River Explorers' Trail

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THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 1

London Curriculum

River explorers’ trail

Guide for teachers and accompanying adults THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail

Contents:

ABOUT THE LONDON CURRICULUM 3

Introduction 4

Practical information 5 Information to help you plan your trip including the different route options, transport links and suggested picnic and toilet stops.

Extend your visit 10 If you want to follow-up or extend your visit, here are some suggestions for other interesting places to visit or activities to do nearby.

Trail support guide 12 Directions and information on each stopping point to help you support your students and children to complete the trail activities.

Curriculum links chart 24 Links between the stopping points on the trail and specific London Curriculum units.

Map 26 Showing the trail stopping points. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 3

About the London Curriculum

The London Curriculum is an exciting programme that supports the new national curriculum for students aged 11–14. Inspired by the city, its people, places and history, it aims to enrich teaching and learning both in and outside the classroom and to encourage young people to explore their cultural heritage.

This cross-curricular trail is intended to complement the London Curriculum. It has direct links to several of the units that make up the teaching resources. The trail is also designed to be used and enjoyed by families, youth groups and all who want to find out more about one of the oldest and most fascinating cities in the world.

You can find out more at london.gov.uk/curriculum THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 4

Introduction

The River Thames has been central to London and to Londoners since the city was founded. It has provided links to the rest of the world, been a centre of work and trade, entertainment and celebrations, and inspired generations of writers, poets and artists. This trail gives young people, teachers and families the chance to explore the river and discover some of London’s rich cultural heritage between the Tower and Millennium bridges.

There are four different route options to choose from. That means you can make a full day of it, or a half-day and link the trail to another activity or visit.

These resources are designed to help you plan your visit and support students and children in completing the trail. We advise teachers to make a pre-visit first, The Thames © GLA following the chosen route, in order to become familiar with it and to do a risk assessment. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 5

Practical information

Blue Trail Pink Trail Green Trail Yellow Trail Trail routes

The trail has been designed Number of stopping 11 6 6 6 to offer four different routes. points Each is colour coded on the student trail booklet. Trail page numbers 2 – 12 2 – 7 7 – 12 2 – 5 and

11 – 12 the Blue Trail is a full day loop which explores north of the river, Starting point Tower Hill Tower Hill Millennium Bridge Tower Hill heading west from Tower Hill to the Millennium Bridge, across the bridge then east along the south Bank to City Hall. Finishing point City Hall Millennium Bridge City Hall City Hall

The other three trails are all half day walks: Approximate length 3.4 km 1.6 km 1.8 km 1.6 km (2.1 miles) (1 mile) (1.1 miles) (1 mile) the Pink Trail follows a straight line from Tower Hill to the Millennium Bridge. *Approximate time 4 hours 2 hours 2 hours 2 hours

the Green Trail is a direct walk from the Millennium Bridge to *These timings allow for walking between stopping points, completing activities and breaks for lunch or snacks. City Hall.

the Yellow Trail is a shorter loop trail starting at Tower Hill, crossing the river at London Bridge and ending at City Hall. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 6

Getting there and back

Tower Hill MILLENNIUM Bridge

tower Hill Underground station st. Paul’s Underground station (Central line) (District and Circle lines) Blackfriars Underground station tower Gateway (DLR) (District and Circle lines) Buses: 15, N15 (Tower Hill); 42, 78, 100, N551, RV1 Blackfriars mainline station (Tower Gateway) (Thameslink and Southeastern) River bus (Thames Clippers): Tower Millennium southwark Underground station (Jubilee Line) london Bridge mainline station (Thameslink, Southern and Southeastern) Buses: 45, 63, 100 (Blackfriars Bridge Road); RV1, 381 (Southwark Street) 344 (Southwark Bridge Road); 388, N550 (Queen Victoria Street); 411, 15, 17, 23, 26, 76, 100, 172, N11, N15, N21, N26, N47, N551 (St. Paul’s) River bus (Thames Clippers): Bankside

THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 7

City Hall

london Bridge (Jubilee and Northern lines) london Bridge mainline station (Thameslink, Southern and Southeastern) Buses: 47, 343, 381, N47, N381, RV1 (Tooley Street); 42, 78 (Tower Bridge Road) River bus (Thames Clippers): London Bridge City

Alternatively, for trails ending at City Hall, you can walk across Tower Bridge to return via Tower Hill.

