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PDF Van Tekst De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 83 bron De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 83. Vereniging van Antwerpse Bibliofielen, Antwerpen 2005 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_gul005200501_01/colofon.php © 2016 dbnl i.s.m. VII [De Gulden Passer 2005] Francine de Nave Het Complex Woning-Ateliers-Museum Plantin-Moretus UNESCO-Werelderfgoed! Op 15 juli 2005 werd de oude Officina Plantiniana, alias het Museum Plantin-Moretus, door de vertegenwoordigers van 21 landen (maar niet van België) verenigd in het UNESCO-World Heritage Committee in vergadering te Durban (Zuid-Afrika), ingeschreven op de UNESCO-Lijst van het Werelderfgoed als het Complex Woning-Ateliers-Museum Plantin-Moretus. Daarmee is deze historische site erkend als van wereldniveau en neemt hij op deze zeer exclusieve lijst dezelfde rang in als bijvoorbeeld de Chinese muur (1987), de Egyptische pyramides (1979), het paleis en het park van Versailles (1979), de Acropolis in Athene (1987), de Borobudurtempel in Indonesië (1991), Kyoto en de Himeji-jo in Japan (1993), en Machu Picchu in Peru (1983). Sinds de start in 1972 waren op de UNESCO-Werelderfgoedlijst tot 10 juli 2005 slechts 611 culturele sites opgenomen, waaronder principieel geen musea. Dat het Museum Plantin-Moretus toch in de lijst werd ingeschreven, is te danken aan het feit dat het hier gaat om geheel uitzonderlijk erfgoed: het is de enige zestiende-eeuwse drukkerij-uitgeverij die op wereldvlak nog met volledige inrichting en woning bewaard is gebleven. De voorgeschiedenis van dit complex van wereldniveau is genoegzaam bekend. Na driehonderd jaar productiviteit aan de Vrijdagmarkt werd de oude ‘Officina Plantiniana’ met de nagenoeg complete inboedel op 20 april 1876 door de laatste bedrijfsleider en eigenaar, Jonkheer Edward Moretus, verkocht aan de Stad Antwerpen en de Belgische Staat. Dit gebeurde voor de verdere bewaring van dit unieke patrimonium onder de vorm van een museum. Na aanpassingswerken kon de Officina Plantiniana op 19 augustus 1877 plechtig als Museum Plantin-Moretus voor het publiek worden geopend. Met de inschrijving op de UNESCO-Lijst van het Werelderfgoed verkrijgt Antwerpen een trekpleister van wereldniveau, die het toerisme in deze stad een sterk impuls kan geven. Het Museum Plantin-Moretus is nu immers het enige Antwerpse monument dat als werelderfgoed erkend is, afgezien van zijn minder bekende belfort, belichaamd in de kleine toren van de Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal. Het monument Plantin-Moretus geniet als UNESCO-werelderfgoed maximale bescherming. Dit geldt ook voor zijn - eveneens tot de rang van werelderfgoed verklaarde - patrimonium: samen met het gebouwencomplex staan de collecties, gegroeid uit de inrichting en werking van de woning met atelier Plantin-Moretus, onder de directe UNESCO-controle inzake conservatie in situ én openstelling voor het publiek. Dit geldt trouwens ook voor het Plantin-Moretusarchief, dat hier sinds 1576 aangelegd werd en met de grootste zorgen bewaard bleef door de opeenvolgende Moretusgeneraties. Het archief werd immers reeds op 4 september 2001 als roerend UNESCO-werelderfgoed erkend in het ‘Memory of the World Programm’ De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 83 VIII Het gebouwencomplex met patrimonium Plantin-Moretus was reeds in juni 2002 genomineerd, dit is gepreselecteerd als werelderfgoed. Aangezien de UNESCO voorrang verleent aan monumenten in de Derde Wereld en in landen die tot zover nauwelijks op de Lijst van het Werelderfgoed vertegenwoordigd zijn, werden in de afgelopen jaren nauwelijks nog West-Europese monumenten op deze zeer exclusieve lijst geplaatst. Met deze ultieme bekroning van het door de Vlaamse, Waalse en federale regeringen samen gedragen Belgische voorstel, in januari 2004 ingediend bij de UNESCO te Parijs, bekleedt Antwerpen voortaan een verzekerde plaats op de wereldkaart van het culturele erfgoed. De Vereniging van Antwerpse Bibliofielen kan zich daarbij zeer gelukkig prijzen: zij heeft haar administratieve zetel nu immers in werelderfgoed! Het verhaal van de bouwgeschiedenis van het UNESCO-werelderfgoed Complex Woning-Ateliers-Museum Plantin-Moretus aan de Antwerpse Vrijdagmarkt vanaf 1576 tot vandaag, kan voor januari 2006 worden tegemoet gezien onder de vorm van een gedetailleerde publicatie, bezorgd door dr. R. Tijs, architect-planoloog, in samenwerking met de auteur van deze tekst. De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 83 1 Hendrik D.L. Vervliet Early sixteenth-century Parisian Roman types1 This paper attempts to describe exhaustively the Roman typefaces, appearing in Paris during the first three decades of the sixteenth century and totaling up to fifty-one founts.2 Some of them originated in the fifteenth century. Most were made locally. Half a dozen were imported from Northern Italy or Germany (in the medieval sense of that term). Most of these Romans are unremarkable, apart from those by Colines. Nonetheless an inquiry such as this may throw some light upon two important developments in early printing history, viz. the Romanization