Itza Domestic Groups in the Central Peten Lakes Region

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Itza Domestic Groups in the Central Peten Lakes Region The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts THE CLASSIC/POSTCLASSIC TRANSITION: THE MAYA OF SAN JERÓNIMO II, PETÉN, GUATEMALA A Thesis in Anthropology by Matthew D. Rockmore © 2006 Matthew D. Rockmore Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2006 The thesis of Matthew David Rockmore was reviewed and approved* by the following: David L. Webster Professor of Anthropology Thesis Adviser Chair of Committee Kenneth Hirth Professor of Anthropology William T. Sanders Evan Pugh Emeritus Professor of Anthropology Matthew Restall Professor of Latin American History, Women’s Studies, and Anthropology Director of Latin American Studies Prudence M. Rice Profesor of Anthropology Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Nina Jablonski Professor of Anthropology Head of the Department of Anthropology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii Abstract This dissertation examines the effects of the Classic Maya “Collapse” on remnant populations in the central Petén Lakes district of northern Guatemala. Specifically, it documents the archaeological investigation of the site of San Jerónimo II, a small hamlet on the outskirts of a much larger center dating to the Terminal Classic and Early Postclassic periods and located on the western shore of Lake Petén-Itzá. It explores the response of the Petén Maya to major demographic, socio-political, and economic shifts by examining such topics as changing settlement patterns, long-distance exchange ties, craft production, ritual practices, and status distinctions. This research has its theoretical roots in a household archaeological approach and is particularly focused on an investigation of culture change in a period of reduced hierarchical organization. iii Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ VII LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... XII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND MATERIALS ................. 1 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE ................................................................................................. 3 HISTORY AND INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE OF THE PROJECT SAN JERÓNIMO...................... 8 Early Projects ............................................................................................................. 9 Central Petén Historical Ecology Project and Proyecto Lacustre 1973-1981 ........ 11 Proyecto Maya-Colonial 1994-1999 ........................................................................ 12 Quexil-Peténxil Project 2001.................................................................................... 14 Interviews with local residents.................................................................................. 15 Information provided by long-term residents of San Andres ............................... 16 Interview with owners of Hotel Ni’tun................................................................. 18 Future Research – Nixtun Ch’ich ............................................................................. 19 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................ 20 Physical Setting......................................................................................................... 20 Geology/topography ............................................................................................. 26 Hydrology ............................................................................................................. 29 Climate.................................................................................................................. 31 Ecology ................................................................................................................. 32 Temporal Setting / Regional Chronology ................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 2: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF THE PETÉN LAKES DISTRICT ....................................................................................................................... 39 REGIONAL CERAMIC SEQUENCES .................................................................................. 39 OBSIDIAN SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONS................................................................................ 50 SETTLEMENT PATTERN / ARCHITECTURE....................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3: THEORY ............................................................................................... 58 HOUSEHOLDS/DOMESTIC GROUPS ................................................................................. 