Suggested pre-visit task: ask students to use the website tfl.gov.uk/journeyplanner to plan the journey to and from school, including rough timings. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 8

What to bring with you Public and community toilets

Teachers should bring enough copies of the trail North of the river for each student to have his or her own version. The Liberty Bounds (Wetherspoon pub): You only need to photocopy the relevant pages of 15 Trinity Square, by Trinity Square Gardens the particular route you’re following. Students will Tower Place (City of London attended toilet): in the each need a clipboard, a pen and a pencil. Tower Place development opposite the Tower of London (50p charge) We suggest you give out copies of the map to pairs or groups of students so that they can use it with the Watermark Place (City of London automatic toilet): at the trail booklet. river end of All Hallows Lane, on the east side of London Bridge Pier (20p charge) You may also want to ask students to bring cameras The Banker (Fullers pub): at the river end of Cousin and/or sound recording equipment in order to collect Lane, on the west side of London Bridge Pier material for follow-up activities, particularly those linked to Art and Design, English, Geography South of the river and Music. Tate Modern gallery: Bankside London Bridge mainline station (outside ticket gates) City Hall: London Bridge

Suggested pre-visit task Ask students to mark the toilets on their maps with a suitable symbol. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 9

Picnic stops

There are lots of suitable spots along the tour route, or nearby, where you can stop for a picnic lunch or snack. These include:

The Tower of London Borough Market There are many places to sit outside the Tower A wide range of hot and cold food is available from including the paved forecourt area and river walkway. the stalls at what is one of London’s oldest and There are also several food outlets and kiosks where largest markets. The churchyard on the south side of you can buy sandwiches or hot food to take away. Southwark Cathedral is a good place to stop and eat.

The Thames Path City Hall There are benches dotted along the Thames Path on There is tiered seating in The Scoop outside the the north bank of the river, including several just to the building where you can enjoy a picnic, plus a café on west of London Bridge. the lower ground floor inside City Hall.

St. Paul’s Cathedral Suggested pre-visit task There are grassed areas and seating in the gardens Ask students to decide where they’re going to picnic around St. Paul’s including Carter Lane Gardens and and/or snack and mark the places on their maps with Festival Gardens. There are also several food outlets in a suitable symbol. and around One New Change, including bakeries and coffee shops.

Tate Modern There is a large grassed area in front of the gallery where you can picnic. There’s also a café inside the gallery and two outside kiosks selling hot and cold snacks. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 10

Extend your visit

A few interesting places to visit and things to do nearby if you want to extend your visit.

The Tower of London St. Paul’s Cathedral Book a self-guided visit or a taught session A range of themed led tours and workshops are (charges apply for both): www.hrp.org.uk/ available for schools, as are self-guided visits (charges howtobookeducationattoweroflondon apply). These must be booked ahead at: www.stpauls. co.uk/learning-faith/schools-families/secondary- All Hallows by the Tower schools Guided tours available. Self-guided visits are welcome but groups are asked to book ahead via the church Tate Modern office: www.allhallowsbythetower.org.uk School visits, artist-led workshops and lectures are free but must be booked in advance. There is a school St. Magnus the Martyr group charge for special exhibition: www.tate.org.uk/ All visitors are welcome. You can check the time of learn/teachers services at: www.stmagnusmartyr.org.uk Shakespeare’s Globe The Monument Book a Lively Action workshop, a lecture or a theatre Climb to the top for 360-degree panoramic views. tour through the Education department or visit the There are discounts for school groups. Booking ahead Shakespeare’s Globe Exhibition. You can also book to is recommended: www.themonument.info see performances in the Globe (April-October) or the indoor Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. Charges apply Mudlarking for all: www.shakespearesglobe.com/education Book a foreshore walk with the Thames Explorer Trust to search for finds near the Millennium Bridge and Golden Hinde record river data. Dates and times depend on tides. Book an interactive and fun tour lead by a professional Group charges apply: www.thames-explorer.org.uk costumed actor. Charges apply: www.goldenhinde.com/learning THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 11

