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Versidad Nacional Agraria La Molina UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA “DETERMINACIÓN DE LA DOSIMETRÍA APLICADA A LA SEMILLA DE ESPÁRRAGO (Asparagus Officinalis L.)” TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO AGRONOMO MIGUEL ANGEL VERA VEGA LIMA-PERU 2019 La UNALM es titular de los derechos patrimoniales de la presente investigación (Art. 24 – Reglamento de Propiedad Intelectual) UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA ¨DETERMINACIÓN DE LA DOSIMETRÍA APLICADA A LA SEMILLA DE ESPÁRRAGO (Asparagus Officinalis L.)¨ MIGUEL ANGEL VERA VEGA TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO Sustentada y aprobada ante el siguiente jurado: --------------------------------- --------------------------------- Ing. M. S. Andrés Casas Díaz Dr. Jorge Jiménez Dávalos PRESIDENTE ASESOR ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Ing. Mg. Sc. Elizabeth Heros Aguilar Ing. Saray Siura Céspedes MIEMBRO MIEMBRO Lima – Perú 2019 DEDICATORIA Esta tesis se la dedico a mis padres que me apoyaron en todo momento y al Dr. Eduardo Jiménez Dávalos, por su constante apoyo y supervisión durante el desarrollo de la tesis INDICE GENERAL I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................ 1 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA .................................................................................. 3 2.1 CULTIVO DE ESPÁRRAGO ......................................................................... 3 2.1.1 GENERALIDADES .................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 UBICACIÓN TAXONÓMICA .................................................................. 4 2.1.3 ORIGEN E IMPORTANCIA EN EL PERÚ ............................................ 4 2.1.4 ENFERMEDADES Y PLAGAS ................................................................ 5 2.1.4.1 ENFERMEDADES .............................................................................. 5 2.1.4.2 PLAGAS .............................................................................................. 6 2.1.5 CULTIVARES ............................................................................................. 8 2.1.5.1. UC 157 F1 .............................................................................................. 8 2.1.5.2. ATLAS ................................................................................................... 8 2.1.5.3. IDA LEA ................................................................................................ 8 2.1.6 PROPAGACIÓN ......................................................................................... 8 2.1.6.1 PROPAGACIÓN VEGETATIVA ....................................................... 8 2.1.6.2 MICROPROPAGACIÓN IN VITRO. .................................................. 9 2.1.7 VARIACIÓN SOMACLONAL EN ESPÁRRAGO............................... 10 2.2 INDUCCIÓN DE MUTACIONES ................................................................ 11 2.2.1 DEFINICIÓN. ........................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 TIPOS DE MUTACIONES ...................................................................... 12 2.2.2.1 MUTACIONES ESPONTÁNEAS .................................................... 12 2.2.2.2 MUTACIONES INDUCIDAS ........................................................... 12 2.2.3 TIPOS DE AGENTE MUTAGÉNICO ................................................... 13 2.2.3.1 AGENTES MUTAGÉNICOS FÍSICOS ............................................ 13 2.2.3.2 AGENTE MUTAGÉNICOS QUÍMICOS ......................................... 14 2.2.4 INDUCCIÓN DE MUTACIONES DE ACUERDO AL TIPO DE REPRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................... 14 2.2.4.1 EN ESPECIES AUTÓGAMAS ......................................................... 15 2.2.4.2 EN ESPECIES ALÓGAMAS ............................................................ 15 2.2.4.3 EN ESPECIES DE REPRODUCCIÓN ASEXUAL ......................... 16 2.3 AZIDA DE SODIO ......................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 GENERALIDADES .................................................................................. 16 2.3.2 CONDICIONES DE USO COMO MUTAGÉNICO ............................. 17 2.3.2.1 TIEMPO DE EXPOSICIÓN .................................................................... 17 2.3.2.2 EFECTO DEL PH ..................................................................................... 17 2.3.2.3 TEMPERATURA ......................................................................................... 18 2.3.3 DOSIMETRÍA ........................................................................................... 18 2.3.4 EFECTO EN LAS PLANTAS ................................................................. 18 2.3.4.1 EFECTOS GENÉTICOS ............................................................................ 