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Order Ephemeroptera
Glossary 1. Abdomen: the third main division of the body; behind the head and thorax 2. Accessory flagellum: a small fingerlike projection or sub-antenna of the antenna, especially of amphipods 3. Anterior: in front; before 4. Apical: near or pertaining to the end of any structure, part of the structure that is farthest from the body; distal 5. Apicolateral: located apical and to the side 6. Basal: pertaining to the end of any structure that is nearest to the body; proximal 7. Bilobed: divided into two rounded parts (lobes) 8. Calcareous: resembling chalk or bone in texture; containing calcium 9. Carapace: the hardened part of some arthropods that spreads like a shield over several segments of the head and thorax 10. Carinae: elevated ridges or keels, often on a shell or exoskeleton 11. Caudal filament: threadlike projection at the end of the abdomen; like a tail 12. Cercus (pl. cerci): a paired appendage of the last abdominal segment 13. Concentric: a growth pattern on the opercula of some gastropods, marked by a series of circles that lie entirely within each other; compare multi-spiral and pauci-spiral 14. Corneus: resembling horn in texture, slightly hardened but still pliable 15. Coxa: the basal segment of an arthropod leg 16. Creeping welt: a slightly raised, often darkened structure on dipteran larvae 17. Crochet: a small hook-like organ 18. Cupule: a cup shaped organ, as on the antennae of some beetles (Coleoptera) 19. Detritus: disintegrated or broken up mineral or organic material 20. Dextral: the curvature of a gastropod shell where the opening is visible on the right when the spire is pointed up 21. -
Gene Duplication and the Origins Of
Rivera et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:123 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/123 Daphnia Genomics Consortium RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Gene duplication and the origins of morphological complexity in pancrustacean eyes, a genomic approach Ajna S Rivera1, M Sabrina Pankey1, David C Plachetzki1, Carlos Villacorta1, Anna E Syme1, Jeanne M Serb1,3, Angela R Omilian2, Todd H Oakley1* Abstract Background: Duplication and divergence of genes and genetic networks is hypothesized to be a major driver of the evolution of complexity and novel features. Here, we examine the history of genes and genetic networks in the context of eye evolution by using new approaches to understand patterns of gene duplication during the evolution of metazoan genomes. We hypothesize that 1) genes involved in eye development and phototransduction have duplicated and are retained at higher rates in animal clades that possess more distinct types of optical design; and 2) genes with functional relationships were duplicated and lost together, thereby preserving genetic networks. To test these hypotheses, we examine the rates and patterns of gene duplication and loss evident in 19 metazoan genomes, including that of Daphnia pulex - the first completely sequenced crustacean genome. This is of particular interest because the pancrustaceans (hexapods+crustaceans) have more optical designs than any other major clade of animals, allowing us to test specifically whether the high amount of disparity in pancrustacean eyes is correlated with a higher rate of duplication and retention of vision genes. Results: Using protein predictions from 19 metazoan whole-genome projects, we found all members of 23 gene families known to be involved in eye development or phototransduction and deduced their phylogenetic relationships. -
A Paper on Cretaceous Fossil Spiders from Myanmar and a Paper on Extant Spiders from Portugal (Arachnida: Araneae)
A PAPER ON CRETACEOUS FOSSIL BEITR. ARANEOL., 14 (2021) Joerg Wunderlich & (2021) Patrick Müller SPIDERS FROM MYANMAR AND A PAPER 14 ON EXTANT SPIDERS FROM PORTUGAL (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) A PAPER ON CRETACEOUS FOSSIL BEITR. ARANEOL., 14 (2021) SPIDERS FROM MYANMAR AND A BEITR. ARANEOL., PAPER ON EXTANT SPIDERS FROM Joerg Wunderlich (ed.) PORTUGAL (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) In this paper I (JW) try to round off the “trinity of fossil spider faunas” of three vanished worlds: of the Dominican, Baltic and Burmese (Kachin) ambers (from ca. 22, 45 and 100 (!) million years ago), which I treated in about a dozen volumes concerning the most diverse group of predatory animals of this planet, the spiders (Araneae). We treat in short the cannibalism of few Cretaceous spiders and provide notes on their orb webs. The focus of this study is the diverse fauna of the higher strata which is preserved in Burmese (Kachin) amber. Probably as the most IMPORTANT GENERAL RESULTS I found the Mid Cretaceous Burmese spider fauna to be at least as diverse as the fauna of today but composed by quite different groups and – in contrast to most groups of insects - by numerous (more than 60 %) extinct families of which apparently not a single genus survived. I identified and described ca. 300 species (55 families) of spiders in Burmese (Kachin) amber and estimate that probably more than three thousand spider species lived 100 million years ago in this ancient forest which was a tropical rain forest. What will be the number of spider species (and other animals) that survives the next 100 years in the endangered rain forest of today in Myanmar? A second IMPORTANT GENERAL RESULT: probably during the last 60-70 million years ancient spider groups of the “Middle age of the Earth” (the Mesozoicum) were largely displaced by derived members of the Orb weavers like the well- known Garden Spider (as well as other members of the superfamily Araneoidea) and by spiders like Jumping Spiders, House Spiders and Wolf Spiders (members of the “RTA-clade”) which are very diverse and frequent today. -