Southwark Cathedral The Scoop A range of curriculum-linked themes are available, Next to City Hall, this sunken amphitheatre is used as are workshops which run in the Education Centre for free live music, dance and theatre performances, (charges apply). Self-guided visits are free but you plus films and art exhibitions: www.morelondon.com/ should book in advance: www.cathedral.southwark. events/about anglican.org/education/education-centre The Unicorn Theatre The Old Operating Theatre Museum Located on Tooley Street, near City Hall, the Unicorn Originally part of the old St Thomas’s Hospital, creates theatre for young audiences. Events include the theatre is housed in the garret of St Thomas’s plays, backstage tours and interactive exhibitions. Church (behind London Bridge Station). Charges Discounts are available for school groups: apply for group visits and include an introductory talk: www.unicorntheatre.com/whatson www.thegarret.org.uk/education.htm Tower Bridge Exhibition HMS Belfast Book a self-guided tour of the bridge interior, Explore all nine decks of the ship on a self-guided visit. walkways and Victorian Engine Rooms or an interactive You can also book a learning session to find out what workshop. School visit rates apply. Advance booking is life was like on board during World War II. Overnight recommended: www.towerbridge.org.uk/schools stays available. Free entry for school groups, advance booking essential: www.iwm.org.uk/visits/hms- Design Museum belfast/groups-schools Located in a converted warehouse in Shad Thames, next to Tower Bridge, the museum is devoted to City Hall contemporary design from fashion to architecture Parts of City Hall are open to the public on weekdays. and digital design. Discounts for school groups: It also hosts regular exhibitions, usually either relating www.designmuseum.org/plan-your-visit/groups to London or created by Londoners. www.london.gov.uk/city-hall THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 12

Trail support guide

This guide includes directions to follow and information to use in helping students and children complete the trail activities and answer questions they might have. We suggest that teachers photocopy one copy for each supporting adult.

Start your trail outside Tower Hill Underground station. Go up the steps just in front of the station to the Tower Hill sundial. From here you can see the section of the Roman Wall on one side and, if you face towards the river, the Tower of London.

London Wall © GLA THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 13

Trail support guide

Stopping point: Tower Hill

London was founded by the Romans around seven The Tower Hill sundial, constructed of bronze and For trails: years after the invasion of AD 43. The Thames was stone, was commissioned by London Underground central to the city’s development, on both sides of the and unveiled in 1992. The outer ring shows important river, as it provided both a water supply and a transport events in London’s history, from the Roman invasion to highway for trade with the rest of the Empire. By AD the building of the Thames Barrier at Woolwich. 200, the main settlement, on the north bank of the Thames, was surrounded by a stone wall. This would The City of London Corporation, formerly the set the shape of the City of London for the next Corporation of London, claims to be the world’s oldest 1,600 years. continuously elected government body. Since the 1100s, it has had the right to elect a mayor (today The northern settlement rose to higher ground at three known as the Lord Mayor of London). Today it is still points: today’s Tower Hill in the east, Cornhill in the responsible for the local government of the City and centre and Ludgate Hill to the west, where St. Paul’s has its own police force, the City of London Police. Cathedral now stands. Today the ‘Square Mile’ of the City of London covers almost exactly the same area as Walk back down the steps and across Trinity Square the Roman walled settlement. Gardens, straight ahead of you. Walk out of the Gardens through the gate just after the Merchant Navy Memorial. Cross Byward Street at the pedestrian lights opposite the Tower and find a place on the wide paved area to the White Tower from across the former moat. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 14

Trail support guide

Stopping point: The Tower of London

The Tower was used to jail high status prisoners from For trails: early medieval times. However, it didn’t become a notorious prison until the Tudor period when it stopped being a royal palace. Famous Tudor prisoners include Sir Thomas More. Over the centuries, the site has also housed the Royal Mint, armour and ammunition stores, Crown Jewels and the Royal Menagerie. The way it now looks is largely due to work done in the Victorian era.

