Victoria and Abdul” Movie

COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE REFLECTING THE POWER RELATION IN “VICTORIA AND ABDUL” MOVIE

THESIS

By: Silviana Chintya Putri 14320106

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG 2018 COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE REFLECTING THE POWER RELATION IN “VICTORIA AND ABDUL” MOVIE

THESIS Presented to Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S)

By: Silviana Chintya Putri NIM: 14320106

Advisor: Abdul Aziz, M.Ed., Ph.D NIP: 19690628 200604 1004

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG 2018

MOTTO

ِ إ َّن َم َع الْعُ ْسِر يُ ْسًرا

“Surely, with hardship comes ease,"

(Q.S. Al – Insyirah: 6)

DEDICATION

This thesis is proudly dedicated for my mother (Susriani) and

my beloved friend (Irfan Mustofa).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.

Firstly, all praises to Allah, Lord of the universe, who has given to me an inspiration, guidance and blessing to finish this thesis entitle “Cooperative Principle Reflecting the Power Relation in “Victoria and Abdul” Movie”. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest prophet and messenger, Muhammad SAW, who has taught a greatest lecture of Islam.

Secondly, I would like to say thank you for my advisor, Mr. Abdul Aziz, M.Ed. Ph.D., who always give me advices and guidance. Also, he has been really patient and always supported me in each meeting. In addition, for all the lecturers in English Letters Department who has been teaching me for four-years.

Next, for the best woman in this world, my mother, who always supporting me in every situations. As a single parent she never give up to give me higher education for better life. For my brother, Vicky Andy Hartadi, who always pick me up to university, especially when there any examination. Also, my big family who have supported me in achieving my dreams. And, for the one, Irfan Mustofa, who always keep me struggling in this difficult time of study. Thank you for always keep me smile and believe that there is always happy ending in every story.

Finally, for all my friends at Maulana Malik Ibrahim Islamic State University of Malang. My friends in room 56 of Fatimah Az-Zahra building that always keep in touch with me. My classmate from the first semester: Laila Manzilatur Rahmah, Lailatul Hasanah, Uzlifatul Jannah, Mazma De Huwrien’in, and Arfiyan Abdul Ghoffar Ariyanto. Thanks for the support especially the unforgettable study experiments inside or outside the class.

The last, if there are any errors and inadequacies which remain in this study, the correction and criticism are welcome.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER...... i

STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICITY...... ii

APPROVAL SHEET...... iii

LEGIMITATION SHEET...... iv

MOTTO...... v

DEDICATION...... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...... vii

TABLE OF CONTENT...... viii

ABSTRACT...... x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study...... 1

1.2. Research Question...... 6

1.3. Objective of Study...... 6

1.4. Significance of Study...... 6

1.5. Scope and Limitation...... 7

1.6. Research Method...... 8

1.6.1. Research Design...... 8

1.6.2. Research Object...... 8

1.6.3. Data and Data Source...... 9

1.6.4. Research Instrument...... 9

viii 1.6.5. Data Collection...... 10

1.6.6. Data Analysis...... 11

1.7. Definition of Key Terms...... 12

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Cooperative Principle...... 13

2.1.1. Observing the Maxim...... 14

2.1.2. Flouting Maxims...... 17

2.1.3. Violating Maxims...... 19

2.2. Sociopragmatics...... 22

2.2.1. Power Relation...... 23

2.3. Cooperative Principle and Power Relation...... 25

2.4. The Synopsis of “Victoria and Abdul” Movie...... 26

2.5. Previous Studies...... 28

CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Findings...... 30

3.2. Discussion...... 54

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1. Conclusion...... 61

4.2. Suggestion...... 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

ABSTRACT

Putri, Silviana Chintya, 2018, Cooperative Principle Reflecting the Power Relation in “Victoria and Abdul” Movie, Thesis, English Letters Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang Advisor : Abdul Aziz, M.Ed., Ph.D

Keywords : Cooperative Principle, Violating, Flouting, Power Relation, Social Stratification, Sociopragmatics.

Language is an important feature for human communication and interaction. Human can follow a certain rule to achieve a successful communication. In purpose to achieve the goals in interaction, people should makes a good cooperation in communication to interact smoothly. In study by Grice (1975) the basic elements to achieve the cooperative in conversation is called cooperative principle. In addition, the use of language cannot be separated from the social stratification in society.

The aim of this study was to find out the form of cooperative principle especially violation and flouting the maxims by two main characters of “Victoria and Abdul” movie. Additionally, the researcher also found out how violating and flouting the maxim could reflecting the power relation of the speakers inside the movie. Because Victoria is a Queen of England and Abdul is a common writer from India.

The data were collected from the movie video and supported by the transcript data. The researcher watched, classified and analyzed the data by using Grice’s theory (1975) and combined it by power relation theory in scope of sociopragmatics. The design of the study occupied descriptive qualitative method to answer the research question.

The researcher found out 16 data inside of the movie that produced by Victoria and Abdul. Victoria produced 13 data which were consist of violating and flouting the maxims. Instead, Abdul produced 3 data which were consist of flouting the maxims. To sum up, Victoria who had higher social stratification than Abdul frequently produced flouting the maxim of relation to show her power. But Abdul was limited to produce any violating or flouting the maxim, because of his lack of power.

ABSTRACT

Putri, Silviana Chintya, 2018, Cooperative Principle Reflecting the Power Relation in “Victoria and Abdul” Movie, Thesis, Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang Dosen Pembimbing : Abdul Aziz, M.Ed., Ph.D

Kata Kunci : Prinsip Kerjasama, Pelanggaran, Pelaksanaan, Hubungan Kekuasaan, Sosial Stratifikasi, Sociopragmatik.

Bahasa adalah sebuah alat yang penting dalam hubungan komunikasi dan interaksi manusia. Sehingga, manusia dapat mengikuti beberapa peraturan tertentu yang dapat meingkatkan terjadinya komunakasi yang sukses. Agar manusia dapat mentransfer informasi dalam komunikasi dengan baik, maka diharuskan membangun sebuah kerjasama selama proses komunikasi. Berdasarkan studi oleh Grice (1975) mengatakan bahwa komponen dasar dalam kerjasama percakapan dapat di sebut Prinsip Kerjasama. Dan juga, penggunaan bahasa tidak dapat dipisahkan dari social startifikasi dalam sebuah lingkungan masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bentuk prinsip kerjasama terutama pelanggaran dan pelaksanaan maksim-maksim yang dilakukan oleh dua tokoh utama “Victoria and Abdul” film. Kemudian, peneliti menemukan bagaimana pelanggaran dan pelaksanaan maksim dapat merefleksikan kekuasaan d dari pembicara di dalam film. Ini dikarenakan posisi Victoria sebagai seorang ratu Inggris dan Abdul seorang penulis biasa di India. Data di dapatkan dari film dan didukung oleh transkrip film. Peneliti telah melihat, mengklasifikasikan dan menganalisis data dengan menggunakan terori dari Grice (1975) dan menggabungkannya dengan teori tentang kekuasaan dengan pandangan ilmu sosiopragmatik. Desain dari penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskripsi untuk menjawab rumusan masalah. Peneliti menemukan 16 data dari film “Victoria and Abdul” yang berhubungan dengan kekuasaan pembicara dalam film tersebut. Victoria melakukan prinsip kerjasama sebanyak 13 data termasuk pelanggaran dan pelaksaan maksim sedangkan Abdul hanya melakukan prinsip kerjasama sebanyak 3 data berupa pelaksanaan maksim. Kesimpulannya, Victoria yang mana memiliki posisi social stratifikasi yang lebih tinggi dalam masyarakat lebih sering melakukan pelaksaan maksim relevansi untuk menunjukkan kekuasaanya. Tetapi Abdul terbatasi untuk melakukan pelanggaran atau pelaksanaan maksim karena posisinya yang rendah dalam masyarakat, sehingga menunjukkan kurangnya kekuasaan dari Abdul.

المستخلص

فوتري، سيلفيانا سينتيا، ٨١٠٢، مبدأ التعاون عاكس عالقة السلطة في فيلم فيكتوريا وعبدل ”Victoria and Abdul“، بحث جامعي، قسم األدب اإلنجليزي، كلية علوم اإلنسانية، جامعة موالنا مالك إبراهيم اإلسالمية الحكومية ماالنج المشرف: عبد العزيز، الماجستير الكلمات الرئيسية: مبدأ التعاون، انخرام، إلصاق، عالقة السلطة، التنضيد االجتماعي، التداولي االجتماعي

اللغة هي الجهاز المهم في االتصال بين اإلنسان. فيتبعون القوانين الخاصة التي ترقي جودة االتصال الناجح. وللوصول إلى نجاح تحويل المعلومات عند االتصال، البد على المخاطبين أن يبنيا التعاون أثناء االتصال. واستنادا من دراسة غرايس )٠٧٩١( قال بأن العنصر األساسي في التعاون التخاطبي يسمى بالمبدأ التعاوني. وأيضا، استخدام اللغة ال ينفصل عن التنضيد االجتماعي في البيئة االجتماعية.

يهدف هذا البحث لمعرفة صورة المبدأ التعاوني خاصة في االنخرام وإلصاق القواعد من بطل الممثلين في فيلم فيكتوريا وعبدل ”Victoria and Abdul“. وبالتالي، وجدت الباحثة االنخرام وإلصاق القواعد تعاكس السلطة من المخاطب في فليم. هذا بأن موقف فيكتوريا كمالكة اإلنجليزي وعبدل كالمؤلف العادي بالهند. ودعمت نسخة الفيلم إلى البيانات المكتسبة. ونظرت الباحثة، وطبقت، وحللت تلك البيانات باستخدام نظرية غرايس )٠٧٩١( ودمجتها بنظرية السلطة من خالل فن التداولي االجتماعي. أما التصميم من هذا البحث هو البحث الكيفي والوصفي إلجابة األسئلة.

ووجدت الباحثة ٠١ بيانة من فيلم فيكتوريا وعبدل”Victoria and Abdul“ المتعلقة بسلطة المخاطب في ذلك الفيلم. وقامت فيكتوريا بالمبدأ التعاوني ٠١ مرة وتشمل على االنخرام وإلصاق القواعد. أما عبدل فقد قام بثالثة المبادئ التعاونية فحسب بوجود إلصاق القواعد. والخالصة هي أن فيكتوريا الذي يملك بالتنضيد االجتماعي أعلى من عبدل في المجتمع، فتلصق كثيرا قاعدة الصلة لعرض سلطتها. أما عبدل فمحصور في القيام باالنخرام أو إلصاق القواعد بسبب موقفه الدنيء في المجتمع. وذلك يدل على انخفاض سلطته. CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of Study

Nowadays, the cooperative principle becomes the crucial part of human communication. It is because every single people who speak to others has different style and variations to share the message or information in certain conversation.

The choice of word and the strategies of communication is influenced by the situation and the condition such as when, where and with whom the speakers talk to.

Then, the society can affect the way of people speaking to others. There are any systems directly or indirectly shape the use of language. In society people has their own rule to speak for instance a kid to an adult or vice versa. Not only the matter of ages but also the speakers’ or hearers’ occupation can give specific treatment in every kind of conversation.

Thus, in purpose to achieve the goals in interaction, people should make a good cooperation in communication to interact smoothly. In study by Grice (1975), the basic elements to achieve the cooperative in conversation is called cooperative principle. Furthermore, cooperative principle has significant point in human communication even the speakers consciously or unconsciously produce it. During the communication, the speakers and the hearers want to create a smooth and meaningful conversation. Moreover, cooperative principle not only to make a good

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exchanging message between two people or more but also to show their self- reflection for example power.

To understand about how human try to speak smoothly and naturally, cooperative principle has four maxims to achieve cooperative conversation. Grice

(1975) claimed that human should create conversational contribution as it needed.

Then, Grice studied about the maxim of cooperative principle which are quantity, quality, relation, and manner maxim. By doing these kind of maxims the conversation will run well. However, there are also two aspects to apply the maxims which are flouting or violating the maxims.

Flouting maxim appears when the speakers share the message indirectly but expect the hearer can understand the purpose. According to Cutting (2008) the speakers do not use the maxims but expect the hearer can appreciate the meaning implied. On the other hand, violating maxim is when the speakers say some utterances in purpose to make the hearers not know the truth. When the speakers apply the maxim violation, they intentionally give insufficient information (Cutting,

2008). In addition, the hearers only catch the surface meaning without knowing if it is the truth or not.

Moreover, cooperative principle always attaches to certain culture. The differences of culture in every countries can affect the use of cooperative principle.

Furthermore, the cultural aspects can influence the interpretation of meaning by both speaker and hearer. For example, in Britain if we say “I’ll call you two weeks later” but and then not call. This kind of action include in violating the maxim of

quality and cannot be accepted, while in another culture or countries is quite normal to say that utterance.

In once conversation, the speakers can produce more than one maxim. It usually called overlap. It can be difficult to say which one is operating, and it would be more precise to say that there are two or more maxims operating in one utterance

(Cutting, 2008). Thus, cooperative principle also relate to the context when the speaker is understand with the environment.

By using language as tool of communication to share message and knowledge, human cannot be separated from power relation when using language as a weapon of interaction. According to Bourdieu (1991), language is symbolic power. People produce certain utterances because they have power to influence others. It is related to their position in society and the level of social stratification.

The level of language power in human interaction is influenced by the social aspects such as ethnicity, race, class, life stage, and occupation within particular setting (Butler, 1990). The language in certain level of social stratification can identify from the language use. For example, the higher education someone has the more variation of language and better education someone has the more grammatical the sentences. Therefore, people who has higher status will gain more respect than the marginalized people.

The power relation can be reflected in the way people interact and communicate. In cooperative principle people try to smooth their conversation by using some maxims even it is flouting or violating. Sometimes people use

cooperative principle to show their power in society and to influence the others people perspectives. By using language, it is possible to insult, persuade, command, compliment, encourage or make a promise (Evans and Mooney, 2015).

For example, a son says “mother, give me those candies” and the mother replies “tomorrow we will go to the dentist”, this example shows the mother’s power to her son, she uses flouting the maxim of relation to show her power by giving indirect command to her son. It means if the son eats a lot of candies his teeth will hurt and the mother should bring him to the dentist. The mother says that utterance to make the son understand the meaning implied.

Cooperative principle which is not only can smooth the conversation but also indicate the power can occur in daily life conversation. Then, the researcher will use a movie to investigate how cooperative principle reflecting the power relation. In a movie, the researcher picks the data in form of utterances because they are imitate the real life condition of communication. The researcher uses “Victoria and Abdul” movie because the movie tells about Victoria as a Queen of British and

Abdul as a writer from India. The movie gives valid data about the cooperative principle trough the characters’ dialogue and reflect the power according to the social stratification of the characters.

In addition, both of the two main characters inside of the movie have ascription factor which means that the high and low social status that they have because of the factor beyond of their control such as parents, gender or race. Next, the movie is based on the real story that happened in 1887 when United Kingdom

colonized India. It means, the historical aspect of English or white people have higher position in society because they colonized the Indian at that moment. This movie shows the differences of social class which can influence their language use in communication.

Additionally, there are some previous researchers who have conducted similar researches on cooperative principle and power relation. Zor (2006) studied about cooperative principle and its maxims by Grice’s theory to analyze the coherent of Turkish and English essays. The researcher compared the Turkish and

English essay to understand the differences. Then, He (2012) investigated about the cooperative principle between English and Chinese culture, he investigated how the

Grice’s maxim only works in maxim of relevance.

Cummins (2009) observed the power in classroom interaction. He investigated the power relation that happen in classroom by using psycholinguistics approach. Aini (2015) studied about cooperative principle in conversation that found in “Little Rascal Save the Day” movie. The actors were children and adult.

Kusumaningrum (2012) studied about a sociopragmatic analysis of the flouting of cooperative principle maxims done by the main character in Cinderella Man.

