DOCSLIB.ORG

The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study RESEARCH REPORT The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study Part II: Morbidity and Mortality from Number 94, Part II June 2000 Air Pollution in the United States Jonathan M Samet, Scott L Zeger, Francesca Dominici, Frank Curriero, Ivan Coursac, Douglas W Dockery, Final Joel Schwartz, and Antonella Zanobetti Version Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s Health Review Committee HEALTH The Health Effects Institute, established EFFECTS in 1980, is an independent and unbiased INSTITUTE source of information on the health effects of motor vehicle emissions. HEI supports research on all major pollutants, including regulated pollutants (such as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter) and unregulated pollutants (such as diesel engine exhaust, methanol, and aldehydes). To date, HEI has supported more than 200 projects at institutions in North America and Europe and has published over 100 research reports. Typically, HEI receives half its funds from the US Environmental Protection Agency and half from 28 manufacturers and marketers of motor vehicles and engines in the United States. Occasionally, funds from other public and private organizations either support special projects or provide resources for a portion of an HEI study. Regardless of funding sources, HEI exercises complete autonomy in setting its research priorities and in reaching its conclusions. An independent Board of Directors governs HEI. The Institute’s Health Research and Health Review Committees serve complementary scientific purposes and draw distinguished scientists as members. The results of HEI-funded studies are made available as Research Reports, which contain both the Investigators’ Report and the Review Committee’s evaluation of the work’s scientific quality and regulatory relevance. STATEMENT Synopsis of Research Report 94, Part II The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study: Morbidity and Mortality from Air Pollution in the United States BACKGROUND population size and availability of PM10 data from the Epidemiologic time-series studies conducted in a US Environmental Protection Agency=s Aerometric number of cities have identified, in general, an associ- Information Retrieval System (AIRS) database, and to ation between daily changes in concentration of apply the same statistical procedures to all locations. ambient particulate matter (PM) and daily number of Dr Jonathan Samet and his colleagues at Johns deaths (mortality). Increased hospitalization (a mea- Hopkins University conducted a time-series study of sure of morbidity) among the elderly for specific mortality effects in large US cities representing various causes has also been associated with PM. These levels of PM10 and gaseous pollutants. In their anal- studies have raised concerns about public health ysis, the investigators first estimated risk in each city effects of particulate air pollution and have contrib- using the same method and then combined these uted to regulatory decisions in the United States. results systematically to draw more information than However, scientists have pointed out uncertainties any single city could provide. The 20 and 90 largest that raise questions about the interpretation of these cities were analyzed for effects of PM10 and other pol- studies. lutants on mortality; the 90 largest cities were ana- lyzed for possible modification of PM effects among One limitation to previous time-series studies of 10 cities by factors other than air pollutants. Dr Samet=s PM and adverse health effects is that the evidence for coinvestigators at Harvard University also applied a an association is derived from studies conducted in unified statistical method, although different from the single locations using diverse analytic methods. Sta- one used in the mortality analysis, to 14 cities with tistical procedures have been used to combine the daily PM data to examine effects on hospitalization results of these single location studies in order to pro- 10 among those 65 years of age or older. duce a summary estimate of the health effects of PM. Difficulties with this approach include the process by which cities were selected to be studied, the different RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS analytic methods applied to each single study, and the NMMAPS has made a substantial contribution in variety of methods used to measure or account for addressing major limitations of previous studies. The variables included in the analysis. These individual mortality analysis used one analytic approach to studies were also not able to account for the effects of examine the PM10 effect in many cities that cover a gaseous air pollutants in a systematic manner. wide geographic area and have varying levels of dif- ferent air pollutants. The results of both the 20 cities APPROACH and 90 cities analyses are generally consistent with an average approximate 0.5% increase in overall mor- HEI funded the National Morbidity, Mortality, and tality for every 10 mg/m3 increase in PM measured Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS) to characterize the 10 the day before death. This effect was slightly greater effects of airborne particles less than 10 mm in aerody- for deaths due to heart and lung disease than for total namic