All Hallows by the Tower, founded in 675 AD, is the oldest church in the City of London. Inside it houses

The Tower Of London © GLA an arch from the original Saxon church, built partly from recycled Roman roof tiles. A section of Roman The White Tower, the Central Keep of the Tower of tessellated pavement can be seen in the small museum London complex, was begun by William Conqueror in the crypt. It survived the Great Fire of London in after the Norman Invasion of 1066. Designed both as a 1666 but was heavily bombed during the Blitz and defensive fortress and a symbol of his power, it was sited rebuilt after the war. on the eastern edge of the city, by the Roman wall. The site was enlarged by later Norman and medieval kings, Walk down towards the entrance to the Tower. particularly Richard I and Henry III and his son Edward I. Turn right into Lower Thames Street (just before Pret Henry was the first king to whitewash the Keep, a Manger). Walk down Lower Thames Street, take the a practice that continued until the late 1600s. first left into Water Lane then follow the Thames Path round to your right. Walk past Custom House to stand on the forecourt outside Old Billingsgate Market. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 15

Trail support guide

Stopping point: Old Billingsgate Market

For centuries the main function of London was as a For trails: port. There has been a Custom House nearby since 1275 to collect duties on imported and exported goods. Rebuilt several times, the Custom House was just to the east of the present building, on a site known as Wool Quay, after the biggest export from London in medieval and Tudor times. The present building, designed by architect David Laing, was completed in 1814. Today it is used as offices by HM Revenue & Customs.

Continue west along the Thames Path, keeping the

Old Billingsgate Market © GLA river on your left, until just before London Bridge. Turn right following signs to St. Magnus the Martyr, There was a market on this site from 1016 until 1982. the back of which can be seen directly in front of you. Originally it was one of several London street markets Walk up past the side of the church then left onto Lower selling food and wine. Later it specialised in fish. The Thames Street. Pass along the street and into the small first Billingsgate Market building was constructed in courtyard outside the entrance to the church. 1850. The current building was designed in the 1870s by the architect Horace Jones, who also designed Tower Bridge. In 1982 the working market moved to a new building near Canary Wharf, as part of the Docklands regeneration project. Today the building houses offices and a conference and exhibition centre. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 16

Trail support guide

Stopping point: St Magnus the Martyr and London Bridge

The church is dedicated to St Magnus, a Viking earl If placed on its side it would reach to the point For trails: who was murdered by his cousin around the year where the fire started in Pudding Lane. Carry along 1116. It stands on land reclaimed from the Thames by Lower Thames Street, towards London Bridge, the Romans. At the time of the Roman invasion, the looking up Fish Street Hill towards the Monument foreshore ran along what is now Lower Thames Street. on your right. Over the next 200 years, the Romans built wharves and a river wall. A blackened fragment of a Roman timber If you‘re following the Yellow Trail, enter the doorway wharf, dated to around AD 75, can be seen in the on your left when you get to the bridge. Go up the church porch. stairs to the top of the bridge and walk across to the South Bank, keeping to the footpath on the left side Destroyed in the Great Fire of London, the church of the bridge. The Spike is just ahead of you on the was one of 51 rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren and his far side. craftsmen. For over 600 years St Magnus stood at the north end of London Bridge. In 1831 a new bridge If you’re following the Blue or Red Trail continue along opened to the west of the medieval bridge in the same Lower Thames Street and under London Bridge, when place as the current London Bridge. That’s why the it becomes Upper Thames Street. Take the first left church no longer stands at the bridge’s end. Damaged down Swan Lane to rejoin the Thames Path just after during an air raid in 1940, St Magnus was restored The Banker pub. Continue along the path, passing after the war. Its interior includes a four metre long under Cannon Street railway bridge and Southwark model of Old London Bridge. Bridge until it turns to your right to go up Queenhithe. The mosaic is along the wall on your left. Built as a memorial to the Great Fire of London, the Monument was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke. At 6.5 metres it is the tallest stone column in the world. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 17

Trail support guide

Stopping point: Queenhithe Mosaic

The dock was an important landing point for grain for For trails: many centuries. It was still being by the fur and tanning trades in the 1900s.

