Markers of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Railroad Workers
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Markers of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Railroad Workers Marc B. Schenker, Steven J. Samuels, Norman Y. Kado, S. Katharine Hammond, Thomas J. Smith, Susan R. Woskie Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, and Department of Environmental Toxicology; University of California, Davis, CA; California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA; and Department of Family and Community Medicine, Environmental Health Sciences Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA Includes the Conunentary by the Institute~s Health Review Committee Research Report Number 33 ---------rr..tHEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE I.J:T The Health Effects Institute (HEI) is a nonprofit corporation founded in 1980 to assure that objective, credible, high-quality scientific studies are conducted on the potential human health effects of motor vehicle emissions. 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Samuels, Norman Y. Kado, S. Katharine Hammond, Thomas J. Smith, Susan R. Woskie Abstract . 1 Results . 18 Introduction . 1 Specific Aim 1 . 18 Exposure Assessment. 2 Phenanthrene as a Marker for Diesel Exhaust . 18 Variability of Exposure . 2 Nicotine as a Marker for Environmental Complex Composition of Diesel Exhaust . 3 Tobacco Smoke . 19 Use of Markers for Air Contaminants . 3 Specific Aim 2 . 21 Mutagenicity Assay . 4 Microsuspension Assay Sensitivity for Diesel Exposure and the Kinetics of Mutagen Excretion . 5 Extracts . 21 Dose-Response Relationships of Diesel Extracts 21 Specific Aims .......... 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Mutagenicity of Respirable Particles from Methods...................................... 6 Personal Samplers. 23 Epidemiology ........................... 0 • • • 6 Specific Aim 3 . 23 Industrial Hygiene . 7 Study Population . 23 General Approach . 7 Cigarette Smoking . 24 Quality Control . 7 Respirable Particles Exposure . 24 Respirable Particles . 8 Phenanthrene Exposure . 26 Nicotine . 9 Specific Aim 4 . 27 Phenanthrene . 9 Markers of Active Cigarette Smoking . 27 Sampling Strategy . 10 Markers of Passive Cigarette Smoking . 28 Mutagenicity . 11 Other Non-Diesel Exhaust Predictors of Chemicals . 11 Urinary Mutagenicity . 29 Microsuspension Assay Method . 11 Diesel Exhaust Exposure . 29 Diesel Extracts . 11 Other Analyses . 33 Urine Collection and Extraction Methods . 11 Discussion . 33 Mutagenicity Testing of Urine . 12 Diesel Exhaust Exposure . 33 Clinical Chemistry . 13 Respirable Particle and Environmental Tobacco Data Management . 14 Smoke Exposure . 33 Statistical Methods . 14 Phenanthrene Exposure . 34 General Strategy . 14 Urinary Mutagenicity. 34 Preliminary Smoking Analyses . 14 Diesel Exhaust . 34 Indices of Diesel Exhaust Exposure . 14 Dietary Factors . 35 Index Construction . 15 Antimutagenic Activity of Naturally Occurring Interaction Model for Exposure Effects . 16 Compounds . 35 Phenanthrene Models . 16 Study .Power . .. 36 Other Predictive Factors for Regression Models 16 Implications of the Findings . 36 Transformations and Model Diagnostics . 17 Acknowledgments . 37 Model Form: Accounting for Differential References ........ 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 Sensitivity of Bacterial Strains . 17 Appendices . 42 Generalized Least Squares . 18 A. Health Survey . 42 B. Effects of Storage on Urinary Mutagenicity and E. Statistical Descriptions of Mutagenic Activity Thiocyanate Concentration . 43 Controls . 48 C. Comparison of Point-Deletion and Tangent-Slope F. Phenanthrene as a Marker for Diesel Exhaust . 49 Methods for Computing the Number of Revertants About the Authors . 51 per Milliliter Equivalent of Urine . 45 Abbreviations . 51 D. Urinary Mutagenicity Correlation with Multivariate Regression Variables. 46 HEALTH REVIEW COMMITTEE'S COMMENTARY Health Effects Institute Introduction ................................... 53 Cigarette Smoke . 58 Regulatory Background . 53 Mutagenicity of Respirable Particles from Scientific Background ........................... 53 Personal Samples ....................... 58 Justification for the Study ....................... 56 Urine Monitoring ............................ 59 Goals and Objectives ............................ 56 Cigarette Smoke Exposure . 59 Study Design .................................. 57 Diesel Exhaust Exposure .................... 59 Technical Evaluation . 57 Other Factors . 60 Environmental Monitoring . 57 Implications for Future Research .................. 60 Total Respirable Particle Concentration ........ 57 Conclusions ................................... 61 Phenanthrene . 58 References . 61 ii INVESTIGATORS' REPORT Markers of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Railroad Workers 1 Marc B. Schenker , Steven J. Samuels, Norman Y. Kado, S. Katharine Hammond, Thomas J. Smith, Susan R. Woskie ABSTRACT grouping. A constant ratio of phenanthrene to respirable particles in area samples from diesel exhaust-exposed work locations suggested that phenanthrene