diameter (PM10) alone and in combination with deaths. Effects of PM measured on the day of death gaseous air pollutants in a consistent way, in a large 10 or 2 days before did not vary substantially from one number of cities. The study was designed to select multiple locations based on the specific criteria of another for total or for heart and lung deaths. The This Statement, prepared by the Health Effects Institute, summarizes a research project funded by HEI since 1996 and conducted by Dr Jonathan M Samet of Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore MD. The following Research Report contains a preface, the detailed Investigators’ Report, Part II, and a Commentary on Part II prepared by a panel of the Institute’s Health Review Committee. Research Report 94, Part II PM10 effect on mortality also did not appear to be The morbidity analysis also used a unified analytic affected by other pollutants in the model. method to examine the association of PM10 with hos- Although individual estimates for each of the 90 pitalization of those 65 years of age or older in 14 cities varied, as expected, the strength of the analysis cities with daily PM10 measurements. The results was in its ability to combine data from nearby cities in were consistent with an approximate 1% increase in admissions for cardiovascular disease and about a 2% a particular region to estimate a PM10 effect. Com- bining the data in this systematic way provided addi- increase in admissions for pneumonia and chronic m 3 tional statistical power to the analysis that is not obstructive pulmonary disease for each 10 g/m available in single-city analyses. Some differences in increase in PM10. A greater estimate of effect on hos- m PM effect on mortality were seen by region of the pitalizations at lower concentrations (less than 50 g/ 10 3 US: for the 90 cities, the largest effect was evident in m ) was found for the three diagnoses considered, but the Northeast. The investigators did not identify any the meaning of these findings should await comple- factor or factors that might explain these differences. tion of concentration-response analyses for mortality This analysis is an important first step, and further now under way using data from 20 cities. evaluation of the reasons for these regional differences NMMAPS has made substantial contributions to our will advance our understanding of the association understanding of the relationship between exposure to between PM10 and mortality. The heterogeneity of PM10 and health effects. Further analyses in these data- effect across cities offers the potential to identify fac- bases of regional differences, the effects on morbidity tors that could influence the effects of PM10 on health and mortality combined, and concentration-response and thus provide valuable insights into the mecha- relationships will enhance our understanding. nisms by which PM10 causes adverse health effects. Copyright © 2000 Health Effects Institute, Cambridge MA. Printed at Flagship Press, North Andover MA. Library of Congress Catalog Number for the HEI Report Series: WA 754 R432. The paper in this publication meets the minimum standard requirements of the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper) effec- tive with Report Number 21, December 1988, and with Report Numbers 25, 26, 32, 51, 65 Parts IV, VIII, and IX, and 91 excepted. These excepted Reports are printed on acid-free coated paper. CONTENTS Research Report 94 The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study Part II: Morbidity and Mortality from Air Pollution in the United States Jonathan M Samet, Scott L Zeger, Francesca Dominici, Frank Curriero, Ivan Coursac, Douglas W Dockery, Joel Schwartz, and Antonella Zanobetti Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, and Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts HEI STATEMENT This Statement, prepared by the Health Effects Institute, is a nontechnical summary of the Investigators’ Report and the Health Review Committee’s Commentary. PREFACE Origins and Objectives . 1 Structure of Investigators’ Report . 2 Study Participants and Conduct . 2 Acknowledgments . 2 Review of Investigators’ Report . 2 References . 4 INVESTIGATORS’ REPORT When an HEI-funded study is completed, the investigators submit a final report. This Investigators’ Report is first examined by three outside technical reviewers and a biostatistician. The report and the reviewers’ comments are then evaluated by members of the HEI Health Review Committee, who had no role in selecting or managing the project. During the review process, the investigators have an opportunity to exchange comments with the Review Committee and, if necessary, revise the report. Overview. 5 Second-Stage Assessment of Confounding Project Objectives. 5 and Effect Modification . 34 Introduction to NMMAPS Part II . 6 Results . 35 Background . 6 Base Models . 37 Mortality . 8 Overall Effects of PM10 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fifth Report Data: January 2009 to December 2015
