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Patriarchy in the Balkan Temporal and Cross Cultural Approaches Joel Halpern Karl Kaser Richard A

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Patriarchy in the Balkan Temporal and Cross Cultural Approaches Joel Halpern Karl Kaser Richard A University of Massachusetts Amherst From the SelectedWorks of Joel M. Halpern 2012 Patriarchy in the Balkan Temporal and Cross Cultural Approaches Joel Halpern Karl Kaser Richard A. Wagner This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC_BY-NC-ND International License. Available at: https://works.bepress.com/joel_halpern/133/ Studies on South East Europe Karl Kaser (Ed.) Household and Family in the Balkans Two Decades of Historical Family Research at University of Graz LIT Household and Family in the Balkans Two Decades of Historical Family Research at University of Graz edited by Karl Kaser LIT Gedruckt mit Unterstiitzung der Karl-Franzens-Universitat Graz und des Landes Steiermark Das Land Steiermark UNI -» Wissenschaft GRAZ Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-643-50406-7 VERLAG GmbH & Co. KG LIT VERLAG Dr.w.Hopf Wien2012 Berlin 2012 Krotenthallergasse 10/8 Verlagskontakt: A-1080Wien Fresnostr. 2 Tel.+43(0)1-4095661 D-48159MUnster Fax+43 (0)1-409 56 97 Tel.+49 (0)2 51-620 320 e-Mail: [email protected] Fax+49 (0)2 51-23 19 72 http://www.lit-verlag.at e-Mail: [email protected] http://www.lit-verlag.de Auslieferung: Deutschland: LIT Verlag Fresnostr. 2, D-48159 MUnster Tel. +49 (0)251-6203222, Fax +49 (0)251-9226099, e-Mail: [email protected] Osterreich: Medienlogistik Pichler-OBZ, e-Mail: [email protected] Schweiz: B + M Buch- und Medienvertrieb, e-Mail: [email protected] JOEL M. HALPERN, KARL KASER AND RICHARD A. WAGNER PATRIARCHY IN THE BALKANS: TEMPORAL AND CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACHES ABSTRACT The article deals with the history, distribution and ideology of Balkan patriarchy, the Balkan agnatic kinship system, and with the most significant patriarchal family struc- tures. The demographic analyses are based primarily on the Serbian state census of 1863 (the first available census listing women) and the Federal Yugoslav census data for 1948, 1953, and 1961, coupled with archival and field data for the Central Serbian village of Orasac for 1818-1975. Balkan patriarchy has much in common with similar well-documented systems in Asia and the Middle East. The Balkan situation was dif- ferentiated, however, in that this system existed both within and outside formal state structures. The patriarchal ideology shaped kinship and family patterns, as well as coresidential patterns within households. These patterns reproduced patriarchal struc- tures, but the full reproduction of the system was constrained by economic circum- stances. INTRODUCTION This article is the product of a joint American-Austrian research project on patriarchal society and family structures in the Balkans. Two American cultural anthropologists and an Austrian historian, who considers himself an anthropological historian, propose that by combining historical-demographical data and historical-anthropological ap- proaches it is possible to examine the evolution of family and kinship structures in the Balkans. 48 JOEL M. HALPERN, KARL KASER AND RICHARD A. WAGNER At present, the rationale for patriarchal structures is being questioned, especially by processes of modernisation underway since World War II. Historically the Balkan patriarchal pattern encompassed most of the Balkan Peninsula. It was present in its regional complexity from Southern Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina to Serbia, West- ern and Central Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia and Northern Greece. As is evident, these regional forms crossed national borders. The northern and western transitional zone of patriarchal patterns which ran through Croatia; the coastal parts of Map 1: Distribution of patrilineages and singular family structures around 1850 and at present Distribution at about 1850 Singular distribution at about 1850 Present distribution Source: Adapted from Kaser 1995: 268. Dalmatia, Northern Croatia and parts of Eastern Slavonia were outside the pattern's distribution. Today this patriarchal pattern is still strong in regions populated by Alba- nians, especially Kosovo, Western Macedonia and Northern Albania (see Map 1). This article is divided into three parts. The first deals with the history, distribution and ideology of Balkan patriarchy. The second part deals with the agnatic kinship system, and the third with the most significant patriarchal family structures. The de- PATRIARCHY DM THE BALKANS: TEMPORAL AND CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACHES 49 mographic analyses are based primarily on the Serbian state census of 1863 (the first available census listing women and the