DOCSLIB.ORG

Family Planning Knowledge and Current Use of Contraception Among the Mru Indigenous Women in Bangladesh: a Multivariate Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Family Planning Knowledge and Current Use of Contraception Among the Mru Indigenous Women in Bangladesh: a Multivariate Analysis Open Access Journal of Contraception Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article Original RESEARCH Family planning knowledge and current use of contraception among the Mru indigenous women in Bangladesh: a multivariate analysis M Rakibul Islam1 Background: This article aims to understand the family planning (FP) knowledge and current Gunnar Thorvaldsen2 use of contraception and its predictors among women of the Mru people – the most underprivi- leged indigenous community in Bangladesh. 1Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh; 2Norwegian Historical Methods: In this study, 374 currently married Mru women were interviewed and selected Data Centre, University of Tromsø, purposively from three upazilas (administrative subdistricts) of the Bandarban area, where most Norway of the Mru people live. The association between the variables was assessed in bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test and binary logistic regression models were employed to explore the predictors of FP knowledge and current use of contraception among the Mru women. Results: Only about 40% of respondents had ever heard FP messages or about FP methods – two-fifths of the national figure (99.9%). The current use of contraception was much lower (25.1%) among the Mru people than at the national level (55.8%). Among both modern and traditional methods, the contraceptive pill ranked first. About two-thirds (66.0%) of married women used this method – more than two times than the national figure (28.5%). On the other hand, the prevalence of male methods was comparatively lower than at the national level. Logistic regression models revealed that place of residence, religion, age, school atten- dance, husband’s school attendance, service provided in the community, distance to the service center, and exposure to mass media had significant effects on knowledge of FP and on use of contraception. Conclusion: Education for mothers and vernacular language-based doorstep FP programs with special emphasis on awareness are suggested for the community. Keywords: family planning, contraceptive use, the Mru, logistic regression, Bangladesh Introduction In recent years, knowledge of family planning (FP) and contraceptive use have acceler- ated in Bangladesh and are playing a remarkable role in controlling fertility, particularly in reaching the replacement level of fertility. In this regard, both government and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) have been employing various strategies. Many researchers believe this is an impressive achievement within Bangladesh, a Muslim country where different familial, socioeconomic, cultural, and religious taboos still prevail.1 Almost all married women in Bangladesh (99.9%) have heard of at least one Correspondence: M Rakibul Islam FP method. The use of contraception among married women has increased from 7.7% Department of Rural Sociology, in 1975 to 55.8% in 2007. Although the overall knowledge of contraceptive methods Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh is high in Bangladesh, the prevalence of use of these methods is not high.2–4 Tel +88 017 12221677 Contraceptive use declined from 58.1% in 2004 to 55.8% in 2007, but this change Fax +88 091 61510 2 Email [email protected] has taken place mostly in the use of traditional methods. Modern methods are now submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Open Access Journal of Contraception 2012:3 9–16 9 Dovepress © 2012 Islam and Thorvaldsen, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd. This is an Open Access article http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S25185 which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. Islam and Thorvaldsen Dovepress more used than traditional methods. Traditional methods New religion: the Crama (namely, periodic abstinence and withdrawal) are difficult to Before the 1950s, the Mru people believed in animism use consistently. They require strong spousal communication, and Buddhism. Since then, some Mru have converted to discipline, and understanding, and have a high rate of failure.5 Christianity. Nowadays, the majority of the Mru people Men do not have sufficient knowledge about traditional belong to a new religion: Crama. Man Ley Mru, the founder methods in