The Evolution and Development of Arthropod Appendages
Evolving Form and Function: Fossils and Development Proceedings of a symposium honoring Adolf Seilacher for his contributions to paleontology, in celebration of his 80th birthday Derek E. G. Briggs, Editor April 1– 2, 2005 New Haven, Connecticut A Special Publication of the Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. December 2005 Evolving Form and Function: Fossils and Development Proceedings of a symposium honoring Adolf Seilacher for his contributions to paleontology, in celebration of his 80th birthday A Special Publication of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University Derek E.G. Briggs, Editor These papers are the proceedings of Evolving Form and Function: Fossils and Development, a symposium held on April 1–2, 2005, at Yale University. Yale Peabody Museum Publications Jacques Gauthier, Curatorial Editor-in-Chief Lawrence F. Gall, Executive Editor Rosemary Volpe, Publications Editor Joyce Gherlone, Publications Assistant Design by Rosemary Volpe • Index by Aardvark Indexing Cover: Fossil specimen of Scyphocrinites sp., Upper Silurian, Morocco (YPM 202267). Purchased for the Yale Peabody Museum by Dr. Seilacher. Photograph by Jerry Domian. © 2005 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. All rights reserved. Frontispiece: Photograph of Dr. Adolf Seilacher by Wolfgang Gerber. Used with permission. All rights reserved. In addition to occasional Special Publications, the Yale Peabody Museum publishes the Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Postilla and the Yale University Publications in Anthropology. A com- plete list of titles, along with submission guidelines for contributors, can be obtained from the Yale Peabody Museum website or requested from the Publications Office at the address below. -
Complex Genital System of a Haplogyne Spider (Arachnida, Araneae, Tetrablemmidae) Indicates Internal Fertilization and Full Female Control Over Transferred Sperm
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 267:166–186 (2006) Complex Genital System of a Haplogyne Spider (Arachnida, Araneae, Tetrablemmidae) Indicates Internal Fertilization and Full Female Control Over Transferred Sperm Matthias Burger,1* Peter Michalik,2 Werner Graber,3 Alain Jacob,4 Wolfgang Nentwig,5 and Christian Kropf1 1Natural History Museum, Department of Invertebrates, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland 2Zoological Institute and Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany 3Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, CH-3000 Bern, Switzerland 4Zoological Institute of the University of Bern, Conservation Biology, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland and Natural History Museum, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland 5Zoological Institute of the University of Bern, Community Ecology, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland ABSTRACT The female genital organs of the tetrablemmid their external genitalia. Females without an exter- Indicoblemma lannaianum are astonishingly complex. The nal genital plate (epigynum) having separate open- copulatory orifice lies anterior to the opening of the uterus ings for the male’s sperm-transferring organs and externus and leads into a narrow insertion duct that ends in a males with comparatively simple palpi were placed genital cavity. The genital cavity continues laterally in paired in the Haplogynae. The characterization of the two tube-like copulatory ducts, which lead into paired, large, sac- like receptacula. Each receptaculum has a sclerotized pore groups was specified by considering the morphology plate with associated gland cells. Paired small fertilization of the internal female genital structures (Wiehle, ducts originate in the receptacula and take their curved course 1967; Austad, 1984; Coddington and Levi, 1991; inside the copulatory ducts. The fertilization ducts end in slit- Platnick et al., 1991; Uhl, 2002). -
Exploring the Origin of Insect Wings from an Evo-Devo Perspective
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Exploring the origin of insect wings from an evo-devo perspective Courtney M Clark-Hachtel and Yoshinori Tomoyasu Although insect wings are often used as an example of once (i.e. are monophyletic) sometime during the Upper morphological novelty, the origin of insect wings remains a Devonian or Lower Carboniferous (370-330 MYA) [3,5,9]. mystery and is regarded as a major conundrum in biology. Over By the early Permian (300 MYA), winged insects had a century of debates and observations have culminated in two diversified into at least 10 orders [4]. Therefore, there is prominent hypotheses on the origin of insect wings: the tergal quite a large gap in the fossil record between apterygote hypothesis and the pleural hypothesis. However, despite and diverged pterygote lineages, which has resulted in a accumulating efforts to unveil the origin of insect wings, neither long-running debate over where insect wings have come hypothesis has been able to surpass the other. Recent from and how they have evolved. investigations using the evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) approach have started shedding new light on this Two proposed wing origins century-long debate. Here, we review these evo-devo studies The insect wing origin debate can be broken into two and discuss how their findings may support a dual origin of main groups of thought; wings evolved from the tergum of insect wings, which could unify the two major hypotheses. ancestral insects or wings evolved from pleuron-associat- Address ed structures (Figure 1. See Box 1 for insect anatomy) Miami University, Pearson Hall, 700E High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, [10 ]. -