    Fifth Report Data: January 2009 to December 2015 ‘Our daughter Helen is a statistic in these pages. Understanding why, has saved others.’ David White Ngā mate aituā o tātou Ka tangihia e tātou i tēnei wā Haere, haere, haere. The dead, the afflicted, both yours and ours We lament for them at this time Farewell, farewell, farewell. Citation: Family Violence Death Review Committee. 2017. Fifth Report Data: January 2009 to December 2015. Wellington: Family Violence Death Review Committee. Published in June 2017 by the Health Quality & Safety Commission, PO Box 25496, Wellington 6146, New Zealand ISBN 978-0-908345-60-1 (Print) ISBN 978-0-908345-61-8 (Online) This document is available on the Health Quality & Safety Commission’s website: www.hqsc.govt.nz For information on this report, please contact [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Family Violence Death Review Committee is grateful to: • the Mortality Review Committee Secretariat based at the Health Quality & Safety Commission, particularly: – Rachel Smith, Specialist, Family Violence Death Review Committee – Joanna Minster, Senior Policy Analyst, Family Violence Death Review Committee – Kiri Rikihana, Acting Group Manager Mortality Review Committee Secretariat and Kaiwhakahaere Te Whai Oranga – Nikolai Minko, Principal Data Scientist, Health Quality Evaluation • Pauline Gulliver, Research Fellow, School of Population Health, University of Auckland • Dr John Little, Consultant Psychiatrist, Capital & Coast District Health Board • the advisors to the Family Violence Death Review Committee. The Family Violence Death Review Committee also thanks the people who have reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this report. FAMILY VIOLENCE DEATH REVIEW COMMITTEE FIFTH REPORT DATA: JANUARY 2009 TO DECEMBER 2015 1 FOREWORD The Health Quality & Safety Commission (the Commission) welcomes the Fifth Report Data: January 2009 to December 2015 from the Family Violence Death Review Committee (the Committee).
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Health Biomed Central
    Environmental Health BioMed Central Review Open Access Ancillary human health benefits of improved air quality resulting from climate change mitigation Michelle L Bell*1, Devra L Davis2, Luis A Cifuentes3, Alan J Krupnick4, Richard D Morgenstern4 and George D Thurston5 Address: 1School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA, 2Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, CNPAV 435, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, 3Industrial and Systems Engineering Department, P. Catholic University of Chile, Engineering School, Santiago, Chile, 4Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA and 5School of Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA Email: Michelle L Bell* - [email protected]; Devra L Davis - [email protected]; Luis A Cifuentes - [email protected]; Alan J Krupnick - [email protected]; Richard D Morgenstern - [email protected]; George D Thurston - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 31 July 2008 Received: 4 April 2008 Accepted: 31 July 2008 Environmental Health 2008, 7:41 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-41 This article is available from: http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/1/41 © 2008 Bell et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies can provide ancillary benefits in terms of short-term improvements in air quality and associated health benefits. Several studies have analyzed the ancillary impacts of GHG policies for a variety of locations, pollutants, and policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Pulmonary Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Rats and Mice
    RESEARCH REPORT Acute Pulmonary Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Rats and Mice Günter Oberdörster, Jacob N Finkelstein, Carl Johnston, Number 96 Robert Gelein, Christopher Cox, Raymond Baggs, August 2000 and Alison C P Elder Final Version Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s Health Review Committee HEALTH The Health Effects Institute, established EFFECTS in 1980, is an independent and unbiased INSTITUTE source of information on the health effects of motor vehicle emissions. HEI supports research on all major pollutants, including regulated pollutants (such as carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter) and unregulated pollutants (such as diesel engine exhaust, methanol, and aldehydes). To date, HEI has supported more than 200 projects at institutions in North America and Europe and has published over 100 research reports. Typically, HEI receives half its funds from the US Environmental Protection Agency and half from 28 manufacturers and marketers of motor vehicles and engines in the US. Occasionally, funds from other public and private organizations either support special projects or provide resources for a portion of an HEI study. Regardless of funding sources, HEI exercises complete autonomy in setting its research priorities and in reaching its conclusions. An independent Board of Directors governs HEI. The Institute’s Health Research and Review Committees serve complementary scientific purposes and draw distinguished scientists as members. The results of HEI-funded studies are made available as Research Reports, which contain both the Investigators’ Report and the Health Review Committee’s evaluation of the work’s scientific quality and regulatory relevance. STATEMENT Synopsis of Research Report 96 Acute Pulmonary Effects of Ultrafine Particles in Rats and Mice INTRODUCTION shown to induce a potent inflammatory response Many epidemiologic studies, carried out in diverse leading to severe physiologic effects in rats.
