Introduction
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Notes Introduction 1. See James C. Cobb, “The Most Southern Place on Earth”: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). 2. Cobb, “The Most Southern Place on Earth”; J. William Harris, Deep Souths: Delta, Piedmont, and Sea Island Society in the Era of Segregation (Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). 3. See John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994); Aaron Henry with Constance Curry, Aaron Henry: The Fire Ever Burning (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2000). 4. See Catherine Fosl, Subversive Southerner: Anne Braden and the Struggle for Racial Justice in the Cold War South (New York: Palgrave, 2002). 5. James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1963). 6. Constance Curry, Silver Rights (Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 1995). 7. See Dittmer, Local People. 8. See Monte Piliawsky, Exit 13: Oppression and Racism in Academia (Boston: South End Press, 1982), 167–187. 9. See Clyde Woods, Development Arrested: The Blues and Plantation Power in the Mississippi Delta (London & New York: Verso, 1998), 246–290. 10. Piliawsky, Exit 13, 167–203. 11. See William T. Andrews, Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: The Mississippi Civil Rights Movement and Its Legacy (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 174–200. 12. Mississippi: Handbook of Selected Data, 1999 (Center for Policy Research and Planning, Board of Trustees of State Institutions of Higher Learning, 1999), 49, 52. 13. The New Orleans interviews are collected in the Kim Lacy Rogers-Glenda B. Stevens Collection at the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. The book that I wrote from these interviews is Righteous Lives: Narratives of the New Orleans Civil Rights Movement (New York: New York University Press, 1993). 14. Tom Dent, Southern Journey: A Return to the Civil Rights Movement (New York: William Morrow & Co., Inc., 1997). 15. Please see the listing of relevant works in the bibliography. 16. Although this literature, like that above is voluminous, some important works on the relationality of identity include John Paul Eakin, How Our Lives Become Stories: Making Selves (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999); Jerome Bruner, Making Stories: Law, Literature, Life (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002); Jerome 184 / Notes Bruner, Acts of Meaning (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1990); Julie Cruikshank, The Social Life of Stories: Narrative and Knowledge in the Yukon Territory (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1998); Donald E. Polkinghorne, Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988); Elizabeth Tonkin, Narrating our Past: The Social Construction of Oral History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). 17. Arthur Kleinman, “Experience and Its Moral Modes: Culture, Human Conditions, and Disorder,” The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Delivered at Stanford University, April 13–16, 1998; Richard Wilkinson, Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality (London & New York: Routledge 1996). 18. Two of our narrators, Mrs. Isabell Lee of Sunflower County, and T.R. Sanders of Washington County, were in their 90s at the time of the interview. 19. We also conducted ten interviews in Jackson and in Canton, Mississippi, with people who had movement, and sometimes statewide political experiences. 20. See Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, Mamphele Ramphele, and Pamela Reynolds, eds., Violence and Subjectivity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); Das et al., eds., Remaking a World: Violence, Social Suffering, and Recovery (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Arthur Kleinman, Veena Das, and Margaret Lock, Social Suffering (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Kai Erikson, A New Species of Trouble: The Human Experience of Modern Disasters (New York & London: W.W. Norton, 1994); Carolyn Nordstrom and Antonius C.G.M. Robben, eds., Fieldwork Under Fire: Contemporary Studies of Violence and Survival (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). 21. See Das, et al., Violence and Subjectivity; Erikson, A New Species of Trouble; Wilkinson, Unhealthy Societies. 22. See Kevin Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill & London: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 1–46. 