In brief, based on the previous studies above the researcher will analyze about cooperative principle reflects the power relation in human communication especially in verbal language. The previous studies studied the separated aspect such as cooperative principle or power itself without combined it.

However, in this research the researcher identifies that cooperative principle not only makes the conversation run smoothly and naturally but also can show how utterances indicate the power. The researcher will investigate the “Victoria and

Abdul” movie to know the relation between applying cooperative principle to reflecting the power relation which is never observed before.

1.2. Research Question

How is cooperative principle reflecting the power relation of the main characters of “Victoria and Abdul” movie?

1.3. Objective of Study

To know how cooperative principle reflect the power relation of the main characters of “Victoria and Abdul” movie.

1.4. Significance of Study

This study provides theoretical contributions. Firstly, the researcher analyzes about cooperative principle. Secondly, this study will focus only on power relation in “Victoria and Abdul” movie as the object. Thirdly, this study will explain that power relation can be related to cooperative principle that indicated from the use of maxims, flouting or violating. Finally, by doing this research the researcher

observes about cooperative principle reflecting the power relation inside of the movie.

In this study, the researcher analyzes about the cooperative principle which is become an important aspect in a good understanding of verbal communication.

Human communicates each other to share knowledge and message even truth or lie by using flouting or violating the maxims of cooperative principle based on Grice’s theory. Also, the researcher tries to identify the power relation when the speakers produce any Grice’s maxims. Thus, this study is different from the previous because the studies only analyze about cooperative principle or power relation without combine those two field.

This research hopefully has some benefits for all students, especially at

English Letter Department students. From this research, they are expected to be able to apply their knowledge and comprehend about cooperative principle and power relation. Besides, this research expectantly can be used by next researchers who are interested in cooperative principle and power relation as reference materials.

1.5. Scope and Limitation

The focus of this study is using Sociopragmatics because the researcher analyzes cooperative principle by Grice’s theory according to pragmatics field. On the other hand, the researcher also uses sociology field which is explain the power relation according to social class or stratification. Furthermore, the researcher only

analyzes the cooperative principle especially flouting and violating which are occur in “Victoria and Abdul” movie then analyze the power relation according to the cooperative principle data.

1.6. Research Method

1.6.1. Research Design

This research is classified as qualitative research because it has few qualitative points: first, the main purpose of this research is to understand how cooperative principle reflect the power relation of the main characters of “Victoria and Abdul” movie. Second, this research uses the researcher herself to investigate the data. Last, the data in this research is in form of soft data from utterances then transcribes into phrases and sentences.

In this study, the researcher uses sociopragmatics approach because the researcher investigates the cooperative principle and power relation in “Victoria and Abdul” movie. This movie tells about a Queen from British and a writer from

India which each person has different background.

1.6.2. Research Object

This study uses “Victoria and Abdul” movie as the object. The genre of the movie is biography, history and drama. It takes place in two countries, England and

India. The time is when England colonized India in 1887. At that time, United

Kingdom celebrated the Jubilee for the Queen. Then, the Governor General in India

sent Abdul to bring a Mohur, the ceremonial coin, to the Queen. Finally, Victoria and Abdul made a friendship. However, their friendship had a lot of conflict.

This movie shows the differences of the two main characters. Victoria has high position in social stratification and Abdul is on the other side, the low one.

Both of the main characters, Victoria and Abdul, have different position in society.

Then, the researcher wants to identify the cooperative principle that reflecting the power relation inside the movie.

1.6.3. Data and Data Source

The data are utterances that produces by the two main characters of the

“Victoria and Abdul” movie. The researcher focuses on the utterances which are indicate the cooperative principle reflecting the power relation. Then, the researcher transcribes the utterances into sentences or phrases and arranges them into a dialog.

The main data source in this research is the video of “Victoria and Abdul” movie. This video is taken from (http://lk21.top/victoria-abdul-2017/) which was published on 10th of December 2017 and the English subtitle is taken from

(https://subscene.com/subtitles/victoria-and-abdul/english/1681125) which was published on 8th of December 2017.

1.6.4. Research Instrument

The main instrument of this research is the researcher herself who collected and analyzed the data because there was no other instrument that is possibly use.

1.6.5. Data Collection

In order to get the data, the researcher does several steps:

1. The first step is the researcher finds the main data which is video of

“Victoria and Abdul” movie. This step is necessary to do in order

to get the background knowledge and the context inside of the

movie.

2. The next step is download the English transcript of “Victoria and

Abdul” movie. Not only download the video as the main data but

also the transcript can help the researcher to get the accurate

utterances.

3. The following step is watching and reading the transcript carefully.

The researcher watches the movie to understand the story and the

context of the movie. By watching and reading the movie, the

researcher observes how the situation and reason that happen when

the main characters produce cooperative principle.

4. After that, the researcher re-watches the movie and reads the

transcripts several times while searching for the maxims of

cooperative principle inside of the movie.

5. Then, the researcher classifies the cooperative principle reflecting

the power relation that produce by the two main characters in

“Victoria and Abdul” movie.

6. The last step, the researcher transfers the utterances into dialog to

be data for analysis section.

1.6.6. Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the researcher analyzes the data according to

Grice’s theory to answer the research question. The researcher focuses on analyze the particular cooperative principle which are flouting and violating maxim. In addition, the researcher analyzes how the cooperative principle reflecting the power relation by using power relation theories between the two main characters of the movie.

Next, the researcher will discuss about the findings. Based on the finding the researcher will discuss how cooperative principle, the Grice’s theory, can reflecting the power of the speakers. By analyzing the maxims that appear or produce by two main characters, the researcher investigates the power of the speakers.

Finally, conclusion and verification. Based on the topic discussion and the data collection, the researcher makes conclusion and verification about the cooperative principle that can reflect the power relation inside the movie. Then, the researcher concludes the kind of maxim that appear in the movie and the correlation with power relation.

1.7. Definition of Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding, the researcher defines the following key terms below:

1. Cooperative Principle

The rules of conversations makes the participants in a conversations normally attempt to be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear. This theory was created by H. Paul Grice in 1975, he said “make your conversational contribution as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. It means that to achieve the aim of conversation people can produce cooperative principle inside of their conversation.

2. Power

In social science and politics, power is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people. Power is an authority to control others in order to make it as what it wants. In addition, in society power has relation with social stratification and class.

3. Sociopragmatics

Sociopragmatics is the interface of sociology and pragmatics and refers to

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher presents theories related to the study which includes cooperative principle, flouting and violating the maxims, sociopragmatics, power relation, the correlation between cooperative principle and power, synopsis of the movie and previous studies.

2.1. Cooperative Principle

Human has a special tool to communicate and to share the ideas through language. Then, language itself becomes the crucial part in human interaction verbally or non-verbally. In the way to catch the goals of communication Grice created a theory in conversation to smooth the message delivery. Grice (1975), in his book “Logic and Conversation”, stated that “make your conversational contribution as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Then, this theory well- known as “Cooperative Principle”.

Then, by following the cooperative principle between the hearer and the speaker can share the message successfully. In studied by Grice, he created four maxims which are quantity, quality, relation and manner maxim. It usually called observed the maxim. On the other hand, there are flouting and violating the maxims.

In conversation, usually the speakers produce flouting the maxims in order to share the meaning implied. The speakers expect the hearer will understand without say the message directly or must to understand by the hearer. In contrast, when the speakers produce violating the maxim it means that the speakers try to be untruthful and ambiguous. The speakers want the hearer to catch the surface meaning without knowing the truth.

To clearly understand the theory of cooperative principle, there are some definitions and examples below:

2.1.1. Observing the Maxim

2.1.1.1. Quantity

This maxim supposes the speakers to give specific information

neither too much nor too little for the hearer. Quantity maxim expects not

to give less information or too much information to the hearer to avoid

the risk boring them.

Example:

Windy : How is the weather outside?

Sunny : It’s raining.

From the example above, Sunny gives specific answer for Windy

who asks about the weather. Sunny answers with the informative

situation according to the exact situation. By saying nor too much nor too

little information, Sunny tries not to give ambiguous answer so Windy is able to identify the information.

2.1.1.2. Quality

In this maxim the speakers should say the truth according to the reality. They are assumed not to say something that they believe to be false or anything for which they lack evidence. So, the speakers are expected to tell the truth.

Example:

Laura : I’ll come to your house tomorrow

Betty : Okay, as far as I know I will be home tomorrow, but my

sister will visit me. Usually she takes me around the town.

Betty gives the answer according to the reality that happen tomorrow. However, if Laura comes to Betty’s house and realizes that she is not in home, Betty is protected from being a liar because she gives uncertain information to Laura.

2.1.1.3. Relation

This maxim expects the speakers to give the relevance answer to the previous utterances. If the speakers do not give the relevance answer or reaction, it can make a misunderstanding or miscommunication between the speakers and the hearers.

Example:

Romeo : I slept yesterday, can you forgive me?

Juliet : Of course, I always forgive you.

In the conversation above, Juliet gives relevance answer to

Romeo’s question. So, Juliet’s answer matches the Romeo’s question.

Juliet tries to give straight answer according to Romeo’s question to avoid misunderstanding if she gives irrelevance reply and being cooperative during the conversation.

2.1.1.4. Manner

This maxim makes the speakers avoid ambiguity and obscurity by giving clear and brief utterances without makes the hearer confuse with the answer.

Example:

Nanny : Do you understand?

Nancy : No, I don’t

From the example above, Nancy gives the brief answer to

Nanny’s question. Nancy gives the clear and brief answer to avoid the misleading interpretation for Nanny. Nancy can say “umm, yeah,, sort of

I understand but sometimes.. yeah yeah I understand” to show her understanding, but it will make Nanny uncertain and confuse with

Nancy’s statement.

Therefore, by following the theory of maxims both speaker and

the hearer will get any benefit. Both the speaker and the hearer can catch

the message without any misleading and misunderstanding.

2.1.2. Flouting Maxim

The speakers say to flout the maxim if the speakers appear not to follow the maxims but expect hearers to appreciate the meaning implied. Cutting

(2008) stated that by producing flouting the maxim the speakers implies a function different the literal meaning of form. The speakers use indirect speech to share the message to the hearers, and the hearers should catch the implied meaning by their own interpretation.

2.1.2.1. Flouting Quantity

The speaker who flouts the maxim of quantity seems to give

too little or too much information. By doing this action, the speaker

expects the hearer catch the implicit message.

Example:

Peter : Well, how do I look?

Mary : You’re shoes are nice.

Here, Peter knows that Mary is not impressed with the rest

of what he is wearing. Mary says her impression to say that Peter is

not look good by implicit meaning. Then, Mary expects Peter will

change his clothes.

2.1.2.2. Flouting Quality

The speaker flouting the maxim of quality may do it in several way. Firstly, they may quite simply say something that obviously does not represent what they think. Speaker may flout this maxim by exaggerating as in hyperbole, for example “I could eat a horse” than say the straight word “I’m starving”. Similarly, the speaker can flout the maxim of quality by using a metaphor, as in

“My house is a refrigerator in January”. Conventional euphemisms can also be put into this category too, for instance “I’m going to wash my hand” meaning “I’m going to urinate”.

The last two ways of flouting the maxim of quality are irony and banter. For example, “If only you knew how much I love being woken up at 4. A.m. by a fire alarm”, she is being ironic and expecting her friends to know that she means the opposite. Sarcasm is a form of irony that is not so friendly, for example “This is a lovely undercooked egg you’ve given me here, as usual. Banter, on the contrary, expresses a negative sentiment and implies a positive one.

2.1.2.3. Flouting Relation

The speakers flout the maxim of relation if they expect that the hearers will be able to imagine what the utterance did not say and make the connection between their utterance and the preceding one.

Example:

Luna : There’s somebody at the door

Sirius : I’m in the bath

Sirius expects Luna to understand that his present location is

relevant to her comment that there is someone at the door, and that

he cannot go and see who it is because he in the bath.

2.1.2.4. Flouting Manner

Those who flout the maxim of manner, appearing to be

obscure, are often trying to exclude a third party.

Example:

Husband : I was thinking of going out to get some of that

funny white stuff for somebody.

He speaks ambiguous way because he is avoiding saying

“ice-cream”, so that his little daughter does not become excited and

ask for the ice cream before her meal.

2.1.3. Violating Maxims

The speakers can be said to violate a maxims when they know the hearer will not know the truth and will understand the surface meaning of the words.

The speakers deliberately supply insufficient information, say something that

insincere, irrelevant, or ambiguous, and the hearer wrongly assumes that they are cooperating.

2.1.3.1. Violating Quantity

If a speakers violate the maxim of quantity, they do not give

the hearer enough information to know what is being talked about,

because they do not want the hearer to know the full picture.

Example:

Husband : How much did that new dress cost, darling?

Wife : Less than the last one

She ambiguously covers up the price of the dress by not

saying how much less than her last dress.

2.1.3.2. Violating Quality

If a speakers violate the maxim of quality, they do not give

the hearer sincere answer and give the wrong information.

Example:

Child : Where is mom?

Dad : Mommy’s gone on a little holiday because she needs a

rest.

In the conversation above, Dad gives the wrong information

to his child rather than says the truth that they are divorce.

2.1.3.3. Violating Relation

If a speaker violates the maxim of relation, she or he distract

and change the topic with another topics.

Example:

Husband : How much did that new dress cost, darling?

Wife : I know, let’s go out tonight.

Based on the example above, the wife produces violation of

maxim relation. She tries to change and distract the conversation by

giving irrelevance answer. She expects that her husband does not

know about the dress cost and forget about it by changing the topic.

2.1.3.4. Violating Manner

The speaker tries to avoid giving a brief and orderly answer

such as “A tiny fraction of my salary, though probably a bigger

fraction of the salary of the woman that sold it to me”. In the hopes

that it could be taken as an answer.

In communication, human makes a pattern that can be identified as the effort of exchanging message such as using cooperative principle theory. In brief, cooperative principle has significant aspect in daily communication to make a good and success conversation. Then, the researcher will use cooperative principle theory to analyze and identify the cooperative principle which is produced by the main

characters inside of the movie whether flouting or violating maxims to know how the maxims reflecting the speakers’ power.

2.2. Sociopragmatics

Sociopragmatics is the interface of sociology and pragmatics and refers to

“the social perceptions underlying participants’ interpretation and performance of communicative action”. Sociopragmatics encompasses the knowledge of the relationships between communicative action and power, social distance, imposition, and the social conditions and consequences of what you do, when, and to whom. According to Leech and Thomas (1983), sociopragmatics has concern in more specific local conditions on language use, which is mean that sociopragmatics deals with any aspect of social context to the pragmatics meanings of particular language use.

The term sociopragmatics basically comes from a linguistics branch,

Pragmatics. According to Leech (1983) observed that there are two kind of general pragmatics which are devided into two parts, pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics. Pragmalinguistics concerning the particular resources which a given language provides for conveying particular illocutions and related to grammar aspect. On the other hand, sociopragmatics concerning in the specific condition of language use which related to sociology.

Sociopragmatics which is combination between pragmatics and sociology not only learn about the language use to achieve a better understanding and

successful communication but also understanding the norms. A focal point for sociopragmatics is the way in which speakers exploit more general norms to generate particular meanings, take up particular social positionings, and so on

(Culpeper, 2009). In sociopragmatics field, social situations can provide a link between micro, more linguistically-oriented considerations and macro, more sociologically-oriented considerations.

2.2.1. Power Relation

Language has its own function in human communication for example to show the power. According to Bourdieu (1991), language as symbolic power. It means that language can have power that can influence other people perspectives.

For example, when a president has speech in front of the people and he or she creates a new rule all of the audience will follow the new rule.

Power relation closely relates to society when society contain of social classes. Society has its structure that called social stratification. It means that inequality has been hardened or institutionalized and there is a system of social relationship that determined who gets what, and why. Kerbo (2006) stated that social stratification helps to shape how people live, the opportunities, the mental health, life expectation and more. In addition, social stratification gives power to the language users to influence the others by her or his position.