58 CULTURE CHANGE – A SYNTHETIC APPROACH ............................................................. 71 Terms and definitions................................................................................................ 71 Culture change – a Manifesto................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 4: SOCIO-POLITICAL SETTING AND THE “MAYA COLLAPSE” ........................................................................................................................................... 90 SOCIO-POLITICAL SETTING ............................................................................................ 90 Late Classic............................................................................................................... 90 Terminal Classic ..................................................................................................... 109 Early Postclassic..................................................................................................... 124 Late Postclassic / Early Historic ............................................................................ 134 THE “MAYA COLLAPSE”.............................................................................................. 151 iv Evidence of Abandonment, Transformation and other “Collapse” processes....... 155 Archaeological indicators ................................................................................... 155 Epigraphy............................................................................................................ 157 Paleoclimatology................................................................................................. 161 Regional Patterns of Transformation ..................................................................... 163 The Pasión and Petexbatún – Seibal, Altar, Dos Pilas, Aguateca etc................. 164 The west – Palenque, Yaxchilan, Piedras Negras............................................... 167 The northern and northeastern Petén – the Maya heartland ............................... 168 Belize .................................................................................................................. 173 The southeast periphery – Copán and Quirigua.................................................. 175 Webster (2002) – Fall of the Ancient Maya............................................................ 177 CHAPTER 5: THE 2003 FIELD SEASON AT SAN JERÓNIMO II .................... 187 OPERATION 1 ............................................................................................................... 190 Suboperation 1A – Str. 4......................................................................................... 192 Suboperation 1B...................................................................................................... 198 Str. 5.................................................................................................................... 198 Str. 6.................................................................................................................... 205 Str. 7.................................................................................................................... 211 Str. 8.................................................................................................................... 217 Suboperation 1C ..................................................................................................... 223 Str. 9A................................................................................................................. 225 Str. 9B ................................................................................................................. 232 Ambient Spaces ....................................................................................................... 238 Bulldozer Cut .......................................................................................................... 244 Platform Cut............................................................................................................ 248 Punta Piedra ........................................................................................................... 248 OPERATION 2 ............................................................................................................... 253 Substructure – Platform 1....................................................................................... 253 Str. 1A ..................................................................................................................... 255 Str. 1B ....................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Ashes to Caches: Is Dust Dust Among the Heterarchichal Maya?