    [Show full text]
  • Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust in Young and Old Mice: a Pilot Project
    RESEARCH REPORT HEAL TH HEAL TH Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled EFFE CTS EFFE CTS Diesel Exhaust in Young and INSTITUTE INSTITUTE Old Mice: A Pilot Project 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 Boston, MA 02110, USA Number 151 Debra L. Laskin, Gediminas Mainelis, +1-617-488-2300 September 2010 Barbara J. Turpin, Kinal J. Patel, and www.healtheffects.org Vasanthi R. Sunil RESEARCH REPORT Number 151 September 2010 January 2004 January Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust in Young and Old Mice: A Pilot Project Debra L. Laskin, Gediminas Mainelis, Barbara J. Turpin, Kinal J. Patel, and Vasanthi R. Sunil with a Critique by the HEI Health Review Committee Research Report 151 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: The Web version of this document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in September 2010. Citation for document: Laskin DL, Mainelis G, Turpin BJ, Patel KJ, Sunil VR. 2010. Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust in Young and Old Mice: A Pilot Project. HEI Research Report 151. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. © 2010 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Asterisk Typographics, Barre, Vt., Compositor. Printed by Recycled Paper Printing, Boston, Mass. Library of Congress Catalog Number for the HEI Report Series: WA 754 R432. Cover paper: made with at least 55% recycled content, of which at least 30% is post-consumer waste; free of acid and elemental chlorine. Text paper: made with 100% post-consumer waste recycled content; acid free; no chlorine used in processing. The book is printed with soy-based inks and is of permanent archival quality.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Health Impacts of Particulate Matter Characteristics
    Walter A. Rosenblith New Investigator RESEARCH REPORT HEA L TH HEA L TH Assessment of the Health EFFE CTS EFFE CTS INSTITUTE INSTITUTE Impacts of Particulate 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 Matter Characteristics Boston, MA 02110, USA Number 161 +1-617-488-2300 January 2012 Michelle L. Bell www.healtheffects.org RESEARCH REPORT Number 161 January 2012 Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s Health Review Committee January 2004 January Assessment of the Health Impacts of Particulate Matter Characteristics Michelle L. Bell with a Commentary by the HEI Health Review Committee Research Report 161 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: This document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in January 2012. Citation for document: Bell ML. 2012. Assessment of the Health Impacts of Particulate Matter Characteristics. Research Report 161. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. © 2012 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Cameographics, Belfast, Me., Compositor. Printed by Recycled Paper Printing, Boston, Mass. Library of Congress Catalog Number for the HEI Report Series: WA 754 R432. Cover paper: made with at least 55% recycled content, of which at least 30% is post-consumer waste; free of acid and elemental chlorine. Text paper: made with 100% post-consumer waste recycled content; acid free; no chlorine used in processing. The book is printed with soy-based inks and is of permanent archival quality. CONTENTS About HEI v About This Report vii HEI STATEMENT 1 INVESTIGATOR’S
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Influence of Weather in 5 U.S. Cities During Wintertime High Mortality Days
    ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER IN 5 U.S. CITIES DURING WINTERTIME HIGH MORTALITY DAYS A thesis submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Michael James Allen December, 2010 Thesis written by Michael James Allen B.S., California University of Pennsylvania, 2008 M.A., Kent State University, 2010 Approved by ______________________, Dr. Scott Sheridan, Advisor ______________________, Dr. Mandy Munro-Stasiuk, Chair, Department of Geography ______________________, Dr. Timothy Moerland, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND...................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Weather Mortality..................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Biological Causes................................................................................ 5 2.1.2 Socio-Economic, Demographic, and Behavioral Factors.................... 7 2.1.3 The Lag Effect and Mortality
    [Show full text]
  • Determining Fine-Scale Use and Movement Patterns of Diving Bird Species in Federal Waters of the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Satellite Telemetry