Bangladesh.6 Clinical methods used by men are of Crama, started disseminating religious and moral messages significantly rarer than non-clinical methods.7 Condom use is to the Mru in the 1980s. In 1985, when he was 19 years old, he disparaged for aesthetic reasons and because it is a frustrating arranged a meeting of the Mru people and announced that he method – condoms are embarrassing to obtain, difficult to had created a new religion for them, since they did not have store, clumsy to use, and nuisance to dispose of.5 then a distinguishing religion. He also created the alphabet In Bangladesh, oral contraception is popular and is for the Mru language. The Reyung Khiti (“good ethics”) is gradually increasing its share in the current methods mix.5 the central religious book of Crama. This book is comprised Nevertheless, studies have revealed that discontinuation of of messages taken mostly from Christianity, Buddhism, and the oral pill is common among women in Bangladesh, with Hinduism. Religious rituals are conducted by congregation side effects considered a possible factor for this.8,9 members. At age twelve, a boy or a girl is sent to a prayer Although fertility rates in Bangladesh have declined and room (Kiyang Ghar) for religious purification, which is the prevalence of contraception use has increased through conducted by a priest, and is taught the rules, regulations, extensive FP programs, this development has spread dispro- and messages of the religion.14 portionately among different indigenous, non-indigenous, and cultural groups. The Mru indigenous community is pre- Family planning and reproductive dominantly untouched by the startling development of FP and health use of contraception in Bangladesh. Systematic research on In general, FP services for the Mru society are inadequate, FP and contraception has not been conducted in this commu- due to the non-existence of local service centers and the need nity before. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to understand to travel long distances to get to other centers. Only a few the FP knowledge and current use of contraception and its villages have access to FP suggestions and contraceptives determinants among the Mru women in Bangladesh. from centers a short distance away.14 Small-scale outreach projects have been recently started by NGOs in some areas of Ethnography of the Mru Lama and Thanchi but Alikadam has not yet been included.15 The Mru are the largest small indigenous group in Bangladesh However, most of these projects are general health awareness and the most underprivileged. They live among hilltops, programs, rather than initiatives to provide contraceptives to ravines, cliffs, and deep forest areas of the Bandarban villagers. A recent study showed that nutrition among mothers district. Although the Mru now live in the southern part of is poor in the Mru society. After delivery, a mother is given the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), they originally came to this only salted rice and she sits beside a fire from 9 to 30 days, region several hundred years ago from the state of Arakan in depending upon village practice. Their visits to antenatal and Mayanmar, owing to a blood feud with the Khumi tribe.10,11 postnatal care are few compared with mainstream society Linguistically and culturally, the Mru categorize themselves due to cultural issues, distance, lack of infrastructure, and into five distinctive groups: the Anok (meaning “West”), low socioeconomic status. Furthermore, mothers mostly who live in the south of Bandarban; the Tshung (“Mountain depend on traditional village healers (TVHs) and traditional People”), who have joined the Anok living in the southern midwives, rather than going to hospitals.15 part in the upper Sangu valley; the Domrong (“Lowlands”), who live in the north of Matamuhuri river; and the Dopreng Methods and materials and Rumma (“Forest People”) who live in the far south and The Bandarban district has seven upazilas (administrative in the Arakan.10 The Mru live in 356 villages (paras), com- subdistricts), three of which were selected for this study: prising 5398 households.12 In a census conducted in 1995 by Alikadam, Lama, and Thanchi. There were four reasons the Mru Social Culture, the total population was estimated why these were selected as study areas and these have been at 59,748.13 The male to female education ratio is 2.6 to 1.6. discussed elsewhere.15 A total of 374 currently married Mru Ninety-three percent of villages are more than one mile away women, comprising 133 from Alikadam, 170 from Lama, and from a primary