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“Uzbek Is the Language for Uzbeks”: Why Are There Problems with the State Language in Uzbekistan?

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“Uzbek Is the Language for Uzbeks”: Why Are There Problems with the State Language in Uzbekistan? ALEXEY ULKO “UZBEK IS THE LANGUAGE FOR UZBEKS”: WHY ARE THERE PROBLEMS WITH THE STATE LANGUAGE IN UZBEKISTAN? The article examines the issues of the functioning of the Uzbek language in modern Uzbekistan. It is noted that the level of proficiency in the Uzbek language still leaves much to be desired. Despite the status of the state language, even native speakers do not always speak it perfectly, sometimes they do not know the rules of gram- mar and speak its dialect variants. The percentage of Uzbek proficiency among those for whom it is not native remains extremely low. How the Uzbek language is used in society, why not everyone speaks it and what awaits it next - this is an incomplete list of questions that the author analyzes. Key words: Uzbek, sociolinguistics, dialects, writing, communication. To cite this article: Alexey Ulko (2020) “Uzbek is the Language for Uzbeks”: Why There are Problems in Uzbekistan with the State Language?, Bulletin of IICAS, 29, 25-42, DOI: To link to this article: https://doi.org/ N RECENT YEARS, the questions regarding the population of 32 million people who speak this lan- use of various languages in​​ society, primarily Uz- guage. However, the reality is much more complex, bek and Russian, have started to be raised again problematic, and interesting. What characterizes the Iin Uzbekistan. Some officials allow themselves to situation of the Uzbek language in its modern con- censure Russian-speaking citizens;1 other workers of text? Let us first touch on some features of the Uzbek culture write a petition in defense of the Russian lan- language as such. guage, calling for it to be given official status.2 There One of its underlying features, however, is far is a continuing heated debate on social networks, and from unique, and that is the coexistence of two fair- the state again aims at changing the alphabet of the ly independent levels at which the Uzbek language Uzbek language.3 functions. The first is the official written and unified language – which is sometimes confused with the lit- The Difficult Language Situation in Modern erary one – and the other is a living colloquial lan- Uzbekistan: An Excursion into Sociolinguistics guage which exists in a rich collection of four large di- alects, and includes several dozen regional variations. If we open any linguistic encyclopedia, we will The heritage of the Soviet system, as well as the learn that the Uzbek language is one of the major and authoritarianism of Uzbek society, explains the fact most important Turkic languages with​​ a rich history that the state sees itself as the owner and guardian of in which it evolved in close contact with other Turkic the Uzbek language. In the personification of the gov- and non-Turkic languages.4 According to the general- ernment, it makes decisions about its fate, regulates ly accepted point of view, it was finalized in the 1920s; its norms and sets the rules for its use, sometimes became the only state language in the Republic of Uz- based on the opinion of a small group of respected bekistan (back then, the Uzbek SSR) in 1989 with a academics and leaders. Quite often the last word in disputable cases of using the Uzbek language does not 1 https://nuz.uz/obschestvo/35629-rektor-universiteta-zhurnalis- belong to a professional philologist, but rather to the tiki-okazalsya-v-centre-skandala-video.html. head of an organization or enterprise. This state of 2 https://vesti.uz/russkij-yazyk-nam-ne-chuzhoj/ things seems to many quite natural, but in the mod- 3 https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2018/11/06/alphabet/ 4 https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Узбекский_язык ern world the prevailing practice involves completely 87 BULLETIN OF IICAS 29/2020 different approaches to the relationship between lan- the point of view of both the Soviet and the modern guage and state. centralized power, this quality has always been per- It seems that it would be useful for residents of the ceived as non-normative, and therefore undesirable. former Soviet Union who are concerned about the A similar situation is observed with the Russian lan- problems of the state status of certain languages ​​to guage, where, however, the degree of unification of reflect on the fact that English is not an official state urban dialects is much higher, and rural dialects and language in Great Britain, the United States, Austra- sub-dialects are rapidly dying out. lia, or New Zealand. Moreover, none of these coun- One of the consequences of the combination of tries has such an authority as the Academie Française these two factors, which does not find proper recog- which oversees the purity and correct usage of the nition in society, is the discrimination of speakers of English language. At the same time, there is no need the dialects of Uzbek language