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Pre-Colonial “Summer Stuff” Christopher Columbus (1492

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Pre-Colonial “Summer Stuff” Christopher Columbus (1492 Pre-Colonial “Summer Stuff” Christopher Columbus (1492): • Italian-born navigator who found fame when he landed in the Americas (October 12, 1492) • Left Spain with three ships (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria) • He sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find a water route to Asia (was convinced the Americas were an extension of China) • Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration and the Columbian Exchange Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512): • Italian member of a Portuguese expedition who explored South America • Discovery suggested that the expedition had found a “New World” Treaty of Tordesillas (1493): • Treaty made by the Pope between Spain and Portugal • Created an imaginary Line of Demarcation to divide the New World • East of the line went to Portugal; west of the line went to Spain • The line would later affect colonization in Africa and Asia “New Spain” (1400s and 1500s): • Spain’s tightly controlled empire in the New World • Spaniards developed the encomienda system, using Native Americans as their forced form of labor • With the death of Native Americans, Spaniards began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs St. Augustine, Florida (1598): • French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion; they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida • Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots, because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic Church • Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort’s inhabitants • The settlement of St. Augustine, Florida is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the USA Triangular Trade/Atlantic Trade (1600s): • Exchange between Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean colonies • Traded Europeans goods for African slaves; African slaves for sugar, cotton, and tobacco • It was useful for all parties because it was an exchange of goods, not money Mercantilism (1500s-1700s): • Leading economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that colonies existed to serve the mother country • Founded on the belief that the world’s wealth was sharply limited and, therefore, one nation’s gain was another nation’s loss • Each nation’s goal was to export more than it imported in a favorable balance of trade; the difference would be made up in their possession of gold and silver, which would make the nation strong both economically and militarily • Mercantilists believed economic activity should be regulated by the government Dutch West India Company (1500s and 1600s): • The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York • Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois • Established the patroon system, in which large estates where given to wealthy men who transported at least 50 families to New Netherland to tend the land; few took on the opportunity Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603): • Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England) • Popular leader and the first woman to successful hold the throne • Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World • Brought on a war response from Spain in the form of the Spanish Armada • Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business Spanish Armada (1588): • Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England • The Armada was defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault • England’s victory over Spanish forces established England as an emerging sea power; it was one of the great achievements of Queen Elizabeth I and helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire English Puritanism (1500s and 1600s): • Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology • Puritans were Calvinist in their religious beliefs; they believed in predestination and in the authority of Scripture over papal authority • Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate from papal authority in favor of his own Church of England, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained • Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers because of their Calvinist ideology; they sought to make the English Church “pure” • Puritanism would echo throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism English Civil War (1642-1648): • Conflict was based in the struggles between King Charles I (son of King James I) and the English Parliament • Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament said that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king • Parliament’s members were mostly Puritan and had the support of the merchant class and small landowners • Wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of religion • The conflict led to fighting between the Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I Glorious Revolution (1688): • Internal British struggle that replaced the Catholic King James II with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange • Inspired colonial uprisings in New York and Maryland against ruling Royal governors who pressed for more control • Led to the overthrow of the Dominion of New England, the central authority imposed by Britain on colonists • William and Mary’s new government generally accepted these actions, permitting the growth of colonial institutions and culture The Enlightenment (1700s): • Connects to the idea of Deism, in which the universe was created by God and then abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerted and all things were explainable by reason • Enlightenment philosophy stated that human reason was enough to solve mankind’s problems, and, much less faith was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe • Important Enlightenment writers included: (1) John Locke; (2) Isaac Newton; (3) Rene Descartes. John Locke and Natural Law (1632-1704): • Locke was a major English political philosopher during the Enlightenment • He identified Natural Laws of Humans: rights of life, liberty, and property • He believed that if these natural rights were not protected, governments could be justly overthrown • His ideas were influential on Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson (Declaration of Independence) Puritans and the Original 13 English Colonies Types of Colonies in the New World (1600s): • Charter colony: colonists were essentially members of a corporation and, based on an agreed-upon charter, electors among the colonists would control the colony. • Royal colony: had a governor selected by England’s king; he would serve in the leadership role and choose additional, lesser officers • Proprietary colony: owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the king; the proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the property Sir Walter Raleigh (1587): • Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement • Returned to England to secure additional supplies; on his return, he found the colony deserted; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settlers • After the failure at Roanoke, Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia • Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English interest in American colonization was submerged for 15 years Joint Stock Charter Colonies and the “Starving Time” (1600s): • Charter colonies were associations that sought trade, exploration, and colonization overseas • Jamestown was the first charter colony (1607) • “Starving Time” was a period in the 1600s during which many colonists died and others considered returning to England Jamestown (1607): • Named for King James I, the king of England, who granted charters for charter colonies in the New World • The Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in America • It was a swampy location, which led to disease and contaminated water sources • Despite location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith’s harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony kept it from collapsing • 1619- African slaves arrived in Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement John Rolfe (1585-1622): • English colonist in Jamestown • Married Pocahontas, the daughter of the local Native American chief • Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown Indentured Servitude (1600s): • Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company • Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights but they had little control over their conditions of work and living arrangements • The system often led to harsh and brutal treatment House of Burgesses (1619): • Representative assembly in Virginia and the first representative house in America • Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote • Instituted private ownership of land; maintained rights of colonists First Families of Virginia (1600s): • Wealthy and socially prominent families in Virginia who by 1776 had been in America 4-5 generations • Included the Lees, Carters, and Fitzhughs Headright System (started in 1618): • System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists; it promised them 50 acres of land
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