In society, there is a people who gain many respect from the others because of her or his class in society and the other people who has lower class will life with less respect. In order to make differences between the influence people and who are

not, there are 3 parts of social stratification. In study by Kerbo (2006) there are higher, middle and lower class.

First, the upper class will be used to signify those families high in property ownership, with high authority flowing from such ownership. This kind of class has old established families with significant ownership of major corporations, such as presidents, vice presidents and so on. The upper class members has important role to influence the lower class in the society.

Next, the middle class will be used to signify those with relatively little property, but high to middle positions in occupation and authority. Furthermore, in the middle class there are upper middle class (lesser corporate managers, doctors, lawyers, and so forth) and lower middle class (office workers, clerks, salespeople, and etc.).

The last, the lower class is the lowest class in society usually attach to signify those individuals with no property, who are often unemployed and have no authority. The people of this class has no power and lack of important role in society.

Therefore, the social stratification has power to influence the language of the speakers. The higher, middle, and lower people has its own language to express the feeling of freedom and the language has power to attract the around attention.

Language is sometimes pressed into service as a surrogate channel for expressing views about race, education, power, and access to state resources (Suleiman, as cited in Omoniyi, 2006).

Language has power to control people around by producing certain utterances. According to Sallabank (as cited in Omoniyi, 2006), more powerful languages exert symbolic power and intimidation. People from higher social class can intimidate the lower class social people by using language for example the choice of words, intonation, or other aspects of language.

2.3. Cooperative Principle and Power Relation

Cooperative principle has a rule to make the conversation runs smoothly and naturally so between speakers and the hearers will catch the meaning and understand the message. The speakers can use the flouting maxim or violating maxim to achieve the purpose of communication. The indicators of success or fail in conversations can be identified from the understanding of the conversations.

Then, power relation can be reflected from the language inside of human communication, for example in cooperative principle. The power of language use can be identified from the language style of the speakers. The speakers can use one or more maxims to show his or her power to intimidate the hearer.

Example:

Lecturer : Any question?

Students : No ma’am.

Lecturer : For deeply understanding about our material today, I suggest

you to read another references. As you know that the library

always open daily. When I was a student my teacher gave me an

advice to read a lot of book and asked the students to collect the

resume. I hope you can do it. Understand?

Students : Pardon ma’am?

Lecturer : Collect it to me in the next meeting.

In the example above, the teacher produces flouting the maxim of manner by give long sentence that difficult to understand or obscure for the students. Then, when the students ask for the clarification, the teacher gives brief answer which is become the flouting maxim of quantity. The teacher has power to produce that kind of utterance and influence the students to follow the instruction.

Then, by making the flouting maxim of manner and quantity, the statement reflects the teacher’s power which is has higher social class than the students. If the speakers has no higher class in society then the utterance becomes weak and the students can deny the instruction.

2.4. The Synopsis of “Victoria and Abdul” Movie

The year is 1887, the 50th year of Queen Victoria’s reign. For her Golden

Jubilee celebration, two random Indian Muslim, Abdul and Mohammad, are chosen to travel to England and present the Queen with a Mohur, a Mughal commemorative coin.

The plan is to have the liveried Indians present the coin to Victoria at a

Windsor Castle banquet and quickly depart for India, but the plans go horribly awry when Abdul Karim, the taller and handsomer of the two men, catches the Queen’s attention. Then, she requests that the two Indians stay on as footmen for the remainder of the Jubilee.

Unpredictably, Abdul Karim becomes one of Victoria’s favorite and the most trusted confidants. He gradually introduces the lonely and jaded Queen to

India, its costumes and cuisines, and its social problems under British rule. He also teaches the Queen to read and write in Urdu. Basically, the Queen decide to promote him as a teacher or Munshi for her.

In doing so, Abdul attracts the jealousy and hatred of the Royal Household, particularly Prince Albert, Victoria’s dissolute and idle son and heir to the throne.

Then, the high attention of the Queen to Abdul makes the whole member of household individually and collectively try to against him. But, Victoria steadfast and obstinate in the face of their antagonism.

Abdul Karim accompanies the Queen on her journeys to Osborne House,

Balmoral Castle, Florence, and the French Riviera. Victoria also builds Durbar

Room which is inspired from the Indian architecture to reflect her authority in India.

The conflict happens when the Queen wants to give a knighthood to Abdul and the entire member of household house refuse to accept the Queen’s idea.

When, the Queen asks the doctor to examine Abdul’s wife to find the reason why he and his wife cannot have children yet. The doctor finds that Abdul has

gonorrhea and quickly tells the fact to the Queen in purpose to send Abdul away.

But, the Queen still believe in Abdul. Then, Prince Alfred tells that the one who against British imperialism in India is Muslim. Victoria feels betrayed by Abdul and asks him to leave England immediately.

However, the night comes go by, the Queen changes her mind and decides to make Abdul stay beside her. She likes Abdul like her own son. Unexpectedly,

Mohammad who is chosen together with Abdul suddenly pass away because of sick. Then, the Queen’s condition is also decreasing time by time.

Upon Victoria’s death in 1901, Albert’s vengeance is swift and merciless.

The heartbroken and grieving Abdul Karim is summarily evicted from his royal cottage along with his wife and family. He is put aboard a ship and sent back to

India, never to return. All correspondence between Victoria and Abdul is burned along with anything else that hints of an intimate relationship between them. The relationship remained a little-known curiosity until the release of the movie in 2017.

2.5. Previous Studies

There are some previous researchers who have conducted similar researches on cooperative principle and power relation. Zor (2006) studied about cooperative principle and its maxim by Grice theory to analyze the coherent of Turkish and

English essay. The researcher compared the Turkish and English essay to understand the differences. His result identified that Turkish essay lack of writing skill so the maxim can effect to the coherences of the essays.

Then, He (2012) investigated about the cooperative principle between

English and Chinese culture, he investigated how the Grice’s maxim only works in maxim of relevance. The other Grice’s maxim could not explain the Chinese cultural communication.

Cummins (2009) observed the power in classroom interaction. He investigated the power relation that happened in classroom by using psycholinguistics approach. The power relation occurred in this study because of the identity of the students and the teacher influence the classroom activities.

Aini (2015) studied about cooperative principle in conversation that found in “Little Rascal Save the Day” movie which the actors were children and adult.

The result was the violating maxim occurred because the speaker was nervous, the speaker was not want to hurt, and the speaker tried to change the topic.

Thakur (2016) observed about cooperative principle of conversations in

Vikram Seth’s A Suitable Boy based on sociopragmatic assessment. Then, he found that the speakers produce a lot of flouting maxim to achieve the successful and smooth conversation. By observing this study, the writers knew that the meaning implied can help to understand better perspective.

Finally, according to the previous studies above the researcher chooses to investigate cooperative principle that reflect the power relation in “Victoria and

Abdul” movie. It is because the lack of studies in cooperative principle and power relation, so the researcher wants to enrich the knowledge about the relation between using cooperative principle and the reflection of power relation.

CHAPTER III

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the finding and discussion. The finding consists of the presentation of data and the analysis of data. The result of analysis is further discussed in later part.

3.1. Findings

This research focuses on analyzing the utterances which are produced by two main characters in “Victoria and Abdul” movie. Also, the data focuses on finding out the conversation that consist of the cooperative principle especially in flouting and violating the maxims. Then, after knowing the flouting and violating the maxim inside of the movie, the data have been analyzed to understand the reflection of power by producing that kind of cooperative principle. However the researcher did not analyze the observe maxims type.

After watching the movie, classifying and analyzing the data, the researcher finds sixteen data in “Victoria and Abdul” movie. In addition, the data are both flouting and violating of the maxims and they were reflect the power relation. The data are in form of utterances that produced by Victoria and Abdul as the two main characters. Victoria produces thirteen data and Abdul produces three data.

Then, the data are transcribed in form of dialogue and supported by the describing of the context when the data occurred in order to make the data easily understand. In addition, the data were arranged according to the kind of flouting and violatingfurth of the maxim to clearly know the reflecting power that produced by the two main characters of “Victoria and Abdul” movie.

3.1.1. Violation the Maxim

a. Maxim of Relation

Datum 1 (00:14:44 – 00:14:58)

Ponsonby : A gift from the Indian Empire. A Mohur, Your Majesty. Victoria : A ... What? (Lazily look at the coin that Abdul serves to her) Ponsonby : A Mughal coin, Your Majesty. In honor of your service to the subcontinent. Victoria : (Ignore the coin and clear her throat) Have we finished? Ponsonby : We still have coffee, Your Majesty.

Context: Victoria as a Queen of England should follow the daily

activities list according to that have made by her secretary. In the beautiful

morning, Victoria attends the Banquet in the Hall with her family and

guests. In addition, Victoria feels bored and tired with her monotonous

activities. She eats the food in rush and immediately sleep in the middle of

the banquet. Sir Henry Ponsonby as her secretary wakes Victoria up and

tells her about the gift from India. While the marching band is playing a

song and, Abdul and Mohammed enter the room to serve the ceremonial

coin. Furthermore, Abdul and Mohammed are standing next to the Queen.

Mr. Ponsonby tells about the Mohur to Victoria.

Analysis: The datum above shows that Victoria violates the maxim of relation. In this occasion, Victoria tries to change and distract the topic of the conversation by giving irrelevance statement. She makes this kind of cooperative principle especially violating the maxim to know the ending of the banquet. She uses violating the maxim of relation, so Ponsonby does not know her implicit meaning and takes it as ordinary question.

Furthermore, she can violate the maxim of relation because she has power to lead the conversation. As a Queen of England, Victoria has the top position of social stratification in society. Thus, all of her statement are comments, promises, compliments or commands. Mr. Ponsonby as her secretary has lower position in the Kingdom rather than the Queen. In addition, he cannot push his opinion to the Queen, even the Queen will reject or accept it.

Then, by producing violation the maxim of relation Victoria shows her great power to change the topic without any permission. It is normal and acceptable for her to jump from one topic to another topic. Also, Mr.

Ponsonby who has the lower social status than the Queen, should accept and answer it properly without giving comment or complain about Victoria’s utterance.

Datum 2 (00:16:33 – 00:16:56)

Dr. Reid : And your movements, Your Majesty? (Bow his body toward the Queen) Victoria : Nothing to speak of, Dr. Reid. Dr. Reid : Not even during the day? (Try to persuade Victoria) Victoria : We last moved on Sunday evening. Dr. Reid : I fear these celebratory dinners are taking their toll, Your Majesty. Might I suggest some Benger’s mixture? Victoria : I refuse to eat Benger’s. It’s a baby food. Dr. Reid : But it is imperative, Your Majesty, that the Royal colon receives a little roughage. Victoria : Anything else? (Turning her head into from Dr. Reid and look another direction)

Context: One morning in the dining room, Victoria is eating with

Lady Churchill and Miss Phipps while Dr. Reid is standing beside the Queen and Sir Henry Ponsonby is reading the following Victoria’s activities. Then,

Dr. Reid asks about the Victoria’s movement and suggests the best food for the Queen’s health. Victoria seems enjoying her food and quiet comfort with the situation.

Analysis: Based on the conversation, Victoria violates the maxim of relation. Again, she uses this kind of violation to change and distract the topic. She wants Dr. Reid to accept her answer as final decision and starts new conversation so Dr. Reid only knows the surface meaning of her action.

It is because she does not want to continue talking about any treatments for her healthiness again.

Victoria’s social stratification gives her a lot of power to distract or close the topic without any agreement from the hearer. Victoria’s position in society is absolutely the highest than the others person in England or specifically in that room. She can close the topic by using particular expressions freely.

Therefore, when Victoria violates the maxim of relation, she also reflecting her power as a Queen. Victoria can change the topic directly and bring another topic inside to the conversation. So, Dr. Reid should accept her commend even she does not say it clearly. Her social stratification influences her language use to communicate with the others.

Datum 3 (00:18:18 – 00:18:29)

Salisbury : There’s another famine in India. More trouble in Ireland. I’m afraid. Suez is a perennial nightmare. And I’m afraid the Boers are at it again. Victoria : Is there any good news, Prime Minister? Salisbury : Well, we’ve decided to annex Zululand, Your Majesty.

Context: In the other morning banquet, the Queen sit together with the Prime Minister. On the other tables the guests are eating the food and the servants are walking around the table to serve the food. Then, the Prime

Minister, Lord Salisbury, gives political information to Victoria. The Prime

Minister looks interest in talking about the political issues. In contrast,

Victoria looks bored with the bad issues and asks for the good one.

Analysis: Victoria produces violation the maxim of relation. She tries to change the topic by asking another topic in the conversation above.

Moreover, Victoria blocks the statement of the Prime Minister because she does not like to talk about bad political news. To avoid the topic she tries to ask about the good news.

Furthermore, this datum clearly shows how Victoria as a Queen has higher class in social stratification so the Prime Minister should accept the

Queen’s utterance. Instead, the Prime Minister wants to continue the news, he should immediately change the news. He does not want to destroy the mood of the Queen in the morning and serves her with the good one.

Based on the datum above, Victoria produces the cooperative principle especially violation the maxim of relation to reflect her power.

Victoria changes the topic and tries to start another topic without finishing the previous topic can be indicated as her power to choose the topic during the conversation. Then, the hearer should accept any utterances as a command for her position. Even, England is managed by the Prime

Minister, the Queen still has any power to everyone who has lower position in social stratification.

Datum 4 (01:19:23 – 01:20:29)

Mrs. Phipps : Your Majesty Victoria : Out with it. Mrs. Phipps : (Standing and trembling)

Victoria : Girl, cannot you see, I’m busy. Mrs. Phipps : There is something I must say that... Victoria : What is the meaning of this? Stop shaking! Mrs. Phipps : I have come to ask you to reconsider the...the elevation of...of Mr. Karim. Victoria : What did you say? Mrs. Phipps : I’ve come to ask you not to give Mr. Karim a knighthood, Your Majesty. Victoria : Why the devil not? Mrs. Phipps : The members of the Household demand that you abandon your plans, Your Majesty. Victoria : Demand? Mrs. Phipps : We believe that it degrades the very concept of knighthood. He comes from a very low family, You Majesty and he is colored. Victoria : Get out of my sight.

Context: The royal faces the internal conflict between the Queen and the members of Household because Victoria wants to give a knighthood to Abdul. However, all of the staff of Household refuse her idea because

Abdul has different social stratification, cultural background and race.

Behind the Queen, all of the staff of Royal Household discuss and look for a way to escape from this confusing situation. And they choose Ms. Phipps to talk with the Queen. At that time Victoria is working alone in her room.

Then, Mrs. Phipps enters her room to talk that the entire Household staff against the knighthood for Abdul.

Analysis: Based on the conversation above, Victoria produces violates the maxim of relation. She tries to distract the conversation by giving a command to Mrs. Phipps, so she should leave the room.

Furthermore, by violating the maxim of relation, Victoria expresses her angry emotion and tries to stop the conversation.

Victoria shows her power by producing violation the maxim of relation. According to her power, Victoria freely changes the topic.

Suddenly, she asks Ms. Phipps to out from her room can be indicated as an action that she wants to stop the unimportant conversation. Her power in front of Mr. Phipps is stronger and absolute to be destroyed by any reasons because Mrs. Phipps only Victoria’s dress assistant.

In brief, even Ms. Phipps wants to deny Queen’s arguments, Victoria still has bigger power to decide the decision. This kind of cooperative principle which is produced by Victoria reflecting her power because she changes the topic and give an imperative statement to the hearer.

3.1.2. Flouting the Maxim

a. Maxim of Relation

Datum 5 (00:17:01 – 00:17:08)

Ponsonby : Was Your Majesty pleased with the Mohur? Victoria : What? Ponsonby : The Mohur. The ceremonial coin. Presented by the two Indian servants. Victoria : I thought the tall one was terribly handsome.

Context: The context takes place where the Queen is eating together with her companions. After discussing her health condition with Dr. Reid,

Ponsonby asks the Queen’s opinion about the gift of Indian Empire.

