DOCSLIB.ORG

Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Special Report 18 November 2010 Countries of Asia: a Comprehensive Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Special Report 18 November 2010 Countries of Asia: a Comprehensive Review SPECIAL REPO SPECIAL R E P O R T 18 R T 18 HE A L TH HE A L TH Outdoor Air Pollution and Health EFF E CTS EFF E CTS INSTITUTE Countries of Asia: Review A Comprehensive Outdoor Air and in Pollution Health the Developing INSTITUTE in the Developing Countries of Asia: 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 November 2010 A Comprehensive Review Boston, MA 02110, USA +1-617-488-2300 www.healtheffects.org HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee SPECIAL REPO rT 1 8 November 2010 November 2010 Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee Special Report 18 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: The Web version of this document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in November 2010. Citation for document: HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee. 2010. Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review. Special Report 18. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. When specifying a section of this report, cite it as a chapter of the whole document. © 2010 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Cameographics, Belfast, Me., Compositor. Printed by Recycled Paper Printing, Boston, Mass. Library of Congress Number for the HEI Report Series: WA 754 R432. Cover paper: made with at least 55% recycled content, of which at least 30% is post-consumer waste; free of acid and elemental chlorine. Text paper: made with 100% post-consumer waste recycled content; acid free; no chlorine used in processing. The book is printed with soy-based inks and is of permanent archival quality. ABOUT HEI The Health Effects Institute is a nonprofit corporation chartered in 1980 as an independent research organization to provide high-quality, impartial, and relevant science on the effects of air pollution on health. To accomplish its mission, the institute • Identifies the highest-priority areas for health effects research; • Competitively funds and oversees research projects; • Provides intensive independent review of HEI-supported studies and related research; • Integrates HEI’s research results with those of other institutions into broader evaluations; and • Communicates the results of HEI’s research and analyses to public and private decision makers. HEI receives half of its core funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and half from the worldwide motor vehicle industry. Frequently, other public and private organizations in the United States and around the world also support major projects or certain research programs. The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Program was initiated by the Health Effects Institute in part to support the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia), a partnership of the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank to inform regional decisions about improving air quality in Asia. Additional funding was obtained from the U.S. Agency for International Development and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. HEI has funded more than 280 research projects in North America, Europe, Asia, and Latin America, the results of which have informed decisions regarding carbon monoxide, air toxics, nitrogen oxides, diesel exhaust, ozone, particulate matter, and other pollutants. These results have appeared in the peer-reviewed literature and in more than 200 comprehensive reports published by HEI. HEI’s independent Board of Directors consists of leaders in science and policy who are committed to fostering the public–private partnership that is central to the organization. The Health Research Committee solicits input from HEI sponsors and other stakeholders and works with scientific staff to develop a Five-Year Strategic Plan, select research projects for funding, and oversee their conduct. The Health Review Committee, which has no role in selecting or overseeing studies, works with staff to evaluate and interpret the results of funded studies and related research. All project results and accompanying comments by the Health Review Committee are widely disseminated through HEI’s Web site (www.healtheffects.org), printed