school.12 71 from Thanchi, who had at least one child aged 5 years or 10 submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com Open Access Journal of Contraception 2012:3 Dovepress Dovepress Family planning and contraception younger were included in the study. Women whose children Chi-square tests. Multivariate analyses were conducted in had died were also selected for face-to-face interviews. Only terms of binary logistic regression analysis. Some variables married women were included in this study so that their situ- used in the bivariate analyses were excluded in the final ation could be compared with those of mainstream society regression models because they were concentrated in one as premarital sex is socially prohibited in Bangladesh (the category of independent variable. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey also does not include unmarried women). Results A questionnaire was used for the collection of primary Sample characteristics information, which included both closed- and open-ended Among the survey respondents, 45.5% were from Lama and questions. Since the Mru have a distinct language and are 35.6% were from Alikadam. The remaining respondents unable to communicate in the Bengali language, seven (19.0%) were from the Thanchi subdistrict.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts
    Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts Shahana Nasrin Ph.D. Researcher (Session: 2011-2012) Registration No. 143 and Associate Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 A thesis submitted for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 May 2017 Certificate from the Supervisor This is to certify that the thesis entitled Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts done by Ms. Shahana Nasrin is an original research work. The views expressed in the thesis are originated from field-based data and is entirely her contribution. The thesis has not been submitted anywhere else for any purposes, e.g., degree or publications. This may be submitted to the examiners to evaluate for conferring the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare. (Dr. Muhammad Samad) Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 i Declaration I hereby solemnly declare that this thesis represents my own work based on field-based data, except where due acknowledgment is made, and that it has not been previously included in a dissertation or report submitted to any university or other tertiary institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification. (Shahana Nasrin) Ph.D. Researcher (Session: 2011-2012) and Associate Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to a number of people and organizations for their cooperation and good advice to complete the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Distr. GENERAL CBD/SBI/3/9 28 September 2020 ORIGINAL
    CBD Distr. GENERAL CBD/SBI/3/9 28 September 2020 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH SUBSIDIARY BODY ON IMPLEMENTATION Third meeting Venue and dates to be determined Item 7 of the provisional agenda* COMMUNICATION Note by the Executive Secretary I. INTRODUCTION 1. In decision XIII/22, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity welcomed the framework for a global communications strategy. The Executive Secretary was asked (a) to play a role in establishing the framework for communications, (b) to keep the status of communications under review, (c) to coordinate and advise other actors, and (d) to advise on umbrella messaging. 2. In decision 14/26, the Conference of the Parties requested the Executive Secretary to continue the implementation of the framework for a global communications strategy and to develop themes and background material around which communication and public awareness campaigns could be organized in the 2018-2020 biennium, including on the current state of biodiversity and the discussions towards the preparation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. 3. The present document represents a progress report on activities carried out by the Executive Secretary in the bienniums 2017-2018 and 2019-2020, in the context of this decision. II. DIALOGUES RELATING TO COMMUNICATION A. The Bogis-Bossey dialogues 4. In fall 2017 and winter 2018, with the financial assistance of the Government of Switzerland, the Executive Secretary convened a series of dialogues on the strategic direction of the Convention. Communication and awareness-raising were discussed, framing the key elements needed for a global communications strategy. Four critical dimensions were highlighted: (a) Audience: Engage with multiple audiences to change the trajectory of biodiversity loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh's Forest Ngoscape
