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Lives and Works of Artists in German, Swiss and Austrian Psychiatries in the 19Th and 20Th Century

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Lives and Works of Artists in German, Swiss and Austrian Psychiatries in the 19Th and 20Th Century Between Ingenuity and Madness - Lives and Works of Artists in German, Swiss and Austrian Psychiatries in the 19th and 20th Century A Master thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of a Master of Art In the Graduate Academic Unit of the History Department of the Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg By Daniela Vordermaier, BA BA Supervisor: Ass. Prof. Dr. Alfred Stefan Weiß Salzburg, September 2019 Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Topical Introduction ......................................................................................................... 4 1.2 State of Research: Art and Artists in Psychiatries - An Approach ................................... 6 1.3 Questions and Structure ................................................................................................. 18 1.4 Methodical Frame .......................................................................................................... 21 1.4.1 Historical Criticism by Johann Gustav Droysen and the Method of the Historical Comparison ...................................................................................................................... 22 1.4.2 Erwin Panofsky’s Iconographical-Iconological Method ......................................... 25 1.4.3 Wolfgang Kemp’s Aesthetic of Reception .............................................................. 28 2. The Pathologisation of the Artist - The Connex of Artistry and Mental Illnesses ....... 29 2.1 The Concept of the Mad Artist - An Overview of Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern Ideas about the Connex of Ingenuity and Madness .............................................................. 29 2.2 Art and Madness in the 19th and 20th Century - From Demonisation to Acceptance ..... 37 2.2.1 Lombroso’s and Morel’s Theories and the Perception of the Insane Artist in the Second Half of the 19th Century ....................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 How Psychiatrists Viewed the Works of Mentally Ill People - Réja’s, Morgenthaler’s and Prinzhorn’s Concepts in Comparison with Foucault’s Madness and Civilisation ...................................................................................................................... 41 3. Art Brut, Outsider Art and the Institutionalisation of the Artworks of Mentally Affected People ...................................................................................................................... 49 3.1 The Reception of Madness’ Products - Perspectives and Views on Artworks Created by Mentally Affected People in the 1930s and 1940s ............................................................... 49 3.2 Jean Dubuffet’s Concept of Art Brut, its Validity for the Works of Mentally Ill People and the Influence of Prinzhorn and his Collection on the French Writer............................. 50 3.3 Leo Navratil’s Haus der Künstler in Gugging and the Promotion of Mentally Affected Artists ................................................................................................................................... 55 3.4 The Swiss Reception of the Works Produced by Mentally Affected People - The Collection Dammann ............................................................................................................ 58 4. Lives and Works of Artists in German, Swiss and Austrian Psychiatries - Art as a Form of Therapy and Medium of Expression ..................................................................... 60 4.1 Artistry within the Mental Hospital in the 19th and Early 20th Century - Types, Motivations and Materials .................................................................................................... 60 4.2 Life, Work and Illness of the Schizophrenic Artist Adolf Wölfli .................................. 63 4.2.1 Adolf Wölfli’s Biography, Anamnesis and Artistry ............................................... 64 4.2.2 The Influence of Adolf Wölfli’s Schizophrenia on Style, Topics and Stylistics of his Artworks - Art as a Form of Therapy: Wölfli’s Idea of the Female and the Asylum ............................................................................................................................. 67 4.3 Life, Work and Illness of Friedrich Schröder-Sonnenstern ........................................... 74 4.3.1 Friedrich Schröder-Sonnenstern’s Biography, Anamnesis and Artistry ................. 74 4.3.2 The Influence of Friedrich Schröder-Sonnenstern’s ’Schizophrenia’ on Style, Topics and Stylistics of his Artworks - Art as a Form of Therapy: Schröder- Sonnenstern’s Depiction of Sex and Violence ................................................................ 78 4.4 Life, Work and Illness of Oswald Tschirtner ................................................................. 84 4.4.1 Oswald Tschirtner’s Biography, Anamnesis and Artistry ...................................... 85 4.4.2 The Influence of Oswald Tschirtner’s Schizophrenia on Style, Topics and Stylistics of his Artworks - Art as a Form of Therapy: Tschirtner’s Vision of the Christian Faith .................................................................................................................. 87 2 5. Lives and Works of Artists in German, Swiss and Austrian Psychiatries - Psychosises as Life Crises and Mechanisms of Artistic Rebirth ............................................................ 91 5.1 Stylistic Change in the Works of Louis Soutter ............................................................. 92 5.1.1 Louis Soutter’s Biography, Anamnesis and Artistry .............................................. 92 5.1.2 Psychosises as Promoters of Stylistic Change and Creative Regeneration in Louis Soutter’s Oeuvre ..................................................................................................... 95 5.2 Stylistic Change in the Works of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner ........................................... 100 5.2.1 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner’s Biography, Anamnesis and Artistry ............................. 101 5.2.2 Psychosises as Promoters of Stylistic Change and Creative Regeneration in Ernst Ludwig Kirchner’s Oeuvre ............................................................................................. 105 5.3 Stylistic Change in the Works of Blalla W. Hallmann ................................................ 109 5.3.1 Blalla W. Hallmann’s Biography, Anamnesis and Artistry ................................. 110 5.3.2 Psychosises as Promoters of Stylistic Change and Creative Regeneration in Blalla W. Hallmann’s Oeuvre ........................................................................................ 112 6. Psychiatries as Total Institutions - Art and Creative Designing as Strategies to Express Autonomy and Self-Determination ...................................................................... 117 6.1 Erving Goffman’s Concept of Total Institutions - Characteristics and Examples ....... 117 6.2 Art as a Strategy to Express Autonomy and Self-Determination in Psychiatries of the 19th and 20th Century - Total Institutions in Practice .......................................................... 119 7. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 124 8. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 129 8.1 Primary Sources .......................................................................................................... 129 8.2 Secondary Sources ...................................................................................................... 129 8.3 Internet Sources ............................................................................................................ 141 9. Visual Sources ................................................................................................................... 144 10. Bibliography of the Visual Sources ............................................................................... 155 3 1. Introduction 1.1 Topical Introduction Vincent van Gogh, Robert Schumann and Rainer Maria Rilke are known as some of the most influential artists living in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. While the painter van Gogh is considered as one of the founders of modern art, who contributed to the development of avant-garde movements and shaped works and styles of nearly every 20th- century visual artist, Schumann was one of the leading composers of the romantic era.1 In contrast, Rainer Maria Rilke laid the foundations for the development of modern poetics and literature.2 Even if their lives and works seem to have been so different at first sight due to their divergent professions and interests, they shared a feature that shaped not only their wellbeing but also their creations: Lives and works of all three artists were structured and directed by psychosises, whether it was episodic semiconsciousness caused by a temporal lobe epilepsy in case of van Gogh3 or various forms of depression with manic or bipolar features in case of Rilke and Schumann.4 Although their illnesses caused mental, physical and emotional suffering, all three artists considered them as roots and promoters of their creativity and talents and viewed them as essential parts of their lives as artists. When Rilke was asked to try psychotherapy
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