fresh harvested material Control of old material Germination Test on Jacobsen Apparatus ASP 7/1999: 50 seeds: after four weeks 31 seeds germinated, 4 rotten, 15 hard ASP 9/2016: 50 seeds: after four weeks 32 seeds germinated, 18 hard Seed Storage

Cold Storage at –18°C; seed humidity < 10% (ca. 7%) Seed Longevity

Hordeum vulgare L.

Nagel et al., Euphytica 170, 2009 Triticum aestivum L.

100

50 Germination (%)

0 1978 1998 2008 Year of Germination Test Approximate life expectancy of vegetable seeds D. N. Maynard and G. J. Hochmuth, Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers , fourth edition (1997) Vegetable Years Vegetable Years Asparagus 3 Kohlrabi 3 Bean 3 Leek 2 Beet 4 Lettuce 6 Broccoli 3 Muskmelon 5 Brussels sprouts 4 Mustard 4 New Zealand Cabbage 4 3 spinach Carrot 3 Okra 2 Under ambient conditions: Celeriac 3 Onion 1 3-7 years Cauliflower 4 Parsley 1 Celery 3 Parsnip 1 Under optimal conditions: Chard, Swiss 4 Pea 3 20-30 years Chicory 4 Pepper 2 Chinese cabbage 3 Pumpkin 4 Collards 5 Radish 5 Corn, sweet 2 Rutabaga 4 Cucumber 5 Salsify 1 Eggplant 4 Spinach 3 Endive 5 Squash 4 Fennel 4 Tomato 4 Kale 4 Turnip 4 Watermelon 4 Svalbard Global Seed Vault

Svalbard Image Gallery (http://www.croptrust.org/main/arctic.php?itemid=217)

Storage of safety duplicates of the German genebank 48,655 accessions Collections of old crops / old cultivated material –

Museum or gene reservoir for the future?

Museum of doomed plants? Number of distributed samples 60.000

50.000

40.000

30.000

20.000

10.000

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Since July 1st, 2016 the delivery is done with fees Distributed samples

Getreide/cereals 733 2.224

2.298 Leguminosen/legumes

14.429 Gemüse/vegetables 5.279

Heil-, Gewürzpflanzen /

3.510 medicinal, spice plants Kartoffeln/potatoes*

Futterpflanzen/forage plants* 2016

44 cultivars tested 10 from Gatersleben

• Convention of Biological Diversity • International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources of Food and Agriculture (Annex1 species) Asparagus is part of the Multilateral System • Standard Material Transfer Agreement • Nagoya Protocol • Breeders rights • Special agreements The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was adopted by the Thirty-First Session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on 3 November 2001. The Treaty aims at: • Recognizing the enormous contribution of farmers to the diversity of crops that feed the world; • Establishing a global system to provide farmers, plant breeders and scientists with access to plant genetic materials; • Ensuring that recipients share benefits they derive from the use of these genetic materials with the countries where they have been originated.

SMTA The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.

The Nagoya Protocol on ABS was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan and entered into force on 12 October 2014, 90 days after the deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification. Its objective is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. ABS-Clearing House (ABSCH) • Ex situ Collections World-wide • Asparagus Collections • The German Genebank in Gatersleben – Maintenance of Asparagus • Availability of Material – International Regulations • Genepool/Gap Analysis • Taxonomy of Asparagus Genepool/Gap Analysis of Asparagus Genepool Concept

Hybrids with GP I anomalous, lethal or sterile

All species that can be crossed with GP I

Genepool I Biological Species: GP III GP II cultivated and GP II GP III spontaneous races

Gene transfer possible but may be difficult

Gene transfer not possible or requiring radical techniques Source: Harlan & De Wet, 1971 AGRI GEN RES Project (2007-2010): Leafy vegetables germplasm, stimulating use Source: https://www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist/

