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Effects of Acute Stress on Aircrew Performance: Literature Review and Analysis of Operational Aspects

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Effects of Acute Stress on Aircrew Performance: Literature Review and Analysis of Operational Aspects NASA/TM—2015–218930 Effects of Acute Stress on Aircrew Performance: Literature Review and Analysis of Operational Aspects R. Key Dismukes NASA Ames Research Center Timothy E. Goldsmith University of New Mexico Janeen A. Kochan Aviation Research, Training, and Services, Inc. August 2015 NASA STI Program…in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. to the advancement of aeronautics and space Collected papers from scientific and science. The NASA scientific and technical technical conferences, symposia, information (STI) program plays a key part in seminars, or other meetings sponsored helping NASA maintain this important role. or co-sponsored by NASA. The NASA STI program operates under the • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, auspices of the Agency Chief Information technical, or historical information Officer. It collects, organizes, provides for from NASA programs, projects, and archiving, and disseminates NASA’s STI. The missions, often concerned with NASA STI program provides access to the subjects having substantial public NTRS Registered and its public interface, the interest. NASA Technical Reports Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aeronautical and • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. space science STI in the world. Results are English-language translations of published in both non-NASA channels and by foreign scientific and technical NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which material pertinent to NASA’s mission. includes the following report types: Specialized services also include creating • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of custom thesauri, building customized completed research or a major significant databases, and organizing and publishing phase of research that present the results of research results. NASA programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis. Includes For more information about the NASA STI compilations of significant scientific and Program, see the following: technical data and information deemed to be of continuing reference value. NASA • Access the NASA STI Program home counterpart of peer-reviewed formal page at http://www.sti.nasa.gov professional papers but has less stringent limitations on manuscript length and extent • E-mail your question via the Internet to of graphic presentations. [email protected] • Fax your question to the NASA STI • TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Help Desk at (757) 864-6500 Scientific and technical findings that are preliminary or of specialized interest, e.g., • Phone the NASA STI Help Desk at quick release reports, working papers, and (757) 864-9658 bibliographies that contain minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive • Write to: analysis. NASA STI Program STI Support Services • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and Mail Stop 148 technical findings by NASA-sponsored NASA Langley Research Center contractors and grantees. Hampton, VA 23681-2199 ii NASA/TM—2015–218930 Effects of Acute Stress on Aircrew Performance: Literature Review and Analysis of Operational Aspects R. Key Dismukes NASA Ames Research Center Timothy E. Goldsmith University of New Mexico Janeen A. Kochan Aviation Research, Training, and Services, Inc. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California 94035-1000 August 2015 iii Available from: NASA STI Program STI Support Services Mail Stop 148 NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23681-2199 This report is also available in electronic form at http://www.sti.nasa.gov iv Table of Contents 1. What is Stress? ............................................................................................................................ 2 2. Flightcrew Errors in Airline Accidents ...................................................................................... 3 3. Attention and Working Memory ............................................................................................... 3 4. Decision-Making ....................................................................................................................... 4 5. Team Performance and Communication .................................................................................... 5 6. Ways to Reduce Error Vulnerability .......................................................................................... 5 7. Directions for Future Research ................................................................................................... 6 8. Implications for NextGen ........................................................................................................... 7 References ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Appendix A. Selective Review of Stress Literature: Implications for Pilot Performance ............... A-1 01. Stress: An Overview ................................................................................................................. A-2 02. Attention and Stress .................................................................................................................. A-6 2.1 Implications for Pilot Performance in Non-Normal Situations ....................................... A-9 03. Startle and Surprise ................................................................................................................... A-11 04. Memory ..................................................................................................................................... A-11 4.1 Working Memory ............................................................................................................ A-11 4.2 Stress Effects on Memory ................................................................................................ A-12 4.3 Implications for Cockpit Non-Normal Situations ............................................................ A-14 05. Skilled Performance .................................................................................................................. A-14 06. Human Decision Making under Stress ..................................................................................... A-15 6.1 What is Decision Making? ............................................................................................... A-16 6.2 Laboratory Tasks Used to Study Human Decision Making ............................................ A-17 6.3 Stress and Human Decision Making ................................................................................ A-17 6.4 General Effects of Stress on Deciding ............................................................................. A-18 6.5 Rational-Analytic Decision Making ................................................................................ A-18 6.6 Naturalistic Decision Making .......................................................................................... A-18 6.7 Judgemental Heuristics .................................................................................................... A-19 07. Decison Making, Team Performance, and Stress ..................................................................... A-22 7.1 The Nature of Team Decision Making ............................................................................ A-22 7.2 The Effects of Stress on Team Decision Making ............................................................ A-23 7.3 Ways of Decreasing the Stress Effects on Team Performance ........................................ A-24 7.4 Summary of Decision Making and Stress ....................................................................... A-26 08. Naturalistic Studies ................................................................................................................... A-27 09. Stress Management Training .................................................................................................... A-28 10. Summary and Conclusions ....................................................................................................... A-29 References ....................................................................................................................................... A-31 Appendix B. Stress and Flightcrew Performance: Types of Errors Occuring in Airline Accidents B-1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ B-2 1. Overview ..................................................................................................................................... B-4 2. Method ........................................................................................................................................ B-5 v 2.1 Subject Matter Experts ........................................................................................................ B-5 2.2 Selection of Accidents ........................................................................................................ B-6 2.3 Analysis .............................................................................................................................. B-8 2.3.1 Identification of Flightcrew Errors ............................................................................ B-8 2.3.2 Categorization of the Errors: Error Types and Error Categories ............................... B-10 3. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................... B-14 3.1 Error Types and Categories ...............................................................................................
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