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Derivatization Reagents for Selective Response and Detection in Complex Matrices

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Derivatization Reagents for Selective Response and Detection in Complex Matrices Derivatization Reagents For Selective Response and Detection in Complex Matrices Applications in Chromatographic Analysis and Separations: GC HPLC Chiral TLC Serving the Analytical World ….. through Innovation, Quality and Leadership Derivatization is a commonly used technique to augment In addition to the basic information about derivatization, this tion chromatography analysis. It requires efficient and effective monograph covers the following major topics: reagents that can modify the behavior of complex compounds ● Reagents and methods for four types of derivatization oduc and allow their detection in chromatographic analysis. tr reactions preceding a GC analysis: silylation, acylation, n I Since the release of the last Derivatization guide in 2009, several alkylation and esterification innovative derivatization reagents have been introduced for ● Derivatization reagents and methods for HPLC analysis based various detection methods, and many other products and pack on suitable detection schemes sizes have been modified or eliminated. This new version of the derivatization guide includes up-to-date information on ● Derivatization reagents for chiral separations the available products. We strongly believe that this will serve ● A variety of derivatizing reagents for TLC applications as a handy reference guide for finding suitable derivatization ● reagents and methods for your chromatographic analysis. The Troubleshooting and accessories for derivatization “Application” tables listed for each chromatographic technique For your convenience, the back cover presents the information offer a convenient resource for selecting a reagent suitable for about how you can order these products, obtain technical help derivatizing a specific functional group of interest. or request additional information. This guide offers a comprehensive list of over 450 We hope that the information and the products presented here derivatization reagents, suitable methods and a new section will be of immense help in your chromatographic analysis of on ‘Troubleshooting in Derivatization”. We hope it will serve routine and other complex matrices. as a convenient and reference-ready resource for selecting derivatization reagents for your daily needs in chromatographic analysis. Table of Contents The Value in Derivatization for Separation Science ...............................3 Derivatization for Chiral GC/HPLC ..............................................................70 Chiral Derivatization Reagents - HPLC ............................................................. 70 Derivatization for GC .........................................................................................5 Chiral Derivatization Reagents (ChiraSelect) HPLC .................................. 72 Silylation.................................................................................................................................5 Chiral Derivatization Reagents (ChiraSelect) GC ....................................... 74 Key Silylation Reagents ..........................................................................................7 Chiral Derivatization Reagents (ChiraSelect) CE ........................................ 74 Silylation Reagents for GC Derivatization ................................................ 17 Chiral Derivatization Reagents by Application ........................................... 75 Selected Silylation Applications .................................................................... 20 Selected Applications................................................................................................. 76 Acylation ............................................................................................................................. 30 Key Acylation Reagents ...................................................................................... 31 Derivatization in TLC Analyses .....................................................................82 Acylation Reagents for GC Derivatization ............................................... 35 Visualization Methods ................................................................................................ 82 Selected Acylation Applications ................................................................... 37 Derivatization Reagents for TLC ........................................................................... 84 Alkylation and Esterification ................................................................................... 39 TLC Applications by Compound Class ............................................................. 87 Key Alkylation/Esterification Reagents ...................................................... 41 Derivatization Accessories ............................................................................88 Alkylation/Esterification Reagents for GC Derivatization ............... 48 GC ..................................................................................................................................... 88 Selected Alkylation Applications .................................................................. 51 HPLC ..................................................................................................................................... 89 Derivatization Reagent Sampler Kit ................................................................... 53 TLC ..................................................................................................................................... 93 GC Derivatization Reagents by Industrial Applications......................... 54 Troubleshooting in Derivatization .............................................................98 Analyte Derivatization in HPLC Analyses .................................................56 HPLC Pre- and Post-column Derivatization .................................................. 56 Detection Methods...................................................................................................... 57 Reagents for Colored and UV Absorbing Derivatives ...................... 57 HPLC Derivatization Reagents for UV/VIS Detection .............................. 58 Reagents for Fluorescent Derivatives ......................................................... 60 Reagents for Electrochemical Derivatives ............................................... 61 HPLC Derivatization Reagents for Fluorimetric Detection .................. 62 HPLC Derivatization – Application Overview .............................................. 65 Selected Applications................................................................................................. 66 2 sigma-aldrich.com/derivatization The Value in Derivatization for Separation Science Derivatization is an integral part of chemical analysis in many Volatility areas of chemistry such as medical, forensic, food science, and Volatility enhancement is an important consideration in environmental disciplines. Derivatization enables the analyst to in Derivatization Value The derivatization of polar compounds for chromatographic analysis. analyze a wide variety of compounds by GC, GC-MS, HPLC and Derivatizing the polar functional groups (O, S, N and P) can yield LC-MS that were otherwise less volatile and unstable for these dramatic increases in volatility. techniques. In general, analytical derivatization is employed for two reasons: Since GC analysis is dependent on the volatility of the compound, compounds with multiple polar groups that 1. To permit analysis of compounds with inadequate show poor volatility due to intermolecular interactions caused volatility or stability by hydrogen bonding must be derivatized. For example, 2. To improve chromatographic behavior or detectability carbohydrates must undergo derivatization prior to GC analysis. Carbohydrate derivatives must be formed to increase volatility The primary use of derivatization is the chemical modification and decrease polarity for analysis. The derivative enables the of a compound by derivatizing its functional group (e.g., O-H, analyst to quantify a sample at trace levels. COOH, N-H, and S-H) to promote the use of chromatographic analysis. The underivatized compounds can demonstrate poor Many drugs have a high molecular weight and contain polar chromatographic behavior, insufficient volatility, and poor functional groups that are not amendable to be assayed by GC. thermal stability or have inadequate detector response. By A thermally stable and volatile derivative can be prepared that chemically modifying these compounds into derivatives they exhibits minimal tailing for GC analysis. have properties amendable for chromatographic separation and For small and volatile compounds excessive volatility may also accurate analysis. pose problems during analysis. Chemical derivatization increases the molecular weight of very volatile compounds which can minimize losses in sample handling and help separate the gas “...derivatized sample increases volatility, improves chromatographic sample peak(s) from the solvent front. selectivity and stability, and enhances detectability.” Selectivity Derivatization may be employed to improve chromatographic performance and peak shape. The derivative should give a single Introduction symmetrical peak corresponding to the parent compound. The functional group of polar compounds do not chromatograph Many polar compounds and samples are not suitable for well as they tend to adsorb on the active surfaces of the chromatographic analysis due to their physical and chemical column
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