Analysis: The conversation above shows how the Queen flouts the maxim of relation. Victoria answers the previous utterance from Ponsonby

by giving implicit meaning. The answer of Victoria does not relate with the

Mohur but she gives an opinion about the servant, Abdul, which is serve her by the Mohur. By doing this action, Victoria expects the hearers around can figure out that she likes the tall one.

Then in the next scene, without any direct instruction of the Queen,

Ponsonby, as her secretary, asks the two Indian servants to stay in England.

This action indicating the Victoria’s power. The differences of the social stratification make the high class and the lower class create their own way in communication. The people who has low social status in society should understand the implicit meaning of upper class’ utterances.

Thus, by flouting the maxim of relation Victoria shows her power and expects the hearer will catch the implied meaning of the statement without say her desire directly. As a Queen, Victoria implicitly asks her secretary to make Abdul and Muhammad stay in England because she likes the tall one, based on the conversation.

Datum 6 (00:18:29 – 00:18:41)

Victoria : Is there any good news, Prime Minister? Salisbury : Well, we’ve decided to annex Zululand, Your Majesty. Victoria : Whatever for? Salisbury : We really have to box in the Boers if we possibly can. Victoria : Oh, Prime Minister, you really are terribly depressing. Salisbury : Yes

Context: The context is still continuing the previous situation in datum 5 when Victoria attends another morning banquet. Victoria and the

Prime Minister are talking about the political news. Previously, Victoria rejects the topic about a bad political news and asks the Prime Minister to tell her about the good one. Victoria feels horrible because of the bad news.

In addition, the Prime Minister still interests in talking the political news.

Analysis: Victoria produces flouting the maxim of relation in the conversation above. She wants to stop the conversation by saying irrelevance statement which does not have any relation to topic. In this case,

Victoria indirectly share the message that she is not in a good mood to talk about the political news by saying “Oh Prime Minister, you really are terribly depressing”.

In addition, Victoria shows her power as the person on the top of the monarch. Even if she is a Queen, Victoria can reject the political information that has given by the Prime Minister. In social stratification,

Victoria has different position with the Prime Minister even both of them live in the same environment which is the Kingdom. In fact, the Prime minister has lower position in vertical relation inside of the kingdom. Then, the Prime Minister should follow the conversation based on the Queen’s topic.

The reason Victoria flouts the maxim of relation is she wants to reflect her power by using cooperative principle. She has an occasion to

freely flouts the maxim of relation especially to the hearer which is has lower position than her. Victoria can produce irrelevance statement with the preceding statement and expects the hearer understand the implied meaning without saying her truly conditions and purposes.

Datum 7 (00:28:04 – 00:28:14) Victoria : Sir Henry, I would like a mango. (Entering the room) Ponsonby : A mango? Victoria : Yes, I would like to taste a mango. Ponsonby : That’s impossible, Your Majesty. (Uncertain) They only grow in India. Victoria : Well, I’m Empress of India, so have one sent.

Context: Victoria has a little take a walk around the palace with

Abdul. Abdul tells about his country, India, such as Shah Jahan and the

Indian food. Victoria which is never visit India curious about mango, the queen of fruit. Immediately, after arriving in the palace, Victoria asks

Ponsonby to taste a mango.

Analysis: Based on the conversation above, Victoria flouts the maxim of relation. Previously, Ponsonby tells that mango only grow in India and it is very impossible to take and bring it for the Queen. However,

Victoria says “I’am Empress of India” which has irrelevance topic with

Ponsonby’s statement. She produces the statement in order to share the meaning implied. It means that she is the queen of India, so she should eat the fruit from India, mango.

Victoria shows her power by using flouting the maxim of relation.

She expects Ponsonby as the hearer will accept her power and passion.

Ponsonby cannot reject Victoria’s desire because as her secretary Ponsonby has lower position in kingdom environment.

The flouting maxim of relation is made by Victoria reflecting her power in giving a command inside of the kingdom. Her top position in hierarchy structure of the kingdom allows her to make an instruction for her staff.

Datum 8 (00:30:46 – 00:31:15)

Ponsonby : Good morning, Your Majesty. (Enter the room). The boxes, Your Majesty. Victoria : Thank you. Ponsonby : And the blank journal Your Majesty requested. (Sit in the chair in front of the Queen) Victoria : You may go. I’m perfectly capable of working through the boxes. Abdul is very helpful with his blotter. Ponsonby : But these are parliamentary papers, Your Majesty. Victoria : I’m aware of that. (Confidently) Ponsonby : But Abdul is a servant. He cannot assist with the boxes. Victoria : And I am the Queen of England.

Context: In the morning after visiting Balmoral Estate, Victoria is working in the office and accompanied by Abdul. Then, Ponsonby and his guard enter the room. They bring the boxes of paper for Victoria. Ponsonby wants to stay in the office and helps the Queen with the paper. However,

Victoria refuses the favor of Ponsonby because she is already accompanied by Abdul. Ponsonby tries to argue the Queen’s decision.

Analysis: According to the transcript above, Victoria flouts the maxim of relation in order to emphasize and to give the implied meaning that she has a freedom to choose anyone she wants to be her assistant.

Victoria states irrelevance utterance with Ponsonby’s statement. By saying

“And I am the Queen of England”, she expects Ponsonby can accept and understand her decision.

The Queen uses this kind of cooperative principle especially flouting the maxim of relation to show that she has superior power than the hearer.

Even if Ponsonby tries to argue with Victoria’s opinion, he has less power to stop her because his lower position as a secretary of a Queen. Also,

Ponsonby insists Victoria about the parliamentary papers cannot be finished by a servant.

Based on the conversation, the gap between high and low class members are clearly showed. When Ponsonby says “Abdul is a servant” indicates that Abdul has less power or inappropriate to touch or to enter the royal activities. Then, Victoria says “And I am the Queen of England”, she emphasizes her status to Ponsonby. It means she has all access to make any decision whether the others like or dislike.

In order to reflecting her power, Victoria produces flouting the maxim relation. She expects Ponsonby will understand her authority inside

of the kingdom to choose everyone she wants to work with. The cooperative principle that she uses during the conversation reflecting her power as a

Queen.

Datum 9 (01:28:03 – 01:29:25)

Victoria : I’m so sorry, Abdul. I think it’s time you went home, Abdul. Abdul : This is my home Victoria : I’ve been short-sighted and selfish. (Silent). You are a young man. You have your whole life ahead of you. It’s not safe here. Abdul : Your Majesty. Victoria : The vultures are already circling. How can I protect you if I’m not here? Abdul : Your Majesty, you will reign for many years to come. Victoria : No, Abdul. (Silent). I’m sick. All these ceremonies will kill me. You have been a very good friend. But you must leave me. Abdul : I’m your servant. And as long as I shall live, I shall be by your side. Every single day. Nothing... nothing will stop me. Victoria : Abdul, I am your Queen.

Context: After attending Mohammed’s funeral, Abdul and Victoria back to the palace by a cart. The weather is foggy. It is surround them in the way home. Both Victoria and Abdul are grieving because of the funeral.

Finally, Victoria tells to Abdul that she feels sick of all these ceremonies.

She wants Abdul to go back to his own country because without Victoria there is no one can protect him. She feels her time in this world is reaching its limit.

Analysis: In this conversation, Victoria produces flouting the maxim of relation in order to make Abdul understands the implied meaning.

By saying that utterance, Victoria wants Abdul accept the Queen’s decision

without directly speak the command that she gives. She wants Abdul to catch the implicit meaning from her imperative utterance and to leave

England immediately. Because Victoria is her Queen and Abdul should follow the instruction.

Here, the cooperative principle clearly reflects the social status between Victoria and Abdul. Abdul who has lower social stratification cannot reject the Queen’s decision. On the other hand, Victoria emphasizes her position as Queen to Abdul. She indirectly shows the differences between her and Abdul so Abdul wants to do her command.

Datum 10 (00:53:12 – 00:53:33)

Victoria : My dear Munshi, I’m so glad you’re back. It’s been dreadfully dull without you. And I’m so glad to meet Mrs. Karim. There is just one thin g I’ve been curious about the whole afternoon. What does she look like behind her veil? Abdul : You must see her Victoria : Is that allowed? Abdul : You’re a lady. And the Empress of India.

Context: Abdul’s wife and mother-in-law have arrived in England.

The Queen feels happy to welcoming Abdul and his little family. Victoria gives a small cottage for Abdul’s family as a gift. Then, Victoria and her family visit Abdul’s cottage in the beautiful morning. She wants to meet

Abdul’s wife. She feels excited. In the end of the visit, Victoria asks to

Abdul to see his wife’s face because during the introduction she always covers her face by Burqa (A long dress and has a face cover for the user).

Analysis: According to the bold sentence above, Abdul produces flouting the maxim of relation. It happens when Abdul answers the Queen’s question but the answer has no relation. Abdul should answer the question using yes or no but he gives irrelevance reply. Abdul expects Victoria accept and understand the implicit meaning that she is allowed to see her wife.

Abdul also shows her respect to the upper class of hearer when he calls Victoria with “lady”. Based on Collins Dictionary, the term “lady” is a woman from the upper classes especially in former times. The Indonesia translation also translates it into the word “Ratu”. He shows his lower position in his choice of word.

Then, Abdul produces flouting the maxim of relation reflecting his less power in front of the Queen. He cannot directly answer with full information in order to avoid rudeness and risking of bothering the Queen.

By saying “You’re a lady” Abdul realizes his social stratification compare to the Queen’s position.

b. Maxim of Quality

Datum 11 (00:20:39 – 00:20:45)

Victoria: Don’t worry. I’m not going to eat you.

Context: After the afternoon banquet with the Prime Minister and other guests, Victoria works in her office. She asks Mr. Ponsonby to invite

Abdul and Mohammed to keep her while she is working. Mohammed stays outside the room and Abdul stays inside the room next to the Queen. When,

Mr. Ponsonby wants to stay inside the room, the Queen asks him to leave her alone with Abdul. Then, Abdul should accompany her while she is working. This is the first time Abdul and Victoria have their private time and place. Abdul is shaking because he fells nervous. However, Victoria is sitting quietly and finishing her work.

Analysis: According to the statement above, Victoria flouts maxim of quality. Victoria flouts the maxim by exaggerating the expression and makes a hyperbole utterances. In simple way, by speaking that kind of utterance Victoria means that Abdul is fine to stand near the Queen. Abdul cannot catch her statement literally but he should understand the implicit meaning. Also, Victoria wants to show her friendly behavior that can create a comfortable situation.

In addition, she shows her power by choosing the word “eat” which means she has the control to hurt Abdul. The literary meaning of “eat” is put something in the mouth, chew it and swallow it. However, the statement that is produced by Victoria has implicit meaning which is control someone.

She has an appropriate position to create that statement because she has authority to control and to harm Abdul by her highest social stratification.

In brief, Victoria can reflect her power by producing flouting the maxim of quality. Her language can influence the hearer not to being worry.

c. Maxim of Quantity

Datum 12 (00:42:51 – 00:43:28)

Victoria : Abdul. (Push the bad in front of her and take a locket behind her) I have something for you. Abdul : (Sit in the bed in front of Victoria) Victoria : To celebrate your visit to Florence and for becoming my Munshi. It is a locket. (Victoria gives the locket). With a picture of me. Abdul : How can I ever thank you, Your Majesty? (Touching) Victoria : Keep me safe. Abdul : Forever.

Context: One day Victoria, Abdul and their family are going to

Florence for vacation. Abdul is relaxing in his own room with Mohammed.

Then, Mohammed tells that he hates being in England because of the low temperature. However, Abdul believes that being the servant for the Queen of England is an honor for ordinary people. Then, he pulls the emergency breaker to show that everything will be okay.

Immediately, Abdul asks a forgiveness to Victoria because of his mistake and Victoria gives apologize for him. In addition, Victoria gives a locket with her photograph to Abdul to celebrate his first vacation to

Florence and for becoming her teacher or Munshi.

Analysis: The bold sentence is the Victoria’s utterance. She flouts the maxim of quantity. She answers Abdul’s question with short answer and lack of explanation but she expects the hearer, Abdul, understand what she wants. When Abdul asks the way to say thank you for the Queen’s kindness,

Victoria says “Keep me safe”. It means even she does not give the full instruction and explanation to Abdul, Abdul is expected to fill her answer with appropriate actions to repay the gift.

Then, Abdul with his lower position in society must do the best thing for the Queen who is the top person in social stratification. Abdul should do anything to show his respect for the Queen. In addition, Victoria and Abdul have different cultural background and national identity. However, Victoria can ask anything from Abdul because of her position. It is also because of

India become one of the colonized country by England. Then, even Victoria is not her Queen in India, she has power to make a decision for Abdul. This is vertical relation from the bottom to the top social stratification.

Based on the data, Victoria flouts the maxim of quantity to reflect the power that she has. By giving short answer to Abdul, she wants Abdul always stay by her side. Before Victoria and Abdul going to Florence,

Victoria invited Abdul to go to Glassalt Shiel. In there, Victoria told that she is feeling lonely and tired. Her son and the others only wants her position without understanding her feeling. In fact, with Abdul she feels like she has a lovely son. So, “keep me safe” indicating the implicit meaning of Queen’s

desire and reflecting her power as a Queen to have what she wants from

Abdul.

Datum 13 (00:46:06 – 00:46:15)

Victoria : Oh, well. Maybe just one. (Stand from her chair). From Pinafore, Bertie? Bertie : Do I have to?

Context: Victoria, Abdul and the other guests are sitting in the Hall and watching Signor Puccini sings a song. Victoria looks so happy attending this event. In contrast, the other guests including Bartie, Ponsonby, Dr. Reid,

Ms. Phipps and others are look bored with the activities. In the end of the singing time of Signor Puccini, Victoria asks about Gilbert and Sullivan’s song to Signor Puccini. But, he does not know about the song. Abdul and the other guest asks the Queen to sing the song. Finally, Victoria accepts the request and sings in front of them. Victoria asks Bertie to accompany her with the piano.

Analysis: From the conversation above, Victoria produces flouting the maxim of quantity. Victoria gives too little information that possibly cannot understand by the hearer. But, she expects Bartie as the addresser understand and catch the implied meaning of her utterance. Sometimes, the massage only can be understood by the limited person with same background knowledge. So, the hearer will catch the meaning or message

even the speaker gives too little information. Finally, Bartie catches the message from her mother and wants to accompany her with his piano skill.

Instead, Prince Bartie is her son, he doesn’t have another option to refuse but accept Victoria’s idea because in society he has less power than

Victoria. In royal hierarchy, Bartie is the crowned prince and Victoria is the

Queen, in another perspective which is family Victoria is Bertie’s mother.

According that two perspectives Victoria has higher position than Bartie.

So, Victoria can change the imperative sentence into a command by using her power and position in royal and family environment.

By producing flouting the maxim of quantity, Victoria wants to reflect her power in front of the other guests and expect Bartie to follow her direction willingly. Her sentence contains flouting the maxim of quantity reflecting her power.

Datum 14 (01:07:12 – 01:07:19)

Victoria : I want you to examine Mrs. Karim. Dr. Reid : Examine Mrs. Karim? Victoria : Mm. Just, um, make sure that everything’s working.

Context: In the morning, Victoria is eating on her bed. She is in a good condition after having a conflict with Abdul last night. She has decided to let Abdul stay in England to accompany her. At the moment in her bedroom, Mrs. Tuck, Sir Henry Ponsonby and Dr. Reid are standing around

Victoria. Then, Victoria asks Dr. Reid to examine Mrs. Karim because in the previous night Victoria talked to Abdul about having a child.

Analysis: From the conversation above, Victoria flouts the maxim of quantity. The queen produces the flouting maxim to expect the hearer will understand even the Queen has given short explanation and instruction.

Victoria does not exactly give detail explanation about the action, but wants the hearer catch the implied meaning. She means about giving a serious examination and treatment for Abdul and his wife.