    West Chester University Digital Commons @ West Chester University Anthropology & Sociology Faculty Publications Anthropology & Sociology 6-2020 Ashes to Caches: Is Dust Dust Among the Heterarchichal Maya? Marshall Joseph Becker Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/anthrosoc_facpub Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Volume 28, Issue 3 June 2020 Welcome to the “28 – year book” of The Codex. waxak k’atun jun tun hun Now in its 28th year, The Codex continues to publish materials of substance in the world of Pre-Columbian and Mesoamerican studies. We continue that tradition in this issue. This new issue of The Codex is arriving during a pandemic which has shut down all normal services in our state. Rather than let our members and subscribers down, we decided to go digital for this issue. And, by doing so, we NOTE FROM THE EDITOR 1 realized that we could go “large” by publishing Marshall Becker’s important paper on the ANNOUNCEMENTS 2 contents of caches in the Maya world wherein he calls for more investigation into supposedly SITE-SEEING: REPORTS FROM THE “empty” caches at Tikal and at other Maya sites. FIELD: ARCHAEOLOGY IN A GILDED AGE: THE UNIVERSITY OF Hattula Moholy-Nagy takes us back to an earlier PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM’S TIKAL era in archaeology with her reminiscences of her PROJECT, 1956-1970 days at Tikal in the 1950s and 1960s. Lady by Sharp Tongue got her column in just before the Hattula Moholy-Nagy 3 shut-down happened, and she lets us in on some secrets in Lady K’abal Xook’s past at her GOSSIP COLUMN palace in Yaxchilan.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GREAT MAYAN ECLIPSE: Yucatán México October 14, 2023
    Chac Mool, Chichén Itzá Edzna Pyramid, Campeche THE GREAT MAYAN ECLIPSE: Yucatán México October 14, 2023 October 6-16, 2023 Cancún • Chichén-Itzá • Mérida • Campeche On October 14, 2023, a ‘ring of fire’ Annular Solar Eclipse will rip across the western U.S. and parts of the Yucatán in México as well as Central and South America. Offer your members the opportunity to see a spectacular annular eclipse among the ruins of the mighty Maya civilization. Meet in Cancún before heading off to Chichén Itzá, Ek Balam, Uxmal, Mérida, and Campeche. On Eclipse Day transfer to our viewing site outside Campeche in the vicinity of the Maya Site of Edzná to see this spectacular annular solar eclipse. Here passengers can see a smaller-than-usual moon fit across 95% of the sun to leave a ring of fire. The ring of fire will reign for 4 minutes and 31 seconds while very high in the darkened sky. Highlights • Swim in a cenote or sinkhole formed million years ago from a colossal asteroid impact to the region. • Enjoy a stay at a luxury and historic hacienda. • Investigate the UNESCO Heritage Sites of Chichén Itzá one of the “New 7 Wonders of the World.” • Witness the ring of fire of an Annular clipseE near the Maya ruins. Itinerary 2023 Oct 06: U.S. / Cancún Oct 08: Chichén Itzá Fly to Cancún. Transfer to hotel near the airport. Meet in the Private sunrise tour of Chichén Itzá before it opens to the public. early evening at the reception area for a briefing of tomorrow’s The site contains massive structures including the immense El departure.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 May Mo' Chahk, 181 Acanceh, 78 Accession, 92, 133, 140, 142–144
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-66972-6 - The Classic Maya Stephen D. Houston and Takeshi Inomata Index More information INDEX 1 May Mo’ Chahk, 181 Altun Ha, 107, 286, 310 Andrews, Anthony, 317 Acanceh, 78 Andrews, Wyllys, 75, 84 accession, 92, 133, 140, 142–144, 174, 198, 203, Aoyama, Kazuo, 122, 260, 262, 281 262, 303, 307 Arroyo de Piedra, 41 Adams, R. E. W., 107, 243 artist, 154, 257, 260, 263–266, 268–270, 276, agriculture, xiii, 3, 10, 15, 71, 74, 99, 103, 104, 278, 283. See also scribe 230, 233–239, 248, 288 atol, 219, 241 aguada, 245 axis mundi, 22 Aguateca, 3, 24, 25, 111, 114, 115, 123, 134, 137, 141, 143, 145, 158, 159, 178, 200, Bahlaj Chan K’awiil, 110, 137 204–206, 225, 231, 236, 239, 246, 247, bajos, 10, 74, 94, 96, 233, 235, 236, 243 260–263, 265, 266, 268, 275, 277, 283, bak’tun, 289, 300, 304 285, 295, 299–302, 306 bakab, 134, 141 abandonment of, 115, 295, 296, 298, 300–302, Balakbal, 106 305, 309 Balberta, 251 defensive walls at, 24, 25 balche, 222 floor assemblages at, 143, 204, 262, 266, 270, Ball, Joseph, 276 272, 285 ballcourt, 70, 94, 116, 134, 189, 214, 259 palace of, 256 ballgame, 72, 259 rulers of, 137, 261, 296 Barton Ramie, 68, 76, 310 scribe-artists at, 265 bean, 219, 229, 242, 248 Structure L8–8 at, 114, 115 Becan, 24, 96, 102, 114, 287 ajaw, 91, 102, 132, 135, 136, 140, 144, 146, 161, Bilbao, 100 169, 172, 174, 188 Bird Jaguar, 111.
    [Show full text]
  • COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT for DISTRIBUTION Part I