How to Align Arthropod Leg Segments
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.20.427514; this version posted January 21, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. How to align arthropod leg segments Authors: Heather S. Bruce1,2* 5 Affiliations: 1. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. 2. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA. *Correspondence to: [email protected] 10 Abstract How to align leg segments between the four groups of arthropods (insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and chelicerates) has tantalized researchers for over a century. By comparing the loss-of-function phenotypes of leg patterning genes in diverged arthropod taxa, including a crustacean, insects, and arachnids, arthropod legs can be aligned in a one-to-one fashion. By 15 comparing the expression of pannier and aurucan, the proximal leg segments can be aligned. A model is proposed wherein insects and myriapods incorporated the proximal leg region into the body wall, which moved an ancestral exite (for example, a gill) on the proximal leg into the body wall, where it invaginated independently in each lineage to form tracheae. For chelicerates with seven leg segments, it appears that one proximal leg segment was incorporated into the body 20 wall. According to this model, the chelicerate exopod and the crustacean exopod emerge from different leg segments, and are therefore proposed to have arisen independently. A framework for how to align arthropod appendages now opens up a powerful system for studying the origins of novel structures, the plasticity of developmental fields across vast phylogenetic distances, and the convergent evolution of shared ancestral developmental fields. -
Arachnida, Araneae, Tetrablemmidae)
2006. The Journal of Arachnology 34:176–185 COPULATORY BEHAVIOR AND WEB OF INDICOBLEMMA LANNAIANUM FROM THAILAND (ARACHNIDA, ARANEAE, TETRABLEMMIDAE) Matthias Burger: Natural History Museum, Department of Invertebrates, Bernastrasse 15, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] Alain Jacob: University of Bern, Department of Conservation Biology, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland and Natural History Museum, Department of Invertebrates, Bernastrasse 15, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland. Christian Kropf: Natural History Museum, Department of Invertebrates, Bernastrasse 15, CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland. ABSTRACT. The present study reports for the first time on the behavior prior to, during and after the copulation of a member of the haplogyne spider family, Tetrablemmidae and describes the web of this species. Prior to copulation, male and female of Indicoblemma lannaianum from Thailand sometimes avoided each other or the female scared the male away, apparently by vigorous vibrations of her body. When first copulations were initiated, they lasted from 1.21 to 3.8 h with an average of 2.25 Ϯ 0.71 h (n ϭ 17). Some females accepted a second male for mating 3–9 days after first mating. There was no significant difference between the duration of first and second copulations but significantly more trials were needed to induce the second copulations. In the copulatory position, the male was inverted and faced in the same direction as the female. He seized the female’s opisthosoma with apophyses on his chelicerae which fit into grooves on a female’s ventral plate in this way building a locking mechanism during copulation. The pedipalps were inserted alternately. -
Arachnida, Araneae), a Spider Family Newly Recorded from China Yanfeng Tong, Shuqiang Liã
ARTICLE IN PRESS Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 8 (2008) 84–98 www.elsevier.de/ode Tetrablemmidae (Arachnida, Araneae), a spider family newly recorded from China Yanfeng Tong, Shuqiang Lià Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China Received 3 July 2006; accepted 16 January 2007 Abstract The family Tetrablemmidae is reported for the first time from China, with five new species and one new genus. Lehtinenia gen. n., which is erected to accommodate Lehtinenia bicornis sp. n., is characterized by the modified embolus, special modifications on chelicerae, and a Tetrablemma-type vulva. The other four new species are: Ablemma prominens sp. n., Brignoliella caligiformis sp. n., Brignoliella maoganensis sp. n., and Tetrablemma brevidens sp. n., all collected from caves. A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Tetrablemminae based on 41 morphological characters shows that the tribe Brignoliellini is the most basal group in the subfamily, rather than the sister group to the tribe Fallablemmini. Lehtinenia gen. n. and the genera Ablemma, Sulaimania, and Maijana together form a monophyletic group. r 2008 Gesellschaft fu¨r Biologische Systematik. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Keywords: Phylogenetic analysis; Morphological characters; Cave; New genus; New species; China Introduction Pacullinae (medium to small species) and Tetrablemmi- nae (small to minute species, usually shorter than 2 mm). Tetrablemmidae are known as ‘‘armoured spiders’’ Attempts to discover natural groups within Tetra- because of the complicated patterns of their abdominal blemmidae using phylogenetic methods have been few. scuta. They have long been among the little-known Shear (1978) treated Tetrablemmidae and Pacullidae as animals distributed in tropical or subtropical regions separate families. -
Insect Morphology