Then, the hearer, Dr. Reid, cannot deny the request because of the

Queen’s position is upper than him. His position as a royal doctor cannot refuse or reject Victoria statement. No matter Dr. Reid like or dislike the command he should do it perfectly.

In addition, Victoria can flout the maxim of quantity which is reflecting her power to intimidate Dr. Reid. She expects Dr. Reid understand her short utterance and do the instruction. Even Victoria does not give detail information about the steps of examination, she expects Dr. Reid can make sure that everything, both Abdul and his wife, have good health condition.

Datum 15 (00:02:16 – 00:02:43)

Mr. Tyler : Mr. Karim. I wanted to speak to you about the carpets we sent to the British Exhibition. (Smiling) Abdul : There is a problem, sir? (Looks worry) Mr. Tyler : No, no. The carpets went down very well. Infact, the Governor General has received a letter from the Royal Household

thanking him personally. It’s all been such as success, he has decided to present the Queen with a “Mohur” as part of the Jubilee. Abdul : A “Mohur”, sir? Mr. Tyler : A Mohur. Apparently, it’s some sort of ceremonial coin.

Context: In the morning, Abdul, a staff administration in prison, is invited by Mr. Tyler. Mr. Tyler is a Governor from British Empire in India.

Abdul enters Mr. Tyler’s room happily, then he stands up in front of Mr.

Tyler which is sitting in his chair. Then, Mr. Tyler says that Abdul is chosen to represent India and give a Mohur to the Queen as a gift of the Jubilee in

England. Abdul is happier listen to the information.

Analysis: Based on the conversation above, Abdul produces flouting the maxim of quantity. Abdul says “A Mohur, sir?” which indicates the flouting the maxim of quantity by producing short statement. Thus, he implicitly tries to ask further about the Governor’s explanation by repeating a certain word to gain better understanding and clarification.

In this case, Abdul makes that kind of flouting to impliedly asking detail information without directly ask the reason to Mr. Tyler. Abdul realizes his lower position cannot rudely ask to the Governor because of their differences in social status. Also, Mr. Tyler is a white man who comes from England, in contrast Abdul is colored man. At this moment, India was colonized by England, so Indian people has high respect for white people.

This data shows Abdul, who is a writer in a prison, flouts the maxim of quantity because of his less power in society. He cannot ask detail

information with longer statement because he avoids rudeness in his choice of word. Abdul’s position prevents inappropriate action by directly asking further information. In addition, by flouting the maxim of quantity Abdul reflecting his lack of power.

Datum 16 (00:19:39 – 00:19:51)

Bigge : What the hell were you thinking? Abdul : You said “present the jelly”, sir. Bigge : I didn’t say kiss the feet of the Empress of India! (Punch Abdul with his hat) Abdul : I thought it would cheer her up. Bigge : Cheer her up? They’ll have me court-martialed!

Context: After Abdul serving the pudding to the Queen and kissing her foot to represent his respect, Arthur Bigge angrily asks Abdul about his actions to the Queen. Arthur Bigge, the Queen’s assistant, does not like

Abdul’s action and he picks Abdul out from the canopy. On the other hand,

Abdul thinks his action is the best respect for Victoria. Not only to show his gift but also how the culture of Indian people respect the people which are have higher position in society. Abdul feels confuse because he only does the direction from Mr. Bigge.

Analysis: In this case, Abdul produces flouting the maxim of quantity. By saying “You said “present the jelly”, sir”, he expects Bigge will understand the implied message by giving a short answer without explain his detail reason. Abdul wants Bigge accept his short answer without asking

any further information about his reason because all Abdul’s actions is sort

of his respect to the Queen.

Furthermore, Abdul makes that statement to protect his wrong

position. Also, by producing this kind of flouting the maxim of quantity and

repeating Bigge’s instruction as his answer, Abdul shows his lack of power.

As the colored man who is invited as a guest in the Kingdom, Abdul has no

power but the protection from the Queen. Mr. Bigge who always stay next

to the Queen has more power in society than Abdul according to the social

status. In addition, Abdul attaches the word “sir” in the end of his statement

to emphasize his lower position.

Then, the flouting maxim of quantity which is produced by Abdul

reflecting his lack of power in society. According to Abdul’s position in the

kingdom environment, his race and occupation influence his social status

even Victoria likes him so much. By producing the flouting of maxim

quantity he wants to avoid from being make a mistake.

3.2. Discussion

Based on the findings, the researcher finds out that Victoria produces both violating and flouting the maxim. Victoria produces violation the maxim of relation four times and flouting the maxim of relation five times, maxim of quality once and maxim of quantity three times. It means that she uses a lot of flouting the maxim of relation to show her power to the hearer.

Furthermore, the data indicate how cooperative principle can reflect the power relation of the speakers. The first finding is violation the maxim of relation.

There are four data which are produced by Victoria. She produces those kind of utterances in order to distract or change the topic because she dislikes the topic and wants to talk about others topic. She directly says something irrelevance in hopes the hearer will understand the surface meaning and accept her statement.

By doing that kind of cooperative principle especially violation the maxim of relation, Victoria reflects her power in society as a Queen. Victoria’s position is on the of social stratification in society particularly in royal environment, so she can easily changes the topic because people with lower position should give appropriate behavior with follow her statement as a command even she indirectly state what she wants to the hearer. Moreover, Victoria can produce violation the maxim of relation because of her social status in the social stratification pyramid accuses her to change the topic.

The second finding, the data show the flouting maxims are produced by

Victoria and Abdul. There are six data of flouting the maxim of relation. Five data are made by Victoria and one datum is made by Abdul. It is indicate that Victoria has bigger opportunity to produce flouting the maxim especially relation than

Abdul.

According to the data, Victoria frequently produces flouting the maxim of relation because she wants the hearer catch the implied meaning of her utterances.

In five data that are produced by Victoria show how she implicitly state her opinion

about something. By doing this kind of action, she expects the hearer will do appropriate and correct action after hearing her utterances. For example, in datum

5, when Ponsonby asks about Victoria’s opinion about the Mohur. She gives irrelevance statement by giving opinion about Abdul which is the servant who serves the Mohur to her. In this case, Victoria implicitly asks her secretary to make

Abdul stay in England. Then, without any direct command of the Queen, her secretary asks Abdul to stay in England little bit longer.

In addition, Victoria frequently give irrelevance statement by saying “I am the Queen of England”. It is because she wants to make the hearer understand that her position is stronger than the hearer. She gives that kind of irrelevance answer so the hearer will understand the implied meaning of her every statement. This kind of flouting the maxim of relation that produces by Victoria indicating her power in her environment. As a female who roles the entire area of England she has power to emphasize her position in front of the hearer even she does not directly answer or giving detail information.

As a Queen, Victoria expects the hearer will understand the implied meaning during the conversation. She is the one who has the highest position. As stated by Burdieu in his study (1991), language is a symbolic power. Language can become a weapon for the speaker to influence and shape the decision. Someone who has higher or upper class in society deserves a greater share of valued goods and services. Moreover, she does not need to say directly but in form of implicit meaning.

On the other hand, Abdul only produces one flouting the maxim of relation.

He produces flouting the maxim of relation when the Queen asks her about the permission to look his wife’s face. Abdul does not give direct answer such as yes or no, but he prefers to say “You are a lady. And the Empress of India”. By giving his irrelevance answer, Abdul wants Victoria understand his implied meaning that she can freely see his wife’s face. Also, Abdul shows his less power in front of the lady. The meaning of lady can be understood as a woman with honor status. In addition, Abdul wants to show his respect to the upper social stratification people.

Then, the other flouting the maxim that is produced by the main characters of “Victoria and Abdul” movie is flouting the maxim of quality. In this movie, only

Victoria who is produce the maxim. It is because her position in society is higher than the others character, then she allows to hyperbole her utterances to smooth her conversation. For example in datum 11, Victoria says “I’m not going to eat you”, this sentence shows the flouting of the maxim quality because Victoria cannot eat

Abdul in reality. She makes a hyperbole sentence to give the implied meaning to

Abdul. She means that she will not harm Abdul in any way. Victoria realizes that her position in front of Abdul bigger than Abdul, so she can make Abdul scared.

Moreover, Victoria can give a hyperbole statement during the conversation to smooth the sharing message process. Her position in social stratification can indirectly say what she want even she does not explain it clearly.

The last flouting the maxim is maxim quantity. In this case, both of the main characters usually produce the flouting maxim of quantity. Victoria as a Queen produces the flouting maxim of quantity inside of her conversation to emphasize

the implied meaning that only can be understood by the hearer by giving too much or too little information. For example in datum 13, Victoria asks Bertie to accompany her by his piano skill. However, without saying anything about what kind of songs, instead she says “From Pinafore, Bertie?”. As the hearer Bertie should catch the meaning of Victoria’s question. She does not asking something but she on the other hand give a command to Bertie to follow her with that song.

Victoria flouts the maxim of quantity to reflecting her power in society because as the Queen she can give any statement and the hearer should catch the meaning implied and do appropriate behavior to response her statement. Even

Victoria gives too little information she expect the hearer will understand without any further explanation. In addition, her high social stratification in society influences the language use.

The others data are made by Abdul. Abdul produces flouting the maxim of quantity by giving too little information to the hearer. By giving short explanation, he expects that the hearer will understand. In contrast with Victoria, Abdul produces flouting the maxim of quantity to reflecting his less power inside of society. He tries to avoid being rude to the hearer who is has higher social status. The two flouting the maxim of quantity reflect his lack of power in the environment. For instance, the first datum shows that Abdul repeat the Governor statement to gain any further information.

In brief, the reason why Victoria produces flouting the maxim of relation is reflecting her power using her top position in social stratification. Victoria uses the flouting of relation to reflect her power and by making irrelevance statement and she expects the hearer will interpret the meaning in their own perspective. Victoria frequently produces flouting the maxim of relation to reflect her superior power to the hearer. In addition, she often says “I am a Queen of England” to emphasize her position in social stratification and shows the weaker position of the hearer.

Furthermore, people who has high social stratification in society usually use flouting the maxim of relation to reflect the power. They give irrelevance statement in order to make the hearer understand the implicit meaning. People who have higher social stratification deserve more respect and do not need directly say what they want to say.

On the other hand, Abdul, the other main character of “Victoria and Abdul” movie produces limited cooperative principle both of violation or flouting. He focuses on being cooperative with the hearer by making observe maxims. For example, when Victoria asks about Shah Jahan, Abdul gives not too much or too little information by saying “He was overthrown by his son and died in Agra Fort”.

From the example above, he tries to being cooperative by making maxim of quantity.

To sum up, when lower people talk with the higher class people they should follow the rule of cooperative principle, and according to the findings Abdul as lower class people has no freedom to violate of flout the maxim. Abdul, cannot

produce any statement of violation the maxim of relation because of his lower position in society. Abdul should follow and being cooperative when having conversation with other characters. His less power is influenced by his occupation and race compare with the royal environment.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter covers the concluding remark and suggestion of the study. The researcher provides conclusion and future directions regarding the topic for those who interested in researching in the same area of cooperative principle and power based on sociopragmatics field.

4.1. Conclusion

After analyzing the data, the researcher found that two main characters of

“Victoria and Abdul” movie have different way to show their power according their social stratification. Victoria as a Queen frequently produces the cooperative principle especially violating and flouting the maxims. On the other hand, Abdul seldom produces violation or flouting the maxim. In order to show his respect to the higher people, he follows the rule of cooperative principle to be cooperative with the hearer.

Based on the finding, the higher people can produce flouting the maxim of relation to reflect their power to the lower society. The higher social stratification people expect that the hearers will be able to imagine what the utterance did not say and make the connection between their utterance and the preceding one. Then, the lower class of social stratification should react appropriate to the implied meaning.

In addition, the use of cooperative principle especially violation and flouting the maxim can reflect the speakers’ power according to the class in society. The study of Bourdieu (1991) stated that language as a symbol of power. By using language as tool of communication, people can see the power of the speakers.

4.2. Suggestion

This research examines the cooperative principle especially in violation and flouting the maxim of two main characters of “Victoria and Abdul” movie. It includes the language use and the power relation in scope of sociopragmatics.

Hopefully, there will be other next researchers who are interested in the same or even different studies. The researcher hopes this study can inspired other researchers and give addition explanation. Further, the researcher suggests to find another subject such as novels, shows or play about cooperative principle especially if the subject has related to power in society.

Besides, the researcher recommends to investigate the modern movie that can show the differences between the past and present time. Because, language is dynamic tool of communication. There is always new feature of language for reach the goals of communication. Especially, in this millennial era.

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APPENDIX Table of the Violating and Flouting the Maxim in “Victoria and Abdul” Movie

Character Utterance Violation Flouting Victoria Ponsonby : A gift from the Indian Empire. A Mohur, Your Maxim of relation Majesty. Victoria : A ... What? (Lazily look at the coin that Abdul serves to her) Ponsonby : A Mughal coin, Your Majesty. In honor of your service to the subcontinent. Victoria : (Ignore the coin and clear her throat) Have we finished? Ponsonby : We still have coffee, Your Majesty.

Dr. Reid : And your movements, Your Majesty? (Bow his Maxim of relation body toward the Queen) Victoria : Nothing to speak of, Dr. Reid. Dr. Reid : Not even during the day? (Try to persuade Victoria) Victoria : We last moved on Sunday evening. Dr. Reid : I fear these celebratory dinners are taking their toll, Your Majesty. Might I suggest some Benger’s mixture? Victoria : I refuse to eat Benger’s. It’s a baby food. Dr. Reid : But it is imperative, Your Majesty, that the Royal colon receives a little roughage. Victoria : Anything else? (Turning her head into from Dr. Reid and look another direction)

Ponsonby : Was Your Majesty pleased with the Mohur? Maxim of relation Victoria : What?

Ponsonby : The Mohur. The ceremonial coin. Presented by the two Indian servants. Victoria : I thought the tall one was terribly handsome.

Salisbury : There’s another famine in India. More trouble in Maxim of relation Ireland. I’m afraid. Suez is a perennial nightmare. And I’m afraid the Boers are at it again. Victoria : Is there any good news, Prime Minister? Salisbury : Well, we’ve decided to annex Zululand, Your Majesty.

Victoria : Is there any good news, Prime Minister? Maxim of relation Salisbury : Well, we’ve decided to annex Zululand, Your Majesty. Victoria : Whatever for? Salisbury : We really have to box in the Boers if we possibly can. Victoria : Oh, Prime Minister, you really are terribly depressing. Salisbury : Yes

Victoria: Don’t worry. I’m not going to eat you. Maxim of quality

Victoria : Sir Henry, I would like a mango. (Entering the Maxim of relation room) Ponsonby : A mango? Victoria : Yes, I would like to taste a mango. Ponsonby : That’s impossible, Your Majesty. (Uncertain) They only grow in India. Victoria : Well, I’m Empress of India, so have one sent.

Ponsonby : Good morning, Your Majesty. (Enter the room). Maxim of relation The boxes, Your Majesty. Victoria : Thank you. Ponsonby : And the blank journal Your Majesty requested. (Sit in the chair in front of the Queen) Victoria : You may go. I’m perfectly capable of working through the boxes. Abdul is very helpful with his blotter. Ponsonby : But these are parliamentary papers, Your Majesty. Victoria : I’m aware of that. (Confidently) Ponsonby : But Abdul is a servant. He cannot assist with the boxes. Victoria : And I am the Queen of England.

Victoria : Abdul. (Push the bad in front of her and take a Maxim of quantity locket behind her) I have something for you. Abdul : (Sit in the bed in front of Victoria) Victoria : To celebrate your visit to Florence and for becoming my Munshi. It is a locket. (Victoria gives the locket). With a picture of me. Abdul : How can I ever thank you, Your Majesty? (Touching) Victoria : Keep me safe. Abdul : Forever.

Victoria : Oh, well. Maybe just one. (Stand from her chair). Maxim of quantity From Pinafore, Bertie? Bertie : Do I have to?