    CONTENTS List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix The Inevitable Note on Orthography xxiii Acknowledgments xxv PART I. CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIves 3 1 COPYRIGHTEDINTRODUCTION: THE ITZA MAYAS MATERIAL AND THE PETÉN ITZA MAYAS, THEIR ENVIRONMENTS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS NOTPrudence FOR M. Rice DISTRIBUTIONand Don S. Rice 5 The Maya Lowlands: Environmental Perspectives 5 Who Were the Itzas? Etymological Perspectives 8 The Itzas of Petén 11 The Itzas of the Northern Lowlands and Their Allies 22 2 ITZAJ MAYA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Charles Andrew Hofling 28 Yukateko versus Southern Yukatekan Language Varieties 31 Itzaj and Mopan 35 vii viii Contents Contact with Ch'olan Languages 35 Concluding Discussion 38 3 THE LAKE PETÉN ITZÁ WATERSHED: MODERN AND HISTORICAL ECOLOGY Mark Brenner 40 Geology and Modern Ecology 40 Modern Limnology 42 Lacustrine Flora and Fauna 45 Historical Ecology 46 Climate Change 50 Summary 53 PART II. THEORETicAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE EpicLASSic ITZAS: FACTIONS, MIGRATIONS, ORIGINS, AND TEXTs 55 4 THEORETICAL CONTEXTS Prudence M. Rice 59 Migration: Travel Tropes and Mobility Memes 59 Identities 65 Factions and Factionalism 67 Spatiality 70 5 ITZA ORIGINS: TEXTS, MYTHS, LEGENDS Prudence M. Rice 77 The Books of theChilam Balam 79 Some Previous Reconstructions of Itza Origins 88 COPYRIGHTEDConcluding Thoughts 93 MATERIAL NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 6 LOWLAND MAYA EpiCLASSIC MIGRATIONS Prudence M. Rice 97 Western Lowlands 98 Southwestern Petén 101 Central Petén Lakes Region 102 Eastern Petén, Belize, and the Southeast 105 Northern Lowlands 106 Rethinking Epiclassic Migrations and the Itzas 109 Contents ix 7 EpiCLASSIC MATERIAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE ITZAS Prudence M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Significance of Copper Bells in the Maya Lowlands from Their
    The significance of Copper bells in the Maya Lowlands On the cover: 12 bells unearthed at Lamanai, including complete, flattened and miscast specimens. From Simmons and Shugar 2013: 141 The significance of Copper bells in the Maya Lowlands - from their appearance in the Late Terminal Classic period to the current day - Arthur Heimann Master Thesis S2468077 Prof. Dr. P.A.I.H. Degryse Archaeology of the Americas Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology (1084TCTY-F-1920ARCH) Leiden, 16/12/2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Subject of The Thesis ................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Research Question........................................................................................................................ 7 2. MAYA SOCIETY ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.1. Maya Geography.......................................................................................................................... 10 2.2. Maya Chronology ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.1. Preclassic ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands
    J Archaeol Res (2007) 15:329–377 DOI 10.1007/s10814-007-9015-x ORIGINAL PAPER What Maya Collapse? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands James J. Aimers Published online: 17 August 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007 Abstract Interest in the lowland Maya collapse is stronger than ever, and there are now hundreds of studies that focus on the era from approximately A.D. 750 to A.D. 1050. In the past, scholars have tended to generalize explanations of the collapse from individual sites and regions to the lowlands as a whole. More recent approaches stress the great diversity of changes that occurred across the lowlands during the Terminal Classic and Early Postclassic periods. Thus, there is now a consensus that Maya civilization as a whole did not collapse, although many zones did experience profound change. Keywords Maya Á Collapse Á Terminal Classic–Early Postclassic Introduction ‘‘Much has been published in recent years about the collapse of Maya civilization and its causes. It might be wise to preface this chapter with a simple statement that in my belief no such thing happened’’ (Andrews IV 1973, p. 243). More than three decades after Andrews made this statement, interest in the lowland Maya collapse is more intense than ever. Of the more than 400 books, chapters, or articles of which I am aware, over half were published in the last ten years. As always, speculation about the collapse follows contemporary trends (Wilk 1985), and widespread concern over war and the physical environment have made the lowland Maya into a cautionary tale for many (Diamond 2005; Gibson 2006; J.