    The Dissertation Committee for Alex Ray Dodson certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Bangladesh’s Forest NGOscape: Visions of Mandi Indigeneity, Competing Eco-Imaginaries, and Faltering Entrepreneurs in the Climate of Suspicion Committee: ______________________________ Kamran Ali, Supervisor ______________________________ Kaushik Ghosh ______________________________ Ward Keeler ______________________________ Kathleen Stewart ______________________________ Pauline Strong ______________________________ Willem van Schendel Bangladesh’s Forest NGOscape: Visions of Mandi Indigeneity, Competing Eco-Imaginaries, and Faltering Entrepreneurs in the Climate of Suspicion by Alex Ray Dodson, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 Dedicated to the people of the Modhupur Bon Onchol. Acknowledgments An extraordinary number of people have helped me along the way to make this research a reality. Firstly, I would like to thank the funding organizations: the Department of Anthropology at the University of Texas at Austin, the South Asia Institute at UT, the Department of State, the Institute of International Education, and the American Institute for Bangladesh Studies. Thank you to Peggy Sanday and Carol Muller at the University of Pennsylvania, who inspired me early on and got me to engage critically and ethically with anthropology. Thank you to my committee – Katie, Polly, Ward, Kaushik, and Willem, and especially to Kamran for sticking with me all of these years, reading innumerable drafts, and encouraging me through my insecurities. All of your comments at the defense were invaluable to my considerations of this project’s future.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California Press (University of California, Office of the President)
    University of California Press (University of California, Office of the President) Year Paper vol Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction James A. Matisoff University of California, Berkeley This paper is posted at the eScholarship Repository, University of California. http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucpress/ucpl/vol 135 Copyright c 2003 by the author. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction Abstract This 800-page volume is a clear and readable presentation of the current state of research on the history of the Tibeto-Burman (TB) language family, a typologically diverse group of over 250 languages spoken in Southern China, the Himalayas, NE India, and peninsular Southeast Asia. The TB languages are the only proven relatives of Chinese, with which they form the great Sino-Tibetan family. The exposition is systematic, treating the reconstruction of all the elements of the TB proto-syllable in turn, including initial consonants (Ch. III), prefixes (Ch. IV), monophthongal and diphthongal rhymes (Ch. V), final nasals (Ch. VII), final stops (Ch. VIII), final liquids (Ch. IX), root-final *-s (Ch. X), suffixes (Ch. XI). Particular attention is paid to variational phenomena at all historical levels (e.g. Ch. XII “Allofamic variation in rhymes”). This Handbook builds on the best previous scholarship, and adds up-to-date material that has accumulated over the past 30 years. It contains reconstruc- tions of over a thousand Tibeto-Burman roots, as well as suggested comparisons with several hundred Chinese etyma. It is liberally indexed and cross-referenced for maximum accessibility and internal consistency.
    [Show full text]
  • CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT for MYANMAR 2018 – 1 of 178 –
    Centralized National Risk Assessment for Myanmar FSC-CNRA-MM V1-0 EN FSC-CNRA-MM V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR MYANMAR 2018 – 1 of 178 – Title: Centralized National Risk Assessment for Myanmar Document reference FSC-CNRA-MM V1-0 EN code: Approval body: FSC International Center: Performance and Standards Unit Date of approval: 27 August 2018 Contact for comments: FSC International Center - Performance and Standards Unit - Adenauerallee 134 53113 Bonn, Germany +49-(0)228-36766-0 +49-(0)228-36766-30 [email protected] © 2018 Forest Stewardship Council, A.