Victoria : I want you to examine Mrs. Karim. Maxim of quantity Dr. Reid : Examine Mrs. Karim? Victoria : Mm. Just, um, make sure that everything’s working. . Mrs. Phipps : Your Majesty Maxim of relation Victoria : Out with it. Mrs. Phipps : (Standing and trembling) Victoria : Girl, cannot you see, I’m busy. Mrs. Phipps : There is something I must say that... Victoria : What is the meaning of this? Stop shaking! Mrs. Phipps : I have come to ask you to reconsider the...the elevation of...of Mr. Karim. Victoria : What did you say? Mrs. Phipps : I’ve come to ask you not to give Mr. Karim a knighthood, Your Majesty. Victoria : Why the devil not? Mrs. Phipps : The members of the Household demand that you abandon your plans, Your Majesty. Victoria : Demand? Mrs. Phipps : We believe that it degrades the very concept of knighthood. He comes from a very low family, You Majesty and he is colored. Victoria : Get out of my sight.

Victoria : I’m so sorry, Abdul. I think it’s time you went Maxim of relation home, Abdul. Abdul : This is my home Victoria : I’ve been short-sighted and selfish. (Silent). You are a young man. You have your whole life ahead of you. It’s not safe here. Abdul : Your Majesty. Victoria : The vultures are already circling. How can I protect you if I’m not here? Abdul : Your Majesty, you will reign for many years to come. Victoria : No, Abdul. (Silent). I’m sick. All these ceremonies will kill me. You have been a very good friend. But you must leave me. Abdul : I’m your servant. And as long as I shall live, I shall be by your side. Every single day. Nothing... nothing will stop me. Victoria : Abdul, I am your Queen.

Abdul Mr. Tyler : Mr. Karim. I wanted to speak to you about the carpets Maxim of quantity we sent to the British Exhibition. (Smiling) Abdul : There is a problem, sir? (Looks worry) Mr. Tyler : No, no. The carpets went down very well. Infact, the Governor General has received a letter from the Royal Household thanking him personally. It’s all been such as success, he has decided to present the Queen with a “Mohur” as part of the Jubilee. Abdul : A “Mohur”, sir? Mr. Tyler : A Mohur. Apparently, it’s some sort of ceremonial coin.

Bigge : What the hell were you thinking? Maxim of quantity Abdul : You said “present the jelly”, sir. Bigge : I didn’t say kiss the feet of the Empress of India! (Punch Abdul with his hat) Abdul : I thought it would cheer her up. Bigge : Cheer her up? They’ll have me court-martialed!

Victoria : My dear Munshi, I’m so glad you’re back. It’s been Maxim of relation dreadfully dull without you. And I’m so glad to meet Mrs. Karim. There is just one thin g I’ve been curious about the whole afternoon. What does she look like behind her veil? Abdul : You must see her Victoria : Is that allowed? Abdul : You’re a lady. And the Empress of India.

APPENDIX 2 Transcript of “Victoria and Abdul” Movie

English man: Idiot! with an elephant. Mr. Tyler: Ah! Mr. Karim! I wanted Ms. Tuck: Good morning, Your to speak to you about the carpet we Majesty. sent to the British Exhibition. Bigge: At the head is the Lord Abdul: There is a problem, sir? Chamberlain, then the Private Mr. Tyler: No, no. The carpets went Secretary, down very well. In fact, the the Deputy Private Secretary, the Governor General has received a ladies-in-waiting, the upper letter from the Royal Household servants,the lower-upper servants. thanking him personally. It's all been Then the members such a success, he has decided to of the Household. One, the Head present the Queen with a "Mohur" as of the Bedchamber. Two, the part of the Jubilee. Personal Abdul: A "Mohur," sir? Head of Staff. Three, the Butler in Mr. Tyler: A Mohur. Apparently, it's Chief, who is in charge of the some sort of ceremonial coin. I have Household Butler, the kitchen been asked to find someone tall to factotum, the Head Chef, present it. You're the tallest person the head of waiting staff, the here. ordinary waiting staff, Windsor, the Abdul: When will she be arriving, table maids, then you. Any sir? questions? Mr. Tyler: Not in Agra... In England! Abdul: Uh-huh. Who will have the You will travel to England and Mohur, sir? present the Mohur at an official Bigge: I'm not exactly sure as yet. I function. Like an equerry. suspect you'll both carry it on a Abdul: On a horse? cushion. Mr. Tyler: I don't think there'll be a Mohammed: Do we both get a horse. cushion? Abdul: Equerry always has a horse, Bigge: I really don't know. The key Mr. Tyler, sir. to good service is standing still and Mr. Tyler:Well, maybe not like an moving backwards. The most equerry, exactly. important thing Mr. Tyler: Morning! is you must not look at her. Bigge: Ah! Morning! Mohammed: Have you any idea how Mr. Tyler:This is Major Bigge... cold it is in England? We're gonna Extra Groom-in-Waiting to the Royal die there. Household, Windsor, who will be in Abdul: Why did you agree to come? charge of your journey. This is Mohammed: The tall one fell off an Abdul. elephant. I wasn't given a choice. Bigge: Top hole! And this is Ugh! Five thousand miles to present Mohammed, who will also be a bloody medal to the oppressor of presenting the Mohur. the Mr. Tyler: He's very short. entire Indian subcontinent. Bigge: We had to swap him at the Abdul: You don't realize what a great last moment. The tall chap had an honor this is for us. accident

Mohammed: Have you ever tasted the Royal train for Windsor. Half English food? They eat pigs' blood. past 6:00, dinner in the Great Hall. Abdul: They do not eat pigs' blood. Bigge: Come on, men! Chop, chop! I'm telling you. Ponsonby: And the ceremonial Mohammed: They put pigs' blood in presentation of a Mohur. the sausages and brains of sheep. Bigge: The Hindus, sir! Abdul: Ugh! Yorke: But they're completely Mohammed: The place is completely different sizes. barbaric. Bigge: There was an incident, sir, Beggar: Give me some money. with an elephant. Please, sir. Yorke: Hmm. The Queen arrives. Bigge: Civilization! Fanfares. Ceremonial entrance. The Beggar: Give us a farthing. Give us a Royal Entourage make their way to farthing, sir. the table to be seated thus. Her Ms. Tuck: Arms. Majesty. Sir Henry Ponsonby, Taylor: Arms. We copied them from Private Secretary, the Secretary of some State for India, the Emperor of drawings in the British Museum. Russia, Dr. Reid, Lady Churchill, Bigge: Splendid! Miss Phipps, et cetera, et cetera. Abdul: You do know a sash is not Grace. Soup, potage Saint-Germain traditional, sir? with purée de madeleine. Fish Taylor: The Indian drawings didn't course, morue aux huîtres. Fanfare. look very... "Indian." So we made Entrée, quenelle with regency sauce, somei nnovations. The important et cetera, et cetera. Dessert, pain thing d'épinards, tartelettes à la suisse, is to look authentic. profiteroles. Always profiteroles. Bigge: Looks jolly good to me. You will come from the Ponsonby: Jubilee celebrations. 9:00, northwest service entrance. Process breakfast in London. Quarter to together. And you will stand here. 10:00, changing of the guard. 11:00, No! meeting with A little bit. That's it. Presenting the the Swedish Ambassador. 12:00, tray thus. luncheon with Oscar II, King of Abdul: Tray? I thought it was a Sweden and Norway, the Norwegian cushion. Ambassador, Yorke; You will present the tray... the Chief Under-Secretary of State Mohammed: Excuse me. Do I get a for the Southern Norwegian tray? Provinces, the Junior Yorke: No. We've only got one tray. Under-Secretary of State for the Mohammed: So, what do I do? Northern Yorke: You'll just have to improvise. Norwegian Provinces. 2:00, Whatever you do, you must not look ceremonial at Her Majesty. You will bow again. drive down the Mall. Half past 2:00, Then moving backwards, you will tea party at Hyde Park for 30,000 turn to your left, you will lead thus, children. Half past 4:00, Household and you will departs on

process down the hall to be met by Yorke: Profiteroles have gone. Mr. Bigge, who will walk you to the Gentlemen, process, turn, bow, north present, and absolutely no eye wall, where you will stand till the contact whatsoever. end of the meal. Would you like me Ponsonby: A gift from the Indian to run through that again? Empire. A Mohur, Your Majesty. Little page boy: Mr. Yorke, she's Victoria: A what? heading to Paddington! Ponsonby: A Mughal coin, Your Yorke: Everybody out! Majesty. In honor of your service to Bigge: You two, stairs, now! the subcontinent. Chef: Jesus Christ! Where are the Victoria: Have we finished? quenelles? Oi, you two, out of it! Ponsonby: We still have coffee, Your Little page boy: She's at the station, Majesty. sir! Yorke: Eyes! Chef: Jesus H Christ, she's at the Ms. Tuck: Good morning, Your station! Majesty. Yorke: For God's sake, just wait Ponsonby: Breakfast with the Royal where you were told. Open the door. Princes of Belgium. 11:00, an Little page boy: Open the doors! audience Open the doors! Open the doors! with the Sultan of Dubai where Her She's here. Soup. Majesty will be presented with the Little page boy: Soup! Soup! Soup! Diamond of Ooojay. Garden party Soup! where Chef: Soup! Her Majesty will receive Oscar II, Victoria: Thank heavens! King of Yorke: Soup, Your Majesty. Sweden and Norway, again. And Woman: What, are you taking it all? Queen Lili'uokalani. I haven't finished yet. Victoria: Who on Earth is she? Dr. Reid: I'm afraid you have to be Ponsonby: A monarch and sole quick. They take it off you as soon as Queen Regnant of the Kingdom of she's done. Hawaii, Yorke: One down, six to go.The Your Majesty. She has composed morue aux huîtres, and then the a song for you. On the ukulele. But quenelle. we have managed to put her off. Little page boy: Yes, sir. "The morue Then you will eat with the Prime aux huîtres, and then the quenelles." Minister, and, at 7:00, the banquet in Mohammed: This is bloody the State Dining Room. ridiculous. Two months in a boat, Dr. Reid: And your movements, and I haven't even got a tray? Your Majesty? Woman: Yes. Apparently you have Victoria: Nothing to speak of, Dr. to chew it 32 times. Reid. Bigge: I have the Mohur. Dr. Reid: Not even during the day? Yorke: Is that it? We last moved on Sunday evening. I Ponsonby: Your Majesty? Your fear these Majesty? The, uh... The profiteroles. celebratory dinners are taking their toll,

Your Majesty. Might I suggest Victoria: Ah, sandwiches! Mm! some Benger's mixture? Ms. Phipps: Splendid! Victoria: I refuse to eat Benger's. It's Woman: That's wonderful. baby food. Victoria: Oh! Dr. Reid: But it is imperative, Your Ponsonby: Splendid! Jelly, Your Majesty, that the Royal colon Majesty. receives a little roughage. Victoria: I suddenly feel a great deal Victoria: Anything else? better. Ponsonby: Was Your Majesty Bigge: What the hell were you pleased with the Mohur? thinking? Victoria: What? Abdul: You said, "Present the jelly," Ponsonby: The Mohur. The sir. ceremonial coin. Presented by the Bigge: I didn't say kiss the feet of the two Indian servants. Empress of India! Victoria: I thought the tall one was Abdul: I thought it would cheer her terribly handsome. up. Bigge: Stop! Slight change of plan. Bigge: Cheer her up? They'll have You must not talk to any of the me guests. Nod or bow, but, please, do court-martialed! not interact with anybody other than Ponsonby: What on Earth is going the serving staff. I will come to you on? Her Majesty has requested Mr. when the Queen is seated, and you Karim and Mr. Baksh be her will present the Royal pudding as personal footmen for the rest of the requested. Jubilee. Mohammed: Excuse me, sir... But Ponsonby: Ah, gentlemen. You can what is it? wait here by the door. Her Majesty Bigge: That is a jelly. A pudding wants you to stand in here, by the made from the liquor of fruit. writing desk. Go on. Abdul: How do they get it so stiff? Victoria: Thank you. You may go. Bigge: Gelatine, a by-product of cow Ponsonby: Oh, thank you, Your bone. Majesty. Salisbury: : There's another famine in Victoria: Don't worry. I'm not going India. More trouble in Ireland, I'm to eat you. “Dr. Reid,a very afraid. Suez is a perennial nightmare. successful movement at 8:00 this And I'm afraid the Boers are at it morning." again. Bigge: What the hell is going on in Victoria: Is there any good news, there? Prime Minister? Victoria: Thank you, Mr... Salisbury: Well, we've decided to Abdul: Abdul. Abdul Karim. I am annex Zululand, Your Majesty. always writing. In India, I'm writing Victoria: Whatever for? all day, every day. Salisbury: We really have to box in Victoria: So in India, you are not a the Boers if we possibly can. servant? Victoria: Oh, Prime Minister, you Abdul: No. In India, I'm writing in really are terribly depressing. my very big book. Salisbury: Yes. Victoria: You're writing a book?

Abdul: Yes. I'm writing every name, bloody well freeze to death at this who they are, what they have done. rate. Cut all the nicey-nicey crap, This is my life. Every day, I'm and let's get the hell out of here. writing, from morning to night. Agreed? Victoria: And is this fiction? Abdul: I promise. Good night. Abdul: No. It is the very truth. Mohammed: Will you stop doing Victoria: I don't understand. If you that? are an author, why are you here? Ponsonby: You realize this is the Presenting me with a... third day in a row. Abdul: The Mohur. It is my humble Victoria: So, Mr. Abdul, may I ask privilege to serve Her Majesty. I was what part of India you're from? the one who chose your carpets. Abdul: I'm from Agra. Victoria: Carpets? Victoria: The Taj Mahal? Abdul: Yes. The Viceroy asked Mr. Abdul: You have been to the Taj Tyler, Mahal? sir, but actually it was me. You have Victoria: No. to have a very good eye for the Abdul: It is the most marvelous carpets. Like, this is a very nice one, building in the entire world, Your for example. Very, very tight knots. Majesty. The crown of Palaces. It The art of carpets came to India from was built by Shah Jahan to remember Persia with the great Emperor Akbar. his dead wife who died at childbirth The skill of a carpet is to bring all the during their fourteenth child. different kinds of threads together Victoria: Goodness! and weave something we can all Abdul: He was so upset with grief, stand on. he brought the greatest architects Victoria: You seem to know a great from Persia, Afghanistan, to build deal about it. the Taj Mahal. Abdul: My family were carpet Victoria: It certainly sounds a makers, but now I write in the book. handsome building. I'd very much Life is like a carpet. We weave in like to see it. and out to make a pattern. Abdul: Oh, it is beautiful, Your Victoria: That is a very beautiful Majesty! It's all white marble. All image. that beauty for the dead Queen. Abdul: Look. Here is the bird of Victoria: Mmm. How romantic. freedom Abdul: Shah Jahan also built the Red caught forever in the design. Fort, the Gardens of Shalimar, the Victoria: So, in India you are a poet? Peacock Throne. Abdul: No. In India, I make a ledger Victoria: The Peacock Throne? of the prisoners. Abdul: It is the most beautiful throne Victoria: We are all prisoners, Mr. in all the world. And inside the Karim. throne was the Koh-i-noor. Ms. Phipps: Apparently, he's a poet. Victoria: But I have the Koh-i-noor. I Mohammed: These people are the wear it as a brooch. exploiters of a quarter of all of Abdul: Do you? mankind. Do you really think they Victoria: Yes! give a hoot about us, huh? We'll

Victoria: It wasn't very shiny, so Abdul: It is what you put into the Albert had it recut. What happened sauce. You have never tasted Indian to the Peacock Throne? food? Dal? Rogan josh? Biryani with Abdul: They smashed it up. mango chutney. Victoria: How awful. Victoria: Mango chutney? Abdul: They're always smashing Abdul: Chutney made out of mango. things up. The British soldiers have Victoria: What is mango? taken the jewels from the Taj Mahal. Abdul: Mango is the queen of fruit. Victoria: British soldiers? Victoria: What does it taste like? Abdul: Yes, after the Mutiny. Abdul: Like an orange and a peach. Victoria: But this is terrible. Victoria: Hm. Sir Henry, I would like Dr. Reid: What can they be talking a mango. about? A servant and an Indian. Ponsonby: A mango? What on Earth Victoria: Yes, I would like to taste a does she see in him? mango. Lady Churchill: Well, he is rather Ponsonby: That's impossible, Your handsome. Majesty. They only grow in India. Victoria: What happened to Shah Victoria: Well, I'm Empress of India, Jahan? so have one sent. Abdul: He was overthrown by his Victoria: Here! son and died in Agra Fort. The Mohammed: Your Majesty? wickedness of children. They buried Victoria: Oh! Thank you. Another him in the Taj Mahal with his wife, one. Mumtaz. They also wrote an Thank you. How do you like inscription. "Here lies Shah Jahan your new Scottish costumes? "who left this world for the Banquet Abdul: They're very scratchy, Your Hall of Eternity." Majesty. Victoria: "The Banquet Hall of Victoria: Everything in Scotland is Eternity." I rather like that idea. You scratchy. Sir Henry? When does seem very well Bertie arrive? informed. Ponsonby: Tomorrow, Your Majesty. Abdul: Ah, these are famous stories He's on his way from Monte Carlo. of Uttar Pradesh. You should go Dr. Reid: It's all right for her. She's there. upholstered. Oh, God, I hate Victoria: Oh, I can never go there. Scotland! I'm forbidden. Scottish: Ah... You must be the Abdul: Forbidden? Hindus! Very nice to meet you. You Victoria: They fear I would be must be the Hindus. You must be the assassinated. Hindus. Abdul: So, you have never seen an Victoria: More, more! More! More. Indian street? Or a stall of spices? Scottish: I wish she'd bloody well go Victoria: No. to bed. Abdul: Oh... Oh, the spices! Cumin, Ponsonby: Good morning, Your coriander, garam masala. Majesty. The boxes, Your Majesty. Victoria: Garam masa... What is Victoria: Thank you. garam masala?

