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Isolation and Characterisation of the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Compounds from the Aerial Part of Asparagus Suaveolens

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Isolation and Characterisation of the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Compounds from the Aerial Part of Asparagus Suaveolens ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS FROM THE AERIAL PART OF ASPARAGUS SUAVEOLENS M.Sc. (Chemistry) MT Olivier 2016 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS FROM THE AERIAL PART OF ASPARAGUS SUAVEOLENS by MUTENDELA TABIZE OLIVIER (201116132) RESEARCH DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Chemistry in the FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES School of pathology & pre-clinical sciences at the SEFAKO MAKGATHO HEALTH SCIENCES UNIVERSITY Supervisor: Prof LJ. Shai Co-supervisors: Dr FM. Muganza Dr SS. Gololo May 2016 DECLARATION I declare that “ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS FROM THE AERIAL PART OF ASPARAGUS SUAVEOLENS” is my own work and that all the resources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references and that this work has not been submitted before for any other degree at any other institution. Name------------------------------------------------------ Student Number------------------------------------------ Signature-------------------------------------------------- Date-------------------------------------------------------- ii DEDICATION This research project is dedicated to: My late beloved parents Mr. Mutendela Mukosa Masahani and Mrs. Wanga Appoline Kakembwa. May their souls continue to rest in peace. The Mutendela family, especially my wife Marie Jeanne Umutesi and son Katumba- Yango Joseph Mutendela. May God continue to pour wisdom, love and kindness upon them. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the almighty God for the knowledge and strength that he has given me so that I can be able to complete this research project. I also want to express my gratitude to the following persons for their contribution toward the completion of this dissertation: Professor BB Marvey, the Director of the school of Pathology and Pre-clinical sciences at Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University for giving me the opportunity to be admitted into the department of chemistry when he was the HoD. Mr. SM Ndlovu, with whom I started this project as the main supervisor. Unfortunately, he had to leave before the completion of the project. Professor LJ Shai, who accepted the task of being the main supervisor after the departure of Mr. SM Ndlovu, for your charismatic advices, team work spirit and especially for your leadership skills. Dr. FM Muganza, who stepped in as co-supervisor after Mr. SM Ndlovu’s departure, for his valuable contributions. May his courage, expertise and advices continue to nurture his spirit of Ubuntu. Dr. SS Gololo, for his valuable contribution as co-supervisor in the Laboratory and in the field. iv Medical microbiology department, especially Professor M Nchabeleng, Ms. LP Kekana, Mr. LD Nemutavhanani and entire NHLS staff, for their kindness for providing us with their facilities when conducting the antimicrobial tests. The entire staff and postgraduate students of chemistry department for their valuable contributions: Prof. NM Agyei, Dr. MA Dibeila, Dr. BR Maseko, Mr. J Mofokeng, Mr. ZI Masilela, Mr. LS Sethoga, Mr. NFH Makhubela, Mrs. DM Moeletsi, Mr. MS Adebayo, Ms. FH Mudau among others. _____________________________ v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TILTLE PAGE .............................................................................................................................. i DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................. xix RESEARCH OUTPUT ............................................................................................................ xxiii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xxiv CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, RESEARCH PROBLEM AND AIM OF STUDY .... 1 1.1. Introduction and Background ................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Study problem .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Research question .................................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Purpose of the study ................................................................................................................. 3 1.4.1. Aim of the study .....................................................................................................................3 1.4.2. Objectives of the study ...........................................................................................................4 1.5. Scope of the study .................................................................................................................... 4 vi CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................. 6 LITTERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2. Overview on traditional medicine ............................................................................................ 6 2.3. Medicinal plants ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.4. Plant metabolites (PMs) ........................................................................................................... 8 2.4.1. Secondary metabolites ...........................................................................................................9 2.4.2. Classes of different secondary metabolites in plants .............................................................9 2.4.2.1. Flavonoids .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.4.2.2. Tannins ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.4.2.3. Coumarins ........................................................................................................................ 17 2.4.2.4. Lignans ............................................................................................................................. 21 2.4.2.5. Quinones .......................................................................................................................... 26 2.4.2.6. Terpenoids........................................................................................................................ 28 2.4.2.7. Saponins ........................................................................................................................... 31 2.4.2.8. Cardiac glycosides ........................................................................................................... 35 2.4.2.9. Alkaloids .......................................................................................................................... 37 2.4.3. Biological activity of secondary metabolites .......................................................................40 2.4.3.1. Antioxidants ..................................................................................................................... 40 2.4.3.2. Antibacterial ..................................................................................................................... 41 2.4.4. Bio-guided isolation of secondary metabolites ....................................................................42 2.5. Asparagus species: Overview ................................................................................................ 43 2.6. Plant under current study: Asparagus suaveolens ................................................................. 46 vii 2.6.1. Discovery of Asparagus suaveolens ....................................................................................46 2.6.2. Taxonomy of Asparagus suaveolens ...................................................................................46 2.6.3. Distribution of Asparagus suaveolens .................................................................................47 2.7.4. Botany of Asparagus suaveolens .........................................................................................48 2.6.5. Ethnomedicinal usages of Asparagus
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