    [Show full text]
  • With Focus on the Genus Handleyomys and Related Taxa
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2015-04-01 Evolution and Biogeography of Mesoamerican Small Mammals: With Focus on the Genus Handleyomys and Related Taxa Ana Villalba Almendra Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Villalba Almendra, Ana, "Evolution and Biogeography of Mesoamerican Small Mammals: With Focus on the Genus Handleyomys and Related Taxa" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 5812. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5812 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Evolution and Biogeography of Mesoamerican Small Mammals: Focus on the Genus Handleyomys and Related Taxa Ana Laura Villalba Almendra A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Duke S. Rogers, Chair Byron J. Adams Jerald B. Johnson Leigh A. Johnson Eric A. Rickart Department of Biology Brigham Young University March 2015 Copyright © 2015 Ana Laura Villalba Almendra All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Evolution and Biogeography of Mesoamerican Small Mammals: Focus on the Genus Handleyomys and Related Taxa Ana Laura Villalba Almendra Department of Biology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Mesoamerica is considered a biodiversity hot spot with levels of endemism and species diversity likely underestimated. For mammals, the patterns of diversification of Mesoamerican taxa still are controversial. Reasons for this include the region’s complex geologic history, and the relatively recent timing of such geological events.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case Study of Apocalypto
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288187016 Relativism, Revisionism, Aboriginalism, and Emic/Etic Truth: The Case Study of Apocalypto Article · August 2013 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1065-2-8 CITATIONS READS 2 2,540 1 author: Richard D Hansen University of Utah 33 PUBLICATIONS 650 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Mirador Basin Project, Guatemala View project Mirador Basin Archaeological Project View project All content following this page was uploaded by Richard D Hansen on 30 March 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Chapter 8 Relativism, Revisionism, Aboriginalism, and Emic/Etic Truth: The Case Study of Apocalypto Richard D. Hansen Abstract Popular fi lm depictions of varied cultures, ranging from the Chinese, Africans, and Native Americans have repeatedly provided a variant perception of the culture. In works of fi ction, this fl aw cannot only provide us with entertainment, but with insights and motives in the ideological, social, or economic agendas of the authors and/or directors as well as those of the critics. Mel Gibson’s Maya epic Apocalypto has provided an interesting case study depicting indigenous warfare, environmental degradation, and ritual violence, characteristics that have been derived from multidisciplinary research, ethnohistoric studies, and other historical and archaeological investigations. The fi lm received extraordinary attention from the public, both as positive feedback and negative criticism from a wide range of observ- ers. Thus, the elements of truth, public perception, relativism, revisionism, and emic/etic perspectives coalesced into a case where truth, fi ction, and the virtues and vices of the authors and director of the fi lm as well as those of critics were exposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Q: the Case for a Classic Maya Super-Polity
    Site Q: The Case for a Classic Maya Super-Polity Simon Martin 1993 As the historical record left to us by the Classic Maya is slowly pieced together from various epigraphic clues, a single political entity, the state Peter Mathews has dubbed "Site Q", shows an ever greater presence. Over the last few years, and certainly since Mathews' original manuscript discussing Site Q (1979), a great deal of new data has emerged. These come not only from new finds provided by archaeological investigations, but more general advances in epigraphic research that have allowed us to reassess well-known texts, giving a fuller picture of Site Q's place in the political geography of the Classic Period. The original Mayan name of the Site Q polity, expressed in its Emblem Glyph, was Kan "snake". Glyphically, it is usually preceded by the phonetic complement ka and often followed by the nominal ending -al to give K'ul Kanal Ahaw as a full reading for the compound (the suffix is not apparent in all examples and it is not clear whether this is an optional feature or was always read by context). In this, it joins Piedras Negras (Yokib), Yaxha (Yaxha), Palenque (Bak), Caracol (K'an-tu-mak), Pomona (Pakab) and Ucanal (K'an Witz­ Nal) in having a readable ancient name. It is tempting to use Kan or Kanal instead of 'Site Q', since it avoids the difficulty of assigning this Emblem to any single site and will be equally relevant when Site Q is identified and the term becomes redundant, but for this present study I will stick with the Mathews moniker.