Reference for Asparagus: Wiersema, J. H. & León, B. (2013). GRIN Taxonomy crop wild relatives project. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Plant Exchange Office, Beltsville, Maryland. (http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/queries.pl). Species Europe Asia Africa Primary gene pool Asparagus officinalis L. ALB; AUT; BEL; BLR; BGR; CHE; CZE; DEN; DEU; ESP; AFG; ARM; AZE; CHN; GEO; IRN; DZA; MAR; TUN FRA; GRC; HUN; ITA; MDA; MNE; NLD; POL; PRT; KAZ; LBN; MNG; RUS; SYR; TUR ROU; SRB; UKR Secondary gene pool Asparagus aphyllus L. ESP; GRC; ITA; PRT ISR; JOR; LBN; SYR; TUR EGY; LBY; MAR Asparagus brachyphyllus Turcz. ROU CHN; KAZ; KGZ; KOR; MNG; RUS; TJK; TKM; UZB Asparagus dauricus Fisch. ex Link CHN; KOR; MNG; RUS Asparagus inderiensis Blume ex Ledeb. UKR KAZ Asparagus kiusianus Makino JAP Asparagus maritimus (L.) Miller ALB; ESP; FRA; GRC; ITA; MNE; SRB; UKR MAR Asparagus oligoclonos Maxim. CHN; JAP; KOR; MNG; RUS Asparagus prostratus Dumort. BEL; DEN; DEU; ESP; FRA; GBR; IRL; NLD Asparagus pseudoscaber Grecescu MNE; ROU; UKR; SRB Asparagus schoberioides Kunth CHN; JAP; MNG; RUS Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. AUT; BGR; CHE; FRA; ITA; MNE; ROU; SRB TUR Tertiary gene pool Asparagus acutifolius L. ALB; ESP; FRA; GRC; ITA; MNE; SRB CYP; ISR; TUR DZA; LBY; MAR; TUN Asparagus albus L. ESP; FRA; ITA; PRT DZA; LBY; MAR; TUN Asparagus asparagoides L. ETH; LSO; NAM; SWZ; ZAF Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. CHN; JAP; LAO; PHL; TWN; VNM

Asparagus densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop LSO; SWZ; ZAF Asparagus denudatus (Kunth) Baker LSO; ZAF Asparagus drepanophyllus Welw. ex Baker CAF; CMR; GNQ

Asparagus filicinus Hamilton ex D.Don BTN; CHN; IND; MMR; NPL; THA

Asparagus horridus L. ESP; GRC; ITA; PRT ARE; BHR; CYP; ISR; JOR; LBN; DZA; EGY; LBY; MAR; TUN QAT; SAU; SYR Asparagus lycopodineus Wall. ex Baker BTN; CHN; IND; MMR

Asparagus macowanii Baker MOZ; ZAF Asparagus scandens Thunb. ZAF Asparagus verticillatus L. BGR; GRC; MNE; ROU; SRB; UKR ARM; AZE; GEO; IRN; IRQ; TKM; TUR; RUS Asparagus virgatus Baker YEM MOZ; NAM; SWZ; TZA; ZAF; ZMB Primary Genepool: Asparagus officinalis L. Occurence data Potential distribution map

Secundary Genepool: Asparagus aphyllus L. Occurence data Potential distribution map Summary

• Secondary and tertiary genepool of Asparagus officinalis L. identified • Known occurence and potential distribution area of crop wild relative inventory identified BUT • Only a small number of wild relatives in genebanks available • Many accessions with missing taxonomic identification • Problems of crossing due to different ploidy levels • Ex situ Collections World-wide • Asparagus Collections • The German Genebank in Gatersleben – Maintenance of Asparagus • Availability of Material – International Regulations • Genepool/Gap Analysis • Taxonomy of Asparagus 219 accepted Asparagus names (incl. species, subspecies and varieties)

132 accepted Asparagus names (incl. species, subspecies and varieties) 31 species The Euro+Med PlantBase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity

Name: Asparagus officinalis L. Nomencl. Sp. Pl.: 313. 1753 ref.: Rank: Species Status: ACCEPTED Taxonomy Regnum - Plantae (this taxon Divisio - Tracheophyta is included Subdivisio - Spermatophytina in): Class - Magnoliopsida Superordo - Lilianae Ordo - Asparagales Familia - Asparagaceae Genus - Asparagus Tourn. ex L.

+ 32 wild species Included Asparagus officinalis L. subsp. officinalis taxa: Asparagus officinalis subsp. prostratus (Dumort.) Corb. Taxon Widely cultivated as a vegetable. Notes: Problems of Taxonomy

• Different names for the same species, lots of synonyms • Different classification: A. officinalis L. – A. prostratus Dumort. (2 species) A. officinalis L. subsp. officinalis + subsp. prostratus (Dumort.) Corb. (2 subspecies) • Many floras are necessary to find the right name • Country of origin often not known in genebank material France, Tarn Valley Sept. 2013

Asparagus prostratus Dumort.? Final Conclusion

• Asparagus officinalis is very important vegetable world- wide • Only a few numbers of wild relatives are available in ex situ collections • Collecting missions are necessary to fill the gaps in the genebanks • It is necessary to focus more on crop wild relatives to have material for further breeding purposes Acknowledgements

Dr. Andreas Börner Karina Krusch and the Vegetable Group Sibylle Pistrick and the Seed Lab Team Gudrun Schütze Karin Baumann AZ 372545

Many thanks for your attention!