Ponsonby: And the blank journal Mohammed: I think you will find it Your Majesty requested. is Urdu. The Muslim version. Victoria: You may go. I'm perfectly Ms. Phipps: Oh, my goodness me! capable of working through the Abdul: That's it. You are the Queen. boxes. Abdul is very helpful with his The Queen is very wise. You see? blotter. Now, you write it down. Ponsonby: But these are Dr. Reid: She's writing in her parliamentary papers, Your Majesty. journal. And she's speaking in Victoria: I'm aware of that. Hindustani. Ponsonby: But Abdul is a servant. Ponsonby: No, it's Urdu, actually. He cannot assist with the boxes. The Muslim version. Victoria: And I am the Queen of Abdul: Knee. Knee. Knee. Yes! Yes! England. I will have whatever help I Victoria: Thank you, Abdul. You are require with the boxes. And, Sir an excellent teacher. Henry, would you get some gloves Victoria: Bertie! for the Hindus? They're suffering Bertie: Mother! terribly from the cold. Victoria; Were you spying on me? Ponsonby: He's helping her with the Bertie: Were you learning Urdu? boxes. Victoria: Yes, I was, as a matter of Victoria: I want you to teach me fact. Indian. Bertie: You think that's entirely Abdul: Indian? appropriate? Victoria: Hindu, or whatever it is you Victoria: Well, I'm Empress of India. speak. What could be more appropriate? Abdul: Are you sure? Bertie: But in front of the entire Victoria: Of course I'm sure. Household? You're absolutely right. I Abdul: But why would you like to have no privacy here. Sir Henry, I learn Hindi, Your Majesty? would like to go with Abdul to Victoria: Well, I'm Empress of India. Glassalt Shiel. Look, I've ordered a book. I want Ponsonby: Glassalt Shiel? you to give me private lessons. Victoria: Alone. Abdul: I can't teach you Hindi, Your Bertie: But I've only just got here! Majesty. Victoria: Oh, to be by oneself and Victoria: Why ever not? live a Abdul: You are the Empress of India. simple, rudimentary existence. They You should learn Urdu, language of don't the Mughals. There are a thousand understand anything, those stupid languages in India. But Urdu is the aristocratic fools. Toadying around. most noble. In Hindi, you write like Jockeying for position. I've had it all this. But in Urdu, my life. They couldn't bear me you write like this. "I am the Queen." bringing dear John Brown here. Yet I Victoria: I see. was happier here than anywhere in Lady Churchill: He's teaching her the entire world. Oh, I miss him, Hindu. Abdul. And Albert. It's 30 years now, Ms. Phipps: Is that allowed? and I think of him every day. I'm so

lonely. Everyone I've really loved Bertie: So... What the hell is a has died, and I just go on and on. munshi? Abdul: Your Majesty. Ponsonby: Well, apparently it's some Victoria: It's an impossible position. sort of a spiritual teacher, Your No one really knows what it's like to Royal Highness. be Queen. I'm hated by millions of Bertie: Has she completely lost her people all over the world. I have had mind? She's the head of the Church nine children, all vain and jealous, of England, for God's sake. What's and at loggerheads the Archbishop with each other. And Bertie's a of Canterbury going to say? complete embarrassment. And look Lady Churchill: I say he's the at me! A fat, lame, impotent, silly old "brown" John Brown. woman. What is the point, Abdul? Dr. Reid: Oh, my God! What is the point? Bertie: Your Majesty. Abdul: Service. Victoria: Good evening, Bertie. Victoria: Service? Bertie: Mother. Abdul: I think we are not here to Servant: Dinner is served! worry about ourselves. We are here Bertie: Lady Churchill was for a greater purpose. In the Koran it absolutely scandalized sitting next to says, "We are here for the good of a servant. And a Hindu to boot! others." Victoria: The Munshi is a Muslim Victoria: The Koran? scholar and knows the Koran off by Abdul: Yes, I am a hafiz. I know the heart. And for your information, he's Koran by heart. a servant no longer. He's to be given Victoria: By heart? Isn't it very long? a staff of his own. Abdul: 114 surahs, containing 6,236 Bertie: What do you mean, "a staff"? verses. Victoria: The little fat one. Victoria: And you know every word? Bertie: Oh, this is absurd! Letters, Abdul: Many Muslim people know invitations to supper... You're the Koran. treating him Victoria: I thought you were Hindu. like a member of the family. Abdul: I am a Muslim, Your Victoria: No, I like Abdul. Lady Majesty. I learnt the Koran from my Churchill had better get used to the father. He's my munshi. fact as the Munshi is coming on Victoria: Munshi? holiday with us. As a member of the Abdul: Yes. Munshi. My teacher. Household. Victoria: Well, we would like you to Bertie: You can't take a Muslim to be the Queen's munshi. Florence. Abdul: But I'm only a servant, Your Victoria: I can take a Muslim Majesty. A servant cannot be a wherever I like. munshi. Victoria: Good night, Bertie. Victoria: Well, you are a servant no Mohammed: Munshi? longer. You are my teacher. You will Abdul: Yes. teach me Urdu, and the Koran, and Mohammed: A spiritual advisor? anything else You haven't an idea in your head! you can think of. You promised to get us out of here,

and now we're going to bloody for you. To celebrate your first visit Florence. to Florence and for becoming my Abdul: You don't see what a munshi. It is a locket. With a picture privilege it of me. is to see the glories of Italy with all Abdul: How can I ever thank you, these Your Majesty? wonderful people. Victoria: Keep me safe. Mohammed: You complete bloody Abdul: Forever. idiot! Do you think they're just going Victoria: Oh, Abdul. You will love to stand there and let her promote a Florence. Such wonderful views. wog? I did not come here to carry Isn't it glorious? Albert loved it here. your bloody cases. He so admired the Medicis, that they Abdul: What are you complaining commissioned the greatest artists of about? We have our own carriage the day in order to leave something with a bathroom. They've made a astonishing behind. very nice bed Abdul: In India also, we commission for you on the floor. great artists. Each emperor would Mohammed: Oh, I'm dying here. I bring the greatest craftsmen to make want to go home. great glories for their durbar room. Abdul: I'm getting sick of your Victoria: Durbar room? negative attitude. Life is a big Abdul: Yes. Every emperor had a adventure. You just need to open up durbar room, full of the finest things and enjoy it. We're on holiday. And known to man. what? What on Earth Victoria: Well, I'm the Empress of can possibly go wrong? "Do not India, pull." I would like to apologize for I should have a durbar room. the emergency brakes, Your Majesty. Abdul: That's a wonderful idea, Your And I hope you did not get injured. Majesty. Victoria: Oh, Abdul! It was nothing. Abdul: But where would you put it? It was a perfectly understandable Victoria: Oh, the Isle of Wight, mistake. I'm so glad you're with us. obviously. What a treat to show you Florence. Ponsonby: Your Majesty, Signor Bertie: What's he doing here? Puccini has arrived. Victoria: Abdul came to explain Victoria: Oh! Where did you say it what happened earlier. was from, Mr. Puccini? Bertie: I really don't see why I have Puccini: From my new opera, Your to share your bathroom. Majesty, Manon Lescaut. About two Victoria: I shared a bed with my lovers who are separated by the class mother until I became Queen. divide. But they run away together. Bertie: I am 57 years old. The Victoria: Oh, it sounds marvelous! Munshi has got his own bathroom. Puccini: But she is imprisoned for Abdul: Yes, very fine bathroom. her love. Bertie:Yes, yes! Good night, Mama. Victoria: Oh... Abdul: Good night, Mr. Bertie. Puccini: But they escape. Victoria: Bertie, make sure you shut Victoria: Bravo! that door. Abdul, I have something

Puccini: But finally she dies, and he Victoria: You're married? is utterly bereft. Abdul: Of course. Victoria: I'm not sure we do like the Victoria: Where is your wife? sound of it after all. We prefer comic Abdul: In India. opera. Do you know any Gilbert and Victoria: Why didn't you tell me you Sullivan? were married? Abdul: Perhaps Your Majesty will Abdul: I didn't think it mattered. sing us a song? Please? Victoria: Well, of course it matters. It Victoria: Oh, no, I couldn't possibly. changes everything. You must return Puccini: Of course, of course, yes, to India immediately. And bring her Your Majesty! back at once. Victoria: No, really. Mohammed: Bloody hell. Abdul: Yes, Your Majesty. Ms. Tuck: He's coming! Victoria: Oh, well. Maybe just one. Victoria: How terribly exciting. From Pinafore, Bertie? Yorke: It's Ali Baba! Bertie: Do I have to? Bertie: Look at the size of him. Victoria: I'm called Little Buttercup. Where'd he get those medals? What Dear Little Buttercup. Though I the devil is she wearing? could never tell why. But still I'm Ms. Phipps: You can't even see her called Buttercup. Poor Little face. Buttercup. Sweet Little Buttercup, Victoria: She looks rather splendid. I've snuff and tobaccy. And excellent Ms. Tuck: But you cannot actually jacky. Of...I was taught by see her, Your Majesty. Mendelssohn, you know? Victoria: I think it's rather dignified. Puccini: To the Queen! To the Dr. Reid: Who the hell is that? Queen! Mohammed: Get the bags, boy. Victoria: To me! We shouldn't have Ms. Phipps: He's brought a serving had so much champagne. boy. Abdul: May I? Lady Churchill: Good God, another Victoria: Oh, Abdul! I haven't been one! How many has he got in there? as happy as this for years. Bertie: Ruddy sod's a bigamist. Abdul: When I first came to Victoria: I do hope they like their England, I was terrified of you. But little cottage. you're a very kind lady. You're a Abdul: Your Majesty. very unique lady to me. Victoria: I hope it's not inconvenient. Victoria: And you are very, very I just thought we'd pop round for tea. unique to me, Abdul. This is my granddaughter, Sophia, Abdul: I know that you are much Queen of Greece. And this is Grand older than me, and you are the Queen Duchess Sophie of Saxe-Weimar- of England, and the Empress of Eisenach. And my daughter, Princess India, and I'm just a humble munshi. Helena Augusta Victoria of But I think you are the most special Schleswig-Holstein- Sonderburg- person in my whole life. Even more Augustenburg. special than my wife. Abdul: This is my wife, Mrs. Karim. Victoria: Wife? And this is my mother-in-law. Your Abdul: Yes. Majesty, Sophia, Queen of Greece,

Grand Duchess Sophie of Saxe- Ponsonby: It's a celebration of all Weimar-Eisenach, Princess Helena things Indian, Prime Minister, Augusta Victoria of Schleswig- inspired by the Mughal emperors. Holstein- Sonderburg-Augustenburg, Salisbury: But I don't understand. I would like to take this opportunity Who gave her permission to build on behalf of myself, my wife, and this in the first place? my wife's mother to thank Her Ponsonby: Don't blame me, I was in Majesty for accommodating us. We Monte Carlo. I'm afraid she's a law are very grateful for her infinite unto herself, Prime Minister. kindness and interior decoration. The Salisbury: For God's sake! She'll be gift of hospitality wearing a burqa next. and friendship to strangers is of very Victoria: Prime Minister, you are high importance in our culture. And late. so we are honored to repay it in our Salisbury: I'm terribly sorry, Your own small way. What is ours is Majesty. yours. Victoria: Well, let us begin. This, as Bertie: Quite literally. you can see, is the Indian corridor. Abdul: Alhamdulilah. The Durbar Room was designed by Victoria: My dear Munshi, we are so Mr. Bhai Ram Singh. glad to have you here, my children. Bertie: The place is crawling with We have missed you enormously. I them. can't wait to show you the Durbar Victoria: We have commissioned a Room. series of portraits of eminent Indians. Bertie: Children? Ponsonby, you will This... Princess Gowramma. And this have to do something about this. of course, is the Munshi. Victoria: My dear Munshi, I'm so Abdul: An honor to meet you, Mr. glad you're back. It's been dreadfully Prime Minister, sir. dull without you. And I'm so glad to Victoria: A good likeness, don't you meet Mrs. Karim. There is just one think? Abdul: I asked him to take a thing I've been curious about the few pounds off. This is my wife, Mr. whole afternoon. What does she look Prime Minister, sir. And that is my like behind her veil? mother-in-law. At least I think that's Abdul: You must see her. the right way round. These are my Victoria: Is that allowed? servants, Mohammed and Ahmed. Abdul: You're a lady. And the Victoria: And this is the Durbar Empress of India. Room. Victoria: Oh... Salisbury: What the hell is going on Bertie: Well, where the bloody hell's here, Ponsonby? she going now? Victoria: The carvings are from Uttar Abdul: Your Majesty. Pradesh. And the carpet was woven Victoria: Oh... You really are in a jail in Agra. Perfect, I think, for beautiful. the tableau. But the pièce de Salisbury: What on Earth is a durbar résistance is the Peacock Throne. An room? exact copy of the one at Agra. And, of course, the Koh-i-noor. Now I

really do feel like the Empress of Mohammed: You stupid bloody India. Uncle Tom. You can't win on their Bertie: I thought she was supposed to terms. be dying. Victoria: Mrs. Munshi. Bertie. Salisbury: It really is a remarkable Lady Churchill: I've never been so addition to the house, Your Majesty. humiliated in my entire life. Victoria: We have Abdul to thank for Ms. Phipps: Actually, I'm rather the whole idea. enjoying it. Ponsonby: To celebrate the Yorke: Beginners on stage, please. A completion of the Durbar Room, a scene in Ancient Persia. little surprise, Your Majesty. Abdul: I am the Sultan of Persia. The Victoria: What is it? King of all Kings. Ponsonby: A mango, Your Majesty. Lady Churchill and Ms. Phipps: Abdul: One moment, Your Majesty. Your Highness! We bestow upon Uh... It's off. you all the Victoria: Sir Henry. This mango is riches of the Orient. off. Abdul: You are now under my Ponsonby: I'm terribly sorry, Your power! Majesty. Victoria: Bravo, bravo, the Munshi! Dr. Reid: Take one of these Salisbury: What the hell is this, whenever you see the Munshi. Ponsonby? Munshi-mania? I'm Victoria: I can't wait to show you the trying to keep an empire together, tableau, Prime Minister. looks like they're running the place. I Lady Churchill: A line has want this whole sodding mess definitively been crossed. knocked on the head. Or you're Mohammed: I can't go on stage like finished. Understood? this. I'm absolutely sick. Victoria: Oh, Sir Henry. Tell us what Abdul: But you have to. The Prime exactly did the Prime Minister say Minister will be watching. about the tableau? Mohammed: This is a complete and Ponsonby: To be entirely frank, Your utter disaster. Majesty, he seemed to be a little Abdul: I don't know what you're perturbed. talking about. Victoria: Whatever for? He must Mohammed: They've been waiting have liked the Munshi. for this. Ponsonby: I think the Munshi was Abdul: Who? Who have? the problem, Your Majesty. Mohammed: Ponsonby, Reid, the Victoria: Really? I thought he was whole damn lot. Don't you see? She's rather good. been rubbing their noses in it, but Ponsonby: I think he meant his now it's going public. I'm telling you, position, they're not going to stand for it. I think he was rather alarmed he had They'll rise up and chop your bloody such a prominent role in the balls off. Household. Abdul: I haven't done anything. Victoria: Of course Abdul has a prominent role in the Household. He is my munshi.

