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Decent Work Deficits in Southern Agriculture: Measurements, Drivers and Strategies Labor and Globalization

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Decent Work Deficits in Southern Agriculture: Measurements, Drivers and Strategies Labor and Globalization Decent Work Deficits in Southern Agriculture: Measurements, Drivers and Strategies Labor and Globalization Volume 11 Edited by Christoph Scherrer Christoph Scherrer, Santosh Verma (Eds.) Decent Work Deficits in Southern Agriculture: Measurements, Drivers and Strategies Rainer Hampp Verlag Augsburg, München 2018 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-86618-896-9 Labor and globalization: ISSN 2196-5382 First published 2018 Cover photo: Daily wage workers plucking tea leaves in Assam, photographed by Padmini Sharma, 14 May, 2017 © 2018 Rainer Hampp Verlag Augsburg, München Vorderer Lech 35 86150 Augsburg, Germany www.Hampp-Verlag.de All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. In case of complaints please contact Rainer Hampp Verlag. Table of Contents Acknowledgments x Contributors xi Introduction 1 Christoph Scherrer and Santosh Verma Part I: The Decent Work Deficit in Agriculture 12 1. Measuring Decent Work Deficits on Indonesian Oil Palm Plantations 13 Hariati Sinaga 2. Working Conditions, Gender, and Decent Work: Brazil’s Açu/Mossoró Region 34 Valdênia Apolinário, João Matos Filho, Thales Augusto M. Penha, Letícia Amaral 3. Women in Pakistan’s Agriculture 59 Saira Akhtar 4. The Persistent Decent Work Deficit for Women in the Cashew Industry 71 Varsha Ayyar and Sasmita Palo 5. Informalisation of Tea Labour: From Plantations to Small Tea Gardens 86 Debdulal Saha Part II: Drivers of the Decent Work Deficit 105 6. Measuring Value Capture along the Brazilian Melon Value Chain 106 Thales Augusto M. Penha, Walter Belik, João Matos Filho, Guilherme Medeiros Oliveira 7. Access to Finance in Indian Cultivator Households: Informal Sources of Credit 133 Shika Saravanabhavan and Meenakshi Rajeev 8. Liberalising the Seeds and Pesticides Markets in India 158 Santosh Verma 9. Food Regimes, Corporate Concentration and Its Implications for Decent Work 178 Florian Dörr 10. Peasant Elimination without Compensating Modern Labor Market Opportunities 209 Christoph Scherrer v Part III: Strategies for Overcoming the Decent Work Deficit 226 11. Working Conditions and ‘Sustainable’ Coffee in Colombia 227 Daniel Hawkins 12. Trade Union’s Response to Decent Work Deficit among Agricultural Workers in Ghana 251 Angela D. Akorsu and Akua O. Britwum 13. Value Chain Development and Social Upgrading: A Case of Pakistan’s Mango Industry 273 Mubashir Mehdi, Burhan Ahamad, Muhammad Bilal Ahsan 14. Providing Rural Areas with Decentralised Energy 291 Anjum Munir, Oliver Hensel, Abdul Ghafoor, Waseem Amjad 15. Sustainable Agriculture through Resurrecting Indigenous Fruits in Yucatán 305 Juan J. Jiménez-Osornio, Diana Pastrana Cervantes, Aurelio Molina Cortez, María del Rocío Ruenes Morales, Patricia I. Montañez Escalante, Ángel Lendechy Grajales Figures 6.1 Location of Açu-Mossoró Region 108 6.2 Quantity of melon produced in Polo Açu-Mossoró, 1992–2014 110 6.3 Melons from Polo Açu-Mossoró, and primary destinations, 1990–2015 110 6.4 Melon yield, 1992–2012 112 6.5 Formal employment in temporary crop region—Polo Açu-Mossoró, 1994–2014 113 6.6 Planted area (in hectares) in Polo Açu-Mossoró, 1992–2014 114 6.7 Workforce demand for melon production 114 6.8 Seasonality of formal jobs in fruit production, Polo Açu-Mossoró, 2014–16 115 6.9 Production chain of irrigated fruit culture, Brazil North-East 117 6.9 Value-added of fresh whole melon consumed in the UK, 2015 125 6.10 Value-added for fresh sliced melon chain sold in the UK, 2015 126 6.11 Value-added along the whole melon chain, sold in Brazil, 2015 128 7.1 Rural agricultural households, institutional/non-institutional credit 140 7.2 Rural agricultural households, loans from the major credit agencies 141 7.3 Rural agricultural households, institutional/non-institutional credit across social groups 145 7.4 Rural agricultural households accessing credit by gender 146 7.A1 Farmer households accessing credit by purpose of utilisation 157 8.1 Agrochemical (pesticides) value chain in India 170 9.1 Simplified bottlenecks in the food system 197 10.1 Vulnerable Employment rates, by sex and regions, 2016 211 10.2 Peak manufacturing levels, selected countries 212 vi 10.3 Working Age Population, 2015–2100 215 10.4 Population growth Germany and India, 1500-2000 216 10.5 Comparison of life expectancy at birth, Germany and India, 1875-2011 216 10.6 Agricultural land and labour productivity, world regions, 1961-2009 219 11.1 World coffee prices, 1965-2013 230 11.2 Prices paid to Colombian coffee growers, 1992-2014 231 11.3 Participating farms in