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Chapitre 5 Abolition De L'esclavage Des L'Abolition de l'esclavage en Algerie 1816-1871 Yacine Daddi Addoun A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Programme in History York University Toronto, Ontario Avril 2010 Library and Archives Biblioth&que et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'6dition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-64885-8 Our file Notre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-64885-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Biblioth&que et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent §tre imprimis ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette th§se. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. I+I Canada Resume L'esclavage dans certaines regions de l'Algerie persista jusqu'a l'indepen- dance de cette contree en 1962 alors raeme que le processus de son elimination fut enclenche bien avant la conquete d'Alger par les arrnees franchises en 1830. Nous considerons, en effet, les tentatives de l'elimination de la course en Me- diterranee et de l'esclavage des chretiens ou des Blancs comme le point de depart de la propagation des idees abolitionnistes, dont il convient d'elucider le contexte et le processus pour mieux saisir les ressemblances, les differences lorsqu'il s'est agi d'appliquer ces memes principes abolitionnistes sur les es- claves noirs. L'accent est, par consequent, mis sur revolution des representa- tions europeennes de l'esclavage en terre d'islam et les consequences de cette evolution sur la maniere avec laquelle l'abolition de cette institution fut ap- pliquee en Algerie, attendu que ces principes furent au premier chef imposes par les Europeens, puis par Padministration coloniale frangaise. Le projet abolitionniste apres la conquete d'Alger, aussi bien intentionne qu'il fut, a bute sur le projet colonialiste, meme s'il est, dans un sens, son corollaire. La haute politique qui se resumait a la guerre totale et la conquete iv du territoire algerien d'un cote et a la recherche des voies transsahariennes comme debouches potentiellement avantageux des produits des manufactures frangaises de l'autre, etait aux antipodes d'une politique ouvertement anti- esclavagiste. Cette politique etait, estimait-on, susceptible d'entraver le com- merce transsaharien qui avait deserte le Nord de l'Algerie vers le Maroc, la Tunisie et la Libye depuis l'apparition de la presence frangaise au Nord de l'Algerie. Elle provoquait en outre le mecontentement des chefferies al- liees a la Prance qui se voyaient depouillees de leurs « biens », alors que leurs protecteurs leur garantissaient le respect. Nous nous sommes efforce par consequent de montrer les ambivalences, les tergiversations des differents echelons de l'administration frangaise en Algerie dans la politique a suivre pour l'application du decret de 1848 abolissant l'esclavage en Algerie. Nous avons examine egalement, les consequences de ces hesitations sur le trafic des esclaves, et l'esclavage au Nord de l'Algerie actuelle jusqu'en 1871. Les principes abolitionnistes developpes en Europe, tailles pour des colo- nies europeennes, n'avaient pas considere le probleme de maniere a amener, des musulmans, meme colonises a admettre, et a integrer ces principes. Du coup, ces mesures etaient en contradiction avec une legislation et des pra- tiques seculaires dans un milieu en voie de colonisation, qui voyait sa religion comme le dernier bastion de resistance contre l'invasion etrangere. Le manque presque total d'un debat entre les deux visions du monde, a eu, nous selon nous, des consequences importantes sur la question de l'esclavage et de son abolition dans l'Algerie du xixe siecle. v Remerciements Je tenais a exprimer tous les remerciements a mon directeur de these, le Professeur Paul E. Lovejoy d'avoir accepte de diriger ce travail et lui faire part de toute ma gratitude pour ses encouragements, sa disponibilite et son esprit positif si contagieux. Je souhaitais lui temoigner ici toute ma recon- naissance pour l'aide precieuse qu'il