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25 Origin of Life AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 1 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 2 Emphasize the importance of opening up niches Watch the HHMI on mass extinction - watch the fist 1/3 of program. 3 Next Slide has this video clip 4 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 5 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 6 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 7 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 8 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 9 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 10 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 11 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 12 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 13 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 14 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 15 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life http://www.ucsd.tv/miller-urey/ Simulation of experiment 16 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 17 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 18 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 19 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 20 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 21 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life Comparison of two possible views for the path leading from a 'primordial soup' to a rudimentary protocellular structure (bottom). (A) The 'biopolymer first' scenario, according to which the emergence of self-replicating informational strings such as RNA and proteins are assumed to have had an independent origin from that of lipid encapsulation. (B) The 'Lipid World' scenario, which maintains that the roots of life could have been aggregates of spontaneously assembling lipid-like molecules endowed with capabilities for dynamic self- organization and compositional inheritance. More elaborate structures, including informational and catalytic biopolymers, might then have evolved gradually However, enzymes are only one way to speed chemical reactions up. Heat is another way to join monomers into polymers. Scientists have shown that when organic monomers (like amino acids) are heated and splashed onto hot sand or rocks, the heat vaporizes the water and links the monomers into polymers - which scientists call 'proteinoids'. 22 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 23 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 24 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 25 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 26 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life In water, organic chemicals do not necessarily remain uniformly dispersed, but may separate out into layers or droplets. If the droplets which form contain a colloid rich in organic compounds and are surrounded by a tight skin of water molecules then they are known as coacervates. These structures were first investigated by Bungenburg de Jong in 1932. A wide variety of solutions can give rise to them; for example, coacervates form spontaneously when a protein, such as gelatin, reacts with gum arabic. Coacervate droplets formed by interaction between gelatin and gum arabic. A. I. Oparin. Note: This photo appears on p. 103 of The Origin of Life by Cyril Ponnamperuma (E. P. Dutton & Co., 1972). http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/coacervate.html COACERVATES, polymer-rich colloidal droplets, have been studied in the Moscow laboratory of A. I. Oparin because of their conjectural resemblance to prebiological entities. These coacervates are droplets formed in an aqueous solution of protamine and polyadenylic acid. Oparin has found that droplets survive longer if they can carry out polymerization reactions. http://www.biog1105- 27 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 1106.org/demos/106/unit04/3a.protobionts.html 27 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144861709004925 28 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 29 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life PROTOBIONTS... chemically made artificial vesicle systems... aggregates of prebiotic macromolecules that acquire a boundary to maintain an interior chemical environment distinct from "primordial soup"... Sidney W. Fox Univ of Miami (1912 - 1998) -Director of NASA supported Institute for Molecular Evolution at UM. his laboratory conducted analyses of the first moon rock samples... he produced proteinoidsg from amino acid solutions... dropped on hot lava rock,sand or clay 30 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life http://biocab.org/files/PROBABLE_APPEARANCE_OF_AN_EARLY_P ROTOBIONT.jpg 31 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life Ted Talk: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dySwrhMQdX4 3:53 – 10:00 32 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 33 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life A. RNA can function as an enzyme in cells - called a ribozyme. RNA has been shown to remove its own introns as well as synthesize new RNA (mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA). There are over 500 different ribozymes known today.B. RNA can make a copies of itself in a test tube. If RNA in a test tube is supplied with monomers (ribonucleotides A, C, U and G), sequences 5-10 nucleotides long can be copied from the template according to base-pairing rules. If zinc is added as a catalyst, sequences up to 40 nt long are copied with less than 1% error.In 1989, Tom Cech won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of Ribozymes.:RNA, being capable of self-replication and catalytic, fits one criteria needed life = replicationAll it would take is one protobiont with the ability to replicate, and an inefficient replication process that would generate inevitable copying errors (mutations) to its descendants to produce a diverse population of living cells....Once replication (and its inevitable mistakes, or mutations) was possible, so was evolution (change over time).It is hypothesized that only after a differential reproductive success was seen in cells that stored their genetic 'blueprint" as the more stable molecule DNA did RNA taking on the intermediate role in the translation of genetic material into physical characteristics. 34 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 35 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life Image in a pond ith warm and cold regions (kind of like PCR) 36 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life Both disovered ribozymes – Cech in one type of protozoan and Altman in E. coli. Video of Cech explaining his work: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/enzymes-are-not-proteins-discovery- ribozymes 37 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life Glycolysis – Cytoplasm Common to all cells No oxygen required It’s the first step Artificial Molecule evolves in the Lab: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16382-artificial-molecule-evolves- in-the-lab.html TimeLine & RNA World http://exploringorigins.org/index.html 38 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 39 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 40 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life Evidence suggests that life first evolved around 3.5 billion years ago. This evidence takes the form of microfossils (fossils too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope) and ancient rock structures in South Africa and Australia called stromatolites. Stromatolites are produced by microbes (mainly photosynthesizing cyanobacteria) that form thin microbial films which trap mud; over time, layers of these mud/microbe mats can build up into a layered rock structure the stromatolite.Stromatolites are still produced by microbes today. These modern stromatolites are remarkably similar to the ancient stromatolites which provide evidence of some of the earliest life on Earth. Modern and ancient stromatolites have similar shapes and, when seen in cross section, both show the same fine layering produced by thin bacterial sheets. Microfossils of ancient cyanobacteria can sometimes be identified within these layers. 41 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 42 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 43 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 44 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 45 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life http://www.snowballearth.org/week13.html 46 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 47 AP Biology: Chapter 26: Eukaryotic Evolution 48 AP Biology: Chapter 26: Eukaryotic Evolution Invagination 49 AP Biology: Chapter 26: Eukaryotic Evolution 50 AP Biology: Chapter 26: Eukaryotic Evolution Margulis hypothesized that chloroplasts (lower) originated as cyanobacteria (top). 51 AP Biology: Chapter 26: Eukaryotic Evolution Lynn Margulis -- Late 1960s 52 AP Biology: Chapter 26: Eukaryotic Evolution WZdxfcghvjbknm,;.’[p9u8y7t6rdesxhkm, 53 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 54 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 55 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth), have significantly different structures and RNA sequences. These differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells resemble those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of this organelle. 56 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 57 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 58 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life 59 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life Paramecium bursaria Symbiotic chlorella (green algae) Paramecium bursaria, a single-celled eukaryote that swims around in pond water, may not have its own chloroplasts, but it does manage to "borrow" them in a rather unusual way. P. bursaria swallows photosynthetic green algae, but it stores them instead of digesting them. In fact, the normally clear paramecium can pack so many algae into its body that it even looks green! When P. bursaria swims into the light, the algae photosynthesize sugar, and both cells share lunch on the go. But P. bursaria doesn't exploit its algae. Not only does the agile paramecium chauffeur its algae into well-lit areas, it also shares the food it finds with its algae if they are forced to live in the dark. 60 AP Biology: Chapter 25: Origin of Life The morphological and evolutionary progression of the volvocales suggests stepwise evolution of multicellularity, starting with colony formation between unicells (e.g.
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