sustainable coffee programs 234 12.1 Summary of GAWU’s services 266 12.2 GAWU’s Practical treatment of decent work pillars for rural workers 267 14.1 Newly developed solar-assisted milk chiller 292 14.2 System layout for real-time data monitoring of solar milk chiller 293 14.3 Variation of chiller load and milk temperature 293 14.4 Variation of load and milk temperature using rotary compressor 294 14.5 Variation of chiller load and milk temperature during chiller operation 294 14.6 Schematic and actual view of solar roasting system 296 14.7 Variation of solar radiation during roasting process 296 14.8 Proximate analysis of roasted soybean 297 14.9 Solar distillation system 298 14.10 Measurement of beam radiation and temperature of solar distillation system 299 14.11 Process curves of oil extracted from different plant materials 300 14.12 Glass-glazed solar tunnel dryer 301 14.13 Working of STD under different conditions of fan operation 302 14.14 Heat available and used to process different products in STD 302 15.1 Fruits from some scarce and neglected indigenous species Mayan home gardens 311 15.2 Retail sales of local fruits 316 15.3 Storage center of the Local Agencies for Human Development 319 Tables 1.1 Operationalisation of Decent Work 18 1.2 Comparison of worker income, minimum wage and decent living needs in Riau 29 1.3 Workers’ Situations Based on Two Dimensions of Decent Work 30 5.1 Growth and Development of Tea Growers 89 5.2 Socio-demographic background of STGs in Assam and West Bengal, survey data 90 5.3 Land Holding Pattern of Tea Growers across Assam and West Bengal 92 5.4 Occupational status of tea growers 93 5.5 Educational Qualification and Occupational Status of STGs 94 5.6 Cost, Price, and Profit of Tea, 2015–16 95 5.7 Social Background of Wage Workers 98 vii 5.8 Activities of Workers 98 5.9 Wage of workers by sex 99 6.1 Total Area of Production and Irrigated Area (company-wise) in 1996 109 6.2 Melon Production Costs in 2015 123 6.3 Value Added along the whole melon chain with final sale in United Kingdom 124 6.4 Value-added along the whole melon chain for Brazilian market 127 7.1 Rural agricultural households accessing credit 139 7.2 Small and marginal agricultural households accessing credit in rural India 143 7.3 Rural agricultural households accessing credit from non-institutional sources by the rates of interests faced by households 147 7.4 Rural agricultural households using collateral to access credit 148 7.A1 Agricultural households accessing institutional credit by the main credit agencies 154 7.A2 Income generating purposes for which loans are taken 155 7.A3 Non-Income generating purposes for which loans are taken 156 8.1 Growth rate of distribution of quality/certified seeds in India, 2002–2015 162 8.2 Share of public and private sectors in supplying quality/certified seeds in India 163 8.3 Number of hybrids in major field crops in India 164 8.4 Private sector varieties/number of hybrids in major field crops 164 8.5 Growth of private seed companies in India, 1970–71 to 2010–11 165 8.6 Key Indian seed companies, 2016 167 8.7 Crop-wise pests, 1940 and 2015 168 8.8 Indian crop protection market segments 169 8.9 Performance of pesticides industry in India 170 8.10 Top ten agro-chemical companies in India, 2012-2014 171 9.1 Food regimes and transition phases compared 195 9.2 Acquisitions and mergers in seed and agrochemical industries 198 11.1 Overview of Rainforest Alliance and UTZ Certified certification processes 236 11.2 The demand-supply for coffee work in 2012 by provincial departments 239 13.1 Changing themes of agricultural production system 277 13.2 Growers profit/margin in 2016 283 13.3 Decent work indicators 285 15.1 List of indigenous species in Mayan home gardens, three different periods 308 15.2 Relative frequency and abundance of the indigenous species, 2014 and 2016 312 15.3 Market penetration of indigenous fruit cultivated in Yucatan 314 viii Acknowledgments This book is a product of the lively network of the International Center for Development and Decent Work (ICDD). The ICDD is a global multidisciplinary network of eight partner universities on four continents with its head office at the University of Kassel (Germany). The ICDD contributes to the global fight against hunger and poverty through research and education on the Sustainable Development Goal #8 ‘to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all’. For a better understanding of the decent work deficit in agriculture, the ICDD not only brought researchers from Brazil, Colombia, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and Pakistan together for a couple of workshops but also from various disciplines such as agricultural sciences, economics, engineering, management, political economy, political science, and sociology.
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