    [Show full text]
  • 30 Explorations at the Site of Nacimiento, Petexbatún, Petén
    30 EXPLORATIONS AT THE SITE OF NACIMIENTO, PETEXBATÚN, PETÉN Markus Eberl Claudia Vela Keywords: Maya archaeology, Guatemala, Petén, Petexbatún, Nacimiento, minor architecture In the 2004 season the archaeological excavations at the site of Nacimiento, in the Petexbatún region, continued. The site of Nacimento, or more precisely, Nacimiento de Aguateca, to make a proper distinction with other sites and towns with the same name, is located approximately 2.5 km south of the site of Aguateca (Figure 1). The hieroglyphic inscriptions of Aguateca and other neighbor sites like Dos Pilas, narrate the history of the Petexbatún region during the Classic period. One crucial event was the entering of the Dos Pilas dynasty in the region in the VII century AD. The Dos Pilas dynasty substituted the dynasty of Tamarindito and Arroyo de Piedra as a regional power. In which way did this political change affect the population of the Petexbatún region? This is the question that guided archaeological investigations conducted at the minor site of Nacimiento, occupied before and after the arrival of the Dos Pilas dynasty. Extensive excavations conducted at residential groups in Nacimiento have made it possible to analyze the effect that this political shift exerted on local inhabitants. Figure 1. Map of the Petexbatún region (by M. Eberl). 1 During 2003 a structure was excavated, nearby presumed agricultural terraces. This season work continued with the extensive excavation of two structures from two residential groups located at the core of Nacimiento. THEORETICAL FRAME The investigation at Nacimiento was carried out as part of the Aguateca Archaeological Project, whose second phase, under the direction of Daniela Triadan, was initiated on June of 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya Sites Located in the Area of Triangulo Park, Peten, Guatemala
    Prace Archeologiczne No. 62 Monographs Jarosław Źrałka Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya Sites Located in the Area of Triangulo Park, Peten, Guatemala Jagiellonian University Press Kraków 2008 For Alicja and Elżbieta CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER I: Introduction .................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER II: Triangulo Park – defi nition, geographical environment, history and methodology of research ............................................................. 19 CHAPTER III: Analysis of Terminal Classic occupation in the area of Triangulo Park ............................................................................................. 27 – Nakum ............................................................................................................ 27 – Naranjo ........................................................................................................... 135 – Yaxha .............................................................................................................. 146 – Minor sites ...................................................................................................... 175 – Intersite areas .................................................................................................. 187 CHAPTER IV: Summary and conclusions ......................................................... 191 – The Terminal Classic period in the Southern Maya Lowlands: an
    [Show full text]
  • Cecil, Leslie, Prudence M
    Cecil, Leslie, Prudence M. Rice y Don S. Rice 1999 Los estilos tecnológicos de la cerámica Postclásica con engobe de la región de los lagos de Petén. En XII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1998 (editado por J.P. Laporte y H.L. Escobedo), pp.788-795. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala. 61 LOS ESTILOS TECNOLÓGICOS DE LA CERÁMICA POSTCLÁSICA CON ENGOBE DE LA REGIÓN DE LOS LAGOS DE PETÉN Leslie Cecil Prudence M. Rice Don S. Rice El periodo Postclásico (950-1524 DC) y el de Contacto (1524-1700 DC) en las Tierras Bajas Mayas de Petén, Guatemala, son relativamente poco conocidos, pero recientemente han sido investigados por el Proyecto Maya Colonial (Jones 1989, 1996, s.f.; Jones et al. 1981; D. Rice 1986, 1988; Rice y Rice 1981, 1984, 1990; P. Rice 1979, 1986, 1987a, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c; Rice et al. 1996). Socio-políticamente, dichos siete y medio siglos pueden ser mejor caracterizados como una situación de movimiento de límites como resultado de cambios de alianzas, relaciones de cambios de dominio y una repetida migración de grupos sociales étnicos. Los estilos tecnológicos de la cerámica en asociación con la arquitectura y otros aspectos de la cultura material pueden ayudar a dilucidar la situación socio-política en la región de los lagos de Petén central durante los periodos Postclásico y de Contacto. Si los límites cambiaron con frecuencia, se daría el caso que algunos sitios arqueológicos podrían haber sido ocupados por varios grupos sociales diferentes, situación que se vería reflejada en la cerámica, así como en otros aspectos de la cultura material y rasgos arquitectónicos diagnósticos.
    [Show full text]