n'a pas hesite a me prodiguer tant sur le plan academique que sur le plan financier durant toutes ces annees. Je le remercie egalement d'avoir su apporter, a moi et a tant d'autres doctorants, un environnement propice pour l'echange academique. Je desirais egalement remercier les membres de mon comite de these : le Professeur Sidney Kanya-Forstner pour sa rigueur et son attention aux details et le Professeur Jose C. Curto pour ses encouragements. J'adresse egalement mes remerciements aux Professeurs Ibrahim Badr et William D. Irvine pour les conseils et les commentaires qu'ils m'ont prodigues. Je voudrais sincerement remercier le Professeur David Robinson pour ses critiques constructives et pour les changements qu'il a proposes. Je egalement voudrais remercier la Professeure Carolyn Podruchny pour vi avoir su gere avec grace la soutenance de ma these de doctor at. Je tiens egalement a remercier le Professeur Jean-Michel Mouton pour avoir toujours ete disponible pour m'apporter l'aide que je lui demandais, et d'avoir minutieusement lu et commente ma these. J'aimerais remercier Amal N. Ghazal d'avoir numerise, a ma demande, des references dans les archives du Public Record Office a Londres. Je voudrais egalement remercier Renee Soulodre-La France et Chouki El- Hamel pour leur soutien et leurs encouragements indefectibles tout au long de mes etudes doctorales. J'aimerais remercier les amis et collegues avec qui j'ai partage mes idees, mes tergiversations, mes doutes. En premier lieu Mariana P. Candido, qui n'a jamais hesite a m'apporter son soutien et son aide, ensuite, Ismael Mu- sah Montana, Feisal Farah, Ibrahim Hamza, Robert Stewart, Nadine Hunt, Denise Challenger, Thor Burnham, Omar Eno, Olatunji Ojo, Behnaz Mirzai Asl, Muhammad Kassim, Alia Paroo, Jennifer Lofkrantz, et tant d'autres etudiants qui sont passes par York/Unesco Nigerian Hinterland Project, The Harriet Tubman Centre et The Harriet Tubman Institute for Research on the Global Migrations of African Peoples. C'est avec eux que j'ai passe des annees de recherche, de travail, de discussion et de partage. Qu'ils trouvent ici toute ma reconnaissance. Enfin, Je remercie tous les membres de ma famille, tant en Algerie qu'en France, de n'avoir jamais menage leurs efforts pour m'aider et m'encourager dans ce long periple. vii Table des matieres Resume iv Remerciements vi Table des matieres x Liste des figures xi Liste des tableaux xii Table de translitteration xiii Abreviations xiv Glossaire xvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Documentation d'archives 5 1.1.1 Archives ottomanes 6 1.1.2 Archives portugaises 7 1.1.3 Archives coloniales 8 1.2 Publications 11 1.2.1 Litterature populaire 15 1.3 Etudes academiques 30 1.3.1 Sort des esclaves et diaspora 31 1.3.2 Commerce et nombres 34 1.3.3 Abolition 35 2 L'Esclavage dans la Regence d'Alger : point de vue europeen 40 2.1 Sources pre-coloniales 42 2.1.1 Les redempteurs 42 2.1.2 Recits de captivite 46 2.1.3 Les consuls et les voyageurs 51 2.1.4 Les artistes 52 2.2 Sources coloniales 58 2.2.1 Correspondance militaire 59 viii 2.2.2 Ecrivains divers 62 3 Conditions comparees des esclaves dans la Regence d'Alger 64 3.1 Production d'esclaves 66 3.1.1 Aux frontieres du monde musulman 67 3.1.2 Production de captifs 75 3.1.3 La rangon 78 3.1.4 Affranchis Noirs et Blancs 85 3.1.5 Les zmdla des cAbid 90 4 Importance de la manumission 96 4.1 Documents de manumission 99 4.1.1 Manumissions non declares 101 4.1.2 Officialisation des manumissions 102 4.1.3 Manumission simple 103 4.1.4 Manumission testamentaire et post mortem 104 4.1.5 Manumission sous condition 105 4.1.6 Manumission a un temps determine 106 4.1.7 Manumission d'ttmm walad 106 4.2 Sections d'un formulaire de manumission 107 4.3 Contrat patron/client 110 4.4 Contrat de salut eternel 113 5 Abolition de l'esclavage des Europeens 117 5.1 Le cote sud de la Mediterranee 120 5.2 L'Expedition d'Alger 127 5.3 L'abolition et ses consequences 132 6 L'Esclavage entre la conquete d'Alger et le decret de 1848 136 6.1 Problemes methodologiques
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