Completed in 2014, the mosaic was a community project designed to celebrate heritage. It reflects important events in London’s history and the individuals, communities and wildlife that have lived around the dock from Roman times to the present day. Taking the form of a 30 metre long timeline, the mosaic incorporates shells, bones and fragments of ceramics found on the Thames foreshore.

Queenhithe Mosaic © GLA Continue along the Thames Path following signs for Queenhithe is the only surviving Anglo-Saxon dock in Riverside Walk West and Millennium Bridge. When you the world. It was probably made soon after King reach the bridge, walk up the steps, with St. Paul’s Alfred re-established London within the old Roman walls directly ahead of you, and onto Millennium Bridge. around 886. Prior to that there had been a Saxon town, Lundenwic, to the west of the former Londonium, in the area around today’s Covent Garden. The dock became known as Queenhithe in the 1100s when Matilda, daughter of Henry I, was granted the right to duties on goods landed there. She gave the income to charities, one of which was a ‘place of easement’ (toilet) at Queenhithe. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 18

Trail support guide

Stopping point: Millennium Bridge

The bridge is aligned so that you get a clear view of For trails: St. Paul’s Cathedral, framed by the bridge supports, when walking from south to north across the bridge. Other landmark buildings that can be seen from the bridge include:

20 Fenchurch Street (the ‘Walkie Talkie’); 122 Leadenhall Street (the ‘Cheesegrater’); 30 St Mary Axe (the ‘Gherkin’); 1 Canada Square (Canary Wharf tower), (north bank)

Tate Modern; Shakespeare’s Globe; The Shard (South

Millennium Bridge © GLA Bank) Bridges (looking east): Southwark; Cannon Street Railway; London Bridge; Tower Bridge Millennium Bridge is designed so that its suspension Bridges (looking west): Blackfriars Railway; Blackfriars chains form a very low arc. When it opened in June 2000, it was the lowest profile suspension bridge in If you’re following the Pink Trail you can retrace your the world. However, this meant it had little sideways steps back to the north bank of the river. stability. It was soon nicknamed the ‘Wobbly Bridge’ after pedestrians reported a lateral swaying motion. If you’re following the Blue or Green Trail, continue After two days of limited access the bridge was closed across the bridge to the South Bank. Turn left after the for almost two years while changes were made. These bridge and walk east along Bankside to stand in front include hydraulic shock absorbers which allow the of Shakespeare’s Globe. bridge to move but only very slowly. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 19

Trail support guide

Stopping point: Shakespeare’s Globe

The first theatres were built on Bankside in Elizabethan For trails: times and included The Rose (1587) and The Globe (1599). Their design had developed from the style of inn courtyards where companies of travelling players performed. Circular or octagonal in shape, they had thrust stages projecting into a circular yard where the ‘groundlings’ stood. Wealthier people sat in tiers of balconies around the sides.

Shakespeare’s Globe is a reconstruction of the original Globe theatre that was destroyed by fire in 1613. Founded by the actor and director Sam Wanamaker,

Shakespeare’s Globe © GLA it is built about 200 metres from the site of the original. Like the original, it has an oak timber frame and a The Roman town of Londinum included a settlement partly thatched roof which only covers the stage and south of the river. At that time, the south bank was seating areas. It opened to the public in 1997. made up of a number of small islands. These were separated by swamp and marshland. The Romans Continue along Bankside towards Southwark Bridge, settled on the only island that didn’t flood at high tide. keeping the river on your left and passing Bear In the Middle Ages, Southwark developed as London’s Gardens on your right. Walk into the pedestrian tunnel first entertainment district with taverns and bull and under the bridge. Please note, the engravings in the bearbaiting rings. tunnel ‘read’ from west to east, so walk to the far end of the tunnel to start the trail activities. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 20

Trail support guide

Stopping point: Frost fair engravings

In addition, before later embankments were built, For trails: the Thames was broader and shallower. That meant it flowed more slowly than today. The medieval London Bridge (demolished after the new one opened in 1831) had 19 narrow arches, which also impeded the flow.