    OCS Study BOEM 2017-069 Determining Fine-scale Use and Movement Patterns of Diving Bird Species in Federal Waters of the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Satellite Telemetry US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs OCS Study BOEM 2017-069 Determining Fine-scale Use and Movement Patterns of Diving Bird Species in Federal Waters of the Mid-Atlantic United States Using Satellite Telemetry Authors Caleb S. Spiegel, USFWS Division of Migratory Birds (Project Manager, Editor) Alicia M. Berlin, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Andrew T. Gilbert, Biodiversity Research Institute Carrie O. Gray, Biodiversity Research Institute William A. Montevecchi, Memorial University of Newfoundland Iain J. Stenhouse, Biodiversity Research Institute Scott L. Ford, Avian Specialty Veterinary Services Glenn H. Olsen, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Jonathan L. Fiely, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Lucas Savoy, Biodiversity Research Institute M. Wing Goodale, Biodiversity Research Institute Chantelle M. Burke, Memorial University of Newfoundland Prepared under BOEM Intra-agency Agreement #M12PG00005 by U.S. Department of Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Migratory Birds 300 Westgate Center Dr. Hadley, MA 01035 Published by U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs 2017-069 DISCLAIMER This study was funded by the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, DC, through Intra-agency Agreement Number M12PG00005 with the US Department of Interior, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Birds, Hadley, MA. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM and it has been approved for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Effects Institute Research Report 171: Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America (The ESCALA Study)
    RESEARCH REPORT HEA L TH HEA L TH Multicity Study of Air Pollution and EFFE CTS EFFE CTS Mortality in Latin America INSTITUTE INSTITUTE (the ESCALA Study) 101 Federal Street, Suite 500 Boston, MA 02110, USA Number 171 Isabelle Romieu, Nelson Gouveia, and Luis A. Cifuentes +1-617-488-2300 October 2012 www.healtheffects.org Brazil Investigators: Antonio Ponce de Leon, Washington Junger RESEARCH Chile Investigators: Jeanette Vera, Valentina Strappa REPORT México Investigators: Magali Hurtado-Díaz, Number 171 Victor Miranda-Soberanis, Leonora Rojas-Bracho, October 2012 Luz Carbajal-Arroyo, and Guadalupe Tzintzun-Cervantes Includes a Commentary by the Institute’s Health Review Committee Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA Study) Isabelle Romieu, Nelson Gouveia, and Luis A. Cifuentes Brazil Investigators: Antonio Ponce de Leon, Washington Junger Chile Investigators: Jeanette Vera, Valentina Strappa México Investigators: Magali Hurtado-Díaz, Victor Miranda-Soberanis, Leonora Rojas-Bracho, Luz Carbajal-Arroyo, and Guadalupe Tzintzun-Cervantes with a Commentary by the HEI Health Review Committee Research Report 171 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: This document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in October 2012. Citation for whole document: Romieu I, Gouveia N, Cifuentes LA, Ponce de Leon A, Junger W, Hurtado-Díaz M, Miranda-Soberanis V, Vera J, Strappa V, Rojas-Bracho L, Carbajal-Arroyo L, Tzintzun-Cervantes G. 2012. Multicity Study of Air Pollution and Mortality in Latin America (the ESCALA Study). Research Report 171. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA. © 2012 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Cameographics, Belfast, Me., Compositor.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Proposed Revised Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) Update for the 2008 Ozone NAAQS ERRATA SHEET
    Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Proposed Revised Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) Update for the 2008 Ozone NAAQS ERRATA SHEET After completion of the RIA, EPA received revised production cost projections for the proposed rule IPM run, which reduced the projected cost of the proposed rule. This Errata presents these technical corrections. The first table presents the changes in the text and is followed by sets of tables each showing the current table and corrected table. Page numbers Current Value Corrected Value (Highlighted in yellow) ES-15 The estimated social costs to The estimated social costs to implement the proposal, as implement the proposal, as described in this document, described in this document, are approximately $21 are approximately $20 million in 2021 and $6 million in 2021 and $1 million in 2025 million in 2025 (2016$). (2016$). ES-16 The annual net benefits of the The annual net benefits of the proposal in 2021 (in 2016$) proposal in 2021 (in 2016$) are approximately -$21 are approximately -$20 million using a 3 percent million using a 3 percent discount rate and a 7 percent discount rate and a 7 percent real discount rate. The annual real discount rate. The annual net benefits of the proposal in net benefits of the proposal in 2025 are approximately $27 2025 are approximately $31 million using a 3 percent real million using a 3 percent real discount rate and discount rate and approximately -$0.9 million approximately $4 million using a 7 percent real using a 7 percent real discount rate. discount rate. ES-17 The present value The present value (PV) of the net benefits, in (PV) of the net benefits, in 2016$ and discounted to 2016$ and discounted to 2021, is -$68 million when 2021, is -$59 million when using a 7 percent using a 7 percent discount rate and $14 million discount rate and $23 million when using a 3 percent when using a 3 percent discount rate.