reports, newsletters and other publications, annual conferences, and presentations to legislative bodies and public agencies. iii CONTENTS About HEI iii Contributors ix Executive Summary 1 SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 17 SECTION II. DEVELOPMENT, AIR POLLUTION EXPOSURE, AND POPULATION HEALTH 21 Trends in Development 21 Broad Trends in Development 21 Changes in Population Age Structures 24 Status of and Trends in Disease Burden 24 Trends in Environmental Risks 26 Urbanization 28 Air Pollution, Poverty, and Health 31 Sources 31 Common Sources of Air Pollution 37 Trends in Energy Use and Projected Growth in Major Point Sources and Emissions 38 Pollutant Concentrations 50 Monitoring Data 50 Modeled Estimated Pollutant Concentrations and Projected Trends in Emissions 57 Current Source-Apportionment Studies in Asia 60 Overview of Exposure Issues 69 Intake Fraction and the Role of Human Activity 69 Limitations of Ambient Pollutant Concentra- tions as a Metric of Exposure 71 Policy Issues in Air Quality Management 71 Actions Taken to Reduce Air Pollution 71 Continuing Challenges 78 New and Emerging Challenges 79 Future Directions 80 Summary 80 The Size of the Vulnerable and Potentially Exposed Population Is Increasing. 80 Asia Is Highly Dynamic and Heterogeneous, and Exposure to Air Pollution Is Becoming Increasingly Varied and Complex As Development Progresses. 81 Dramatic Increases in the Activities of Sources Are Occurring. 81 Regional Air Quality and Climate Change Are Key Emerging Issues. 81 SECTION III. SUMMARY OF CURRENT EVIDENCE ON HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASIA 83 Studies of Variability in Exposure 83 Short-Term Temporal Variability 83 Long-Term Spatial Variability 85 Long-Term Temporal Variability 87 Special Report 18 Air Pollution, Adverse Reproductive Outcomes, and Child Health 89 Contribution of Copollutants 90 Gaps and Limitations of Current Knowledge 90 SECTION IV. UPDATED REVIEW OF THE ASIAN LITERATURE ON AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH 91 Literature Review 91 Search Methods 91 Search Results 93 SECTION V. QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF DAILY TIME-SERIES STUDIES 97 Introduction 97 Systematic Ascertainment of Relevant Time-Series Studies for APED 97 Literature Search 97 Data Abstraction 98 Selection of Lag Times 98 Multi-City Studies 99 Meta-Analytic Methods 99 Multiple Studies of a Single City 99 Computation of Summary Estimates 99 Investigation of Publication Bias 99 Results 100 Study Characteristics 100 Geographic Distribution of the Studies 100 Health Outcomes 100 Pollutants 100 Effect Estimates 100 Summary Estimates 123 Investigation of Sources of Heterogeneity 125 Discussion 126 Review of Findings 126 Comparison with Results from the PAPA Studies in Four Asian Cities 127 Comparison with Results from India 129 Comparison with Results from Other Parts of the World 129 Limitations of This Review 129 Heterogeneity and Effect Modification 129 Multi-Pollutant Models 130 Studies of Pollution Episodes 130 SECTION VI. STUDIES OF SELECTED EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION 131 Methods 131 Study Selection 131 Quantification of Results 131 Chronic Respiratory Disease 132 Chronic Phlegm 132 Pulmonary Function 141 Asthma and Wheeze 148 Lung Cancer 162 Studies 162 Discussion 165 Special Report 18 Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes 165 Preterm Delivery 165 Low Birth Weight 168 Discussion 173 Summary and Conclusions 173 SECTION VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 175 The PAPA Studies 176 Systematic and Critical Review of Studies of Chronic Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution 177 Implications for Assessment of Health Impacts 177 Enhanced Evidence of Effects of Air Pollution in Asia 178 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 179 How Does the Nature of the Air Pollution Mixture Affect Air Quality, Exposure, and Health Effects? 179 What Are the Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution? 179 What Do Results of Current Time-Series Studies in a Subset of Asian Cities Tell Us About Health Effects of Air Pollution Exposure in Other, As Yet Unstudied, Asian Locales? 179 What Role Does Indoor Air Pollution Play in the Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution? 