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the publisher’s copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, recording taping, or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of the publisher. Printed copies of this document are for reference only. Please refer to the electronic copy on the FSC website (ic.fsc.org) to ensure you are referring to the latest version. The Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC) is an independent, not for profit, non- government organization established to support environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. FSC’s vision is that the world’s forests meet the social, ecological, and economic rights and needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations. FSC-CNRA-MM V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR MYANMAR 2018 – 2 of 178 – Contents Risk assessments that have been finalized for Myanmar .......................................... 4 Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Myanmar ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
    Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Barua, Maramagyi in Myanmar (Burma) Bulang in Myanmar (Burma) Population: 500 Population: 15,000 World Popl: 25,800 World Popl: 123,400 Total Countries: 3 Total Countries: 3 People Cluster: South Asia Buddhist People Cluster: Mon-Khmer Main Language: Rakhine Main Language: Blang Main Religion: Buddhism Main Religion: Buddhism Status: Unreached Status: Unreached Evangelicals: 0.00% Evangelicals: 0.80% Chr Adherents: 0.00% Chr Adherents: 1.90% Scripture: Portions Scripture: New Testament www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Anonymous "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Burmese in Myanmar (Burma) Chak, Thet in Myanmar (Burma) Population: 31,383,000 Population: 1,900 World Popl: 32,279,200 World Popl: 5,300 Total Countries: 19 Total Countries: 3 People Cluster: Burmese People Cluster: South Asia Buddhist Main Language: Burmese Main Language: Chak Main Religion: Buddhism Main Religion: Buddhism Status: Unreached Status: Unreached Evangelicals: 0.08% Evangelicals: 0.32% Chr Adherents: 0.35% Chr Adherents: 0.32% Scripture: Complete Bible Scripture: Translation Needed www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Kerry Olson Source: Peoples of the Buddhist World, A "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Chakma, Daingnet in Myanmar (Burma) Chaungtha in Myanmar (Burma) Population:
    [Show full text]
  • ONIX for Books Codelists Issue 40
    ONIX for Books Codelists Issue 40 23 January 2018 DOI: 10.4400/akjh All ONIX standards and documentation – including this document – are copyright materials, made available free of charge for general use. A full license agreement (DOI: 10.4400/nwgj) that governs their use is available on the EDItEUR website. All ONIX users should note that this is the fourth issue of the ONIX codelists that does not include support for codelists used only with ONIX version 2.1. Of course, ONIX 2.1 remains fully usable, using Issue 36 of the codelists or earlier. Issue 36 continues to be available via the archive section of the EDItEUR website (http://www.editeur.org/15/Archived-Previous-Releases). These codelists are also available within a multilingual online browser at https://ns.editeur.org/onix. Codelists are revised quarterly. Go to latest Issue Layout of codelists This document contains ONIX for Books codelists Issue 40, intended primarily for use with ONIX 3.0. The codelists are arranged in a single table for reference and printing. They may also be used as controlled vocabularies, independent of ONIX. This document does not differentiate explicitly between codelists for ONIX 3.0 and those that are used with earlier releases, but lists used only with earlier releases have been removed. For details of which code list to use with which data element in each version of ONIX, please consult the main Specification for the appropriate release. Occasionally, a handful of codes within a particular list are defined as either deprecated, or not valid for use in a particular version of ONIX or with a particular data element.
    [Show full text]
  • Watching, Snorkelling, Whale-Watching