Federal Yugoslav census data for 1948, 1953, and 1961, coupled with archival and field data for the central Serbian village of Orasac for 1818-1975. In giving primacy to these two data bases it is necessary to stress that the evidence cited here by no means exhaust historical demographic resources for the region. For example, from an anthropological perspective, Hammel and his associates have undertaken extensive analysis of Croatian records, especially those from Slavo- nia. The work of the demographer Botev on Bulgaria and the Balkans generally (Bo- tev 1988: 1990) deals with fertility decline while the monograph of the social historian Todorova (1993) analyses the family structures in the Bulgarian area. Many of these analyses, however, are more strongly focused on demographic factors such as the evo- lution of fertility and mortality patterns but these directly affect patriarchy. Balkan patriarchy can be defined as a complex of hierarchal values embedded in a social structural system defined by both gender and age. This structuring is further linked to a system of values orienting both family life and broader social units. Balkan patriarchy achieves its historical form through the classically complex and interlock- ing systems of patrilinearity, patrilocality, and a patriarchally-oriented common law. Such supports not only divide and ascribe position by gender, but also allocate to males the predominant role in society. An obvious corollary to this defined structure is the formal subordination of women within the context of an overtly 'protective' family and household environment. Ideally the father has unquestioned authority over his sons and the older brother over the younger. Its broader manifestations are many, but are perhaps best exempli- fied by the supremacy of male moral authority reinforced through both traditional and formalized state law codes (Hasluck 1954; Kanuni 1989; Whitaker 1976; 1981). As a system, Balkan patriarchy has much in common with similar well- documented systems in Asia and the Middle East. The Balkan situation is differentiat- ed, however in that this system existed both within and outside formal state structures. For example the particular forms in which this pervasive concept of patriarchy has been expressed are sensitive to the differences between agricultural and pastoral econ- omies. And, indeed the same peoples have alternated from one system to another; the former being associated with state-level structures and the latter based on pastoral tribal organizations forming the baseline model in this article. HISTORY, DISTRIBUTION AND IDEOLOGY OF BALKAN PATRIARCHY In researching this topic one can focus on processes of development or in distribution. Maria Todorova's recent comprehensive analysis (Todorova 1993: 133-158) takes a view at variance with that of Kaser. She stresses the demographic aspects of the com- plex family systems and implicitly that of the patrilineage. Her reaction to the sugges- tion that the Balkan patriarchal family can be viewed as an archaic survival is to re- strict the existence of this pattern. Todorova sees the pattern as a response to changing economic and political processes in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries. 50 JOEL M. HALPERN, KARL KASER AND RICHARD A. WAGNER Instead of using primarily a demographic approach Kaser stresses a cultural one. There are many indications that the Balkan family pattern is indeed of archaic origin and that its existence is connected with a pastoral economy and a general patriarchal pattern (Kaser 1994a: 45-68). A major problem in analysis is that archival population data are lacking for non-state societies. Therefore these two approaches deal with dif- ferent kinds of data, oral traditional accounts and population registers. Sometimes there are possibilities of comparing the two types of data and when that has been done they have been found to be mutually supporting, each providing a separate type of information (Halpern & Kerewsky-Halpern 1980; Wagner 1983). Following Kaser's approach, this pastoral socio-cultural legacy can be called the 'Illyrian heritage'. Patrilinearity, one of the cornerstones of Balkan patriarchy and the Balkan family pattern, has to be considered in its full historic depth, one which pre- dates both Roman and Greek civilizations. Patrilineal structures cannot have emerged first at the beginning of the 19th century coincident with the written documentation of a pre-existing Balkan family pattern (Kaser 1992: 1-39). Both the Balkan joint family and the patrilineage emerged first as results of pasto- ral economies and the patriarchal influence of Illyrian cultural legacy. (In part, the comparable culture of the Central Balkans is an autonomous development.) After the Roman conquest of the Illyrian lands these features were preserved
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