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Traditional Use, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Pectis Brevipedunculata Essential Oil: a Correlated Lemongrass Species in Brazil

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Traditional Use, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Pectis Brevipedunculata Essential Oil: a Correlated Lemongrass Species in Brazil Emir. J. Food Agric. 2013. 25 (10): 798-808 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.v25i10.16408 http://www.ejfa.info/ REGULAR ARTICLE Traditional use, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Pectis brevipedunculata essential oil: A correlated lemongrass species in Brazil Andre M. Marques1*, Cristina H. P. Lima1, Daniela S. Alviano2, Celuta S. Alviano2, Roberto L. Esteves3 and Maria Auxiliadora C. Kaplan1 1Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais (NPPN), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMPG-UFRJ), CCS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3Departamento de Botânica, Museu nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abstract For centuries, medicinal plants have been used as source of active principles for the treatment of many conditions. Ethnobotanical studies and bioassay guided isolation procedures have been successfully used in order to investigate and confirm their medicinal prescriptions. Traditionally used in Brazil, Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is usually consumed as tea drink due to its calmative, anxyolitic as well as anti- hypertensive properties. Due to the similar lemongrass scent many species of Pectis genus have been used as infusion drinks for the same purposes as C. citratus. In Brazil, Pectis brevipedunculata, a sandy ornamental aromatic grass, is one of the “lemongrass odor” correlated species traditionally consumed. Chemical analysis of its essential oil was performed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Such essential oil was characterized by a high percentages of citral (81.8%: neral 35.6% and geranial 46.2%), followed by limonene (2.9%) and α-pinene (2.6%). Chemical and ethnobotanical investigations were performed involving one of the most commonly used Pectis species, known as lemongrass in order to confirm the medicinal indications compared to their chemical profile. The essential oil of P. brevipedunculata was tested against several clinical parasites. Our results were in agreement to the literature survey, suggesting the citral as the principal active constituent of the tested samples. Despite of the wide biological activities spectrum related to the major constituent presented in the essential oil of the most Pectis species, it is necessary to continue the phytochemical and pharmacological studies about the infusions constituents and validate the folk medicine. Key words: Pectis brevipedunculata, Citral, Traditional medicine, Essential oil, Biological activities Introduction In the last decades, the natural products have this context, the information obtained with increased their importance as alternative safety etnobotanical investigations associated to the health against many synthetic drugs. Considering phytochemical guided-isolation studies may be a the low number and efficacy to the available drugs, useful tool in this new drugs discovery challenge. as well as their side effects and the resistance The scientific research about traditional medicines developed by parasites, natural compounds may followed by discovery of new efficient rise as an important source of new bioactive phytotherapic drugs can provide more accessible templates used in chemotherapies (Silva et al., and lower cost medicaments to the patients, 2008; Marques et al., 2010; Alviano et al., 2012). In specially to the patients of tropical neglected diseases (Alviano and Alviano, 2009). Several aromatic plants widely distributed in the tropics Received 10 March 2013; Revised 20 May 2013; Accepted 27 exhibit fungicidal activities and have traditionally May 2013; Published Online 24 June 2013 been used as flavoring agents in native dishes, as *Corresponding Author incense, insect repellents and folk medicine since Andre M. Marques plant essential oils are a potentially useful source of Nú cleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais (NPPN), Centro de antimicrobial compounds (Lewinsohn et al., 1998; Ciências da Saú de, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Edris, 2007). Plant derivative products could be Rio de Janeiro, Brazil used as viable alternatives to microbial Emails: [email protected] 798 Andre M. Marques et al. contaminants control in foods such as moulds, and Lemongrass oil exhibits a broad spectrum of fungi be used in foods conservation systems, since many toxicity by inhibiting several fungal species at synthetic compounds are considered responsible for different concentrations (Belletti et al., 2008). It is many carcinogenic and teratogenic attributes as known that its fungitoxic potency remains unaltered well as residual toxicity (Yaouba et al., 2010). for 210 days of storage, after which it starts to Numerous studies have been published on the decline (Mishra and Dubey, 1994; Tzortzakis and antimicrobial activities of plant compounds against Economakis, 2007). There is therefore considerable many different types of microbes, including interest in the application of lemongrass oil for foodborne pathogens (Garcia et al., 2008; Marques human parasite affections as well as the et al., 2011). It is known that the wide and preservation of stored food crops. For exemple, indiscriminate use of synthetic antimicrobial effects of citral in a broad spectrum of post-harvest medicines are leading to hypersensitivity reactions and aflatoxigenic pathogens have been well as well as developing resistance to many currently documented, showing a strong fungistatic and used medicines (Adinarayana et al., 2012). The fungicidal effect. Many biological activities were increase of fungal resistance to classical drugs, the described to this aldehyde monoterpene fraction. treatment costs, and the fact that most available Bacteriostatic and fungistatic properties have antifungal drugs have only fungistatic activity, already been related to essential oils rich in citral justify the search for new strategies (Rapp, 2004; (Shukla et al., 2009; Tyagi and Malik, 2010; Yaouba et al., 2010). Demuner et al., 2011; Kim and Park, 2012). The Asteraceae, the largest family of flowering Geraniol and citral isomers should probably plants, comprises about 1,600 genera and more than account for the antifungal activity of lemongrass. 25,000 species. The genus Pectis is composed by De Billerbeck et al. (2001) showed that citral roughly 76 species characterized by small herb accounted for up to 70% of the antifungal activity plants of the daisy-like family with bright yellow of C. citratus essential oil. Kurita et al. (1981) have flowers and dark green foliage (Albuquerque et al., shown that citral acts as a fungicidal agent because 2007). In general, they are found as low branching, it is able to form a charge transfer complex with an mostly heavily scented herbs, being founded in electron donor to fungal cells, which results in several countries of all Americas at altitudes fungal death. In rats, cardiovascular effects as varying from sea level to 4,000 feet (Keil, 2002). transient hypotension and bradycardia were induced Some species of this genus have the citric scent due by the citral-rich essential oil obtained from to the high concentration of citral in their volatile lemongrass species, C. citratus and P. composition. These species are found specially in brevipedunculata (Moreira et al., 2010; Pereira et dry uplands, usually on sandy and calcareous soils al., 2013). Blanco et al. (2009) reported a study and can grow in nutritionally poor soil places. describing the effects of the citral-rich essential oil Because of this pronounced citric fragrance some (EO) on the mouse central nervous system. No Pectis species were used by the Indians for toxicant effect was observed in this oral treatment. flavoring their foods and by the Indian women as a The citral rich essential oil obtained from C. perfume (Bradley and Haagen, 1949; Keil, 1984). citratus was effective in increasing the sleeping In Brazil, many plant species are known as time as well as decreasing the alert state of the lemongrass due to the citric fragrance from their mice. The essential oil effect was in agreement with volatile constituents. Widely known in Brazil, the popular indication of drink infusions of this Cymbopogon citratus is the main traditionally used species usually used for nervous, stress, anxiety and plant known as lemongrass. Its essential oil (EO) insomnia in Brazil. has a characteristic aroma and it is composed by a Pectis brevipedunculata, a Brazilian high content of citral (neral and geranial isomers, ornamental aromatic grass, is one of the comprising 65–85% of the volatile compounds “lemongrass odor” correlated species found in the (Silva et al., 2008). Citral is a volatile essential oil country, (Figure 1). Ethnobotanical studies in component that is found in various aromatic plants Northeast region of Brazil described the traditional with a stronger and sweeter aroma than lemon. This use of Pectis elongata Kunth and Pectis monoterpene aldehyde fraction is normally oligocephala var. affinis (Gardner) Baker as composed by a mixture of the two geometric cis- infusion drinks for stomach disorders and and trans-isomers: geranial and neral, commonly hypertension as well as cold, and flu. The genus is used as a taste enhancer, as an odorant in perfumes, represented mostly by five species, including Pectis and as an insect repellent. Geranial has a strong apodocephala, Pectis oligocephala and Pectis lemon odor while neral is less intense, but sweeter. linifolia L. var. linifolia whose essential oils
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