The five slate panels in the pedestrian tunnel were engraved by the Southwark sculptor Richard Kindersley. They create a frieze showing a frost fair in the 1600s and contain an inscription based on handbills printed at the time.

Southwark Bridge Tunnel © GLA Continue along the footpath next to the Thames, Frost fairs were held on the River Thames in some passing The Anchor pub on your right. The path bends winters from the early 1600s until 1814 when the river to your right, away from the river, then left under froze over. The period from the mid-1300s to the early Cannon Street Railway Bridge into Clink Street. Walk 1800s is sometimes known as the ‘Little Ice Age’ as along Clink Street and past The Clink Prison Museum. winters in Britain, and in continental Europe, were The remains of Winchester Palace are ahead on your much more severe than they are today. right and the replica of the Golden Hinde in the dock at the end of the street. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 21

Trail support guide

Stopping point: Winchester Palace and the Golden Hinde II

Below the great hall, a small part of which remains, For trails: was a vaulted cellar. This had a passageway leading directly to a wharf on the river, through which supplies could be brought. The palace site housed many other buildings including the Clink Prison, owned by the Bishop of Winchester.

The Golden Hinde II is a full-size replica of the ship in which Captain Francis Drake and his crew travelled the world between 1577 and 1580. With unofficial support from Elizabeth I, Drake essentially acted as a pirate, capturing Spanish galleons in the Pacific and

Winchester Palace © GLA ‘confiscating’ their treasure. The vast wealth he brought back meant the Queen could pay off England’s entire Winchester Palace was one of the biggest and most foreign debts and invest in a new trading company in important buildings in medieval London. Today only the eastern Mediterranean. the ruins remain. Founded by Bishop Henry de Blois, brother of King Stephen, it was built as a high-status Follow the path as it curves to your right towards residence for the Bishops of Winchester when staying Southwark Cathedral. As you reach the cathedral take in London on royal or church business. Other bishops the footpath to your left. Follow it left and then right had similar palaces, including Lambeth Palace back to the river. Go past The Mudlark pub on your right (opposite Westminster), the Archbishop of Canterbury’s with London Bridge straight ahead. Just before you get London residence. to the bridge there is a set of stairs. Walk up the stairs and onto the bridge. Turn right to cross the bridge at the pedestrian lights; the Spike is directly ahead. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 22

Trail support guide

Stopping point: the spike

The concrete Spike is a modern sculpture There have been several London Bridges over the For trails: commemorating an old practice. From the early 1300s centuries the best known of which is probably the until at least the 1660s the heads of executed traitors – stone medieval, or Old London Bridge, completed in including Sir Thomas More - were displayed on spikes 1209. By the early 1800s it needed to be replaced as on the gates of medieval London Bridge. First displayed it was narrow, dilapidated and blocked river traffic. The on Drawbridge Gate at the northern end, then later new bridge, designed by John Rennie, was built 30 on Stone Gate at the southern end, the heads were metres upstream of the old, which remained in use until dipped in tar and boiled so that they would not decay Rennie’s bridge was opened in 1831. By the 1920s the too quickly. volume of traffic using the bridge had caused it to begin to sink. It was replaced by the current London Bridge There is archaeological evidence for scattered which opened in 1972. Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements in the London area, and that the River Thames was used as Walk towards London Bridge and go down the steps on an important inland and continental trade route from at the east side, following signs for HMS Belfast. Go along least the 9th century BC. However, there was no major the path beside the river, passing London Bridge City settlement until the first permanent London Bridge was Pier on your left and The Horniman pub (part of Hay’s built by the Roman army. Its construction is unknown. Galleria) on your right. HMS Belfast is moored in the However, it’s likely to be made of timber supported by Thames on your left and City Hall just beyond on narrow wooden arches or long poles. your right. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 23