180 What Role Does Poverty Play in the Health Effects of Air Pollution? 180 What Are the Health Consequences of Changes in Air Pollution Resulting from Climate Changes and Efforts to Reduce Emissions of Climate-Forcing Agents? 180 REFERENCES 181 APPENDICES 211 Appendix A. Additional Analyses of Daily Time-Series Studies 211 Appendix B. Additional Analyses of Effects of Long-Term Exposure 255 ABBREVIATIONS AND OTHER TERMS 259 CITIES, PROVINCES, AND COUNTRIES 261 GLOSSARY 263 Related HEI Publications 265 HEI Board, Committees, and Staff 267 CONTRIBUTORS This HEI Special Report was prepared on behalf of the International Scientific Oversight Committee (ISOC) of the Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) program, which oversaw its planning and production and reviewed its content and conclusions. The ISOC thanks the contributing authors who drafted the report and the eight peer reviewers who commented on several drafts. The ISOC also thanks Davida Schiff (HEI 2006–2008 Research Assistant, currently a Boston University Medical School student) for her early involvement in searching databases. HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee Frank Speizer, Chair Harvard Medical School, Harvard Kenneth L. Demerjian State University
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Acute Pulmonary Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Rats and Mice
    RESEARCH REPORT Acute Pulmonary Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Rats and Mice Günter Oberdörster, Jacob N Finkelstein, Carl Johnston, Number 96 Robert Gelein, Christopher Cox, Raymond Baggs, August 2000 and Alison C P Elder Final Version Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s Health Review Committee HEALTH The Health Effects Institute, established EFFECTS in 1980, is an independent and unbiased INSTITUTE source of information on the health effects of motor vehicle emissions. HEI supports research on all major pollutants, including regulated pollutants (such as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter) and unregulated pollutants (such as diesel engine exhaust, methanol, and aldehydes). To date, HEI has supported more than 200 projects at institutions in North America and Europe and has published over 100 research reports. Typically, HEI receives half its funds from the US Environmental Protection Agency and half from 28 manufacturers and marketers of motor vehicles and engines in the US. Occasionally, funds from other public and private organizations either support special projects or provide resources for a portion of an HEI study. Regardless of funding sources, HEI exercises complete autonomy in setting its research priorities and in reaching its conclusions. An independent Board of Directors governs HEI. The Institute’s Health Research and Review Committees serve complementary scientific purposes and draw distinguished scientists as members. The results of HEI-funded studies are made available as Research Reports, which contain both the Investigators’ Report and the Health Review Committee’s evaluation of the work’s scientific quality and regulatory relevance. STATEMENT Synopsis of Research Report 96 Acute Pulmonary Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Rats and Mice INTRODUCTION shown to induce a potent inflammatory response Many epidemiologic studies, carried out in diverse leading to severe physiologic effects in rats.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust in Young and Old Mice: a Pilot Project
    RESEARCH REPORT HEAL TH HEAL TH Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled EFFE CTS EFFE CTS Diesel Exhaust in Young and INSTITUTE INSTITUTE Old Mice: A Pilot Project 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 Boston, MA 02110, USA Number 151 Debra L. Laskin, Gediminas Mainelis, +1-617-488-2300 September 2010 Barbara J. Turpin, Kinal J. Patel, and www.healtheffects.org Vasanthi R. Sunil RESEARCH REPORT Number 151 September 2010 January 2004 January Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust in Young and Old Mice: A Pilot Project Debra L. Laskin, Gediminas Mainelis, Barbara J. Turpin, Kinal J. Patel, and Vasanthi R. Sunil with a Critique by the HEI Health Review Committee Research Report 151 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: The Web version of this document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in September 2010. Citation for document: Laskin DL, Mainelis G, Turpin BJ, Patel KJ, Sunil VR. 2010. Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust in Young and Old Mice: A Pilot Project. HEI Research Report 151. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. © 2010 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Asterisk Typographics, Barre, Vt., Compositor. Printed by Recycled Paper Printing, Boston, Mass. Library of Congress Catalog Number for the HEI Report Series: WA 754 R432. Cover paper: made with at least 55% recycled content, of which at least 30% is post-consumer waste; free of acid and elemental chlorine. Text paper: made with 100% post-consumer waste recycled content; acid free; no chlorine used in processing. The book is printed with soy-based inks and is of permanent archival quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Health Impacts of Particulate Matter Characteristics
    Walter A. Rosenblith New Investigator RESEARCH REPORT HEA L TH HEA L TH Assessment of the Health EFFE CTS EFFE CTS INSTITUTE INSTITUTE Impacts of Particulate 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 Matter Characteristics Boston, MA 02110, USA Number 161 +1-617-488-2300 January 2012 Michelle L. Bell www.healtheffects.org RESEARCH REPORT Number 161 January 2012 Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s Health Review Committee January 2004 January Assessment of the Health Impacts of Particulate Matter Characteristics Michelle L. Bell with a Commentary by the HEI Health Review Committee Research Report 161 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: This document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in January 2012. Citation for document: Bell ML. 2012. Assessment of the Health Impacts of Particulate Matter Characteristics. Research Report 161. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. © 2012 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Cameographics, Belfast, Me., Compositor. Printed by Recycled Paper Printing, Boston, Mass. Library of Congress Catalog Number for the HEI Report Series: WA 754 R432. Cover paper: made with at least 55% recycled content, of which at least 30% is post-consumer waste; free of acid and elemental chlorine. Text paper: made with 100% post-consumer waste recycled content; acid free; no chlorine used in processing. The book is printed with soy-based inks and is of permanent archival quality. CONTENTS About HEI v About This Report vii HEI STATEMENT 1 INVESTIGATOR’S
    [Show full text]
  • Health Effects Institute Research Report 171: Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America (The ESCALA Study)
    RESEARCH REPORT HEA L TH HEA L TH Multicity Study of Air Pollution and EFFE CTS EFFE CTS Mortality in Latin America INSTITUTE INSTITUTE (the ESCALA Study) 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 Boston, MA 02110, USA Number 171 Isabelle Romieu, Nelson Gouveia, and Luis A. Cifuentes +1-617-488-2300 October 2012 www.healtheffects.org Brazil Investigators: Antonio Ponce de Leon, Washington Junger RESEARCH Chile Investigators: Jeanette Vera, Valentina Strappa REPORT México Investigators: Magali Hurtado-Díaz, Number 171 Victor Miranda-Soberanis, Leonora Rojas-Bracho, October 2012 Luz Carbajal-Arroyo, and Guadalupe Tzintzun-Cervantes Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s Health Review Committee Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA Study) Isabelle Romieu, Nelson Gouveia, and Luis A. Cifuentes Brazil Investigators: Antonio Ponce de Leon, Washington Junger Chile Investigators: Jeanette Vera, Valentina Strappa México Investigators: Magali Hurtado-Díaz, Victor Miranda-Soberanis, Leonora Rojas-Bracho, Luz Carbajal-Arroyo, and Guadalupe Tzintzun-Cervantes with a Commentary by the HEI Health Review Committee Research Report 171 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: This document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in October 2012. Citation for whole document: Romieu I, Gouveia N, Cifuentes LA, Ponce de Leon A, Junger W, Hurtado-Díaz M, Miranda-Soberanis V, Vera J, Strappa V, Rojas-Bracho L, Carbajal-Arroyo L, Tzintzun-Cervantes G. 2012. Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA Study). Research Report 171. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. © 2012 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Cameographics, Belfast, Me., Compositor.