Ponsonby: But he's an Indian, Your Abdul: I am deeply sorry, Your Majesty. Majesty. Victoria: I am aware of that. Victoria; You said the Hindus were Ponsonby: Given current sensitivities behind the Mutiny. in the subcontinent, Your Majesty, Abdul: I didn't say it was only the the Prime Minister was concerned Hindus. that it might be sending the wrong Victoria: You told me categorically message. the Muslims were my friends. Victoria: I should have thought it Abdul: We are your friends, Your... was a jolly good message. Victoria; Abdul, there is a fatwa Ponsonby: But he's a Muslim, Your against me. It was the Muslims who Majesty. started the whole thing. This is Victoria: Precisely. We owe them so completely unacceptable. Abdul, I much, do we not? For their role in thought you were outstanding as the the Mutiny, for example. Sultan of Persia, but I'm afraid you Ponsonby: The Mutiny, Your have to go home. Majesty? Dr. Reid: Hallelujah! Victoria: Yes, for the help they gave Victoria: You've hurt my feelings us with the Hindus. very much indeed. Don't you see the Dr. Reid: But the Mutiny was a position Muslim-led revolt, Your Majesty. you have put me in? Thank you for Victoria: Are you sure? everything you've done for me. I will Dr. Reid: Of course. The Muslim miss you a very great deal. soldiers revolted when it was Mohammed: So, we're going home? rumored that their rifles were greased Bertie: Good night, Mother. with pork fat. Victoria: Good night. Mrs. Tuck? Victoria: Really? Mrs. Tuck. Dr. Ponsonby: The Grand Mufti, Victoria: Abdul. You've been an himself, put out a fatwa against you utter fool. And I'm absolutely furious personally, Your Majesty. And with you. It is unconscionable that as Muslim soldiers murdered over two my munshi you should have lied to thousand British personnel. me in any way. But... It would be Bertie: Who have you been talking also completely churlish of me not to to, Mother? recognize the considerable kindness Abdul: Ta-da! and devotion you have shown. I Victoria: I have opened my heart to suppose in some way you thought you. I brought your family from you were protecting me. But as the India. I promoted you in the face of monarch I realize that nothing can considerable opposition and disquiet really protect me. And so, in that from the Household. I even turned a light, I have decided, although I'm blind eye when you failed to tell me very disappointed, that I want you to that you were married, which, as you stay. know, came as quite a surprise. How Abdul: Your gracious Majesty. could you let me Thank you, Your Majesty. humiliate myself in front of the entire Household?

Victoria: Abdul, there is something Dr. Reid: She's fine. we must sort out. I am deeply Ponsonby: Mr. Mohammed. We have concerned about Mrs. Karim. come here because we are not Abdul: Mrs. Karim? unaware of your predicament. That Victoria: By now, one would have you arrived in the first place almost expected to hear the pitter-patter of by accident, and now find yourself little Muslim feet along the corridors stuck here through a bizarre set of of Osborne House. I am concerned circumstances, none of your own that everything is functioning below making. Nor is it beneath our notice stairs. I want you to examine Mrs. that the inclement English weather Karim. has been the cause of a precipitous Dr. Reid: Examine Mrs. Karim? decline in your general health. What Victoria: Mm. Just, um, make sure is more, you continue to suffer the that vast indignity of being a servant to everything's working. someone who is in many ways your Dr. Reid: But, Your Majesty, I inferior. So, it occurred to us that, thought the Munshi and his family um, we might be able to offer you were leaving us. some help. Victoria: Whatever gave you that Mohammed: Help? impression? The Munshi and his Ponsonby: Travel home. Perhaps a family are integral parts of the Royal modest pension. In return, of course, Household. for, um... A little information. Bertie: As far as I'm concerned, this Mohammed: You want me to dish is war. We're going to dig up every the dirty? last bit of dirt this blackguard's ever Ponsonby: In a manner of speaking. done. I want someone in India raking Mohammed: What would you like through the family coals. Your son's me to say? out there, isn't he, Ponsonby? Bertie: Anything, really. Ponsonby: I couldn't possibly be Ponsonby: Well, we need details. involved in subterfuge, Your Royal What he says. What he does. Highness. Mohammed: Abdul does what Bertie; Look, very soon I am going everyone else does. He, uh... He to be King. You will bloody well do looks for preferment. He curries as you're told! You'll leave no stone favor. He crawls up unturned. You will make a dossier, the stinking greasy pole of the shitty and you put it all down in black and British Empire. Making fools of all white. And put an end of you, to all this shit! For good. because he is a servant. An Indian Dr. Reid: Well, I'd better go and Muslim servant, and you are all examine Mrs. Munshi. quaking in your boots because he's Abdul: Dr. Reid. Do come in. beating you at your own game. Dr. Reid: She'll have to uncover her Bertie: No one is quaking in their face. boots. We are the most powerful Abdul: That is impossible, sir. nation on Earth. At the height of our Dr. Reid: I need to see her tongue. influence. Abdul: Well?

Mohammed: In that case, the only Abdul: Please, Your Majesty. way is down. So stick your stupid Ponsonby: Your Majesty... I'm afraid British Empire up your stinky royal our news concerns the Munshi. We bottom hole, Mr. Bertie Prince, sir. I have proof beyond any doubt that hope he makes the whole damn thing Abdul Karim is a low-born impostor, come tumbling down. Your Majesty. Bertie: I will see to it that you die Victoria: The Munshi is from a noble here. family and a long line of teachers. Ponsonby: He didn't say anything. Ponsonby: No, I'm afraid he was a Dr. Reid: What do you mean, "He mere clerk in a common jail. My didn't say anything"? own son has sent word from India Bertie: We did our best with him, but and has actually spoken to his he spoke most intemperately. immediate superior. His family are Ponsonby: The man is an absolute completely uneducated. His father is shit. a lowly apothecary. Victoria: Dr. Reid. I'm not a fool. I Bertie: The Munshi never even went know there is some skullduggery to school, Mother. The man's a afoot. Something's going on here, complete fraud. And here he is, and I'm not going to stand for it. Dr. overlooking the boxes. Reid, I asked you to get to the Ponsonby: I'm afraid it's true, Your bottom of Mrs. Karim's fertility Majesty. Abdul and his father are issues. It seems that nothing has been completely common. We have done. prepared a dossier. Dr. Reid: Well, actually, Your Victoria: You despicable toads! Majesty, it was impossible to make a Racialists! Spying? Dossier? Picking conclusive judgment for religious on a poor defenseless Indian? Of reasons. course he doesn't Victoria: Did you examine the have qualifications. They do things Munshi? completely differently out there. Dr. Reid: No, Your Majesty. Bertie: Don't you see, Mama? He's Victoria: Well, examine the Munshi. using his position for his own gain. Bertie. Victoria: And how does that make Dr. Reid: I did not do seven years at him Edinburgh University to look at any different from any of you? How Indian dicks! Trousers. Eureka! He is dare you look down on Abdul? How riddled with the clap! dare you defame his poor father? Ponsonby: Well, well. Bertie, I'm ashamed that you're part Bertie: Mother, we have to see you. of all this. Abdul is a loyal, wise, Alone. sympathetic human being, who has Victoria: I'm in the middle of my raised himself on his own merits. Urdu lesson. Bring Abdul in here. Bring him in! Bertie: Mother, we come with very Now, I want you to repeat after me, important news of a highly personal "I will be courteous to the Munshi." matter. Ponsonby: I will be courteous to the Victoria: I've nothing to hide from Munshi. Abdul. Victoria: You.

Dr. Reid: I will be courteous to the Entire Household: Yes. Munshi. Dr. Reid: Somebody has to tell her. Victoria: Bertie. All of you. Lady Churchill: We should make a Berite: "I will be courteous to the deputation. I think you should go. Munshi." You're the head of the Household. Ponsonby, Dr. Reid and Berti: I will Ponsonby: Oh, no, I couldn't possibly be courteous to the Munshi. go. It would bring the position into Victoria: It has become apparent that disrepute. in order to get any respect from the Yorke: Mrs. Tuck. You know her Household, one needs to be formally very well, don't you? recognized. In which case, Abdul. I Mrs. Tuck: But I'm just her dresser. intend to give you a knighthood in What about you, Miss Phipps? the next honors list. Lady Churchill: Off you go. And Dr. Reid: Enough! This is absurd! don't take "no" for an answer. We cannot protect you from this any Ms. Phipps: Your Majesty. further. The man is riddled with Victoria: Out with it. Girl, can't you gonorrhea! see, Victoria: Gonorrhea? I'm busy. Dr. Reid: Yes. Your Majesty. Ms. Phipps: There is something I Victoria: Well, you are a doctor. must say that... Why don't you treat him? Now get Victoria: What is the meaning of out of my sight, all of you! this? Stop shaking! Dr. Reid: Listen, you pox-ridden Ms. Phipps: I have come to ask you Indian shit! Why don't you bloody to reconsider the... The elevation of... well leave her alone? Of Mr. Karim. Ponsonby: Dr. Reid! Dr. Reid! Be Victoria: What did you say? courteous! Ms. Phipps: I've come to ask you not Lady Churchill: Knighted? to give Mr. Karim a knighthood, Bigge: Surely there is some law Your Majesty. against it. Victoria: Why the devil not? Lady Churchill: The man's a Ms. Phipps: The members of the common Indian, for God's sakes. Household demand that you abandon Yorke: Well, she can't just do what your plans, Your Majesty. she likes. Victoria: Demand? Dr. Reid: That's right. We are the Ms. Phipps: We believe that it ones who make this palace work, and degrades the very concept of we are being ignored and exploited. knighthood. He comes from a very Yes. We have to stand up to this low family, Your Majesty. And he is wanton bullying. colored. Ms. Phipps: But she's the Queen. Victoria: Get out of my sight. Did She's our sovereign. you not hear me? Lady Churchill: Her position is based Ms. Phipps: Your Majesty, I must entirely on the implicit contract she inform you that if you refuse, the makes with us. If she does not drop entire Household will resign. this preposterous insult, we should Victoria: Treason! Treason! Treason. all leave!

Bertie: Mummy, enough is enough. resignation, it will be accepted You will drop this Munshi business without any unfortunate forthwith. Do you hear me? Did you consequences. But at least have the really think the Household would decency to do it to my face! Anyone countenance such an insult? wishing to resign, please step Victoria: I will not be disobeyed. forward. I would like to inform you Bertie: No. No. I have put up with that I have decided against awarding you for over 50 years! You will drop any knighthoods at this moment. this forthwith or... Instead, you'll be delighted to know Victoria: Or, or, or, or, Bertie? that I have decided to make the Bertie: Or we will have you certified Munshi a Commander of the Royal insane! And removed from office Victorian Order as a special token immediately. Here are the papers of my personal esteem for his signed by Dr. Reid. services to the Empire. That is all. Victoria: I am 81 years of age. I've Abdul: Your Majesty. Your Majesty! had nine children, and 42 Dr. Reid: Your Majesty, are you all grandchildren, and have almost a right? billion citizens. I have rheumatism, a Ahmed: Dr. Reid! Dr. Reid! Dr. collapsed uterus. I'm morbidly obese Reid! Dr. Reid, you must come and deaf in one ear. I have known quick! eleven Prime Ministers and passed Ms. Phipps: No, no, not now. 2,347 pieces of legislation. I've been Ahmed: Dr. Reid! It's Mr. in office 62 years, 234 days. Thus, I Mohammed! am the longest-serving monarch in Lady Churchill: Get that boy out of world history. I'm responsible for here. five households and a staff of over Dr. Reid: Your Majesty, can you 3,000. I am cantankerous, boring, hear me? Your Majesty? greedy, fat, ill-tempered, at times Victoria: All right, selfish and myopic, both Dr. Reid: Let's get you up. metaphorically and literally. I am Victoria: I'm so sorry, Abdul. I think perhaps disagreeably it's time you went home, Abdul. attached to power and should not Abdul: This is my home. have smashed the Emperor of Victoria: I've been short-sighted and Russia's egg. But I am anything but selfish. You are a young man. You insane. If the Household wish to have your whole life ahead of you. disobey me, so be it. Let them do it It's not safe here. to my face. I will see everyone in the Abdul: Your Majesty. Durbar Room at once. Victoria: The vultures are already Ponsonby: Her Majesty the Queen. circling. How can I protect you if I'm Victoria: I understand there is some not here? concern over my desires on Abdul: Your Majesty, you will reign preferment. I understand feelings for many years to come. have run high. And I understand you Victoria: No, Abdul. I'm sick. All have decided to resign, rather than these stupid ceremonies will kill me. withstand my decision. If any one of You have been a very good friend. you wishes to tender their But you must leave me.

Abdul: I'm your servant. And as long Abdul: Goodbye, my Queen. as I shall live, I shall be by your side. Victoria: Goodbye. Take care, my Every single day. Nothing... Nothing sweet son. will stop me. Dr. Reid: Let her sleep. Victoria: Abdul, I am your Queen. Ponsonby: Someone's coming. Abdul: Your Majesty, I'm your Bigge: I grieve to say Her Majesty munshi. And I will never leave you. passed away at 6:30 precisely. Long Abdul: You are a fool. But I adore live the King. you. Man: Out the way! Dr. Reid: I think you should inform Bertie: I want every last thing that's the Kaiser. connected to her. Victoria: Abdul... Abdul... Abdul... Rashida: Abdul! Abdul! Bertie: It's me, Mummy. And your Bertie: I want you out of here. grandson, Wilhelm. Immediately. Victoria: Where is my munshi? Abdul: Your Majesty! Bertie: The Kaiser. Abdul: Good morning, Your Victoria: I need my munshi. Majesty. How are you today? Bertie: Hush, hush. Everything will be all right. Victoria: I want the Munshi. Dr. Reid: Don't you dare upset her. Victoria: I want to talk to the Munshi alone. Ponsonby: I think perhaps, Your Majesty... Victoria: I said alone. When I was young, I used to long for death. Now, when there is nothing to live for, I cling to life with every breath. I'm scared, Abdul. Abdul: Don't be scared. "Listen, little drop, give yourself up without regret and in return you will gain the ocean. Give yourself away and in the great sea you will be secure." Rumi. Victoria: You are a teacher, Abdul. Abdul: Everybody knows Rumi. Allah is the teacher. Love is the whole. We are only pieces. Victoria: Alhamdulilah. I keep thinking I'm falling. Fall. Abdul: All will be well. You are about to go to a much safer place. "The Banquet Hall of Eternity." Victoria: Yes.