in the power struc- to remind one of the prevalence and role of English ture, which, among other things, partly helps to pre- in the world. serve the remnants of the “clan” system in the process Another feature that is closely related to the first of governing the country. At the same time, with the one is the exceptional regional and social nature of increasing social mobility of Uzbeks, an increasing dialects in the Uzbek language.5 Its reasons are rooted number of people who have traditionally spent their in the peculiarities of national construction in Cen- whole lives in their native guzars, mahallas and kish- tral Asia from the 1910s to the 1930s, while running laks, travel to other regions of the country and are simultaneously were the complex and unpredictable very interested in local variations of culture, cuisine, processes aimed at isolating and formalizing nation- and, of course, language. People distinguish each al cultures, states, and languages from​​ a living and other’s dialects well, develop certain ideas about the heterogeneous human environment which had been character and habits of residents of certain regions functioning for centuries based on completely dif- and districts, thus, breaking established stereotypes. ferent principles. It must be borne in mind that the But, all these linguistic peculiarities and processes are initiation of nations in our region was the goal of var- not reflected at the official level at all. ious competing and cooperating groups of reformers, The regional diversity of Uzbek culture is recog- starting from the Jadids to the Bolsheviks.6 The result nized and supported from above almost only in terms of this interaction, which took shape only after the of material culture items such as clothing, ceramics, national and territorial demarcation, should be seen cuisine, and, to a lesser extent, customs. The pecu- as a kind of compromise among various projects. liarity of dialect in Uzbek, so obvious in everyday In other words, everything turned out how it devel- life, is practically ignored by the native speakers of a oped, but everything could have looked differently. “high” national culture. This is evidenced by numer- State-forming nations (and languages accordingly) in ous Uzbek films where the main characters live ex- our region might not have been six (the Karakalpaks clusively in Tashkent (the scenario where she lives in should be remembered as well), but three or ten, or a rich house, and he lives in a village in the Tashkent might not exist at all if the ideas of the enlightener Is- region). They speak the same dialect of Uzbek (with mail Gasprinsky and his associates had received fur- a few examples of non-normative rural speech, often ther development and recognition since they strove contrasted with the slang of the Tashkent youth) and for the creation of a single common Turkic language communicate only with representatives of the same back in the 1880s.7 ethnic and social group. The heroes, of course, vis- Accordingly, the classification and division of local it Samarkand, Bukhara or Khiva, but only to see the sub-dialects and dialects into national languages ​​and local monuments, where they behave like metropoli- their further normalization were initially very artifi- tan tourists. There is practically no contact with local cial, but they led to the gradual formation of clearer residents, their culture, customs and language on the boundaries between languages. Nevertheless, within screen, not to mention the fact that this regional di- the Uzbek language, the situation was and remains versity has become a key theme of the film.8 highly disintegrated, yet, rich at the same time. From The third important feature of the modern Uzbek language is its script. Uzbek is one of the few languag- 5 https://www.wikizero.com/ru/Диалектология_узбекско- es ​​in the world that actively uses three different al- го_языка 6 https://www.academia.edu/30930781/Making_Uzbekistan_ Nation_Empire_and_Revolution_in_the_Early_USSR 8 https://www.kinopoisk.ru/lists/navigator/country-71/?limit= 7 https://ru.krymr.com/a/26911248.html 20&tab=best 88 ALEXEY ULKO phabets: Latin, Cyrillic and Arabic. The latter circum- and confusing picture, which is often difficult to un- stance is often ignored, although approximately three derstand even for an educated person. This situation million Uzbeks live in Afghanistan, and those who are concerns teachers and scientists, but, on the other literate use Arabic letters while more than one million hand, gives the use of language in real life a certain Uzbeks who are citizens of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and flexibility and freedom. Kazakhstan only use the Cyrillic alphabet. Latin script, introduced in 1993, underwent trans- The Status of the Uzbek Language in Society: formation in 1995 on the basis of the commonly used Who Uses It and How? English alphabet without diacritical marks and was supposed to be the only form of Uzbek script, begin- Answering this question, my American friend ning first in 2005, then in 2010, then in 2015.
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