19 2.3.4.2 EFECTOS FISIOLÓGICOS ....................................................................... 19 2.3.4.3 EFECTOS CITOLÓGICOS ........................................................................ 20 2.3.4.4 EFECTOS MORFO-FÍSICOS .................................................................... 20 2.3.4.5 EFECTOS EN LA PRODUCCIÓN Y CALIDAD DE LOS CULTIVOS .... 21 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS..................................................................................... 23 3.1 UBICACIÓN DEL ÁREA EXPERIMENTAL. .................................. 23 3.2 MATERIAL VEGETATIVO ................................................................ 23 3.3 MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS ................................................................ 24 3.4 METODOLOGÍA .................................................................................. 24 3.4.1 PROCEDIMIENTOS PARA LA EJECUCIÓN DEL EXPERIMENTO .. 24 3.4.2 SELECCIÓN E INDUCCIÓN DEL MATERIAL VEGETAL. ................ 24 3.4.3 PREPARACIÓN DE BUFFER DE FOSFATO MONOBÁSICO DE POTASIO A PH 3 ........................................................................................... 25 3.4.4 PREPARACIÓN DE LA SOLUCIÓN DE AZIDA DE SODIO ................. 25 3.4.5 INDUCCIÓN DE LAS SEMILLAS .............................................................. 25 3.4.6 INSTALACIÓN DEL EXPERIMENTO EN EL LABORATORIO. ......... 25 3.4.7 INSTALACIÓN DEL EXPERIMENTO EN EL TINGLADO. ................. 25 3.4.8 VARIABLES ................................................................................................... 25 3.4.9 DISEÑO ESTADÍSTICO ............................................................................... 27 3.4.10 POBLACIÓN Y MUESTRA ........................................................................ 27 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIONES .............................................................................. 28 4.1 GERMINACIÓN ................................................................................................ 28 4.2 SUPERVIVENCIA ............................................................................................. 31 4.3 ALTURA DE PLANTA ..................................................................................... 34 4.4 PESO DEL GERMINADO................................................................................ 37 4.5 LONGITUD DE RADÍCULA ........................................................................... 38 4.6 ESTIMACIÓN DE LA VELOCIDAD DE LA ELONGACIÓN DE LA RADÍCULA .............................................................................................................. 41 4.7 ESTIMACIÓN DE LA GANANCIA DEL PESO DEL GERMINADO ....... 43 4.8 ESTIMACIÓN DE LA VELOCIDAD DE LA ELONGACIÓN DE LA PLÁNTULA .............................................................................................................. 45 4.9 RELACIÓN PLÚMULA/RADÍCULA ............................................................. 47 4.10 DL50 .................................................................................................................... 49 4.11 EFECTO PROMEDIO DE LA AZIDA DE SODIO EN ESPÁRRAGO .... 50 V. CONCLUSIONES ......................................................................................................... 52 VI. RECOMENDACIÓN .................................................................................................... 53 VII. BIBLIOGRAFIA ........................................................................................................... 54 VIII. ANEXOS ................................................................................................................... 67 INDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro 1. Análisis de variancia de la germinación de las semillas de espárrago (Alfa al 0.05). 28 Cuadro 2. Prueba Tukey (p ≤ 0.05).de los tratamientos sobre el porcentaje de germinación (%) en espárrago 31 Cuadro 3. Análisis de variancia de la supervivencia de las semillas de espárrago (Alfa al 0.05). 31 Cuadro 4. Prueba Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) de los tratamientos sobre el porcentaje de supervivencia (%) en espárrago. 34 Cuadro 5. Análisis de variancia de la altura de planta en espárrago (Alfa al 0.05). 34 Cuadro 6. Efecto de los tratamientos sobre la altura de planta (cm.) en espárrago. Prueba Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). 36 Cuadro 7. Análisis de variancia del peso del germinado en espárrago (Alfa al 0.05). 36 37 Cuadro 8. Prueba Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) de los tratamientos sobre el peso del germinado (gr.) en espárrago. 38 Cuadro 9. Análisis de variancia de la longitud de raíz en espárrago Alfa al 0.05) 39
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