23. Eva M. McMahan and Kim Lacy Rogers, eds., Interactive Oral History Interviewing (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1994); Valerie Raleigh Yow, Recording Oral History: A Practical Guide for Social Scientists (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994); David C. Rubin, ed., Remembering Our Past: Studies in Autobiographical Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 24. See Bruner, Acts of Meaning. 25. See Andrews, Freedom Is a Constant Struggle, 174–200. Chapter One Conditions of Life and Death 1. For a detailed study of the sharecropping system in the Mississippi and Arkansas Delta, see Nan Elizabeth Woodruff, American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003); see also James C. Cobb, “The Most Southern Place on Earth”: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow (Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989); Clyde Woods, Development Arrested: The Blues and Plantation Power in the Mississippi Delta (London & New York: Verso Press, 1998); Stewart E. Notes / 185 Tolnay, The Bottom Rung: African American Family Life on Southern Farms (Urbana & Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999). 2. John Dollard, Caste and Class in a Southern Town (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937); Tolnay, The Bottom Rung; Chana Kai Lee, For Freedom’s Sake: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer (Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999); Constance Curry, Silver Rights (Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 1995). 3. Arthur Kleinman, “The Violences of Everyday Life: The Multiple Forms and Dynamics of Social Violence,” in Veena Das, Maphela Ramphele, and Pamela Reynolds, eds., Violence and Subjectivity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 226–241. 4. David Oshinsky, “Worse Than Slavery”: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice (New York: The Free Press, 1996), 112–113. 5. Tolnay, The Bottom Rung, 96–97. 6. “Births in Mississippi—Resident and Non-Resident, 1940,” Mississippi State Department of Health, Bureau of Public Health Statistics, Jackson, Mississippi. 7. W. Michael Byrd and Linda A. Clayton, An American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States, 1900–2000 (New York & London: Routledge, 2002), 156–159. 8. Dorothy Dickins, “A Nutrition Investigation of Negro Tenants in the Yazoo Mississippi Delta,” Bulletin, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, A&M College; no. 254 (State College: Mississippi: Mississippi State University, 1928), 30–33. 9. Dickins, “A Nutrition Investigation,” 47. 10. Howard Odom, Southern Regions of the United States (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 51–59. 11. Cobb, “Most Southern Place,” 262–264. 12. Oshinsky, “Worse than Slavery,” 116. 13. Oshinsky, “Worse than Slavery,” 117. 14. Woodruff, American Congo, chapter 5. 15. Woodruff, American Congo, chapter 5, p. 168. 16. Oshinsky, “Worse than Slavery,” 118. 17. See Neil R. McMillen, Dark Journey, 235; Kim Lacy Rogers, “Lynching Stories: Family and Community Memory in the Mississippi Delta,” in Kim Lacy Rogers, Selma Leydesdorff, and Grahan Dawson, eds., Trauma and Life Stories: International Perspectives (London & New York: Routledge, 1999), 113–130; Philip Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America (New York: The Modern Library, 2002); Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998), 199–240. 18. Oshinsky, “Worse than Slavery,” 128–129. 19. See Nan Woodruff, American Congo, for a vivid description of the violent suppression of the STFU in the Arkansas Delta during 1936 and 1937. 20. See Woodruff, American Congo, chapter 5. 21. Corrine Bankhead, interview by Owen Brooks and Kim Lacy Rogers, November 29, 1995, Cleveland, MS, transcript,16–24. 22. Presumably, a common-law marriage. Common-law arrangements were common among the rural poor. See Tolnay, The Bottom Rung. 23. Bankhead, 29. 24. Mary Tyler Dotson, interview by Owen Brooks and Kim Lacy Rogers, October 2, 1995, Indianola, MS, The Delta Oral History Project (DOHP), transcript, 3. 186 / Notes 25. Dotson, interview by Brooks and Rogers, 5. 26. Tolnay, The Bottom Rung, 96–110. 27. Dotson, interview by Brooks and Rogers, 9–10. 28. Robert Cableton, interview by Owen Brooks and Kim Lacy Rogers, October 25, 1995, Indianola, MS, DOHP, transcript, 6–7. 29. Cableton, interview by Brooks and Rogers, 11–16. 30. Juanita Scott, interview by Owen Brooks and Kim Lacy Rogers, September 15, 1995, Cleveland, MS, DOHP, transcript, 2–3. 31. Scott, interview by Brooks and Rogers, 9–10. 32. Ida Mae Turner, interview by Kim Lacy Rogers and Jerry W. Ward, Jr., July 10, 1998, DOHP, transcript, 1–8. 33. Turner, interview by Rogers and Ward, 15–17. 34. Alice Giles, interview by Owen Brooks and Kim Lacy Rogers, September 1, 1995, Indianola, MS, DOHP, transcript, 21–23. 35. Dr.