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Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus – Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability

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AZ 372545 Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus – Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability Source: http://www.meine- vitalitaet.de/ernaehrung/warenkunde /gemuese/spargel-richtig-essen- tradition-verpflichtet.html Ulrike Lohwasser Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Genebank Dept., Gatersleben, Germany Press Release March 2017 from the German statistical office (Statistisches Bundesamt) Asparagus the market leader in the German vegetable cultivation also in 2016! Asparagus was the market leader in the German vegetable cultivation with a cultivated area of 27,000 ha (+ 5% compared to 2015). In 2016 asparagus was cultivated on 22% of the whole cultivated area of vegetables. The total yield was 120,000 t produced by 1,850 farms. 1000000 1200000 1400000 1600000 ( 200000 400000 600000 800000 FAOSTAT, August 2017) August FAOSTAT, 0 World China Peru Mexico Germany Spain United States of America 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 Italy 5000 Japan 0 France Netherlands Area Argentina Peru United Kingdom Chile Mexico Greece harvested Germany Bulgaria Asparagus Thailand Spain Canada United States of America Australia Hungary Italy Iran (Islamic Republic of) Japan New Zealand France Austria China, Taiwan Province… (ha) Netherlands Ecuador Belgium Argentina Switzerland United Kingdom The former Yugoslav… Philippines harvested Chile Slovakia Greece Morocco Poland Bulgaria (ha) harvested Area Denmark Thailand Czechia Canada Zimbabwe Lithuania Australia Slovenia Hungary Costa Rica Finland Iran (Islamic Republic of) Colombia area New Zealand Kenya Israel Austria Turkey China, Taiwan Province of Ecuador 2014 Belgium Switzerland The former Yugoslav… Philippines Slovakia Morocco Poland Denmark Czechia Zimbabwe Lithuania Slovenia Costa Rica Finland Colombia Kenya Israel Turkey 1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000 6000000 7000000 8000000 ( FAOSTAT, August 2017) August FAOSTAT, 0 World China Peru Mexico Germany Spain Italy 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 United States of America 50000 Japan France 0 Thailand Iran (Islamic Republic of) Peru Netherlands Mexico Chile Bulgaria Germany Argentina (t) Production Spain Australia Asparagus Italy Greece United States of America Hungary Canada Japan United Kingdom France Belgium Thailand China, Taiwan Province of Philippines Iran (Islamic Republic of) New Zealand Netherlands Austria Chile Morocco Bulgaria Poland production Ecuador Argentina Switzerland Australia Slovakia Greece The former Yugoslav… Production (t) Production Czechia Hungary Lithuania Canada South Africa United Kingdom Zimbabwe Tunisia Belgium Slovenia China, Taiwan Province of Denmark Philippines Costa Rica in 2014 New Zealand Kenya Réunion Austria Israel Morocco Colombia Poland Turkey Finland Ecuador Switzerland Slovakia The former Yugoslav… Czechia Lithuania South Africa Zimbabwe Tunisia Slovenia Denmark Costa Rica Kenya Réunion Israel Colombia Turkey Finland Asparagus production in 2012 (metric tons) Source: FAO Country Production Export Import China 7,350,000 4,543 192 Peru 375,978 118,034 n/a Mexico 119,789 112,206 410 Germany 102,395 4,340 26,409 United States 34,518 40,201 187,351 Netherlands 15,700 19,128 15,253 • Very important vegetable with high production rates BUT • Narrow genepool, many cultivars go back to “Ruhm von Braunschweig“ and “Argenteuil“ • Low adaptation to climate change (changes in temperature, rain fall, soil) • Stable disease resistance necessary (Fusarium wilt, Stemphylium leaf spot, Phytophthora rot, rust, potyvirus AV1, etc. Plant Genetic Resources of Asparagus – Maintenance, Taxonomy and Availability • Ex situ Collections World-wide • Asparagus Collections • The German Genebank in Gatersleben – Maintenance of Asparagus • Availability of Material – International Regulations • Genepool/Gap Analysis • Taxonomy of Asparagus Ex situ Collections 90% were conserved as seeds FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture In vivo In vitro Seeds Ex situ conservation is the conservation and maintenance of samples of living organisms outside their natural habitat, in the form of whole plants, seed, pollen, vegetative propagules, tissue or cell cultures. Ex Situ Collections world-wide 7.4 Million accessions world-wide 9% 7% 6% Cereals Food Legumes 15% Forages Vegetables 8% Fruits Roots and Tubers Fibre Crops 45% Oil Crops Others Asparagus not mentioned and counted in the report FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Ex situ Collections world-wide The 10 largest world-wide germplasm collections by crop Crop Genus Accessions Wheat Triticum 857,940 Rice Oryza 773,947 Barley Hordeum 470,470 Maize Zea 327,931 Bean Phaseolus 262,369 Sorghum Sorghum 235,711 Soybean Glycine 229,947 Oat Avena 148,260 Groundnut Arachis 128,461 Cotton Gossypium 104,780 FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Ex situ Collections world-wide NCGRP USA 508,994 ICGR China 391,919 NBPGR India 366,333 VIR Russia 322,238 NIAS Japan 243,463 CIMMYT Mexico 173,571 IPK Germany 151,007 ICARDA Syria 132,793 FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture Ex situ Collections world-wide Svalbard 1,475 Genebanks world-wide 130 > 10,000 Accessions FAO (2010) Second report on the state of the world‘s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture • Ex situ Collections World-wide • Asparagus Collections • The German Genebank in Gatersleben – Maintenance of Asparagus • Availability of Material – International Regulations • Genepool/Gap Analysis • Taxonomy of Asparagus European Search Catalogue for Plant Genetic Resources (EURISCO) National Inventory No of Accessions Armenia 13 Austria 3 Azerbaijan 8 Belgium 6 Bulgaria 2 Croatia 4 Czech Republic 22 Georgia 1 Germany 45 Hungary 8 Ireland 4 379 accessions in total Israel 11 (August 2017) Italy 58 Nordic Countries 25 Poland 1 Portugal 1 Romania 2 Slovakia 10 Spain 50 Ukraine 4 United Kingdom 101 Genus: Asparagus Total hits: 363 Homepage: http://ecpgr.cgn.wur.nl/LVintro/ but not updated anymore Asparagus Collections in USA JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1962 From Stratens Forgstation, Spangsbjerg, Esbjerg, Denmark. 277822. 'Dansk Kaempe'. 34 Accessions 277823. 'Spangsbjerg Nr 1'. 30 A. officinalis L. 277824. 'Spangsbjerg Nr 2\ From Wageningen, the Netherlands. 2 A. hybr. 277825. 'Glory of Brunswick'. Selection Franken 60008. 1 A. maritimus Mill. 277826. No. 60009. Allmale. ML X RV. 1 A. brachyphyllus Turcz. 277827. No. 60012. Allmale. MAB X RV. From England. 277828. 'Connover Colossal*. From Sutton's, Reading. 277829. Trench Argentevil'. From J. L. Clucus, Ltd. 277830. KBF. From Captain Kidner, Hakenheath. 277831. Turple Argentevil\ From Elsom's, Hines. Asparagus Collection in Japan NARO Genebank the focal point in Japan for conservation of plants, animals, micro-organisms and DNA materials related to agriculture 5 Accessions JP No. Scientific name Cultivar Status Source Origin 37708 Asparagus officinalis ZUIYOU Breeders line Introduced JAPAN(HOKKAIDO) 37709 Asparagus officinalis GOLDSCHATZ Unknown Introduced GERMAN FED RUHM VON 37710 Asparagus officinalis Landrace Introduced GERMAN FED BRAUNSCHWEIG 37711 Asparagus officinalis EDEN Unknown Introduced CANADA 37712 Asparagus officinalis NEW JERSEY 322 Unknown Introduced USA JP No. (Accession No.) 37708 Plant name Garden Asparagus Scientific name Asparagus officinalis L. Cultivar/Accession name ZUIYOU Origin JAPAN(HOKKAIDO) Status Breeders line Collection source Introduced Donor HOKKAIDO Conservation ID 42099 Form of Distribution Seed Standard Quantity of distribution 20 seeds Germination percentage 92% Availability Yes C&E data Plant height 65 (cm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk thickness 3 (mm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk internode length 31 (mm) (GUNMA, 1990) Stalk number 7 (GUNMA, 1990) Asparagus Collections in India National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Gene