    [Show full text]
  • HEI Communication 19 — Contribution of Household Air
    MAY 2019 Communication19 HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE Contribution of Household Air Pollution to Ambient Air Pollution in Ghana: Using Available Evidence to Prioritize Future Action HEI Household Air Pollution–Ghana Working Group HEA L TH EFFE CTS INSTITUTE 75 Federal Street, Suite 1400 Boston, MA 02110, USA +1-617-488-2300 www.healtheffects.org COMMUNICATION 19 May 2019 Contribution of Household Air Pollution to Ambient Air Pollution in Ghana: Using Available Evidence to Prioritize Future Action HEI Household Air Pollution–Ghana Working Group Communication 19 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: This document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in May 2019. Citation for document: HEI Household Air Pollution–Ghana Working Group. 2019. Contribution of Household Air Pollution to Ambient Air Pollution in Ghana. Communication 19. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute. © 2019 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Cameographics, Union, Me., Compositor. Library of Congress Catalog Number for the HEI Report Series: WA 754 R432. HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE 75 Federal Street, Suite 1400 Boston, MA 02110, USA +1-617-488-2300 www.healtheffects.org CONTENTS About HEI iv Contributors v Project Study by HEI Household Air Pollution–Ghana Working Group 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 3 METHODS FOR SOURCE APPORTIONMENT 3 Overview of Methods 3 Textbox. Ghana: Promoting Sustainable Energy and Decreased Household Air Pollution 4 Application of Source Apportionment Methods in Ghana 9
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Morbidity and Mortality from Exposure to Ambient Air Particles RESEARCH REPORT
    RESEARCH REPORT Mechanisms of Morbidity and Mortality from Exposure 955 Massachusetts Avenue Number 91 to Ambient Air Particles Cambridge MA 02139 USA February 2000 John J Godleski, Richard L Verrier, Petros Koutrakis, +1-617-876-6700 and Paul Catalano www.healtheffects.org RESEARCH REPORT Number 91 February 2000 Includes the Commentary of the Institute’s Health Review Committee BOARD OF DIRECTORS Archibald Cox Chair Alice Huang Carl M Loeb University Professor (Emeritus), Harvard Law School Senior Councilor for External Relations, California Institute of Technology Donald Kennedy Vice Chair Susan B King The Health Effects Institute, established HEALTH Editor-in-Chief, Science; President (Emeritus) and Bing Professor of Fellow, Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University EFFECTS in 1980, is an independent and unbiased Biological Sciences, Stanford University Richard B Stewart INSTITUTE source of information on the health Douglas Costle Professor, New York University School of Law effects of motor vehicle emissions. HEI Chairman of the Board and Distinguished Senior Fellow, Robert M White Institute for Sustainable Communities President (Emeritus), National Academy of Engineering, and Senior studies all major pollutants, including Fellow, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research regulated pollutants (such as carbon HEALTH RESEARCH COMMITTEE monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and Bernard D Goldstein Chair Jonathan M Samet particulate matter) and unregulated Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute
    [Show full text]
  • COMEAP: Review of the UK Air Quality Index
    Review of the UK Air Quality Index A report by the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants Chairman: Professor J G Ayres Chairman of the Standards Advisory Subgroup: Professor S Holgate © Crown Copyright 2011 Produced by the Health Protection Agency for the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants ISBN 978-0-85951-699-0 Foreword This is the first report prepared by the Standards Advisory Subgroup (CSAS) of the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. The subgroup was formed in June 2009 when the Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards (EPAQS) was merged with COMEAP. The work of the subgroup is supported by a joint Secretariat from both the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Health Protection Agency. In 2009, the subgroup was asked by Defra to review the current UK air quality index. Since the air quality index was last revised in 1998, there have been a number of developments in the regulation of air pollution and in the presentation of air quality information, which are reflected in these proposals. COMEAP is very keen to enhance the way we communicate facts about air pollution to the public and the findings from the public insight study, which was commissioned by Defra, have been invaluable for developing the health advice and the presentation of the index. I am grateful to Stephen Holgate, the Chairman of the Standards Advisory Subgroup, who has ensured that the needs of the public for clear information were central to the development of these proposals. I am also grateful to the Secretariat and Members of the subgroup who developed the report and, indeed, to all Members of COMEAP.