    © Lonely Planet Publications 202 Index A Baitul Mukarram Mosque 55 Rocket 66-7, 175, 6 accommodation 157-8 baksheesh 164 to/from Barisal 97-8 activities, see diving, dolphin- Baldha Gardens 54 to/from Chittagong 127-8 watching, snorkelling, Bana Vihara 131 to/from Dhaka 66-8 whale-watching Banchte Shekha Foundation 81 boat trips 158 Adivasis 28, 129, see also individual Bandarban 134-6 Chittagong 125-6 tribes bangla 31 Dhaka 59 Agrabad 125 Bangla, see Bengali Mongla 90 Ahmed, Fakhruddin 24 Bangladesh Freedom Fighters 22 Rangamati 131 Ahmed, Iajuddin 14 Bangladesh Nationalist Party 23 Sariakandi 103 INDEX Ahsan Manzil 52 Bangladesh Tea Research Institute 154 Bogra 101-3, 101 air travel Bangsal Rd 54 books 13, 14, see also literature airfares 170 Bara Katra 53 arts 33 airlines 169-70 Bara Khyang 140 birds 37 to/from Bangladesh 170-2 Barisal 97-9, 98 Chittagong Hill Tracts 28, 29 within Bangladesh 173-5 Barisal division 96-9 culture 26, 27, 28, 31 Ali, Khan Jahan 89 Baro Bazar Mosque 82 emigration 32 Ananda Vihara 145 Baro Kuthi 115 food 40 animals 36, 154-5, see also individual bathrooms 166 history 20, 23 animals Baul people 28 Lajja (Shame) 30 Lowacherra National Park 154-5 bazars, see markets tea 40 Madhupur National Park 77-8 beaches border crossings 172 Sundarbans National Park 93-4, 7 Cox’s Bazar 136 Benapole 82 architecture 31-2, see also historical Himachari Beach 139 Burimari 113 buildings Inani Beach 139 Tamabil 150 area codes 166, see also inside front Benapole 82 Brahmaputra River 35 cover Bengali 190-6 brassware 73 Armenian
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of Myanmar
    Ethnologue report for Myanmar Page 1 of 20 Languages of Myanmar [See also SIL publications on the languages of Myanmar.] Union of Myanmar, Pyeidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw. Formerly Burma. 42,720,196. Speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages: 28,877,000 or 78% of the population, Daic languages 2,778,900 or 9.6%, Austro- Asiatic languages 1,934,900 or 6.7%, Hmong-Mien languages 6,000 (1991 J. Matisoff). National or official language: Burmese. Literacy rate: 66% to 78%; 78.5% over 15 years old (1991). Also includes Eastern Tamang, Geman Deng, Iu Mien, Malay (21,000), Sylheti, Chinese (1,015,000), people from Bangladesh and India (500,000). Information mainly from F. Lebar, G. Hickey, J. Musgrave 1964; A. Hale 1982; B. Comrie 1987; R. B. Jones 1988; J. Matisoff et al. 1996; D. Bradley 1997; R. Burling ms. (1998). Blind population: 214,440. Deaf population: 2,684,514. Deaf institutions: 1. The number of languages listed for Myanmar is 109. Of those, 108 are living languages and 1 is extinct. Living languages Achang [acn] 1,700 in Myanmar (1983). West of the Irrawaddy River in Katha District, near Banmauk, scattered among the Lashi. Along the China border. Alternate names: Anchan, Chung, Atsang, Acang, Ngac'ang, Ngachang, Ngochang, Mönghsa, Tai Sa'. Dialects: Maingtha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto- Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern More information. Akha [ahk] 200,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population total all countries: 449,261. Eastern part of Kengtung Shan State. Also spoken in China, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Kaw, Ekaw, Ko, Aka, Ikaw, Ak'a, Ahka, Khako, Kha Ko, Khao Kha Ko, Ikor, Aini, Yani.
    [Show full text]
  • Myanmar ­ Languages | Ethnologue
    7/24/2016 Myanmar ­ Languages | Ethnologue Myanmar LANGUAGES Akeu [aeu] Shan State, Kengtung and Mongla townships. 1,000 in Myanmar (2004 E. Johnson). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Akheu, Aki, Akui. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Akha [ahk] Shan State, east Kengtung district. 200,000 in Myanmar (Bradley 2007a). Total users in all countries: 563,960. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Ahka, Aini, Aka, Ak’a, Ekaw, Ikaw, Ikor, Kaw, Kha Ko, Khako, Khao Kha Ko, Ko, Yani. Dialects: Much dialectal variation; some do not understand each other. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi, Southern. More Information Anal [anm] Sagaing: Tamu town, 10 households. 50 in Myanmar (2010). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Namfau. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Sal, Kuki-Chin-Naga, Kuki-Chin, Northern. Comments: Non- indigenous. Christian. More Information Anong [nun] Northern Kachin State, mainly Kawnglangphu township. 400 in Myanmar (2000 D. Bradley), decreasing. Ethnic population: 10,000 (Bradley 2007b). Total users in all countries: 450. Status: 7 (Shifting). Alternate Names: Anoong, Anu, Anung, Fuchve, Fuch’ye, Khingpang, Kwingsang, Kwinp’ang, Naw, Nawpha, Nu. Dialects: Slightly di㨽erent dialects of Anong spoken in China and Myanmar, although no reported diഡculty communicating with each other. Low inherent intelligibility with the Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Lexical similarity: 87%–89% with Anong in Myanmar and Anong in China, 73%–76% with T’rung [duu], 77%–83% with Matwang variety of Rawang [raw]. Classi囕cation: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Central Tibeto-Burman, Nungish. Comments: Di㨽erent from Nung (Tai family) of Viet Nam, Laos, and China, and from Chinese Nung (Cantonese) of Viet Nam.