Trail support guide

Stopping point: HMS Belfast and City Hall

City Hall is the headquarters of London’s regional For trails: government, the Greater London Authority. It has one Mayor and 25 Assembly Members who are elected by Londoners, and a team of City Hall staff who work to make London the best big city in the world. City Hall was designed by architect Norman Foster, who also created 30 St. Mary Axe (the ‘Gherkin’). The building opened in 2002, two years after the GLA was created.

Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge. When it opened in 1894 the centre of London was still a very busy port area. The opening bascules (counter-weighted sections) were designed so that HMS Belfast © GLA ships could still access the wharves as far as London HMS Belfast was originally a Royal Navy ship, launched Bridge. They are operated hydraulically, originally using in 1938. During World War II, it was involved in several steam power but today are powered by electric motors. military operations, including escorting Arctic Convoys: groups of merchant vessels sailing from the UK, Iceland If you wish to complete the trail by crossing Tower and the USA to northern ports in the Soviet Union. The Bridge, continue past City Hall to the bridge. Go up the convoys delivered essential supplies and showed the stairs and walk over the bridge. Follow the pedestrian allies’ commitment to supporting the Soviet Union. path by the side of the Tower of London and under the roadway to Tower Hill station or Tower Gateway. THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 24

Curriculum links chart

Stopping point Trail National Curriculum subject London Curriculum unit

Tower Hill Art and design The Art of Walking English Riverscape Geography Tales of the River History Mapping London Music World City STEM Global City

The Tower of London Art and design The Art of Walking History London People Music World City Sounds of the City

Old Billingsgate Market Art and design Riverscape History My London Music World City

St. Magnus the Martyr Art and design The Art of Walking Geography My London History World City STEM

Queenhithe Art and design Riverscape Geography My London History Mapping London Music World City London at War Global City THE LONDON CURRICULUM River Explorers’ trail 25

Stopping point Trail National Curriculum subject London Curriculum unit

The Millennium Bridge Art and design The Art of Walking English Tales of the River Geography Mapping London STEM

Shakespeare’s Globe Art and design The Art of Walking English The London Limelight History World City

Frostfair engravings Art and design Riverscape English Tales of the River Geography The London Limelight Music Mapping London STEM London on the Move

Winchester Palace and Art and design The Art of Walking the Golden Hinde II Geography London People History Mapping London Music World City Global City

The Spike and Art and design The Art of Walking London Bridge English London People Geography Riverscape STEM Tales of the River Mapping London

HMS Belfast Art and design Art and design and City Hall History History STEM STEM

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MARTIN LANE T A Sta S F O M G L L E F P L A TRAIL KEY L A

n V U I H L K E MINCING LANE o S N A ! T O H I C (LUL) E R (DLR) n E L Monument N (LUL) SUFFOLK LANE H N N T A n F I A E ! S A N E T M 1 a EE H L LONDON R C E U P R F I SS H S T R E E T H I L L Y STREET UC P P E RP E T H A M E S S T R E E T T T PO ER C A RT W RG I H ST R E T E S R T A U R R R H 1 T LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE E I R H R E O R U A E O A E P AM U T N N S H L L T Q E M I SHORTERS STREET H A QUEENHITHE H S M A R K L A N E tower Hill S I Tower Hill W O T T L L War M T R L BOTOLPH LANE 1. Tower Hill Tower Hill E T E R R ET S L G R E AT T O W E R S T R E E T T M E A O I N u FB O E G d ST MARY AT HILL B A N D Mem E H I l L A I D O L L A N E

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N T G R E AT G U LI D F O R D S T R E E T E Hospl T R E

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