    [Show full text]
  • Markers of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Railroad Workers
    Markers of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Railroad Workers Marc B. Schenker, Steven J. Samuels, Norman Y. Kado, S. Katharine Hammond, Thomas J. Smith, Susan R. Woskie Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, and Department of Environmental Toxicology; University of California, Davis, CA; California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA; and Department of Family and Community Medicine, Environmental Health Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA Includes the Conunentary by the Institute~s Health Review Committee Research Report Number 33 ---------rr..tHEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE I.J:T The Health Effects Institute (HEI) is a nonprofit corporation founded in 1980 to assure that objective, credible, high-quality scientific studies are conducted on the potential human health effects of motor vehicle emissions. Funded equally by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and 28 automotive manufacturers or marketers in the United States, HEI is independently governed. Its research projects are selected, conducted, and evaluated according to a careful public process, including a rigorous peer review process, to assure both credibility and high scientific standards. HEI makes no recommen­ dations on regulatory and social policy. Its goal, as stated by former EPA Administrator William D. Ruckelshaus, is "simply to gain acceptance by all parties of the data that may be necessary for future regulations:' The Board of Directors Archibald Cox Chairman Donald Kennedy Carl M. Loeb University Professor (Emeritus), Harvard Law School President, Stanford University William 0. Baker Walter A. Rosenblith Chairman (Emeritus), Bell Laboratories Institute Professor (Emeritus), Massachusetts Institute of Technology Health Research Committee Richard Remington Chairman Robert F.
    [Show full text]
  • HEI Research Report Changes in Motor Vehicle Fleet After Neuherberg, Germanyb) 137, 2009) Reunification of Germany
    RESEA R C H R E P O R T HEA L TH HEA L TH The Impact of the Congestion Charging EFF E CTS EFF E CTS Scheme on Air Quality in London INSTITUTE INSTITUTE Part 1. Emissions Modeling and Analysis of 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 Air Pollution Measurements Number 155 Boston, MA 02110, USA Part 2. Analysis of the Oxidative Potential of +1-617-488-2300 April 2011 www.healtheffects.org Particulate Matter Frank Kelly, H. Ross Anderson, Ben Armstrong, Richard Atkinson, RESEA R CH Ben Barratt, Sean Beevers, Dick Derwent, David Green, REPO R T Ian Mudway, and Paul Wilkinson Number 155 April 2011 Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s Health Review Committee The Impact of the Congestion Charging Scheme on Air Quality in London Part 1. Emissions Modeling and Analysis of Air Pollution Measurements Part 2. Analysis of the Oxidative Potential of Particulate Matter Frank Kelly, H. Ross Anderson, Ben Armstrong, Richard Atkinson, Ben Barratt, Sean Beevers, Dick Derwent, David Green, Ian Mudway, and Paul Wilkinson with a Commentary by the HEI Health Review Committee Research Report 155 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: The Web version of this document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in April and May 2011. Citation for Research Report 155 in its entirety Kelly F, Anderson HR, Armstrong B, Atkinson R, Barratt B, Beevers S, Derwent D, Green D, Mudway I, Wilkinson P. 2011. The Impact of the Congestion Charging Scheme on Air Quality in London. Research Report 155. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA.
    [Show full text]
  • National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative Report on Cardiovascular Effects
    RESEARCH REPORT HEAL TH HEAL TH National Particle Component EFFE CTS EFFE CTS Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative INSTITUTE INSTITUTE Report on Cardiovascular Effects 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 Sverre Vedal, Matthew J. Campen, Jacob D. McDonald, Boston, MA 02110, USA Number 178 October 2013 Joel D. Kaufman, Timothy V. Larson, Paul D. Sampson, +1-617-488-2300 Lianne Sheppard, Christopher D. Simpson, www.healtheffects.org and Adam A. Szpiro Section 1. NPACT Epidemiologic Study of Components RESEARCH of Fine Particulate Matter and Cardiovascular Disease in the MESA and WHI-OS Cohorts REPORT Sverre Vedal, Sun-Young Kim, Kristin A. Miller, Julie Richman Fox, Silas Bergen, Timothy Gould, Number 178 Joel D. Kaufman, Timothy V. Larson, Paul D. Sampson, October 2013 Lianne Sheppard, Christopher D. Simpson, and Adam A. Szpiro Section 2. NPACT Animal Toxicologic Study of Cardiovascular Effects of Mixed Vehicle Emissions Combined with Non-vehicular Particulate Matter Matthew J. Campen, Amie K. Lund, Steven K. Seilkop, and Jacob D. McDonald Section 3. Integrated Discussion Sverre Vedal and Matthew J. Campen Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s NPACT Review Panel National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative Report on Cardiovascular Effects Sverre Vedal, Matthew J. Campen, Jacob D. McDonald, Joel D. Kaufman, Timothy V. Larson, Paul D. Sampson, Lianne Sheppard, Christopher D. Simpson, and Adam A. Szpiro with a Commentary by the NPACT Review Panel Research Report 178 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science • Cleaner Air • Better Health Publishing history: This document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in October 2013. Citation for Research Report 178 in its entirety: Vedal S, Campen MJ, McDonald JD, Kaufman JD, Larson TV, Sampson PD, Sheppard L, Simpson CD, Szpiro AA.