    [Show full text]
  • Birma: Centrum Kontra Peryferie
    Michał Lubina Birma: centrum kontra peryferie Kwestia etniczna we współczesnej Birmie (1948 – 2013) Kraków 2014 © Copyright by Michał Lubina Publikacja dofinansowana przez Towarzystwo Doktorantów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Recenzja: dr hab. Hubert Królikowski, prof. UJ Konsultacje naukowe: dr hab. Bogdan Góralczyk, prof. UW dr Grażyna Szymańska-Matusiewicz Magdalena Kozłowska Redakcja techniczna: Wojciech Marcinek ISBN 978-83-937321-9-7 Wydawca: Krakowska Oficyna Naukowa TEKST 31-216 Kraków, Bobrzeckiej 9, www.kon-tekst.pl Druk: Eikon Plus, Kraków Nakład: do 200 egz. Rodzicom, którzy nauczyli mnie ciekawości i szacunku do świata w podzięce za nieustanne wsparcie Spis treści Wstęp 9 Rozdział I. Birma w ujęciu teoretyczno-metodologicznym i historiografii 13 Periodyzacja i struktura pracy 13 Krytyka źródeł 28 Uwagi odnośnie pisowni i nazw własnych 32 Birma czy Mjanma (Myanmar)? 33 Rozdział II. Charakterystyka etniczna Birmy 37 Najważniejsze grupy etniczne Birmy 41 Rozdział III. Birma do 1948 roku. Przyczyny konfliktu centrum – peryferie 57 Od centrum ku peryferiom. Charakter prekolonialnej monarchii birmańskiej 57 „Dwie Birmy”. Kolonializm a kwestia etniczna 60 Birmański ruch narodowy a kwestia etniczna 69 Okupacja japońska (1942-1945) 77 W przededniu niepodległości (1945-1948) 85 Podsumowanie 99 Rozdział IV. Kwestia etniczna w parlamentarnej Birmie (1948-1962) 101 Sytuacja wewnętrzna w kraju w latach 1948-1962 102 Początek wojny domowej 106 Komuniści 107 Karenowie. Konflikt „lewicowców” i „prawicowców” w armii 109 Walki birmańsko-kareńskie. Oblężenie Rangunu (1949) 114 Sytuacja wewnętrzna w latach 50-tych. Wzrost znaczenia armii 119 Inwazja Kuomintangu (1950) 123 Sytuacja wewnętrzna w Birmie w połowie lat 50-tych 127 5 Pierwszy zamach stanu armii (1958) i rząd przejściowy generała Ne Wina (1958-1960) 135 Cywilne Interregnum (1960-1962) 138 Drugi zamach stanu Ne Wina (1962) 145 Podsumowanie 147 Rozdział V.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indigenous World 2014
    IWGIA THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2014 This yearbook contains a comprehensive update on the cur- rent situation of indigenous peoples and their human rights, THE INDIGENOUS WORLD and provides an overview of the most important developments in international and regional processes during 2013. In 73 articles, indigenous and non-indigenous scholars and activists provide their insight and knowledge to the book with country reports covering most of the indigenous world, and updated information on international and regional processes relating to indigenous peoples. The Indigenous World 2014 is an essential source of informa- tion and indispensable tool for those who need to be informed THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2014 about the most recent issues and developments that have impacted on indigenous peoples worldwide. 2014 INTERNATIONAL WORK GROUP FOR INDIGENOUS AFFAIRS 3 THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2014 Copenhagen 2014 THE INDIGENOUS WORLD 2014 Compilation and editing: Cæcilie Mikkelsen Regional editors: Arctic & North America: Kathrin Wessendorf Mexico, Central and South America: Alejandro Parellada Australia and the Pacific: Cæcilie Mikkelsen Asia: Christian Erni and Christina Nilsson The Middle East: Diana Vinding and Cæcilie Mikkelsen Africa: Marianne Wiben Jensen and Geneviève Rose International Processes: Lola García-Alix and Kathrin Wessendorf Cover and typesetting: Jorge Monrás Maps: Jorge Monrás English translation: Elaine Bolton Proof reading: Elaine Bolton Prepress and Print: Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark © The authors and The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), 2014 - All Rights Reserved HURRIDOCS CIP DATA The reproduction and distribution of information contained Title: The Indigenous World 2014 in The Indigenous World is welcome as long as the source Edited by: Cæcilie Mikkelsen is cited.
    [Show full text]