    [Show full text]
  • HEI Communication 19 — Contribution of Household Air
    MAY 2019 Communication19 HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE Contribution of Household Air Pollution to Ambient Air Pollution in Ghana: Using Available Evidence to Prioritize Future Action HEI Household Air Pollution–Ghana Working Group HEA L TH EFFE CTS INSTITUTE 75 Federal Street, Suite 1400 Boston, MA 02110, USA +1-617-488-2300 www.healtheffects.org COMMUNICATION 19 May 2019 Contribution of Household Air Pollution to Ambient Air Pollution in Ghana: Using Available Evidence to Prioritize Future Action HEI Household Air Pollution–Ghana Working Group Communication 19 Health Effects Institute Boston, Massachusetts Trusted Science · Cleaner Air · Better Health Publishing history: This document was posted at www.healtheffects.org in May 2019. Citation for document: HEI Household Air Pollution–Ghana Working Group. 2019. Contribution of Household Air Pollution to Ambient Air Pollution in Ghana. Communication 19. Boston, MA: Health Effects Institute. © 2019 Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Cameographics, Union, Me., Compositor. Library of Congress Catalog Number for the HEI Report Series: WA 754 R432. HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE 75 Federal Street, Suite 1400 Boston, MA 02110, USA +1-617-488-2300 www.healtheffects.org CONTENTS About HEI iv Contributors v Project Study by HEI Household Air Pollution–Ghana Working Group 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 3 METHODS FOR SOURCE APPORTIONMENT 3 Overview of Methods 3 Textbox. Ghana: Promoting Sustainable Energy and Decreased Household Air Pollution 4 Application of Source Apportionment Methods in Ghana 9
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Morbidity and Mortality from Exposure to Ambient Air Particles RESEARCH REPORT
    RESEARCH REPORT Mechanisms of Morbidity and Mortality from Exposure 955 Massachusetts Avenue Number 91 to Ambient Air Particles Cambridge MA 02139 USA February 2000 John J Godleski, Richard L Verrier, Petros Koutrakis, +1-617-876-6700 and Paul Catalano www.healtheffects.org RESEARCH REPORT Number 91 February 2000 Includes the Commentary of the Institute’s Health Review Committee BOARD OF DIRECTORS Archibald Cox Chair Alice Huang Carl M Loeb University Professor (Emeritus), Harvard Law School Senior Councilor for External Relations, California Institute of Technology Donald Kennedy Vice Chair Susan B King The Health Effects Institute, established HEALTH Editor-in-Chief, Science; President (Emeritus) and Bing Professor of Fellow, Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Duke University EFFECTS in 1980, is an independent and unbiased Biological Sciences, Stanford University Richard B Stewart INSTITUTE source of information on the health Douglas Costle Professor, New York University School of Law effects of motor vehicle emissions. HEI Chairman of the Board and Distinguished Senior Fellow, Robert M White Institute for Sustainable Communities President (Emeritus), National Academy of Engineering, and Senior studies all major pollutants, including Fellow, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research regulated pollutants (such as carbon HEALTH RESEARCH COMMITTEE monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and Bernard D Goldstein Chair Jonathan M Samet particulate matter) and unregulated Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute
    [Show full text]
  • Overton Power District No. 5 Power Transmission Expansion Project Environmental Assessment
    DOI-BLM-NV-S010-2009-1020-EA Overton Power District No. 5 Power Transmission Expansion Project Environmental Assessment Clark County, Nevada March 2014 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Las Vegas Field Office 4701 North Torrey Pines Las Vegas, NV 89130 Phone: 702-515-5000 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of and Need for the Proposed Action ............................................................... 8 1.3 Relationship to Statutes, Regulations, Plans or Other Environmental Analyses ............ 8 1.3.1 Conformance With Land Use Plan ........................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Local Land Use Plans ..................................................................................................... 8 1.3.3 Authorizing Actions ................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Scoping, Public Involvement, and Issues ....................................................................... 8 2.0 PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVES .............................................................. 10 2.1 Alternative I – No Action Alternative ............................................................................. 10 2.2 Alternative II – Proposed Action ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]