of French reading habits and, as one of its effects in the centuries to follow, the ‘Francisation’ of European type design (as far as Roman, Italic, Greek, and Hebrew typefaces are concerned). Such a study can also serve as a test field to develop a technique for describing sixteenth-century typefaces, to enhance the bibliographic methods used by incunabulists since Bradshaw, Proctor, and Haebler, and to adapt them to the changes occurring in the trade of printing types from the late fifteenth century onwards. In this it tries to reconcile the more general approach of typophiles and type historians (tending to describe selectively only those founts they like or consider important) with the methods generally accepted among incunabulists and bibliographers aiming primarily at exhaustive and thorough descriptions of the founts of a given printer. Understandably, the latter dwell on idiosyncrasies and minute characteristics observable in the printer's type cases. However, they should be aware that from a methodological point of view the practice of affixing different names to the same typeface if occurring at different presses, or failing to distinguish different faces of the same size occurring at the same press, is questionable (Johnson, 1943, 47-8).3 The terminus a quo of this paper is 1501. Factually that year is no real breaking point whatsoever, but as the incunabular book production in Paris has been exhaustively dealt with by bibliographers such as Claudin (1900) or Scholderer (Catalogue BM, part 8, 1949), this starting-point should be acceptable. For the sake of completeness, however, such fifteenth-century typefaces which stayed in use beyond 1501 (some of them well into the sixteenth century) have been included. Thus the first founts to be included here are two ‘Gering’ Romans, both originating in 1478 and being used into the 1530s (1 and 2).4 The terminus ante quem is 1530. At the end of that year Robert I Estienne introduced a 1 The author is grateful to Karen Bowen, Antwerp, and William Kemp, Montreal, for reading and correcting a first draft of this paper, as well as to the many librarians, who kindly answered his queries but which space forbids to be cited here. 2 For completeness, thirteen founts of Simon de Colines falling within the period covered here are included, though they were surveyed in De Gulden Passer of 2003. On the other hand, the Romans of Gerardus Morrhius, who from 1530 onwards started working in Paris with Basle founts, were omitted. This paper is also limited to cast type stricto sensu. Decorative initials, however important for fully assessing the evolution of letterforms, are not included. 3 Full citations are given in the list of references at the end of the article. 4 Bold-face numbers within parentheses refer to the descriptions of founts further below in this paper. De Gulden Passer. Jaargang 83 2 series of new and very superior Romans, which grew into the norm for Roman type design in the times to come (Barker, 1974). The prestigious name of Garamont is often affixed to the new style, though there is no proof that the master was involved in their cutting (Vervliet, 2004, 114-5). In any case, from that fourth decade of the sixteenth century onwards, Parisian type design becomes full-grown and ready for worldwide expansion. This paper addresses three main points. First, it describes the coming-of-age of Parisian typography, illustrating how changing patterns of reading habits led Parisian typographers to invest substantially into designing and cutting new types à l'antique. The roles of Francis 1 (1515-1547) and his court, and of the theoretician Geoffroy Tory (1529) are frequently cited here, as well as the influence of the numerous Italian scholars and artists, that France received so warmly, mainly in the 1520s and 1530s. However, it should become clear that in Paris the seasoning of a general, i.e., non-humanistic, reading public to Roman letterforms started much earlier, viz. at the very beginning of the 1500s. Second, the struggle between two models of type procurement, viz. individual ownership of punches and matrices vs. concentration in and commercialization through typefoundries. The first model was the rule in the first years after the invention of printing; the second (which was to exist into the twentieth century) became the standard from the end of the sixteenth and the seventeenth century onwards, when great regional typefoundries emerged in Frankfurt, Paris, Amsterdam, and Leipzig. The period in between was more or less chaotic: punchcutters, typefounders, printers, and publishers competing in the same market of type procurement. This study illustrates the confusion. Third, there is the tantalizing problem of identifying the punchcutters involved. Names such as those of Nicolas I de Russangis, George Wolf, Guillaume Le Rouge, Petrus Caesaris, Martinus Caesar, Jean Vatel or Simon de Colines are quoted, but only the part of both last named can be established with some certainty. Admittedly in general the quality of the letterforms, as expressed by their evenness and balance, as far as covered here, is mostly unremarkable.
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