Bank, New Delhi, India 29 accessions from 4 species Photo: Dr. A. Börner (2011) Wiews Germplasm Report (©FAO 1990-2011) Country Species Total Accessions Country Species Total Accessions Armenia Asparagus officinalis 12 Japan Asparagus officinalis 21 Austria Asparagus officinalis 3 Kazakhstan Asparagus officinalis 5 Azerbaijan Asparagus officinalis 8 Kenya Asparagus africanus 1 Brazil Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus deflexus 1 Bulgaria Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus racemosus 1 Asparagus tenuifolius 1 Asparagus setaceus 2 Canada Asparagus densiflorus 3 Asparagus sp. 1 Asparagus falcatus 1 Lithuania Asparagus officinalis 2 Asparagus laricinus 2 Mexico Asparagus plumosus 2 Asparagus officinalis 2 Namibia Asparagus sp. 1 Asparagus virgatus 2 Philippines Asparagus officinalis 1 Chile Asparagus officinalis 12 Poland Asparagus sp. 2 Colombia Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus officinalis 1 Czech Republic Asparagus officinalis 11 Portugal Asparagus officinalis 1 France Asparagus spp. 710 Romania Asparagus officinalis 1 Germany Asparagus officinalis 33 Russian Federation Asparagus officinalis 16 Asparagus verticillatus 1 Senegal Asparagus officinalis 36 Hungary Asparagus officinalis 8 Slovakia Asparagus officinalis 10 India Asparagus adscendens 2 South Africa Asparagus densiflorus 3 Asparagus officinalis 14 Asparagus falcatus 1 Asparagus racemosus 23 Asparagus laricinus 4 Asparagus rotleri 1 Asparagus virgatus 3 Asparagus sp. 3 Spain Asparagus acutifolius 4 Iran, Islamic Rep. of Asparagus officinalis 1 Asparagus officinalis 2 Israel Asparagus spp. 10 Asparagus
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  • Eupalitin from Asparagus Falcatus (Linn.) Has Anti- Cancer Activity and Induces Activation of Caspases 3/7 in Human Colorectal Tumor Cells

    Eupalitin from Asparagus Falcatus (Linn.) Has Anti- Cancer Activity and Induces Activation of Caspases 3/7 in Human Colorectal Tumor Cells

    Vol. 7(20), pp. 1401-1405, 25 May, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.801 Journal of Medicinal Plants Research ISSN 1996-0875 © 2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR Full Length Research Paper Eupalitin from Asparagus falcatus (Linn.) has anti- cancer activity and induces activation of caspases 3/7 in human colorectal tumor cells Raza Murad Ghalib 1*, Sayed Hasan Mehdi 2, Rokiah Hashim 2, Othman Sulaiman 2, Fiona How Ni Foong 1, B. M. Khadeer Ahamed 3, Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid 3 and Faiyaz Ahmed 4 1Department of Chemistry, Kulliyaah of Science, IIUM, Kuantan, Malaysia. 2School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden–11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 3Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden–11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 4Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt of India, Pudukkottai Road, Thanjavur 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India. Accepted 13 May, 2013 3,5,4 ′-Trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-flavone (Eupalitin) has been isolated from the leaves of Asparagus falcatus (Linn.). Anti-proliferation and apoptosis studies were conducted on eupalitin. Results showed that eupalitin exhibited significant cytotoxicity against human colorectal tumor cells. It is found that eupalitin induces the activation of caspases 3/7, a hallmark of apoptosis. The study suggests that the anti-proliferative property of eupalitin towards the human colorectal tumor cells may be probably due to its capability to induce apoptosis in cells. Key words: 3,5,4 ′-Trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-flavone, eupalitin, Asparagus falcatus (Linn.), cytotoxicity, colorectal cancer, caspases. INTRODUCTION It has been investigated that flavonoids may be effective rhamnoside showed some hepatoprotective natural in combating certain types of cancer (Sarin et al., 1976; products and their analogues as activity (Martini et al., Kupchan and Bauerschmidt, 1971; Zhao et al., 2010; 2004).