PRINCIPLES OF INSECT MORPHOLOGY BY R. E. SNODGRASS United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomolo(JY and Plant Quarantine FIRST EDITION SECOND IMPRESSION McGRA W-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK AND LONDON 1935 McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATIONS- IN THE ZOOLOGICAL SCaNCES A. FRANKLIN SHULL, CONSULTING EDITOR PRINCIPLES OF INSECT MORPHOLOGY COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY THE l\1CGRAW-HILIi BOOK COMPANY, INC. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission oj the publishers. \ NLVS/IVRI 111111111 II 1111 1111111111111 01610 TaE MAPLE PRESS COMPANY, YORK, PA. PREFACE The principal value of fa cis is that they give us something to think about. A scientific textbook, therefore, should contain a fair amount of reliable information, though it may be a matter of choice with the author whether he leaves it to the reader to formulate his own ideas as to the meaning of the facts, or whether he attempts to guide the reader's thoughts along what seem to him to be the proper channels. The writer of the present text, being convinced that generalizations are more important than mere knowledge of facts, and being also somewhat partial to his own way of thinking about insects, has not been able to refrain entirely from presenting the facts of insect anatomy in a way to suggest relations between them that possibly exist only in his own mind. Each of the several chapters of this book, in other words, is an attempt to give a coherent morphological view of the fundamental nature and the apparent evolution of a particular group of organs or associated struc tures. -
Insect Morphology - Legs 1
INSECT MORPHOLOGY - LEGS 1 * The fact that arthropods are and have been serially metameric animals from their very early beginnings has provided an evolutionary platform from which great diversity has been achieved. The presence of similar appendages on each of the metameres which were presumably primitively designed for walking has in great part been responsible for the great diversity seen today. * Today the segmental appendages serve many functions. Walking, swimming, jumping, carrying, digging, grasping, feeding, etc. * The most primitive arthropods known, the trilobites had segmental appendages which were fully segmented in available fossils. Note the labrum over the mouth and the 18 pairs of segmental appendages (4+3+11) which are all similar and apparently function for walking. The fossil record does not extend further back to the trilobite ancestors to allow us a glimpse of how arthropod legs arrived at a primitively 8-segmented condition. So, we must turn to embryology and comparative anatomy to gain insight into phylogenetic relationships among the arthropods. We still will gain very little understanding into the phylogenetic development of arthropod limbs. * Embryological evidence shows that regardless of the final adult form, all arthropod appendages have the same origin in the embryo, namely, from paired, lateroventral bud-like lobes of the body segments. Also, the embryonic development of the legs in the arthropods is very similar to that seen in the onychophorans, suggesting that they are homologous. The musculature of the 2 groups also supports their being homologous. * The leg is a tubular outgrowth of the body wall. Its movable sections are called podomeres, and are merely the sclerotized parts of the tube, and the joints are short unsclerotized parts between them. -
Revue Suisse De Zoologie Cuccodoro, G
REVUE SUISSE DE ZOOLOGIE S W I S S J O U R N A L O F Z O O L O G Y tome 120 fascicule 4, décembre 2013 Pages Cuccodoro, G. & Makranczy, G. Review of the Afrotropical species of Deleaster Erichson, 1839 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Oxytelinae) ......................................... 537-547 Li, W. & Yang, D. Four new species of Homoneura s. str. from Yunnan, China (Diptera, Lauxaniidae) ............................................................................................. 549-561 Yin, Z.-W. & Li, L.-Z. Taxonomic notes on the genus Nomuraius Hlaváč (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) .................................................................................... 563-573 Dankittipakul, P. & Singtripop, T. First description of the male of the little-known ant mimicking spider genus Aetius O. Pickard- Cambridge (Araneae: Corinnidae) ..... 575-583 Schwendinger, P. J. A taxonomic revision of the spider genus Perania Thorell, 1890 (Araneae: Tetrablemmidae: Pacullinae) with the descriptions of eight new species ..................................................................................................................... 585-663 Löbl, I. & Tang, L. A review of the genus Pseudobironium Pic (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) ................................................................................... 665-734 Pierotti, H. 2013. Contribution to the systematic rearrangement of the west-palaeartic Peritelini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). VIII. Synthesis of the knowledge up to December 31, 2010. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (1): 29-81 .... 735 Indexed in Current Contents, Science Citation Index REVUE SUISSE DE ZOOLOGIE S W I S S J O U R N A L O F Z O O L O G Y tome 120, fascicule 4, décembre 2013 Résumés Review of the Afrotropical species of Deleaster Erichson, 1839 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Oxytelinae) Giulio CUCCODORO1 & György MAKRANCZY2 1 Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Case postale 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross utca 13, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary.