Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Yoga

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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PUC-SP Yoga Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Irani Alves Cordeiro Wullstein Yoga, Meditação e Silêncio Um estudo na tradição de grandes mestres e na visão científica de Bohdan Wijtenko. DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIAS DA RELIGIÃO São Paulo 2009 1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP Irani Alves Cordeiro Wullstein Yoga, Meditação e Silêncio Um estudo na tradição de grandes mestres e na visão científica de Bohdan Wijtenko. DOUTORADO EM CIÊNCIAS DA RELIGIÃO Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de DOUTOR em Ciências da Religião, pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob a orientação do Professor Doutor José Joaquim Queiroz. SÃO PAULO 2009 2 Wullstein, Irani Alves Cordeiro: “Yoga, Meditação e Silêncio na tradição de grandes mestres e na visão científica de Bohdan Wijtenko”. RESUMO A tese focaliza o Yoga a partir da sua vinda da Índia para o Ocidente, com ênfase na visão tradicional incorporada por grandes mestres. Analisa a recepção do Yoga na sociedade pós-moderna, mediante matérias de jornais e revistas de grande circulação no Brasil. Com estes capítulos introdutórios, prepara o cenário para o foco principal do trabalho, que é recuperar uma notável figura de Yogue e Mestre, Bohdan Wijtenko. Durante vários anos, Mestre Bohdan ensinou em cátedras no exterior e no Brasil e formou um grande número de discípulos em nossa sociedade. Embora não tenha deixado livros nem artigos em jornais e revistas científicas, ficaram inéditos inúmeros manuscritos e conferências gravadas, que a tese busca recuperar, pelo menos em parte, para apresentar o seu trabalho de grande especialista em Hinduismo e Yoga e sua constante preocupação em ensinar a meditação e o silêncio como a essência dessa prática milenar. Em especial, a tese mostra o seu pioneirismo em aprofundar os aspectos científicos do Yoga, enveredando pelos meandros da neurociência. Palavras-chave. Yoga, Bohdan Wijtenko, Meditação, Silêncio, Pós-modernidade, Neurociências 3 ABSTRACT This thesis focuses the Yoga since its coming from India to the West, with emphasis on the traditional vision that was incorporated by the great masters. It analyses how Yoga has been received in the postmodern society showing matters of wide circulation newspapers and magazines in Brazil. The introductory chapters prepare the scenery for the main focus of the thesis, which aims to recover a remarkable Yogi and Master, Bohdan Wijtenko. During many years, Master Bohdan has been teaching at many universities abroad and in Brazil and has formed a large number of disciples in our society. Although he did not leave books nor articles in scientific newspapers and magazines, many manuscripts and recorded conferences remain unpublished and the thesis tries to recover them, at least partially, in order to show his work as a great scholar of Hinduism and Yoga, and his constant care in teaching meditation and silence as the essence of this millenary practice. In a special way, it shows his pioneer work to deepen the scientific aspects of Yoga, by going trough the meander of the neurosciences. Key words. Yoga, Bohdan Wijtenko, Meditation, Silence, Postmodernity, Neuroscience 4 DEDICATÓRIA Ao meu mestre Prof. Dr. Bohdan Wijtenko e a todos aqueles que buscam a essência do Yoga. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, primeiramente, pelo dom da minha vida e pela oportunidade que tive e tenho em poder estar sempre aprendendo. À minha Mãe que sempre me estimulou para o estudo e por seu amor. À Banca da Qualificação, pelas sugestões tão preciosas. Ao meu Orientador, Prof. Dr. Queiroz, pela sabedoria, competência e humildade. A meu marido, Robert, pela paciência. À Vilma, por colaborar na organização do material do Professor Bohdan. Eurípedes e Débora, pela ajuda em algumas traduções. Às minhas alunas e a todos aqueles que de alguma forma me ajudaram e ajudam a crescer. Em especial, À familia do Professor Bohdan Wijtenko, principalmente seu filho Ivan, pela confiança, ao ter me cedido, alguns manuscritos e livros que pertenciam a seu pai. 6 Sumário Introdução 11 Capítulo I Do Oriente ao Mundo Pós-Moderno - A Vinda do Yoga e a Herança Espiritual do Mestre Bohdan Wijtenko Introdução 23 1.1- O Oriente e o deslumbramento do mundo ocidental 24 1.2- Representantes do Yoga que se destacaram no mundo ocidental 1.2.1- Swami Vivekananda 31 1.2.2- Sri Ramakrishna 36 1.2.3- Swami Paramahansa Yogananda 40 1.2.4- Sri Yukteswar 43 1.2.5- Sri Aurobindo Ghose 45 1.2.6- Swami Sivananda Saraswati 49 1.2.7- Jiddu Krishnamurti 52 1.2.8- Paul Brunton 61 1.2.9- Swami Muktananda 65 1.2.10- Maharishi Mahesh Yogui 71 1.2.11- Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh – Osho 76 1.2.12- Sathya Sai Baba 81 1.2.13- Dom Jean-Marie Déchanet 85 1.2.14- Swami Kuvalayananda 88 1.2.15- Tirumalai Krishnamacharya e Desikachar 90 1.2.16- Indra Devi 95 1.2.17- Sri Krshna Pattabhi Jois 96 1.2.18- Bellur Krishnamachar Sundaraja Iyengar 99 7 Conclusão 105 Capítulo II O Yoga na “onda” pós-moderna Introdução 112 2.1- A Condição Pós-moderna e suas características 112 2.1.1- A face sombria da Pós-modernidade 115 2.1.2-Faces Culturais da Pós-Modernidade 124 a- O Modismo 124 b- O Hibridismo 126 c- A Tradição 130 2.2- O Yoga e a Meditação na mídia escrita : os reflexos da Pós-Modernidade 133 2.2.1- O Yoga da Meditação na mídia 134 2.2.2- O Yoga como atividade física na mídia 135 2.2.3- A Meditação como modismo, hibridismo e tradição 138 a- A Meditação como Modismo 138 b- A Meditação como Hibridismo 143 c- A Meditação como Tradição 153 2.2.4- O Hatha-Yoga como modismo, hibridismo e tradição 158 a- O Hatha-Yoga como Modismo 159 b- O Hatha-Yoga como Hibridismo 170 2.3- A Índia Pós-Moderna e o Yoga 174 2.3.1- Aspectos geográficos 174 2.3.2- Entrando na Pós-Modernidade 177 2.3.3- O Yoga na Índia Pós-moderna 186 Conclusão 188 8 Capítulo III Yoga, Meditação e Silêncio na visão tradicional e científica do Mestre Bohdan Introdução 193 3.1 - O Yoga: Tradição e Linhagem 194 3.1.1- Aspectos históricos da filosofia indiana 194 3.1.2- O Yoga Tradição 202 3.1.2.1- Seguindo os passos de Patanjali 204 3.2 - Uma Linhagem especial: Shiva, Ramana e Bohdan Wijtenko 223 3.2.1- Shiva 225 3.2.2- Ramana Maharshi 233 3.2.3- Bohdan Wijtenko 243 3.3- As Premissas científicas de Bohdan Wijtenko 257 3.3.1- A Neurociência em retrospectiva 259 3.4- A Neurociência e o equilíbrio humano e as Teorias do Mestre Bohdan 267 ' 3.5- A Importância do Sistema Límbico 272 3.6- Ciência e Yoga-Meditação na visão do Mestre Bohdan e a Segunda Teoria 274 3.7- Os Efeitos da Meditação Silenciosa e a Terceira Teoria 283 3.7.1- A Ciência e os efeitos da Meditação Silenciosa 287 3.8- O Silêncio da mente e o mergulho no Absoluto, a Quarta Teoria 293 9 3.9- Decorrências das quatro Teorias 298 3.9.1- A Universalidade da Meditação Silenciosa 299 3.9.2- O Perfil do yogue 300 3.9.3- Por uma caracterização do Yoga 302 3.9.4- Como meditar 304 3.9.5- A meta final : Samadhi e Iluminação 308 3.10- Reestruturando o Ego 310 Conclusão 314 Conclusão Final 317 Bibliografia 325 10 Introdução Yoga, Meditação e Silêncio são temas de profundo interesse em minha vida, que ficaram marcados para sempre desde a época em que conheci o Prof. Dr. Bohdan Wijtenko1, em 1967, ao ingressar na Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Sorocaba, para cursar história. Ele lecionava, entre outras disciplinas, História Oriental, o que fez despertar em mim uma enorme atração pela Índia, sua cultura e sua filosofia. Em 25 de julho de 1968, fui iniciada na prática de Yoga-Meditação pelo yogue hindu, Swami Guru Devanand Saraswati Maharaj, que permaneceu alguns meses na cidade de Sorocaba, oferecendo palestras e iniciação àqueles que se interessavam pela prática. A iniciação seguiu os moldes orientais: oferenda de flores, frutos, tecido e o canto de um mantra muito especial, ou seja, um pequeno ritual onde recebi um mantra que serviria como instrumento para as minhas práticas diárias de meditação. Depois daquele dia, nunca mais tive contato com o Guru Saraswati Maharaj, e obtinha notícias do mesmo por meio do Prof. Bohdan ou por algum artigo publicado em revista. Mas nunca mais deixei de praticar meditação. Quando o Swami partiu do Brasil, foi o Prof. Bohdan quem sempre ofereceu as orientações e acompanhou com dedicação as pessoas iniciadas pelo Swami e, também, aquelas que ele próprio já havia iniciado. A partir daí, ele se tornou o meu orientador espiritual e participei, durante doze anos, das aulas que oferecia gratuitamente a várias pessoas interessadas em Yoga-Meditação. Após o ano de 1980, eu já não participava das reuniões semanais mas nos víamos com certa regularidade. O Yoga, que nos foi ensinado pelo Mestre Bohdan2, seguia os critérios indianos conhecidos como guru-kula, ensinamento direto do mestre para discípulo, e tem como linhagem o Yoga 1 O Prof. Dr. Bohdan Wijtenko graduou-se em química e filosofia, obteve o seu doutorado em Filosofia e especializou-se em Hinduísmo e Arqueologia na Universidade Livre da Ucrânia. Na Inglaterra. lecionou sânscrito e filosofia Hindu e era Mestre em Yoga-Meditação. No capítulo terceiro falaremos a seu respeito com mais detalhes. 2 Pela regra, deveríamos usar o sobrenome Wijtenko ao falar sobre Bohdan, mas, poucos com certeza o reconheceriam pelo sobrenome.
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