    [Show full text]
  • Particulate Air .Pollution and Daily Mortality
    Particulate Air .Pollution and Daily Mortality . Analyses of the Effects of Weather and l\lultiple. Air Pollutants .. The Phase I.B Report ofthe Particle Epid.emiology Evaluation .Project Health Effects Institute · March l997 1-E[HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE The Health Effects Institute, established.in 1980, is an independent and unbiased source of information on the health effects of motor vehicle emissions. HEI supports research on all major pollutants, including regulated pollutants (such as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter), and unreg{Ilated pollutants (such as diesel engine exhaust, methanol, and aldehydes). To date, HEI has supported more than 150 projects at institutions in North Ameriqa and Europe. Consistent with its mission to serve as an independent source of information on the health effects of motor vehicle pollutants, the Institute also engages. in special review and evaluation activities. Typically, HEI receives half its funds from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and half from 28 manufacturers and marketers of motor vehicles and engines in the United States. Occasionally, revenues from other public or private organizations either support special projects or provide resources for a portion of an HEI study. However, in all cases HEI exercises complete autonomy in setting its research priorities and in disbursing its funds. _An inde­ pendent Board ofDirectors governs the Institute. The Research Committee and the Review Committee serve complementary scientific ptrrposes and draw distinguished scientists as members. The results of HEI-~ded research and evalua,tions have been used in public and private dedsion-making. Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality Analyses of the Effects of Weather and Multiple Air Pollutants The Phase I.B Report of the Particle Epidemiology Evaluation Project HEI STATEMENT iii CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PROJECT vii AIR POLLUTION, WEATHER, AND MORTALITY IN PHILADELPHIA 1973-1988 1 Jonathan M.
    [Show full text]
  • Author's Tracked Changes
    Carbonaceous aerosol composition in air masses influenced by large- scale biomass burning: a case-study in Northwestern Vietnam Dac-Loc Nguyen1,2,8, Hendryk Czech1,2, Simone M. Pieber3, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis1, Martin Steinbacher3, Jürgen Orasche1, Stephan Henne3, Olga B. Popovicheva4, Gülcin Abbaszade1, Gueünter Engling5,a, 5 Nicolas Bukowiecki6,b, Nhat-Anh Nguyen7, Xuan-Anh Nguyen8, Ralf Zimmermann1,2 1Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics” (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, 81379, Germany 2Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, 18059, Germany 3Empa, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland 10 4Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation 5Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan 6Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, SwitzerlandDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland 7Hydro-Meteorological Observation Center, Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration, Ministry of Natural 15 Resources and Environment, Ha Noi, Vietnam 8Institute of Geophysics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Ha Noi, Vietnam anow at: Mobile Source Laboratory Division, California Air Resource Board, El Monte, CA 91731, United States bnow at: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland Correspondence to: Hendryk Czech ([email protected]) 20 Abstract. We investigated concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and a wide range of particle-bound organic compounds in daily sampled PM2.5 at the remote Pha Din (PDI) - Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) monitoring station in Northwestern Vietnam during an intense 3-week sampling campaign from 23rd March to 12th April 2015.
    [Show full text]